What is visual art. Artist, visual arts, antagonism
Chapter 1. Visual Arts in the Global Cultural Continuum.
1.1. The dynamics of the institutionalization of visual arts in artistic culture: a historical aspect.
1.2. The institutionalization of art in the era of globalization: a cultural approach.
1.3. The problem of the influence of globalization processes in culture on the development of art.
Chapter 2. Contemporary art in search of new forms of institutionalization.
2.1. Museum as a "life form of culture": modern forms presentations artistic creativity.
2.2. Self-organization as a direction artistic life: "partisan" forms of development of art in the XXI century.
2.3. Institutionalization of marginal forms of creativity in the global world of art”: the work of outsider artists.
Chapter 3. Visual arts and "new entertainment" in the context of the development of communication media
3.1. Cyberpunk and "new entertainment" in the context of globalization of culture.
3.2. Visual Arts and Modern Technologies: Transformations of Image Language in the Context of the "New Spectacle".
3.3. The artist and the "new technical": the institutionalization of new forms of creativity.
Chapter 4. Directions of institutionalization of artistic creativity in the sphere of material culture.
4.1. Design and visual appearance of the "new naturalness".
4.2. The human body as an area of "labor and creativity": from glamor to morphing.
4.3. Institutionalization of cultural traditions in the work of fashion designers.
Recommended list of dissertations
The problem of interaction of arts in the era of postmodernism: Russian artistic practice 2003, candidate of cultural studies Demshina, Anna Yurievna
The Artistic Life of Modern London: Institutions, Trends, Problems of Representation: On the Material of Fine Arts, 1990-2000s. 2010, candidate of art criticism Lebedev, Alexander Alexandrovich
Art of the artistic avant-garde of the 20th century as a factor of shaping in design: Theoretical concepts and problems of interpretation 2005, Doctor of Arts Bytachevskaya, Tamara Nikiforovna
Transformation of artistic and visual images in the works of Siberian painters of the second half of the 20th - early 21st centuries 2011, candidate of art criticism Serikova, Tatyana Yurievna
Book graphics of Russian futurism 2013, candidate of art criticism Rodkin, Pavel Evgenievich
Similar theses in the specialty "Theory and History of Culture", 24.00.01 VAK code
Artistic and communicative features of a modern poster: the latest concepts and development trends in foreign practice 2010 Ph.D. in Art History Wang Meng
Art magazine as an aesthetic phenomenon: Russia, late 19th - early 20th centuries 2000, candidate of philosophical sciences Kaverina, Elena Anatolyevna
Author's art toy in the art of the XX century. Problems, trends, names 2008, Candidate of Art Criticism Marchenko, Maria Alexandrovna
Curating and art project in the system of contemporary art: historical and theoretical analysis 2012, Ph.D. Demkina, Daria Viktorovna
Omsk - the regional center of the artistic life of Siberia in the second half of the 20th century 2005, candidate of art criticism Babikova, Tatyana Vasilievna
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Theory and history of culture", Demshina, Anna Yurievna
Conclusion.
The institutionalization of visual arts in the era of globalization of culture is a non-linear process with different areas of culture. From the point of view of institutionalism, it is possible to consider not only the development of the "world of art" (A. Dento's term), but also the actualization of art in sociocultural practice in general and the influence of sociocultural dynamics on art itself. As part of the study of the institutional aspect of the development of art as a cultural phenomenon, another important question arises - about the combination of self-organization and control in super-complex and super-super-complex systems, which is art (M. Kagan). The search for a balance in the management of cultural institutions, therefore, can only be based on a dialogical understanding of culture, while recognizing the importance of art as a carrier of spiritual culture. It is the spiritual culture that ensures the preservation and development of culture, determines the relationship with the natural and social components of being. This is especially relevant in the current situation of the crisis of spiritual culture, when the process of artificial imposition of values, models of sociocultural behavior within the framework of the world unification of life is underway in the erasure of intercultural boundaries. The institutionalization of art (even within the framework of self-organization) in this case becomes not only a symbolic, but also a political, sociocultural, and economic factor. The use of art in sociocultural practices demonstrates the dynamics of the scale of the value of one or another of its phenomena in a particular historical period, the result of the assessment does not necessarily coincide with the opinion of the “art world”. The presence in Western cultural discourse of an independent peer review, open auctions art and other tools of the art market makes the renewal and development of artistic practice feasible. According to the economic theory of institutionalization, the synergetic concept, these tools implement polyvariance in artistic discourse, creating an external impact on it. The non-linearity of cultural policy in the field of art, the multi-vector nature of the development of art itself, become a protective factor that allows culture not only to preserve art as a special value, but also provoke the growth of new points in art itself.
