The true beauty of man is war and peace. What is beauty According to the novel by L

1. "War and Peace" as philosophical work.
2. Internal and outer beauty,
3. Positive and negative characters.
4. True beauty is harmony with oneself and the world.

The epic novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" is a complex philosophical work. The author in the work touches on the following main topics: the structure of the world and the place of man in it, the meaning of history and a single human life, the role of the individual in history, the relationship between freedom and necessity in the fate of a person, moral requirements for a person, true and false in a person's life. The theme of the inner beauty of a person is connected with the philosophical and moral problem of true and false. In the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace" there are over five hundred heroes. Among them we see emperors and statesmen, commanders and ordinary soldiers, aristocrats and peasants. Some characters, as it is easy to see, are especially sympathetic to the author, while others, on the contrary, are alien and unpleasant. It is interesting that the author divides his heroes not into positive and negative, not into good and bad, but into changing and frozen ones. The former include those characters whose lives are spent in a constant search for the truth, in the pursuit of good, in the desire to benefit other people. It so happened that the most internally beautiful Tolstoy's heroes do not differ in external beauty. This is hardly coincidental: thus, it seems, spiritual beauty, not obscured by the outside, becomes even more noticeable.

External beauty is an attractive face, slim figure and graceful manner. Inner beauty is the beauty of the soul, and above all, it is philanthropy, high morality, sincerity, sincerity, the desire to understand other people and help them. It often happens that in one person, external and internal beauty do not merge into a single whole. That is why people tend to make mistakes and take external beauty for internal. Understanding the nature of a person is very difficult. That is why there is a true and false beauty. True beauty is inner beauty, and false beauty is outward appearance, which is so often deceptive. True and false are closely intertwined with each other in Tolstoy's novel.

True and false beauty are most fully revealed in the images of Helen Kuragina and Natasha Rostova. Helen is so beautiful that there is no person who would not admire this beauty: “Slightly rustling her white ball gown, trimmed with ivy and moss, and shining with the whiteness of her shoulders, the gloss of her hair and diamonds, she passed between the parting men and straight, without looking at any whom, but smiling at everyone and, as it were, kindly giving everyone the right to admire the beauty of their figure, full of shoulders, very open, according to the then fashion, chest and back. The only thing that is alarming about Helen is her smile. In fact, behind this smile-mask lies indifference to people, an empty soul. Helen is a mature person, a statue that does not change and will be the same in 20 and 40 years. And Natasha is a child. She is live girl with its own merits and demerits. Natasha lives a rich life, rejoices and is upset, laughs and cries. And Helen does not live, but exists. Helen needs marriage for only one thing: she needs money for balls, theaters, guests and numerous lovers. Not once throughout the novel did Helen show normal feelings: she was not afraid, she was not happy for someone, she did not feel sorry for anyone.

Tolstoy also shows the spiritual beauty of a person using the example of Pierre, one of the main characters of the novel. Emotional, unable to restrain and hide his feelings, Pierre very soon wins over readers. At the beginning of the novel, the hero is still young, knows life poorly and hardly understands people. So, the first serious test for Pierre is his marriage to Helen. He turned out to be unarmed against the deceit and deceit of the Kuragins, who lured him into their networks. But morally, Pierre is much higher than these people: he completely takes the blame for what happened. And after the disappointment in Freemasonry, where he was led by the desire to be useful to society, after his failure in his intentions to alleviate the situation of the serfs, dissatisfaction with himself again came to Pierre, that driving force, which did not allow the spiritual fire to go out in him. This is how the hero appears before us on the eve Patriotic War 1812. It is far from accidental that Tolstoy brings Pierre Bezukhov to the Borodino field. It may seem that a purely civilian and somewhat clumsy Pierre does not belong here. However, the voice of conscience tells him that now he should be right here, because here the main event is taking place, which is decisive for the fate of the nation. This almost instinctive, often not fully realized sense of belonging to one's people is, perhaps, main feature best heroes Tolstoy. There is no "outward beauty" in Pierre's actions, and sometimes they even seem illogical. He stays in burning Moscow to kill Napoleon, but instead saves a snotty girl and a beautiful Armenian woman. Intending to kill the main enemy of the Russian people, Pierre is trying to solve a problem that is beyond the power of one person. But to perform, albeit not so spectacular, but such a necessary good deed - this is quite on the shoulder of the hero. Tolstoy does not appreciate external bodily beauty, as if he does not trust it. He wants to convey to the reader his thoughts that physical attractiveness will disappear over the years, and inner beauty will remain in a person forever.

