New people in the novel by N. G

Ivan Vladimirovich, it seems that not so long ago the phrase "new Russian" arose, implying a raspberry jacket, golden chain, financial wealth and a complete lack of culture ...

I think the new Russians appeared in 1917. They, in fact, have done everything that we have been trying to get out of for a long time. They bred a tribe that has remained to this day and still rules.
Their children received great opportunities, money, they distributed the property in a peculiar way. Neither Abramovich nor Khodorkovsky belong to this category. Now this tribe, as if in opposition to itself, has created a new generation - bandits who have become heroes of our time.
And the so-called "middle class" that created the country - engineers, teachers, intelligentsia - was turned into a disrespectful class.
The middle class is normal people who want to get an education and with it to earn normal money. Not only through trade, exchange or clean business, but to receive money for their knowledge, talents, craft.
This is the generation that I greet with all my might.

- So, new people, new people - this is the notorious "middle class".

Exactly. The same middle class that has now begun to emerge. Which is still very difficult to survive. Fortunately, there are more and more such people, but, unfortunately, the state and society do not notice them. They do not take into account any ratings.

I know them personally

- Do you have acquaintances among new people?

Just the majority of my acquaintances and belong to the representatives of the middle class. These people are the color of the nation, they make culture, science, normal business.

Let's try to define the characteristics of a new person: a representative of the middle class - a person with wealth, a good education, hardworking ... By the way, how do your acquaintances from the "new" experience failures?

Only an idiot is always happy. Naturally, everything happens in their life. But these people, of course, are full of faith in themselves and strength.
I don't want to draw them all in one stroke. These are normal responsible people who have enough mental strength to go to theaters, listen to good music, dance, drink, travel, truly love your family.

How hard is it to be a new person? What is needed to take place in our country?

I have a friend who is an architect. At Soviet power, as a young guy, he received some awards, but naturally, he was given little to build. Now he has an excellent architectural bureau. good projects. His buildings are in Moscow.
Of course, not everyone can achieve this, but there is still some air for these people. It is illogical that there is so little of it.
I have friends who are in the television business, making some films. These are also middle class people.

- Well, how did they achieve something: through acquaintances, with the help of money?

Many of them rallied, somehow helped each other.
I was very glad that the technical intelligentsia, especially the young ones, turned out to be more enterprising, more capable of survival, more active. They did not despair, they did not fall into despondency (although I do not in the least blame the despairing).
By the way, in my opinion, among the new people there are very few people of art. Mostly they are either doctors or businessmen. Businessmen, by the way, are also different. I know the most worthy oligarchs who created their capital from scratch, without outside help.
In general, in our country there is only one thing you can just do - die.
One thing amazes me: basically, some Komsomol guys again "get their way into the people" in our country.

- And why?

And this is probably a question of our culture and history. The whole country enjoys watching films about bandits who have become heroes of our real life. Yes, "Once Upon a Time in America" ​​is also about bandits, but there the accents are placed differently, it clearly says what is what.
I think we don't care about consciousness. Because we ourselves choose bandits to power... Everything starts with ourselves.

- More than once I heard about the new generation: they are pragmatic.

Partly there is.

Perhaps this is what is needed now.

Who will be broken by life

- Have the new Russians, in the sense of "nouveau riche", already outlived their usefulness?

They are still there. The most successful guys have some kind of rudeness, like: we have achieved everything, we succeeded, but you did not succeed, which means you are stupid. That's twenty or thirty percent. They make themselves masters of life. But all this will pass, life will break. It happens. This is a normal process.
Why do I treat this generation so loosely - does anyone say anything to them? Does any channel have a message for them? declares any human values? Have we ourselves tried to explain to them that not everything in life is measured by money, that there are other values?

- What are the values ​​of new people?

A family. Dignity. Word of Honor. Friendship.
For example, when choosing an activity where large dividends are offered, but with dishonest and unworthy people, they will choose less money and decent people. This happens to my friends almost every day.
As for the family, these people live with people they love, not who they tolerate. For their loved ones, they try to do everything possible.

- Do you think new people are free?

Of course, money gives some freedom. But until a certain point, after which they give wild lack of freedom. So freedom is something else. For example, a completely poor person who professes a certain faith does not feel deprived.
Freedom is within us. It starts with self respect. This is not easy in our country, because if you don't respect others, you don't respect yourself.

- Are you a happy person? Can you relate to new people?

