Handsome mestizo men. Metis and metiska are second-class people or bright, successful personalities

Many of the celebrities willingly and openly talk about the mixing of the blood of which nationalities allowed them to have such an unusual and attractive type of appearance. If a person knows at least a little history, then he understands that this was not always the case.

In early cultures, it was believed that mixing races was not worth it, because you could not count on healthy offspring. There were beliefs that among such people there were many mentally and physically handicapped children. But latest research scientists show that such fears were unfounded.

Offspring from mixed marriages do not differ from other children in anything other than appearance. In addition, the modern world with its pace of development makes us forget about racial purity. All people in any generation are mestizos. Mestizos are entire peoples (Arabs, Algerians, Lebanese, etc.).

Why are mestizos beautiful?

In order to understand why mestizos are so beautiful, you need to understand the race. Races are the combined qualities of the gene pool of a large number of people, grouped according to certain biological characteristics and a common habitat.

There are three races in total: Caucasoid, Negroid and Mongoloid. Previously, races were distributed across continents. The Negroid race inhabited Africa, Asia and the American continents - the Mongoloid race, and Europe, respectively, the Caucasoid. Gradually increased migration, together with the ever more clearly manifested globalization, made their own adjustments: the races began to mix with each other.

This is how mestizos turned out - people with mixed genes of several races. In ancient times, in many cultures, mestizos were considered second-class people. Moreover, inequality existed between the races themselves.

The very concept of "mestizo" appeared in relation to a certain variation of racial mixing. So called the descendants of Europeans and Indians (the indigenous population of America). The descendants of Europeans and Negroids were recently called mulattoes, and Mongoloids and Negroids -. At present, the terms "mulatto" and "sambo" can be found less and less. Any mixed type of appearance is usually called a mestizo.

What is the reason for the beauty of mestizos?

Firstly, in the appearance of mestizos, expressive facial features and figures, bright skin and eye tones, and a diverse hair structure are combined. Agree that dark-skinned and blue-eyed people at the same time are very unusual. The standard "European" appearance is often inferior to such extraordinary expressiveness.

Latin American women with plump black lips, curly hair, dark eyes cannot but attract attention. In order to be convinced of the beauty of mestizos, just look at the photographs of many famous representatives of this type of appearance: Beyoncé, Shakira, Salma Hayek, Rita Ora, etc.

Mestizos and mulattos - this is the name of the descendants from interracial marriages. What is the difference between mestizo and mulatto? A mulatto is a person whose parents belong to the Caucasoid and Negroid races, and a mestizo is a descendant of the marriage of representatives of Caucasoids and Mongoloids (in a broad, racial sense). Let us consider in more detail the origin, evolution and state of the art these terms.

Where did mulattoes come from

There is no doubt that interracial interbreeding has existed for a long time, but it is also certain that it has never before been widespread. The situation changed with the advent of the era of the Great geographical discoveries that began with the voyage of Columbus in 1492. The term "mulatto" was first recorded in Spanish documents of the 16th century, although its origin is unclear. According to one version, this is a distorted Arabic word "mullavad", adopted to refer to half-breed Arabs, according to another (more likely) - a distortion of the Spanish word mulo, which denoted any hybrids obtained as a result of crossing (hence the "mule" - a descendant of a donkey and mares).

The Spaniards, and after them other colonialists, began to massively import Negro slaves into New World to work on the plantations, and the proud Spanish hidalgos did not hesitate to come into contact with slave girls. Or ordinary soldiers and the poor, due to the lack of European women, married - officially or unofficially - black ladies. In this regard, the genealogy of the great French novelist Alexandre Dumas is interesting: his grandmother was a purebred black woman from the West Indies, and his grandfather was a French slave-owning planter. As a result of their union, a mulatto appeared with long name Thomas-Alexandre Dumas Davi de la Pailletre.

When Thomas-Alexander grew up, he became a general in the Napoleonic army and participated in the African campaign of Bonaparte. And there was no talk about the origin, neither among the relatives of his wife, nor among colleagues. According to contemporaries, the Romance-speaking Catholic peoples - the French, Spaniards, Portuguese - had almost no racial prejudice and often officially married black slaves, in contrast to the Protestants - the British and Americans. It is not clear why this happened, but it is a fact; perhaps the whole point is in the differences between the Protestant ethics and the Catholic one. Well, having dealt with this issue, we will find out what is the difference between a mestizo and a mulatto.

Now about mestizos

The term "mestizo" comes from the Latin miscio, which means "to mix". This term is commonly used to refer to the descendants of Caucasoids and Mongoloids. Including children of Europeans and American Indians. The question is in terminology: some scientists consider the Indians a branch on the tree of the Mongoloid race, others - an independent large race. Mass mixing of white people and Mongoloids also began with the era of the great geographical discoveries.