The true beauty of a person is the desire for peace, for harmony with oneself and the people around. Tolstoy is fascinated by the spiritual strength of man, his ability for self-sacrifice. Inner beauty is a gift, but everyone can develop this gift.

True and false beauty (based on the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")

People are like window panes. They sparkle and shine when the sun shines, but when darkness reigns, they true beauty It opens only due to the light coming from within. (E. Kübler-Ross)

beauty thick romance

What is beauty really? This question cannot be answered unambiguously. After all, for each person it is one, special and unique. Probably people different eras argued about what is really beautiful. The ideal of beauty ancient egypt was a slender and graceful woman with full lips and huge almond-shaped eyes. AT Ancient China the ideal of beauty was a small, fragile woman with tiny feet. The beauties of Japan thickly whitened their skin, and in Ancient Greece the woman's body was supposed to have soft and rounded shapes. But I have no doubt that at all times beauty has been based on spiritual wealth and spiritual values ​​remained unchanged.

The theme of beauty is also touched upon in Leo Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace. A person who never wonders what real beauty is, and believes that it is only an attractive face, a slender figure and graceful manners, will undoubtedly call Helen Kuragina the ideal of beauty. A snow-white body, magnificent breasts, a stunning wardrobe and a charming smile - all this, of course, will conquer a man at first sight. But why does beauty fade before our eyes if a person has no soul?

Which beauty is true and which is false? Throughout the novel, Leo Tolstoy tries to figure this out. These two concepts are closely intertwined.

Behind Helen's graceful manners and behind her smile are indifference to people, stupidity and emptiness of the soul. It can be compared with antique statue: she is just as beautiful, one might say, perfect, but cold, insensitive and heartless. You can admire her, you can paint pictures from her, but you can’t open your soul to her, you can’t look for support from her. But, as we can see, there are a lot of people who consider only appearance and money important in the novel. That is why Helen becomes the smartest woman in St. Petersburg. And the most intelligent and intelligent people of Russia are obliged to visit her. But this is a lie, and by reading the novel, we understand this.

The writer clearly considers inner beauty to be real beauty. And external splendor should be complemented by spiritual values. Leo Tolstoy considers Natasha Rostova such a person with whom everything is fine. Both appearance and soul, in his opinion, are good enough for really handsome man. But in my opinion, a real beauty, a girl whose inner beauty overshadows all external flaws, is Maria Bolkonskaya.

I wonder how she can understand and pity any person, how she endures bad character father and can sympathize with him. Despite her ugly appearance, she is pleasant to people. So timid and obedient, she tries to love every person. He is evil, greedy, vulgar, she is still looking for positive features in his character. She stands up for the poor, is ready to give all the master's grain to the peasants, raises not her own child, remains to look after her sick father under the threat of death. And after that they say that Helen is the first beauty of St. Petersburg! After all, we remember that when Princess Mary's eyes shone, they became so beautiful that she became prettier before her eyes and became a real beauty. And this natural glow of the eyes can compete with Helen's cold but perfect body.

I think it is quite clear where the true beauty is, where the false one is. Why do we sometimes, having spoken with a beautiful or handsome man, quickly lose interest in them? Because a pleasant appearance is lost if a person is internally poor. Do not strive only for external beauty, strive also for internal, and you will be irresistible!