Quite prosperous. In general, if I complain about something, then after a few minutes I understand that I am wrong, because thousands, hundreds live much worse than me.
And if I don’t have something, it doesn’t mean that I am poor, that I was offended. It means that I didn't do something. So I didn't really need it.

Chernyshevsky's famous novel What Is To Be Done? was consciously oriented towards the tradition of world utopian literature. The author consistently expounds his point of view on the socialist ideal. The utopia created by the author acts as a model. Before us, as it were, already done experience, giving positive results. Among the well-known utopian works, the novel is distinguished by the fact that the author paints not only a picture of a bright future, but also ways of approaching it. People who have reached the ideal are also depicted. The very subtitle of the novel "From stories about new people" indicates their exceptional role.

Chernyshevsky constantly emphasizes the typology of "new people", talks about the whole group. "These people are among others, as if among the Chinese there are several Europeans who cannot be distinguished from one another by the Chinese." Each hero has common features for the group - courage, ability to get down to business, honesty.

It is extremely important for a writer to show the development of "new people", their difference from the general mass. The only hero whose past is considered in great detail is Verochka. What allows her to free herself from the environment " vulgar people"? According to Chernyshevsky, labor and education. "We are poor, but we are working people, we have healthy hands. Let's study - knowledge will set us free, let's work - work will enrich us." Vera is fluent in French and German which gives her unlimited opportunities for self-education.

Such heroes as Kirsanov, Lopukhov and Mertsalov enter the novel as already established people. Characteristically, physicians appear in the novel at the time of writing their dissertation. Thus, work and education merge into one. In addition, the author makes it clear that if both Lopukhov and Kirsanov come from poor and noble families, then they probably have poverty and work behind them, without which education is impossible. it early acquaintance hardly gives the "new man" an advantage over other people.

The marriage of Vera Pavlovna is not an epilogue, but only the beginning of a novel. And this is very important. It is emphasized that in addition to the family, Verochka is able to create a wider association of people. Here comes the old utopian idea of ​​the commune - the phalanstere.

Labor gives the "new people" first of all personal independence, but in addition it is also an active help to other people. Any deviation from selfless service to labor is condemned by the author. Suffice it to recall the moment when Verochka is about to go after Lopukhov, leaving the workshop. Once upon a time, labor was necessary for "new people" to get an education, but now the heroes are trying to educate people in the process of labor. Related to this is another important philosophical idea the author in the image of "new people" - their educational activities.

We know Lopukhov as an active propagandist of new ideas among young people, public figure. Students call him "one of the best goals in St. Petersburg." Lopukhov himself considered work in the office at the factory very important. "The conversation (with students) had a practical, useful goal - to promote the development of mental life, nobility and energy in my young friends," Lopukhov writes to his wife. Naturally, such a person could not confine himself to literacy. The author himself alludes to revolutionary work at the factory among the workers.

The mention of Sunday working schools meant a lot to readers of that time. The fact is that by a special decree of the government in the summer of 1862 they were closed. The government was afraid of the revolutionary work that was carried out in these schools for adults, workers, revolutionary democrats. It was originally intended to direct the work in these schools to religious spirit. It was prescribed to study in them the Law of God, reading, writing and the beginning of arithmetic. Each school had to have a priest who watched over the good intentions of the teachers.

Mertsalov was supposed to be just such a priest in Vera Pavlovna's "lyceum of all kinds of knowledge", who, however, was preparing to read the forbidden Russian and universal history. The literacy that Lopukhov and other "new people" were going to teach to worker listeners was also peculiar. There are examples when progressively minded students explained the meanings of the words "liberal", "revolution", "despotism" in class. Educational activities"new people" - a real approximation of the future.

I must say about the relationship between "new" and "vulgar" people. In Marya Alekveevna and Polozov, the author sees not only, in the words of Dobrolyubov, "tyrants", but also practically gifted, active people capable of benefiting society under other circumstances. Therefore, you can find features of their similarity with children. Lopukhov very quickly comes to trust Rozalskaya, she respects his business qualities (first of all, the intention to marry a rich bride). However, the complete opposite of the aspirations, interests and views of the "new" and "vulgar" people is clearly visible. And the theory of rational egoism gives an indisputable advantage to the "new people".

The novel often talks about selfishness as an internal motivator of human actions. The author considers the egoism of Marya Alekseevna, who does no good to anyone without monetary calculation, to be the most primitive. The selfishness of wealthy people is much more terrible. It grows on "fantastic" soil - on the desire for excess and idleness. An example of such selfishness is Solovyov, who plays love for Katya Polozova because of her inheritance.