The complexity, multidimensionality of the culture of the era of globalism leads to an increase in the interaction of all spheres of human existence at all cultural levels involving the culture of many countries in common processes. The study of the directions and forms of institutionalization that have developed in world practice can allow not only to see the development of art more fully, but also to identify promising directions that are adequate to the specifics of modern culture.
The tools of fine arts turned out to be in demand by mass culture and virtual reality. Therefore, speaking about the visualization of modern culture, one can note not the flowering of the visual arts (as it was in the Renaissance), but the totality of the use of the visual channel of perception, filled with cultural heritage, sociocultural stereotypes. This process can be called an attempt to adapt a person to a new virtual reality, a reaction to the problems of adaptation to a rapidly changing cultural field. Visual images in this situation play the role of a "platform" that creates space for communication, dialogue between people. But without the intellectual creative activity of the individual, this “platform” turns a person only into a detail of a certain strategy, a part of someone else’s game of manipulating meanings, or into material for the creativity of another. Personal, creative activity today has great opportunities for self-realization, but subject to a qualitative increase in the level of responsibility and education. A special role in this situation is assigned to the sphere of education, self-education and upbringing of a person. Artistic culture plays a certain role in the adaptation of the individual to new conditions: both in the formation of the visual component of the metalanguage of modern culture, and in the form of expanding the possibilities for the manifestation of the creative potential of each person. The language of art, the language of artistic culture is becoming one of the most universal ways of intercultural communication, which is also associated with the formation of general cultural values based on multicultural codes, meta-aesthetic foundations. Areas of the new are also being formed in the zone of interaction between art and new technologies, the artistic and scientific spheres of activity.
In a modern multicultural society, where there is an active process of redistribution of cultural capital, where there is no dictate of ideologies, but “there is only seduction” (J. Baudrillard, B. Huebner), a person allows his person to be carried away by what corresponds to him. personal experience and aspirations. Therefore, in order not to end up in a vacuum, art is looking for new ways of seduction: from immersion in virtual artistic worlds to media lobbying, the creation of cultural and entertainment complexes, the development of museum pedagogy, new approaches to the presentation of art. This corresponds to the ambitions of artists who are looking for their place in modern society.
The visual arts, in the battle for independence from other spheres of culture, which began long before the 21st century, today seems to have received freedom from substantive and material pressure. At the beginning of the third millennium, we are experiencing new stage when it is necessary to realize art again as a special synthesis of spirituality, without losing that new tool aria, which gave the artist art in search of new forms of representation. This imposes a special responsibility on the sphere of museum and gallery activities. Modern Museum, defending the autonomy of art, is forced to play the role of a coordinator, following the dynamics of the audience, modern technologies, and the situation in various loci of development of artistic creativity.
Modern culture actively includes marginal practices in discourse. Thus, in art there is a certain interest and tradition of institutionalizing the creativity of the mentally ill. On the one hand, the inclusion of marginal experience for modern culture is an important source of renewal, an indicator of the humanization of society. On the other hand, this is one of the signs of the crisis of culture, which is looking for new guidelines in the marginal zones in a situation of pressure from mass culture, which has a unification character. The importance of the institutionalization of such art is difficult to underestimate, but as both foreign and domestic experience shows, the basis for the presentation of such creativity as a cultural phenomenon (and not just as an achievement of art therapy) should be the joint work of culturologists and psychiatrists, with the inclusion of elements of an art history approach. The work of outsider artists clearly demonstrates the democratic nature of the essence of creativity, independent of gender, age, health status, which is an important basis for the humanization of modern culture.
In addition to the development of traditional forms of institutionalization of art, the inclusion of marginal practices in this process, a separate issue is the development of traditions of self-organization in the creative environment itself. We can talk about the continuity of traditions within the framework of this process. For example, the traditions of self-organization, characteristic of Leningrad nonconformism, today flow both into official forms (museum, educational activities), and are in demand by young artists. This is especially true in the absence of a coherent "world of art", stable ties between the artist - the art market - the viewer (buyer) and cultural policy on the part of officialdom. Partisan ways of institutionalizing art in the 21st century remain a relevant way for artists to express themselves, despite the fact that today there is practically no need to talk about the underground that actualized this movement in the 20th century.