Let's open the academic "Dictionary of the Russian Language": "Beauty is a property according to the meaning of the adjective beautiful", "beautiful - pleasing to the eye, distinguished by the correctness of outlines, harmony of colors, tones, lines, distinguished by the completeness and depth of the internal content, calculated on the result, on the external impression ". Any of these definitions can find its confirmation on the pages of L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", because there is both the beauty of the soul, and the catchy external beauty of the body, and the beautiful Russian nature, and beauty human relations, and the greatness of military labor.

I will try to justify that beauty manifests itself in the image of Tolstoy's most beloved heroine - Natasha Rostova. Outwardly, she is not a beauty in the distance, in the novel there are women who literally sparkle with beauty. This, for example, Helen Kuragina. But her physical beauty can give nothing but physical satisfaction.
There is nothing catchy in Natasha’s appearance: “a black-eyed, with a big mouth, an ugly, but lively girl, with her childish open shoulders that jumped out of her bodice from a fast run, with her black curls knocked back, thin bare arms and small legs” - such is the thirteen-year-old girl Natasha at the moment of our first meeting with her on the pages of the novel. In two years we will see her in Otradnoye: black-haired, black-eyed, very thin, in a cotton dress - there is nothing special about the girl's appearance.

Not bright in appearance, Natasha is gifted with the beauty and richness of her voice, reflecting the richness of her inner peace. Yes, connoisseurs judged her voice that it had not yet been processed, but they talked about it only after she finished singing. In the meantime, the very sound sounded - they forgot about its "rawness" and only enjoyed it. It is the sister's singing that brings Nikolai Rostov out of a severe depression after a card loss, revealing to him all the splendor and wealth of the world.

The giftedness of the heroine is also manifested in a deep sense of the beauty of nature, which made her lose sight of everything. Natasha - the embodiment of a radiant life - is in complete contrast to the deadly boredom of a secular living room. Appearing on a sunny day in the forest, or against the backdrop of a moonlit park, or among autumn fields, she harmonizes with the inexhaustible life of nature with her whole being. In Otradnoye, Prince Andrey hears her sound, speaking of the charms of the night, of the impossibility of sleeping among the enchanting beauty of nature, and I think that just at that very moment his feeling for a hitherto unfamiliar girl is born.

The beauty of Natasha's soul is reflected in her sensitivity, in her unusually subtle and deep intuition. Thanks to this property, she guessed what was not said in words, and, despite the lack of life experience understood people correctly. In this regard, her early sympathies for Pierre, who looks somewhat ridiculous, fat, are very indicative; comparison of Boris Drubetskoy with narrow long watches; her antipathy to Dolokhov, who so pleased all the Rostovs. The depth of Natasha's intuition is also evidenced by her words that Nikolai will never marry Sonya.

After the death of Prince Andrei, Natasha, who had a hard time surviving his death,. feels a sense of alienation from his family, and all people. But here is the news of Petya's death. Despair drives the mother almost to madness. Natasha sees her father sobbing, and "something terribly painfully hit her in the heart." All alienation disappears, she is the embodiment of consolation: she does not leave her mother day or night. Only a person with a big and beautiful heart is able to forget about his own trouble for the sake of saving the most dear and close being.

And here is another moment of the novel, proving the beauty and breadth of the heroine's soul. At the hour of departure from Moscow, she, having shown reasonable practicality, ingenuity and dexterity in packing things, learns about the refusal of her parents to hand over places to the wounded on carts. Perhaps for the first time we see Natasha Rostova in anger: "This is disgusting! This is an abomination!" Her face is disfigured with anger, she screams at her mother, and her deed is bright and beautiful. And the parents agree with their daughter - they give carts to the wounded, and after all, her future dowry could be taken out on them.

In my opinion, Natasha's beauty blossomed in marriage and motherhood. Remember how, all inspired by joy, the heroine runs to meet Pierre, who has arrived after a long absence? The old Countess Rostov, moreover, believes that her daughter takes her love to the extreme, which is idiotic, but this opinion, in my opinion, is the result of a cold secular upbringing.