The selfishness of the "new people" is also based on the calculation and benefit of one person. "Everyone thinks most of all about himself," says Lopukhov to Vera Pavlovna. But this is a fundamentally new moral code. Its essence is. that the happiness of one person is inseparable from the happiness of other people. Benefit, happiness "reasonable egoist" depends on the state of his loved ones, society as a whole. Lopukhov frees Verochka from a forced marriage, and when he is convinced that she loves Kirsanov, he leaves the stage. Kirsanov helps Katya Polozova, Vera organizes a workshop. For the heroes to follow the theory of reasonable egoism means to take into account the interests of another person with each of their actions. Reason comes first for the hero, a person is forced to constantly turn to introspection, to give an objective assessment of his feelings and position.

As you can see, the "reasonable egoism" of Chernyshevsky's heroes has nothing to do with selfishness, self-interest. Why is it still a theory of "egoism"? The Latin root of this word "ego" - "I" indicates that Chernyshevsky puts a person at the center of his theory. In this case, the theory of rational egoism becomes the development of the anthropological principle that Chernyshevsky put at the basis of his philosophical idea.

In one of his conversations with Vera Pavlovna, the author says: "... I feel joy and happiness" - which means "I want all people to be happy" - humanly, Vera, these two thoughts are one. "Thus, Chernyshevsky declares that the creation of favorable conditions for the life of an individual is inseparable from the improvement of the existence of all people, and this shows the undoubted revolutionary nature of Chernyshevsky's views.

The moral principles of the "new people" are revealed in their attitude to the problem of love and marriage. For them, a person, his freedom is the main life value. Love and humane friendship form the basis of the relationship between L pukhov and Vera Pavlovna. Even a declaration of love occurs during a discussion of Vera's position in her mother's family and the search for a path to liberation. Thus, the feeling of love only adapts to the situation that has arisen. It should be noted that such a statement entered into controversy with many works of XIX century.

The problem is solved in a peculiar way by "new people" women's emancipation. Although only church marriage is recognized, a woman must remain materially and spiritually independent of her husband in marriage.

"New people" in the novel by N.G. Chernyshevsky "What to do?" (2)

I wanted to portray ordinary decent people of the new generation.

The revolutionary democrat Chernyshevsky, a follower of Belinsky, is close and dear to everyone honest people earth with their faith in a better future for working people, with their historical optimism. Roman Chernyshevsky "What to do?" was a political testament addressed to the revolutionary youth. The strength of the novel lies in the fact that it convinces of the truth, beauty and grandeur of the new, advanced in life. He answers the most main question era: what to do for people who do not want to live in the old way, striving to bring closer the beautiful tomorrow of their homeland and all of humanity. The heroes of Chernyshevsky are the progressive people of Russia. They are convinced socialists, the ultimate goal of their activities is the people's revolution. They embody the character traits of revolutionaries born in Russia with their unbending will to fight, high moral nobility, boundless devotion to the people and Motherland. In the heroes of the novel - best features Chernyshevsky himself and his friends.

Lopukhov and Kirsanov are typical raznochintsy democrats who, through their work, created an opportunity for themselves to get an education. They are atheists and materialists in outlook. The “new people” of Chernyshevsky not only destroy old world but they themselves are building a new society. They recognize art, the aesthetic impact on a person of the beauty of nature, they firmly believe in friendship and show a comradely attitude towards a woman. They give their whole life to the people, work for its good, sparing no effort, and find great satisfaction in this. The heroes of Chernyshevsky are even ready for people to condemn their behavior, if this is necessary for the common good.

Heroes Chernyshevsky passionately defend their right to self-respect. This is their “profit”, their “egoism”. Like real revolutionaries, Lopukhov and Kirsanov want happiness, equality, brotherhood for all peoples. So Lopukhov, once in America, is actively involved in the struggle for the liberation of blacks.

Chernyshevsky gave in his novel the image of “ new woman”, Vera Pavlovna, whom Lopukhov saved from the “basement of petty-bourgeois life”. Vera Pavlovna harmonically developed person. She actively helps her comrades in all their endeavors. The desire to improve is especially remarkable in her - she decides to become a doctor in order to bring even greater benefit to people.