To date, there are several directions in this current. This is the use of partisan technologies due to the specifics of the development of the Russian art market and the domestic economy. Within the framework of self-organization, not only modern (curatorial), but also classical (shop) methods of institutionalization are in demand. Guerrilla methods are used by artists to draw attention to their own work (personality) or to certain problems. modern society. Not all such groups are trying to get out of the underground, although for some of them guerrilla methods are a method of infiltrating official institutions. Some of the "partisans" (for example, the figures of "Pushkinskaya 10") go from an informal existence to gaining their own weight in artistic life. It is significant that one and the same author can freely combine "guerrilla methods" of activity with participation in official unions and events. With the development of the Internet, the desire of a number of creative people to abstract from publicity, to go underground became actual; such individuals also use partisan methods, creating a "partisan virtual underground". A separate page - types of art that arose at the intersection of "law and lawlessness", such as graffiti. Some rider artists successfully participate in official exhibitions; for many, partisan methods of work are a kind of credo.
Subcultural (including artistic) solidarity, manifested in the form of traditional and conservative institutions or associated with new associations that oppose mass culture, is apparently becoming a global phenomenon. This is a defensive reaction of many people to the disappearance of spirituality experienced or observed by them, the imposition of mass, unifying socio-cultural stereotypes that are not characteristic of them. Refusal to participate in manipulation becomes the basis for the formation of a global network audience. Partisan forms of institutionalization, due to their democracy and non-linearity, become a good platform for the solidarity of such associations, formations in the culture of areas of new creative experience, ultimately relevant for the development of modern culture as a whole.
The institutionalization of the visual arts today is closely connected with the development of the media information field based on modern communication technologies. The artist now acts as a mediator/guide, translator and coder of fantasies and aspirations. Artists obligingly offer the external design of fantasies, "packaging" for dreams for every taste. The "new spectacle" is a variant of the dream of a total reproduction of reality, which in various contexts manifested itself in many cinematographers (A. Bazin, S. Eisenstein). The artist in this reality performs several functions. He is the creator of the outline of the virtualized space, the manipulator and the inspirer; he is an employee working for a corporation, or a member of the world unification resistance. At the same time, everyone who tries to preserve their individuality in such a world is an artist. own world. With the development of mass electronic communications, capable of providing the desired pseudo-real world to everyone, this process gets its finished embodiment. The artists themselves received for creativity not only a new tool that expanded the language of the image, but also new opportunities that increased its influence on the formation of power strategies.
Artistic works broadcast through channels mass communications, create a huge field of potential satisfaction of needs unrealized in life. The means of artistic culture in this situation play an important role in socio-cultural activity, which provides a person with the opportunity to live a “different life” in a concentrated manner for a short time, disconnect from his real existence, get a different set of social opportunities and behaviors. Ideally, having lost "other people's lives", a person should decide on priorities in his own or give up his individuality in favor of someone else's. It is hard to disagree with the cyberpunk idea that creative activity, freedom of communication, the ability to polylogue, realized with the help of visual thinking, can become the basis for preserving the freedom of the individual. In this context, the language of visual arts, the "new spectacle" (based on the visual channel of perception) can perform not only a manipulative, but also an adaptive function in relation to the complication of a communicative field oversaturated with information. Associative, figurative, non-linear thinking, highlighted in cyberpunk aesthetics as a way to survive in a post-industrial society controlled by the media and transcorporations, can lay the foundation for a new configuration of human culture, of course, if it is activated in a non-virtual space. Discussions about the boundaries of the pictorial language of cinema, television and media no longer look relevant today. The concept of "format" is actively used in all screen actions. The difference between a movie and a TV show as a differentiation of the characteristics of vision (in the first case, "memory vision", in the second, "participant's vision") was also erased in the process of experiments. Film reception, video style, teleform, media clip today have become a standard set of characteristics of a specific visual text and a device that lives outside the original generic correlation, a matter of choosing the “eyepiece range” of the creator and the “eyepiece settings” of the viewer.
Strategies for using technology change little: either visualization of fantasy, or giving a "credibility effect". Creation of virtual fantasy worlds, mockumentary development - extreme points this process. The New Spectacle has experienced a rapture with the inherent value of technical means, which have now become an ordinary part of the creation of a visual text. This requires either a qualitative leap to a new level of visual impact, or a clear concept, a message to the viewer. It is no coincidence that recently there has been a turn towards conservatism, manifested, in particular, in the appeal to retro-aesthetics both in form and in content. Otherwise, the “card file principle” works, making the text uninteresting, boring. The modern viewer, having the experience of being in the space of phenomena of the "new spectacle", often cuts off similar things in the "background mode" of perception, as not relevant.
New technologies offer artists special creative tools, for example, media art provides artists with new means and platforms for self-expression. If for S. Sherman new technologies are an exclusively new tool for creativity, then the works of A. Shulgin, B. Viola, A. Khil are innovative due to the presentation of special thinking. Ideologically, the institutionalization of the media art direction in art is connected with cyberpunk and contemporary art. Forms of institutionalization depend on belonging to one of these two spheres. This affects the presentation (gallery, network), the relationship to reality (full or incomplete immersion) and orientation (conceptual, figurative-spatial).