And it's not just the discovery of America. Vasco da Gama in 1498 finds a sea route to India, and detachments of European conquerors flood Asian expanses, which leads (as in America) to a large number mixed marriages. In fairness, it should be noted that the miscegenation of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid population of Eurasia was observed before, but its scale was small. This was facilitated by contacts with nomads during the Great Migration of Nations. At the beginning of our era - during the invasion of the Huns in the Western Roman Empire. And later, contacts intensified as a result of wars and alliances of Russian principalities with nomadic Turks and Western campaign Batu in the 40s of the 13th century.

Comparison

In the old days, contacts between people living in different parts planets were difficult, so the mixing of different races was the result of a free or violent exodus of many people from their natural habitat. And in places of mass congestion of representatives of different races, interactions arose, the result of which was the emergence of transitional interracial types and even new peoples - such as Creoles. More precisely, "Creoles" are not a single people, but a group of ethnic groups that speak languages ​​that have arisen as a result of mixing: these are the so-called mixed languages, "lingua franca" or "pidgin English". Subsequent contacts between different miscegenation centers further confused the picture.

Now, for example, there is an opinion among experts that there are no purebred Negroids left in the United States. Due to the intensive mixing of the population (the notorious American "melting pot"), supposedly all "blacks" living in the States are actually mulattoes with various admixtures of Caucasian blood. Outgoing US President Barack Obama is also a mulatto. And in general, due to the emergence in the 20th century of wide opportunities for choosing a place of residence due to the development of so-called globalization, the mixing of races has greatly accelerated. Some futurologists predict that over time, humanity will be a single race that has arisen as a result of the leveling of racial characteristics due to the widest miscegenation.

Table

It is not difficult to understand and in practice determine what is the difference between a mestizo and a mulatto. True, a number of subraces of the black (Negroid) race have some signs of Mongoloids - for example, the epicanthus (eye fold). It is, for example, characteristic of the Bushmen, the indigenous people South Africa. But anyway, chief hallmark Negroids - very dark or completely black skin - and some nuances of the structure of the face are dominant, so it is impossible to make a mistake.

"Mestizos are beautiful people!" This statement has long been settled in contemporary culture. You won’t surprise anyone with them, and many current stars openly talk about the blood of which peoples gave such a beautiful one as theirs. But it was not always so.

In order to understand who are what nationality can be considered as such, you need to introduce the concept of race. So, This is a collection of gene pools of people collected according to certain biological characteristics and in common. There are three of them - Mongoloid, Negroid and Caucasoid. AT pure form they were previously distributed across the continents - Africa was inhabited by Europe - Caucasians, Asia and American continent- Mongoloid race. However, population migrations and general globalization gradually led to the fact that the races began to mix with each other. This is how mestizos turned out - people in whose blood the genes of several races are mixed.

Initially, in many cultures, mestizos were persona non grata. Until the 20th century, there was social inequality between races, including mestizos. In general, initially this term denoted only one variation of the Metis - people of just this type, the descendants of Europeans and the indigenous inhabitants of America, the Indians. That is, a mixture of Mongoloid and Caucasoid races. Representatives mixed type Negroids and Caucasians were previously called mulattoes, and the descendants of the Mongoloid and Negroid races were called sambo. On the this moment all these variants are called by one term.

Previously, it was believed that mestizos are people resulting from all kinds of mutations. It was assumed that marriages between representatives of different races are not capable of producing healthy offspring, and that among such children there is a high percentage of mutants, handicapped or suffering from certain diseases of people. In fact, studies by ethnographers, geneticists, sociologists have put everything in its place. With the exception of purely external factors mestizos are no different from representatives of purebred races. Moreover, due to the fact that the migration of peoples has become the norm not only within the continent, but throughout the planet for several hundred years, it is not necessary to talk about the purity of races at all. All current people are in some generation of mestizos.

If we talk about prevalence, then mestizos are entire nations. The same Arabs, Lebanese, Algerians, representatives of most of the nationalities of Central and South America they are also.

Well, what to say about the beauty of mestizos? First of all, it is due to unusual combinations of facial features, figure, skin color, eyes, hair in representatives of mixed marriages. For example, blue-eyed people with dark skin look more unusual, and often more beautiful than ordinary Europeans or African Americans. The same goes for the beauty of Hispanic women - the combination of fair skin and black curly hair and dark eyes cannot but attract attention. Well, in order to clearly see how mestizos stand out, people whose photos flash on the pages of glossy magazines, look at these pictures. Take a look at the photos of Shakira, Beyoncé, Salma Hayek, Vanessa May and other celebrities. All of them are descendants of mixed marriages and have a very expressive appearance.