We see that all the activities of Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna are inspired by faith in the onset of a brighter future. They are no longer alone, although the circle of their like-minded people is still narrow. But it was precisely such people as Kirsanov, Lopukhov, Vera Pavlovna and others that Russia needed at that time. Their images served as an example for the formation of the worldview of the revolutionary generation.

Chernyshevsky realized that the people depicted in the novel were his dream. But this dream turned out to be a prophecy at the same time. “Years will pass,” the author of the novel says about the type of new person, “and he will be reborn in more numerous people.”

The case of Chernyshevsky was continued by other people. In many ways they have gone ahead of him, but they proceeded from the foundations that he laid while living and working in feudal Russia.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site http://ilib.ru/

In the novel by G.N. Chernyshevsky, a special place belongs to the so-called "new people". They are between ordinary people, immersed in their selfish interests (Marya Alekseevna), and special person new time - Rakhmetov.
Chernyshevsky's "new people" no longer belong to the dark old world, but they have not yet entered another. At this intermediate stage were Vera Pavlovna, Kirsanov, Lopukhov, Mertsalovs. These heroes are already solving the problems of family and life in a different way. public life. They gradually discard the conventions of the old world, choose their own path of development. In order to decide on such a path of development, which consists in reading, observing life, “no sacrifices are required, deprivations are not asked ...” “Intermediate” heroes prefer a peaceful path intellectual development, the awakening of an ordinary person, accessible to the majority. At the height at which Vera Pavlovna, Kirsanov, Lopukhov stand, "all people must stand, all people can stand." And this can be achieved without sacrifice and deprivation.

However, Chernyshevsky knows that, in addition to development, reading and observation of life, a heroic struggle is needed against tyranny and despotism, social inequality and operation. “The historical path,” says G.N. Chernyshevsky, - not the sidewalk of Nevsky Prospekt; he goes entirely through the fields, now dusty, now dirty, now through swamps, now through the wilds. Whoever is afraid of being covered with dust and soiling his boots, do not take up social activities.
According to the author, not everyone is ready for such a struggle. Therefore, Chernyshevsky divides the "new people" into "ordinary" (Lopukhov, Kirsanov, Vera Pavlovna, the Mertsalovs, Polozova) and "special" (Rakhmetov, "a lady in mourning", "a man of about thirty").

The distinction between these two types positive characters The novel has its own philosophical and socio-historical reasons. But the writer does not oppose "special" people to "ordinary" people, leaders revolutionary movement ordinary people, but outlines the connection between them. So, Lopukhov saves Vera Pavlovna from unequal marriage, creates a family with her, based on freedom, mutual understanding, trust. The heroine herself does not want to go through life, like her mother Marya Alekseevna. She does not want to live in constant lies, selfishness, struggle for existence by any means. Therefore, in Lopukhov she finds her salvation.
The characters make a fictitious marriage. They reorganize their economic activity. Vera Pavlovna starts a sewing workshop, hires dressmakers who live together. Describing in detail the activities of Vera Pavlovna in the studio, G.N. Chernyshevsky emphasizes the new nature of the relations between the workers and the hostess. They are not so much of an economic nature as they are based on the achievement of a common goal, mutual assistance, good relations to each other.

The atmosphere in the workshop resembles a family one. The writer emphasizes that Vera Pavlovna thus saved many of her wards from death and poverty (for example, Masha, who later became her maid). Here we see what great value G.N. Chernyshevsky assigns the role of labor. According to the writer, work ennobles a person, therefore, “new people” should strive to direct their work for the benefit of others, thereby protecting them from the harmful influence of destructive passions. In the sphere of activity of "ordinary" people, Chernyshevsky included educational work in Sunday schools ah (teaching Kirsanov and Mertsalov in a team of workers in a sewing workshop), among the advanced part of the students (Lopukhov could talk with students for hours), at factory enterprises (Lopukhov's classes in the factory office).

The name of Kirsanov is associated with the plot of a collision between a raznochintsy doctor and the "aces" of St. Petersburg private practice - in the episode of the treatment of Katya Polozova, as well as the topic scientific activity. His experiments on the artificial production of protein are hailed by Lopukhov as "a complete revolution of the whole question of food, the whole life of mankind."
These scenes reflected the socialist views of the writer. Although time has shown that in many ways they turned out to be utopian and naive. The author of the novel himself deeply believed in their progressive role. At that time, the opening of Sunday schools, reading rooms, and hospitals for the poor was widespread among progressive youth.