Since the middle of the last century (XX century), everyday life has been included in general process globalization of socio-cultural processes, changes in the boundaries between different loci of human existence. The increase in the multiplicity of chaotic manifestations in the sphere of everyday life is adjacent to the desire for systemic, institutionalization. It is indicative that in the space of the meeting of art and everyday life there is a process of a clearer structuring of art. The absence of macro-value systems, freedom of choice provoke the establishment of clear boundaries and rules at the subcultural level, the special level. Within the framework of the “new naturalness”, biodeterminism and culture do not contradict each other, but become complementary parts of human existence. At the forefront is a personal attitude, the ability to read individually, instead of exact knowledge, there is a search for correlation, instead of the constancy of contextual "registration" in a strict hierarchy - movement. Design, in these conditions, maneuvering between "sacred art" and "profane everyday life", technique and aesthetics is also the mouthpiece of a special visual language, the birthplace of which is fine art.
The approach in society to a new non-linear integrity and the processes of interaction and mutual transitions of the main opposites (natural and cultural) occurring within it is a search for a new system of human being, which is both a new method of thinking about the world and a special way of participating in its transformation. Art, at the intersection with bodily practices, receives a new special “material” for creativity, more precisely, for the co-creation of the artist and the viewer (co-author), forms new structures and forms of its own being, transforms the boundaries of non-artistic being, subject to the activity of the individual himself. Visual arts, in alliance with everyday life, both build landmarks for a lost person in a world of many possibilities, and set traps, including visual ones. Today, it is no longer possible to ignore the fact that reality and the imaginary in everyday practices have come close to each other quite strongly, and artists are actively working in the field of creating a specific visible configuration of this virtual space, turning both the person himself and his environment into a space of co-creation, a place to make fantasies real. visual form. I
The processes of globalization in culture have actualized such opposing trends as transculturalism and the search for ethnic, national identity. Modern culture is multi-vector in its development, just as diverse is the design, in which diverse trends coexist freely. The study of the directions of actualization of cultural traditions in modern design is seen as important for determining the vectors for the development of culture as a whole. Due to the non-synchronism of macrocultural processes in culture and cycles in fashion, the latter plays the role of a referent between the cultural core and dynamic cultural processes. In this context, cultural traditions become of interest to society not only as part of the history of culture, but as a tool for survival in the modern world, as part of the configuration of relations between the global and the unique in culture. After all, technological civilization, on the one hand, alienates a person from tradition, and coexistence various versions tradition constructs a "spectator's" third-party attitude to history, blurs the boundaries between different cultural practices. In such a situation, fashion becomes an instrument of power, part of the marketing mechanism of global corporations. Transculture invites everyone to choose a paint that matches their mood, ethnic identity in this case is updated exclusively as a game. At the same time, the actualization of traditions in design is important as a way of showing social solidarity, which presents cultural experience not only as a museum exhibit, but as part of modern culture. Therefore, in practice, design, by placing images created in the past in new contexts, paradoxically, revives interest in differences, helps communities to preserve and present their own cultural identity. Today, art, in order not to find itself in a vacuum “nowhere”, is looking for new ways to seduce the viewer, replacing the previously existing ones, from immersion in virtual artistic worlds to media lobbying itself; from the creation of cultural and entertainment complexes to the development of museum pedagogy and the search for new approaches to the presentation of art.
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Please note the above scientific texts posted for review and obtained through recognition of original texts of dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.
Digital art or digital art is a direction in art based on the use of computer technology. Authors of digital art willingly use computer programs and technologies in the creative process, and the result is works in digital form.
The field of digital art is in constant development. The possibilities of constantly updated graphic editors inspire artists to create more and more unusual images. Therefore, the work of digital artists is difficult to classify. It is possible to single out the types of visual digital art based on the technologies used to create it, although it is worth saying that many authors use a whole range of different digital tools, mixed media.
Types of digital art
Digital painting
Digital painting is the creation of electronic images using computer simulations of the artist's traditional tools. Exist different technologies digital painting, depending on the skill level of the artist. Beginners can create illustrations from photographs, more experienced ones can create an illustration from a scanned drawing or create their own works right away on a computer or tablet.