05/23/2003, Fri, 15:05, Msk

Mixing of races, a tendency very characteristic of modern humanity. Ethnic issues are becoming increasingly important, as they affect issues related to both human biology and the problems of its social development as well as with politics. Anthropologists claim that at least 1/5 of the world's population is mestizo.

Maybe we are all in one way or another? The word "mestizo" ( metis) translated from French crossbreed, mixture, it means a person of mixed origin. The second, narrower meaning is a mixture of a European and an American Indian. Mulattos are born from a Negro and a European, and the offspring of a Negro and an American Indian is called Sambo. In the future, of course, we will talk about mestizos in the broader sense of the word, i.e. about people born from parents of different races, well distinguishable by biological characteristics. This refers to the so-called large races, since a marriage between, say, a Ukrainian and a Russian or an Englishman and a German will simply be international, and the children born will not be mestizos. But marriages between Caucasians and Mongoloids, Mongoloids and Negroids, Caucasians and Negroids are considered mestizo these groups differ significantly from each other both in terms of appearance, as well as for a number of other characteristics.

What is nationality and race?

We have come close to the need to clarify the terminology. Nationality is determined by three main parameters. Firstly, it is a person's awareness of his belonging to a particular nationality. Secondly, the presence of their own language. And thirdly, the presence of self-awareness in this language. True, there is a fourth feature introduced by Lev Gumilyov, these are stereotypes of behavior, ethno-psychological characteristics of a person, which are very revealing.

Race, on the other hand, is a general biological category, characterized by the similarity of the gene pools of the populations that make up the race, and the presence of a certain geographical area of ​​origin and distribution. Traditionally, there are three main races: Caucasoids (or the Eurasian race), Negroids (Equatorials) and Mongoloids (Asian-American race). But many anthropologists believe that from a biological point of view, there are much more races - at least 8 or 10. In particular, one can name the South African (Bushmen and Hottentots), Australoid, Ainoid, Americanoid race and a number of others. Their representatives differ in some significant morphological features, such as skin, eye and hair color, facial features, etc. There are purely biological mechanisms of division into races. Firstly, in order to form a group with a kind of gene pool, isolation is necessary then, due to the principle of random occurrence of mutations (both for a specific gene and for the time of occurrence), the group begins to automatically diverge, which is also facilitated by the probabilistic nature of the consolidation of new mutations . Secondly, in various climatic and geographical zones, in the course of adaptation and natural selection there are signs that contribute to survival in this area. Thirdly, there is a mix different groups, which previously existed separately from each other, as a result of which intermediate variants arise, some of which stand out as small races.

Race as such exists not only in humans, but also in animals - crows, wolves. All of them (unlike breeds of cats, dogs) are of natural origin. Man by nature is very polymorphic and polytypical; unlike domestic animals, he was not affected by artificial selection. Races differ not only in outward signs, but also geographically, i.e. any race in its formation has a separate habitat. There are also deeper racial traits, such as blood types. Molecular biology provides colossal material for studying the structure of the genome. If races are classified, for example, according to blood groups or DNA fragments, then both coincidences and differences with the traditional classification according to morphological characteristics are possible. But if you increase the number of loci to determine the so-called "genetic distances", then the similarity of both types of classification increases.

Is humanity a single species?

Now there is not a single anthropologist, geneticist or biologist who would doubt this. Moreover, there are no prerequisites that could lead to the formation of a new kind of person in the foreseeable future, if only because Earth can be viewed as an isolated system. However, too little time has passed on the scale of the Universe to talk about whether there is any movement in the bowels of mankind towards the creation of a new species. There are clear differences between the rapid social phenomena and much slower movement occurring in the population, which is based on biological, evolutionary processes. Figuratively speaking, humanity flew into space with the same genome with which it emerged from the cave 40 thousand years ago. However, the unity of the species does not prevent significant intraspecific diversity, which is typical for biological organisms. Moreover, diversity is the basis of species stability. This applies not only to social and biological phenomena, but also to culture.

Let us now consider the ways in which mestizos appeared.

Metization is directly related to migration processes. In genetics, there is the concept of "gene flow", i.e. slow mutual penetration of two large groups with different morphological features. There are so-called contact zones, i.e. areas where there was a mixture of populations. Such zones, in particular, are Western Siberia (zones of Caucasoids and Mogoloids), North Africa(Caucasians and Negroids), Southeast Asia(Caucasoids, Mongoloids and Australoids). In these areas, mixing mechanisms have been operating for tens of thousands of generations, and the process of miscegenation can be traced back to 6 thousand years BC, when, due to the successful development of the Neolithic economy and the increase in population in subsequent epochs, mass migrations began. Oddly enough, the later migrations of peoples had relatively little effect on the anthropological composition of the population.