Thus, G.N. Chernyshevsky accurately noticed and reflected the new positive trends of the era using the example of Vera Pavlovna's workshop. The "new people" in his novel resolve their personal, intra-family conflicts in a different way. Although outwardly their family seems prosperous, friendly, quite successful, in reality everything is different. Vera Pavlovna respected her husband very much, but she never felt anything more for him. Unexpectedly for herself, the heroine realized this when she met best friend her husband - Kirsanov. Together they took care of Lopukhov during his illness.

Vera Pavlovna has completely different feelings for Kirsanov. Comes to her real love, which plunges her into absolute confusion. But in this episode, the key role is played not love story between Kirsanov and Vera Pavlovna, and Lopukhov's act. He does not want to interfere with the happiness of his wife, he cannot build a family on a lie. So he is like true man new time, withdraws himself, stages suicide.

Lopukhov does so a brave deed because he does not want to cause misfortune to his wife, to be the cause of her moral torment. Vera Pavlovna was inconsolable for a long time. Only Rakhmetov managed to revive her to life. There were no obstacles to the development of love for Kirsanov. As a result, the heroes of Chernyshevsky create real family based not only on mutual respect, but also on a deep feeling.

The life of a new person, according to G.N. Chernyshevsky, should be harmonious socially and personally. Therefore, Lopukhov also does not remain alone. He saves Mertsalova from death, marries her. And in this marriage he finds well-deserved happiness. Moreover, G.N. Chernyshevsky goes further, depicting ideal relationship between people, without mutual enmity, anger, hatred. At the end of the novel we see two happy families: Kirsanov and Lopukhov, who are friends with each other.

Describing the life of the "new people", the writer focuses our attention on the economic and personal side of the life of the characters. With their help, he proves that the unfair, inhuman principles of the life of the old world are outdated, and in society there is a desire for renewal, new relationships between people.

Chernyshevsky wrote his novel What Is To Be Done? in pretty difficult time. It was 1863, when for any wrong word they could be convicted and sentenced to a long prison term. So first of all, it is worth noting the skill of the writer. He designed the work in such a way that it passed the test, but every reader could see the true message of the author.

One of the main features of the novel is critical realism and revolutionary romanticism.

They connected and presented perfectly new style. Chernyshevsky showed the real picture peace. He predicted a revolution. However, the novel does not consist of one socialist idea, although the latter occupies a central place in it. In addition to utopian dreams about the future, the novel also contains a rather serious analysis of the present.

The novel is mostly devoted to "new people". Since the author cares about them. On the opposite side are the "old people". Throughout the pages, the writer pushes them against each other, compares their goals, vision, life positions. There are also conclusions of the author. But the important thing is that we ourselves can draw our own conclusions.

What main conflict? Young people are always ready to change something, and old people do not want to leave their homes.

It is difficult to overestimate the relevance of the topic here.

In analyzing these two groups of people, we will begin with the question of happiness. The generation of fathers only cares about themselves. They do not tend to worry about others. Other people's defeats do not affect their hearts. The happiness of the new generation is completely different. They understand the essence of society, understand how important it is to be together, to help others. This is their strength. Former statutes do not allow them to open normally.

Chernyshevsky fully agrees with the new people.

Chernyshevsky never defended egoism in its literal sense.

« Reasonable selfishness The heroes of Chernyshevsky have nothing to do with selfishness, self-interest, individualism. Its purpose is the benefit of the whole society. Vivid examples people who move according to this principle can be called the Mertsalovs, Kirsanov, Lopukhov, etc.

But most of all I like the fact that they do not lose their uniqueness. They are bright personalities, despite the fact that they are driven by ideas for the benefit of society. They work to overcome their shortcomings. And the more difficult this work, the happier they are later. “Reasonable selfishness” is also taking care of yourself, but it does not harm anyone, but only helps people become better.

You can't miss the women's issue. Its essence here is in understanding the role of women in society and the family. Chernyshevsky emphasizes the strength of a woman, her mind. She can be successful not only in the family, but also at work.

Now she has the right to individuality, education, dreams and success. Chernyshevsky reconsiders the place of a woman both in society and in the family.

"What to do?" - this is eternal question for many people. Chernyshevsky gave us not only art history with meaning. This is a serious philosophical, psychological and social work. It opens inner world of people. I think that not every great psychologist or philosopher could show the realities of our days so vividly and truthfully.

Updated: 2017-01-16

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