The quality of digital painting depends not so much on technique, but on the skill of the artist, his knowledge of drawing, anatomy, color theory and composition. Technique only greatly facilitates the process:
allows you to save the stages of work, undo unsuccessful actions, freely change the proportions and composition, work with color.
digital photography
A photographic technology that uses the conversion of light by a photosensitive matrix and the production of a digital file used for further processing and printing. The principles of operation of digital cameras do not differ from analog (film) cameras. The three "pillars" that hold a photograph together: shutter speed (shutter speed), exposure-creating aperture, and color temperature are equally important to conventional and digital photographers alike. At the same time, digital cameras have different automatic modes, including creative, built-in filters. Digital photography can easily be edited: or, retouched and other processing.
Vector graphics
Vector graphics (Vector graphics) - an illustration that is described during encoding by mathematical formulas that determine the position of an object, its shape, stroke and fill parameters. Vector images (sometimes called vector shapes or vector objects) are made up of lines and curves defined by vectors, mathematical objects that describe an image according to its geometric characteristics.
Vector images can be freely moved and scaled without loss of detail and clarity, since vector images are resolution independent.
Artists use vector graphics to create beautiful illustrations, abstract compositions, pictograms, design logos and animation.
3D graphics and animation
3D graphics and animation- chapter computer graphics, dedicated to the methods of creating images or videos by modeling three-dimensional objects in three-dimensional space. In this case, the 3D model can be realistic, fictional or completely abstract. In virtual space, artists can create entire fantasy worlds in which the model can be viewed from all sides, while textures, lighting, object animation and dynamic particle simulation can be worked out with a high degree of detail.
Dynamic Simulation- automatic calculation of the interaction of particles, bodies, etc. with the simulated forces of gravity, wind, buoyancy, etc., as well as with each other.
Received 3D models can be modified in other editors.
fractal graphics
A fractal is a figure or structure that has the property of self-similarity, i.e. each larger element contains its smaller copy, and this can continue indefinitely. Crystals, snowflakes and many other natural objects have a fractal structure. Computer programs can build fractal shapes amazing in their beauty and complexity.
Typography
Typography is the art of design using typesetting, based on certain rules inherent in a particular language, through typing and layout. In digital design and art focused on connecting all forms of media, different ways providing information, typography is becoming one of the artistic means, and often its external, formal characteristics come to the fore. Designers create type posters and compositions; text comes to life in video screensavers and advertisements.
photomanipulation
Photo manipulation is the combination of parts of different images and graphic elements in order to get a completely new work with its own meaning and purpose. Photo manipulation masters bring their creative ideas to life by combining different, usually high-quality stock photos into a single coherent artistic image.
Modern graphic editors allow you to create amazing combinations of a variety of visual images, transforming photographs into surreal paintings, stylish design compositions capable of embodying the most complex concepts or fantasies.
There are many types of compositions based on photographs: collages and photo art, posters and designs.
High-quality photo art is not a simple “gluing” of pieces of different pictures in the Photoshop graphics editor. It includes the processing of all image fragments in a single color scheme, tone correction, takes into account the position of light sources and the direction of the shadow, it is almost impossible to separate it into original photographs.
Animation design
Animation design or motion graphics motion graphics) - visual design of video clips, design of television broadcasts, screensavers of television programs, movie titles, commercials, created using a computer, sometimes with the help of combined filming and animation effects.
Before computers were generally available, motion graphics were expensive and labor intensive, limiting their use in high-budget film and television. The term "motion graphics" is associated with the growing popularity of computer applications like Adobe After Effects, Maya, Autodesk 3D Studio Max. These programs combined special video processing effects, color correction tools, text animation, camera movement and layered compositions.
CGI (eng. computer-generated imagery, lit. "images generated by a computer")- still and moving images generated by 3D computer graphics and used in visual arts, printing, cinematic special effects, television and simulations.
computer animation
computer animation- a type of animation created using a computer. The artist creates drawings of the initial and final positions of moving objects on the screen, and the computer takes on the role of a phaser, calculating all intermediate states based on mathematical characteristics. The resulting drawings, displayed sequentially on the screen with a certain frequency, create the illusion of movement.
Computer animation is widely used both in the field of entertainment and in the industrial, scientific and business fields. Being a derivative of computer graphics, animation inherits the same ways of creating images.