The development of civilization has given rise to new concepts, for example, "mestizos of war" - they appear as a result of a fairly long stay of the occupying army in a certain territory. Yes, in Vietnam long years a former French colony, a whole generation of Franco-Vietnamese mestizos was born. The same thing happened in Japan, where the American army was stationed after World War II. Separately, one can consider “colonial” mestizos, say, Anglo-Indians, of which today there are about 1 million. In general, among the reasons for mixing gene pools, one can name a lack of women from one of the contacting parties, mixed marriages for various social reasons the establishment of good neighborly relations through kinship, the desire to avoid the harmful effects of inbreeding, the destruction of the male part of the population and the captivity of the female, leading to demographic genocide, etc.

Are there any abnormalities be it physical, mental or intellectual associated with miscegenation?
American researchers have proven that anomalies are no more common in mestizos than in other groups. There is also no need to talk about intellectual inequality associated with racial affiliation everything depends on socio-cultural development, upbringing, and education. In 1938, a French expedition discovered a very ancient and primitive tribe in Paraguay, which fled at the sight of scientists, leaving a one and a half year old girl by the fire. Anthropologists picked her up, brought her to Paris, and she, who was born in the Stone Age, became a real Parisian, absolutely adapted to the European way of life and owning three foreign languages. Another example Pushkin and Dumas were mestizos, and no one doubts their genius.

As for the external data of mestizos, no disharmony is observed, moreover, they are often very beautiful.
Since the Neolithic, man has been persistently and successfully breeding new breeds of animals, but there has always been a very strong internal prohibition on “human breeding”. Marriages between cousins ​​were also strictly tabooed, not to mention outright incest. Probably, in the course of gaining experience and identifying the undesirable consequences of inbreeding, there was a gradual exclusion of closely related marriages, which was fixed in a series of generations in the form of severe prohibitions that went beyond religious systems. Probably, these taboos were established before religions took shape. The example of the Australian aborigines is very indicative they created an amazing system of counting kinship, where each person knows his origin and, accordingly, who can potentially become his wife. In Siberia, in some places, the tradition of knowing one's genealogy has also been preserved, designed to exclude closely related marriages. An amazing example is known when an 8-year-old Aleut girl from the Commander Islands dictated to a scientist a list of her relatives on half a notebook. Of course, people consciously controlled this process. The problem of inbreeding was faced at a certain stage by aristocrats, in particular, royal families, where dynastic marriages were accepted, as a result of which almost all royal families were related by family ties. A good example is Tsarevich Alexei, who was afflicted with hemophilia, a hereditary disease that also affected other crowned families.

There are many more mestizos on earth than you might think. For example, Cubans American Indians, almost the entire black population of America, and in the southern states the mixing is less than in the northern ones a kind of echo of the confrontation between the democratic north and the slave-owning south. Mestizo groups in the Caribbean and Central America are often referred to as Creoles. But the Polynesians are such a peculiar group that they can be distinguished into a separate race.

You can recognize a mestizo by some "deviation" from the canonical features characteristic of specific races. For example, in Siberia, people are often found with all the morphological features of the Mongoloids and the blue eyes of Europeans. Another example is North Africans or black Americans with European features and clear signs of the Negroid race. In Altai, the Mongoloid type is common, combined with noticeable facial hair, which is not typical for pure Mongoloids you will never meet a Chinese or Mongol with a bushy beard or lush mustache.

What are the perspectives of humanity from an anthropological point of view? Is it possible that someday it will become a single race and give birth to a new Adam and Eve?
AT modern world there are processes of globalization, mixing of countries and peoples. Nevertheless, it is obvious that this cannot be expected in the foreseeable future human biology is quite conservative, and in order for any serious changes to occur on a universal scale, and even more so to gain a foothold, thousands of generations must change. However, during the last 35 thousand years, some trends can be traced that are characteristic of the entire species. For example, there is a reduction of the dentition, which is probably associated with a change in the way of eating, cooking. Apparently, people will soon lose the wisdom tooth in many population groups, it is actually gone, it does not even erupt. On the other hand, the weakening of this apparatus leads to an increase in the number of diseases. oral cavity. The bite has changed 4-5 thousand years ago, in humans, the upper and lower jaws coincided, while in our case the upper jaw protrudes slightly forward. The fact is that the lower jaw is a free bone, it is not connected with others, and therefore it is reduced faster. There are other universal human tendencies acceleration, for example. However, it is rather difficult to predict such processes. Moreover, in all of Russia there is only one institute of anthropology at Moscow University, and even the department of anthropology also at Moscow State University, it is worth mentioning the department of anthropology of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (for comparison, there are about 200 different institutes of physics in Moscow alone).

Oddly enough, the science of man as a social and biological being in the unity of all its aspects practically does not exist.

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