So, answering the question "what is beauty?", I would say: "Look at Natasha Rostova - naturalness, sensitivity, talent, "mind of the heart"".

"WAR AND PEACE"
Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace" is one of the most populous novels known to world literature. Each event of the narrative attracts, like a magnet, many names, destinies and faces, great amount historical characters, dozens of heroes created creative fantasy author. Following Tolstoy, we go and descend into the complex life of human existence and together with him examine the living beings that act in it. This is a very complex, diverse reality that goes into the endless world of ideas.
There are annoying faces, there are heroes who cause admiration or hatred, love, and among them Nikolai Rostov is the most sincere character in the novel.
What a wonderful children's World in the Rostovs' house: life is cleaner and "talks are more fun." Two handsome young men, one an officer, the other a student, Nikolai Rostov, a "short curly young man" with an open expression.
The next time we meet Rostov in the Pavlodar hussar regiment: "The squadron in which Nikolai Rostov served was located in the German village of Zalzenek," Tolstoy reports. complex world Nicholas builds military relations with the help of three main grounds for him: honor, dignity and loyalty to the oath. He can't even think of lying. The ambiguous position in which it turns out due to the act of Telyatin surprises even experienced fellow soldiers. No wonder the gray-haired captain admonishes Rostov: "Ask Denisov, does it look like something for a cadet to demand satisfaction from a regimental commander?"
And the young Rostov finds out that the honor of the regiment in the internal hierarchy of values ​​​​is higher and dearer than honor personal. "I'm to blame, all around to blame!" he exclaims when he realizes it. We are witnessing a change of character. Impetuous, pure young man turns into a defender of the fatherland, associated with comrades in arms corporate concept honor.
When the plot logic leads Nikolai to the battlefield of Shengraben, the "moment of truth" arrives. Rostov realizes the impossibility of murder and death. It can't be that they want to kill me, he thinks as he runs away from the French. He is confused. Instead of shooting, he throws a pistol at the enemy. He runs away with the feeling of "a hare running away from dogs." His fear is not fear of the enemy. He is possessed by a "feeling of fear for his happy young life."
Nikolai Rostov is distinguished neither by the depth of mind inherent, for example, in Prince Andrei, nor by the ability to think deeply and experience the pain and aspirations of people, characteristic of Pierre Bezukhov. Bolkonsky rightly sees in him a close-minded hussar officer, the type of people that he especially did not like. The author calls him "innocent", and this is just the word that can express his inner being. Simple soul. Honest and decent.
Having fallen in love with Princess Marya, he remains faithful to Sonya, to whom he gave his word, to the end, to a certain limit of rationality.
Having married, he, just as he once devoted himself to serving the fatherland, devoted himself to serving his family and household. “Nikolai was a simple owner,” notes Tolstoy, “he did not like innovations ... he laughed at theoretical essays about the economy. He had only one estate before his eyes, and not any separate part of it ... And Nikolai’s economy brought the most brilliant results". (The highest praise of Count Tolstoy.)
The author reluctantly says goodbye to Nikolai Rostov. Certain traits of his character are easily guessed in Konstantin Levin from Anna Karenina. They received the final design in the image of Dmitry Nekhlyudov from "Resurrection". Something like this))

M.G.Kachurin, D.K.Motolskaya "Russian Literature". Textbook
for grade 9 high school. - M., Education, 1988, p. 268 - 272

The spiritual beauty of Natasha is also manifested in her attitude towards native nature We never see either Helen, or Anna Pavlovna Scherer, or Julie Karagina in the bosom of nature. This is not their element. If they talk about nature, they speak falsely and vulgarly (thus, in Julie's luxurious album, Boris drew two trees and signed: "Rural trees, your dark branches shake off gloom and melancholy on me").