Processing of digital photos can become a powerful tool for realizing the most complex author's intention. An example of a successful synthesis of the possibilities of the art of photography and digital processing in creativity are the work of Anke Merzbach (Anke Merzbach). ... "Only the faces of those who have experienced pain have an expression" Gloomy melancholic works show us people - sleeping, dreaming, contemplating and yearning. “Only the faces of survivors of pain have expression,” she says of […]
Lee Mora is a US-based digital artist who makes amazing photo manipulations and posts them online. These compositions are a fascinating journey into other dimensions, where the most incredible things happen: space transforms, gravity changes, and fantasy blends intricately with reality. Looking at these works of digital art, you can dream, invent mystical story, Can i […]
“Art reflects what is hidden deep inside each of us,” says Serbian digital artist Bojan Jevtic. His work is a mixture of photographs, computer effects, textures and layers with digital art elements, on which mysterious female images are frozen. To create his mysterious compositions, Boyan uses photographs found on the net - they are mostly portraits […]
Fantastic panoramas, domed cities, flying cars, anti-gravity and climate change - all our expectations and fears related to the future are embodied in digital paintings created by Russian graphic designer Evgeny Kazantsev. Evgeny Kazantsev was born in 1978 in Sverdlovsk. Studied Industrial Design at the Ural Academy of Architecture. Leads professional activity since 1996, specializing in identity, […]
What loneliness looks like is well known by Francesco Romoli, a talented Italian digital artist. His series of works, Imaginary Cities, shows a lonely man who is on a dimly lit street next to flat cardboard buildings. The space of these works is built according to the same scheme: a dark and empty cracked surface, on which a tiny man roams. On scraps of cardboard […]
Czech graphic designer Filip Hodas creates stunning digital artwork that connects various abstract forms with earthy landscapes. With the help of Cinema 4D and other graphic editors, the designer hone their skills in visualizing 3D objects, combining stunning landscapes with foreign and abstract objects suspended in the air. Surreal landscapes by Philip Hodas Philip Hodas creates a fusion of hyperrealism […]
Each person understands the meaning of art in different ways: some elevate and exalt, others erupt into the abyss of emotions. A person can do without works of art in everyday life, but emotional hunger needs to know real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It is able to take a person into the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. Below we will consider them.
Plastic or spatial arts
art
This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and feel it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists gave up a calm, well-fed life and burned on the altar of art. The works of the masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse. That's what people are willing to do for the sake of art.
- Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It represents objects depicted with a multi-colored palette on the surface. The artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
- . The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. it complex view, which must be learned if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on the plane (wood, metal, structures, cardboard, and so on), using one or two color schemes(in some cases, you can use more). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
- Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from solid and plastic materials that have a three-dimensional form. The captured works in the materials are able to convey the life image of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.
constructive art
The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial and objective environment around us while not showing anything. It is divided into two genres:
- . It is based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to changing style in different historical periods life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of three-dimensional structures.
- Design. It is an aesthetic symbol of the modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.
Decorative and applied art
Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art are various branches of creative activity aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. It is divided into several types:
- ceramics;
- forging;
- glass;
- tapestry;
- clay toy;
- sewing;
- application;
- quilted products;
- artistic processing skin;
- weaving;
- stained glass and much more.
Temporary arts
The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and a picture of the world with the help of sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly way. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced with the help of musical instruments. (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by hearing. Types of music can be divided according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of the performance, it is divided into such types as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theatrical. But basically it is divided into two types:
- vocal;
- instrumental.
Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created with the help of words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:
- folklore;
- prose;
- poetry.
Spatio-temporal arts
This is a combination of several art forms, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry, and so on. The theater has its own views and views on the reflection of reality and does this with the help of dramatic action. This is a collective art, expressing one's ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, directors, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. Consists of several types such as drama theatre, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.
A type of artistic creativity based on various technical methods for recording and reproducing an image in motion, accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - feature films, documentaries and short films.
Expression of emotions and inner experiences with the help of body movements built in certain work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. Has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, pop and club.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main tasks of our society facing the system of modern education is the formation of a culture of personality. The relevance of this task is connected with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without referring to the artistic values accumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the foundations of art history becomes obvious.
In order to fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate in art history terminology. Know and understand the essence of each of the arts. Only in the case of possession of a categorical-conceptual system, a person will be able to fully realize the aesthetic value of art monuments.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS
Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interrelated types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of itself (the real world, displayed in the process of artistic creativity.
Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the ways of its material embodiment (word in literature, sound in music, plastic and color materials in fine arts, etc.).
In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is its division into three groups.
The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction is essential in revealing the artistic image - Fine Arts, Decorative and Applied Arts, Architecture, Photography.
The second group includes temporary or dynamic arts. In them, the composition unfolding in time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theater Arts, Cinematography.
The existence of various types of arts is due to the fact that none of them, by its own means, can give an artistic comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of mankind as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTS
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") - monumental view art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, responding to the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.
The forms of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.
Architecture is more closely connected than other arts with the development of the productive forces, with the development of technology. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other arts. The basis of the architectural composition is the three-dimensional structure, the organic interconnection of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.
Architecture does not reproduce reality directly; it is not pictorial, but expressive.
ART
Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphics (translated from Greek - "I write, draw") is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating an expressive art form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Graphics preceded painting. At first, a person learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. The mastery of color was historical process A: Not all colors were mastered at once.
The specifics of graphics are linear relationships. By reproducing the forms of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real ratios of the colors of the world, in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, calibrates their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction to the environment. .
In the process historical development color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now drawing with colored crayons - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with water colors - watercolor and gouache. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view about graphics. In some sources, graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subspecies of fine art.
PAINTING
Painting is a flat visual art, the specificity of which lies in the representation with the help of paints applied to the surface of the image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.
Painting is divided into:
Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), Ceramic tiles.
Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):
The portrait is the main task to convey an idea of the external appearance of a person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
Landscape - reproduces the world in all its variety of forms. The image of the seascape is defined by the term marinism.
Still life - the image of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of a certain era.
Historical genre - talks about historically important points the life of society.
Household genre - reflects the daily life of people, the temper, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
Icon painting (translated from Greek as "prayer image") is the main goal of directing a person on the path of transformation.
Animalism is the depiction of an animal as the protagonist of a work of art.
In the XX century. the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - multimedia art.
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is a spatial and visual art that explores the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, wood. At the present stage of development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculptures has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: volumetric three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
High relief - high relief,
Bas-relief - low relief,
Counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture is monumental, decorative, easel.
Monumental - used to decorate the streets and squares of the city, designate historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:
monuments,
monuments,
Memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and is designed to decorate the interior.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART.
Decorative and applied art is a kind of creative activity in the creation of household items designed to meet the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for the subject of DPI can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic techniques for making products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, chasing, etc. The main characteristic feature of the DPI object is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied art has a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to the way of life.
An important component of decorative and applied arts is folk art crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing a local cultural tradition and focused on the sale of handicrafts.
The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the assertion of the unity of the natural and human worlds.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Woodcarving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
Painting on wood - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
Decoration of products from birch bark - embossing on birch bark, painting;
Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stone;
Bone carving - Kholmogory, Tobolsk. Khotkovskaya
Miniature painting on papier-mache - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Msterskaya miniature, Kholuy miniature
Artistic processing of metal - Veliky Ustyug black silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo painting on metal;
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopinsky ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovsky lace,
Painting on fabric - Pavlovsky shawls and shawls
Embroidery - Vladimirskaya, Color interlace, Gold embroidery.
LITERATURE
Literature is a kind of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.
The scope of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, her feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person's inner world.
The literature is divided into:
artistic
educational
historical
scientific
Reference
The main genres of literature are:
- lyrics- one of the three main genres of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is a poetic form.
- Drama- one of the three main genres of fiction, a plot work written in colloquial form and without the author's speech.
- epic- narrative literature, one of the three main genres of fiction, includes:
- epic- a major work of the epic genre.
- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth
- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from the short story in the greater prevalence and arbitrariness of the composition.
- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.
- poem- a plot literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and constituent parts of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
MUSICAL ART
Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), an art form in which the means of embodiment artistic images musical sounds are organized in a certain way. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, loud dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and spiritual is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult. The development of the European musical theory of musical notation and musical pedagogy is connected with European cult music (usually called church music). By performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, cinema. Distinguish music monophonic (monody) and polyphonic (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
For genera and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses, as a means of embodying reality and human feelings, sound images.
Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - such is the nature of a musical image.
CHOREOGRAPHY
Choreography (gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - I write) is a kind of art, the material of which is the movements and postures of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own laws to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping with heels, etc.
The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; dance spontaneously expressing in movements in movements the culmination of a person's emotional state.
Dance has always, at all times, been associated with the life and way of life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people from whom it originated.
THEATER
Theater is an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by a creative team.
The basis of the theater is dramaturgy. Synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, actor.
Theatrical performances are divided into genres:
- Drama;
- Tragedy;
- Comedy;
- Musical, etc.
Theatrical art has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rites, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.
PHOTO ART.
Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, by means of lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object transmitted by it.
A specific feature of photography is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photo art developed at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as a result of interaction artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror image. visible world and used to achieve this goal the discovery of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura).
The specificity of photographic art lies in the fact that it gives a pictorial image of a documentary value.
A photograph gives an artistically expressive image and captures with certainty an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.
The facts of life in photography are transferred almost without additional processing from the sphere of reality to the sphere of art.
CINEMA
Cinema is the art of reproducing on screen moving images captured on film, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema is an invention of the 20th century. Its appearance is determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
Cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the change of various events in their internal logic.
Cinema is a synthetic art, it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.
Cinema can be conditionally divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.