People who are spiritually close to the people perceive nature differently. Before the Battle of Borodino, Prince Andrei recalls how Natasha tried to convey to him "that passionately poetic feeling" that she experienced when she got lost in the forest and met an old beekeeper there. The artless beauty of Natasha is manifested in this confused, agitated story (compare it with Boris's album eloquence): “This old man was such a charm, and it’s so dark in the forest ... and he has such kindness ... no, I don’t know how to tell” she said, blushing and agitated.

Natasha, unlike the “brilliant beauty,” Helen does not strike with her external beauty, and yet she is truly beautiful: “Compared to Helen’s shoulders, her shoulders were thin, her chest was indefinite, her arms were thin; but on Helen it was already as if varnish from all the thousands of glances sliding over her body, and Natasha seemed like a girl who was naked for the first time and who would be very ashamed of it if she had not been assured that it was so necessary.

Tolstoy, who paints portraits of his favorite heroes in dynamics, in motion, in changes, does not describe the change in expressions on Helen's face. We always see a “monotonously beautiful smile” and understand more and more clearly that this is a mask that hides the spiritual emptiness, stupidity and immorality of the “magnificent countess”. Helen embodies the spirit of St. Petersburg salons, aristocratic living rooms. “Where you are, there is debauchery, evil” - in these words of Pierre, addressed to Helen, the true essence of the entire Kuragin family is expressed.

Natasha's external and internal appearance is completely different. She does not at all lose her charm from the fact that her changeable, expressive face becomes ugly in moments of strong emotional excitement. Upon learning that the wounded were being left in Moscow, she ran to her mother "with a face disfigured by anger." In the scene at the bedside of the wounded Andrei, "Natasha's thin and pale face with swollen lips was more than ugly, it was scary." But her eyes are invariably beautiful, full of living human feelings- suffering, joy, love, hope.

Helen Tolstoy does not draw the eye, probably because they do not shine with thought and feeling. The expression in Natasha's eyes is infinitely varied. “Shining”, “curious”, “provocative and somewhat mocking”, “desperately lively”, “stopped”, “begging”, “wide open, frightened”, “attentive, kind and sadly inquiring” - what a richness of the spiritual world expressed in those eyes!

Helen's smile is a frozen hypocritical mask. Natasha's smile reveals a rich world of various feelings: now it is a “smile of joy and reassurance”, now it is “pensive”, now it is “soothing”, now it is “solemn”. Unexpected and surprising marks of comparison, revealing the special shades of Natasha's smile. Let us recall the joyful and sad meeting of Natasha and Pierre for both after everything they had experienced: “And the face with attentive eyes smiled with difficulty, with effort, like a rusty door opens, and from this dissolved door suddenly smelled and doused Pierre with that long-forgotten happiness, oh which especially now, he did not think. It smelled, engulfed and swallow it all.

Admiring his heroine, Tolstoy appreciates in her "simplicity, goodness and truth" - natural features, so characteristic of an unspoiled spiritual world children.

“What was going on in this childish receptive soul, which was so greedily catching and assimilating all the most varied impressions of life?” - the writer says with tenderness. His heroine has a “childish smile”, Natasha cries with tears of an “offended child”, she speaks to Sonya “with the voice that children speak when they want to be praised”.

Drawing the bright world of a young, flourishing life, the great psychologist also shows the delusions of a trusting young soul, which suddenly reached out to an empty and vulgar person.

From a clean atmosphere village life, family warmth and comfort, Natasha suddenly finds herself in a completely different secular environment, unfamiliar to her, where everything is a lie and deceit, where evil can not be distinguished from good, where there is no place for sincere and simple human feelings.

Succumbing to the pernicious influence of Helen, Natasha involuntarily imitates her. Her sweet, lively, expressive smile changes. “Naked Helen sat beside her and smiled the same way at everyone: and Natasha smiled at Boris the same way.” Tolstoy reproduces the struggle between good and evil in her confused soul, a tangled tangle of feelings. Left alone, Natasha “could not understand what was happening to her, nor what she felt. Everything seemed to her dark, unclear and frightening.