Film genres are also defined:
Tragedy,
Fiction,
Comedy,
Historical, etc.
CONCLUSION
Culture plays a special role in the improvement of the personality, in the formation of its individual picture of the world, because it accumulates all the emotional, moral and evaluative experience of Mankind.
The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of the value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, and art critics. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to a huge layer of educational material related to the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, pupils and all who are not indifferent to art.
Experts give the term "art" different definitions, since it is impossible to contain all the huge meaning that this word carries in one concept, one phrase. It performs a lot of useful functions for mankind. Art forms spiritual values and brings up the understanding of beauty.
What is art
Again, there are several definitions of the concept of "art". First of all, it is a high level of human skill in any field of activity. If explained in more detail, then it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, and actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.
The subject of art is a set of relations between the world and man. The form of existence is a work of art, the means of manifestation of which can be a word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator with the help of his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, aesthetic pleasure in the contemplator.
Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusoryness instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In human life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment with knowledge, education of values, as well as a source of aesthetic joys.
Basic Functions of Art
Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:
- Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on the formation of aesthetic taste, the ability to live and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
- Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
- Compensatory. Solving psychological problems, Restoring peace of mind and balance. Detachment from the gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
- Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
- Cognitive. The study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about the processes of the public.
- Prognostic. The ability to predict and predict the future.
- Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral development of a person.
Classification of art forms
Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to various criteria into genres, genera, species, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, so art is divided into groups according to certain factors.
Dynamics is one of the criteria by which art forms are classified. The table posted in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to the dynamics, art is divided into:
Temporary (dynamic);
Spatial (plastic);
Space-time (synthetic).
In accordance with the expressed emotions and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.
The types of art are also determined by the materials used:
Traditional - paints, clay, metal, plaster, wood, granite, canvas;
Modern - electrical engineering, computers;
The main classification system identifies the main 5 types of art, each of which additionally has several subspecies:
Applied (labor);
Fine;
Spectacular (game);
Sound;
Verbal.
For an illustrative example, a summary table is provided for your attention, which contains all the main types of art.
Temporary | Sound | |
verbal | Literature |
|
Spatio-temporal | Spectacular | |
Choreography |
||
TV |
||
Applied | Decorative and applied |
|
Architecture |
||
Spatial | Fine | Photo |
Painting |
||
Sculpture |
Literature
material carrier literary type Art is a word with which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect the epic narrative of certain events, the lyrical revelation of the inner world and the experience of the author, the dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.
The literature is divided into:
historical;
scientific;
educational;
Artistic.
Reference.
The genres of works are determined by type, form, content.
Music
There is also art capable of conveying emotions in an audible form - music. It is the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of silence and sound organized in a special way. It is an art fixed by reproduction and musical notation. Music, depending on the functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, theatrical. According to the performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. Main musical genres and directions are:
Variety;
Alternative;
non-European;
ethnic;
Popular;
classical;
Avant-garde.
Applied (labor) arts
Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and
Architecture helps shape the spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. It helps to make the buildings that people need correspond to their spiritual needs.
Architecture is closely related to the development of engineering and technology, so it can be used to judge scientific achievements and artistic features different eras. Among the most famous historical styles of buildings are baroque, modern, classicism, renaissance, gothic. Depending on the purpose of the structures, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, landscape gardening, etc.
Decorative and applied art is creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art to some extent has a national and ethnic character. Among its main types are: knitting, embroidery, lace-making, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, artistic painting and processing different materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technologies.
Fine Arts
Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as an art form that uses an image, clearly show reality in art forms that are tangible to the eye.
Painting is a color reflection of reality on a plane. This is one of the oldest art forms. Depending on the subject of the picture, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, household.
Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or with a cutter on a hard material, followed by an imprint on paper. This type of creativity, depending on the method of applying the drawing, is divided into subspecies: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There are also book industrial and computer graphics.
Photography is the art of documenting a visual image, which is carried out with the help of a technical means. It has almost the same genres as painting.
Sculpture - the creation of three-dimensional three-dimensional With the help of this art, relief and round images are created. By size it is divided into easel, monumental, decorative.
Spectacular (playing) arts
Spectacular arts are aimed not only at but also at entertaining people. Just a person is the main object through which the spectacular art is conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.
Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images with the help of plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, modern. The choreographic art of ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.
Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature. It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action movie, melodrama) and subspecies (documentary, feature, series).
Circus - a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, pantomime, magic tricks, etc.
Theater, like cinema, consists in combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, fine arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.
Estrada is the art of small forms, which has a popular and entertaining orientation. Includes choreography, vocals, conversational genre and others.
Mankind has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural property society, plays a huge role in its development and improvement.
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