Does Tolstoy condemn his heroine? We will not find direct assessments in the novel. Natasha at this time of life is shown in the perception of Anatole, Sonya, Prince Andrei, Marya Dmitrievna. All of them differently appreciate her actions. But it is felt that Pierre's attitude towards her is closest to Tolstoy.

“The sweet impression of Natasha, whom he had known since childhood, could not unite in his soul with a new idea of ​​​​her baseness, stupidity and cruelty. He remembered his wife. “They are all the same,” he said to himself. But Pierre, whom Tolstoy endowed with extraordinary sensitivity, suddenly understands Natasha's fright: she is not afraid for herself, confident that everything is over; she is tormented by the evil she did to Andrei; she is frightened by the thought that could have occurred to Pierre, that she is asking Prince Andrei to forgive her in order to return him as a groom. This whole complex, rapid process of purification by suffering instantly opens up to Pierre, he is overwhelmed by a feeling of tenderness, pity and love. And, not yet comprehending what happened, Pierre utters words that he himself is surprised: “If I were not me, but the most beautiful, smartest and best person in the world, and if I were free, I would this minute on my knees ask for your hand and your love.

The spiritual evolution of Natasha Tolstoy draws in a different way than the path of Prince Andrei or Pierre. It is natural for a woman not so much to logically comprehend and evaluate her every step, but to experience it, to express her state in the unity of thought, feeling and deed. Therefore, the essence of changes in the appearance of Natasha is not always obvious. And the epilogue of the novel is especially difficult to understand.

The opinion has been expressed many times that in the epilogue the author, for the sake of controversy with the ideas women's emancipation breaks the character of his heroine, "grounds" her, deprives her of poetry, etc. Is this true? To answer this question is to decide whether true artist deviate from the truth in favor of their prejudices.

About Natasha the mother Tolstoy writes harshly, sternly, as if knowing in advance about possible reader bewilderment and reproaches and not wanting to soften anything: often only her face and body were visible, but her soul was not visible at all. One strong, beautiful and prolific female was visible.

Note that this is repeated three times. it is seen: it seems that the author asks the reader to look beyond what catches the eye ... So Denisov for the time being does not recognize the "former sorceress", looks at her "with surprise and sadness, as at a unlike portrait of a previously beloved person." But suddenly he is captured by the joy of Natasha, running to meet Pierre, and he again sees her as before.

And this insight is available to the attentive reader. Yes, Natasha, the mother of four children, is not the same as she was in her youth, when we fell in love with her so much. Could it be otherwise if the writer follows the truth of life? Natasha not only raises children, which in itself is not so little, but brings them up in complete unanimity with her husband. She takes part in "every minute of her husband's life", and he feels her every mental movement. And after all, this is Natasha, and not Denisov, all the more so - not her brother Nikolai, firmly believes in the "great importance" of Pierre's affairs. And it’s not the thought of the danger that could threaten her family that worries her, although she heard the words of Nikolai Rostov addressed to Pierre: “And now tell Arakcheev to go at you with a squadron and chop - I won’t think for a second and go. And then judge as you wish. Natasha thinks of something else: “Is it really so important and right person for society - also my husband? Why did this happen? And she expresses her deepest unanimity with her husband in the way that is peculiar to her: “I love you terribly! Terrible. Terrible!"

We involuntarily recall at this moment young Natasha in burning Moscow: now, as then, she understood in her heart how to live and what is most important for an honest man in Russia.

The epilogue of the novel has an "open" character: the movement of time and the proximity of tragic social upheavals are clearly felt here. Reading into the scenes family life, we cannot help but think about the future of this family and about the fate of the generation whose moral experience is reflected in the images of Natasha and Pierre - the generation about which Herzen said: “... warriors-companions who went out to certain death in order to ... purify children born in an environment of butchery and servility.