Compositional basics of layout in graphic design. Text and image as composition elements

Prototyping- design and research modeling aimed at obtaining visual information about the properties of the designed product in the form of a three-dimensional image. Layout, three-dimensional image, gives information about the spatial structure, dimensions, proportions, plasticity (topology) of surfaces, color and texture solution and other features of the product.

In the process of work, the designer inevitably has to make an important and motivated decision regarding the scale of the layouts being performed. This takes into account:

typology of development objects;

design stage, its work tasks;

material, manufacturing technology and the actual complexity of the layout;

its constructive complexity, permissible and necessary degree of detail;

available production area for assembly, transportation and long-term storage issues;

established traditions, personal experience and creative preferences

In architecture, prototyping is the process of creating, usually from paper (cardboard), a smaller version of a building or structure. The result of this process is a layout, visual, volumetric composition according to the drawings of the future structure. Such work is needed in order to eliminate any inaccuracies, inconveniences of the future object at the first stage of its creation. It is layout that ensures the exact transfer of an object from sheets, from drawings to real space. There are 5 types of layout: architectural, planning, industrial, gift, conceptual.

Fig.1 - Layout of the object (architectural layout)

Layout Features

In the design process, a set of working functions of layouts is practically implemented.

Design functions layouts are associated with the formation and implementation of the idea, transformation, detailing and justification of design decisions, with the constructive reshaping of the object and bringing it into line with the ideal form, with the chosen system of thinking.

Them research function manifests itself in experimental variant design search, testing of different directions of object transformation, different compositional ratio and plastic solution of its parts and elements, attempts to implement a number of rational principles (unification, aggregation, modular-combinatorial shaping, etc.). This creates a basis for analysis, comparative evaluation, conclusions and adjustments, refinement of the strategy and design tactics. At the same time, it is the layout that is the means that allows you to carry out design activities and at the same time explore their results - to establish the feasibility of ideas and assumptions, to determine the compatibility of various requirements. It indicates the necessary changes in the proposed solution and provides an opportunity to minimize errors, which manifests itself in corrective function.

The main purpose of search layouts is to carry new knowledge, to contribute to the birth of new, original ideas. It is, therefore, about heuristic function, which is based on the traditional presence of feedback between mental and visual, iconic images. This most important productive function of layouts is associated with their ability to stimulate the designer's creative process, encourage invention, and the ability to overcome traditional approaches to solving design problems.

Compatible with the heuristic function predictive- as the production of an element of novelty in the structure of the design solution, perspective-oriented for a certain time period. By "forecast" is usually meant probabilistic statements about the future with a relatively high degree of certainty.

The orienting ideal is formed in the design process with the participation of the artistic and figurative component of professional thinking and under the influence of artistic and cultural patterns. In this case, the creative individuality of the author, his stylistic style can also play a significant role. As carriers of este, artistic, included in the context of culture. In other words, artistic and ideological function is also characteristic of them if they are created by a designer.

Through the characteristics of the layout, the designer expresses his attitude to culture, artistic traditions and innovations, to the potential consumer of the design product. By making three-dimensional models for various purposes, the designer models the thinking and actions of specialists and consumers, and when developing complex system-environment objects, the dialogue between the operator and the environment. This is how layouts become a tool psychological modeling, in which one can see their important purpose. In them, the characteristics of the object of development find a material embodiment, dictated by the nature of the author's intention.

In compositional prototyping, first of all, the layout and volumetric-spatial structure of the object, its tectonics, rhythmic and plastic structure, proportions of the main parts, dominants are reproduced. When executed further by the layout finishing function it is enriched with details, the proportions of parts and elements, their figurative and plastic nature, color graphics, texture and harmonious plastic transitions of surfaces are specified, the exact spatial and dimensional

Organizationally and methodically, it is always necessary to fix, consolidate the intermediate and final results of the design process, as well as broadcast them in time and space, transfer them to the customer, to production. Layouts successfully cope with this task, reducing graphic documentation and improving mutual understanding between designers and customers. At the same time, they are implemented reproductive and communicative functions, demonstration (exhibition) or representative(appears in specific post-project conditions, for example, in exhibition expositions, when shooting video clips or in an environment of public defense of a thesis by a student).

Learning function layouts can have a diverse concrete manifestation. First of all, we note that included in the academic design process, they are designed to teach how to think and design in three-dimensional space, develop imagination and a sense of geometric, plastic and proportional-rhythmic harmony.

Typology of layouts

Design layouts are distinguished by purpose (in connection with the tasks of the stage of work), scale, material, technology, structural complexity, degree of conditionality and detail, degree of completeness, color and graphic features, labor intensity, strength, durability and quality of execution. They usually do not model the internal structure of the development object.

There is no rigid system of links between views, classes and types of layouts, because depending on the current design situation, the same layout can be classified in different ways. Researchers of design methodology distinguish, firstly, two types of layouts - draft and finishing or workers and exhibition. Draft (working) layouts - also called preliminary. Secondly, depending on the functions they perform, they are classified into search, finishing and demonstration, moreover, the first and second are considered as varieties of draft, and the terms "finishing", "exhibition" and "demonstration" are synonyms. Search layouts are sometimes called projective, and finishing - corrective or verification.

Search layout- a three-dimensional image, homogeneous in material and color, with maximum generalization and expressiveness with minimal use of visual means, made in a short time with the least possible labor costs.

By using finishing layout the optimal solution is worked out from among those obtained in the search process and the final characteristics of the product being created, its compositional solution are determined. This procedure is used not only to refine the appearance, but also to develop drawings of parts and assemblies of technological equipment; a common type of finishing is the geometric systematization of the surface of the product, taking into account the conditions of visual perception and in order to ensure the manufacturability of the shaping elements. The finishing process is a system of sequential actions: from. layout to drawing and from drawing to layout.

RandWith.11- 4. Demonstration layouts: a - minand-farms for rabbits;b - serving table

Demo(finishing, exposition, exhibition) layouts give a complete and complete picture of the aesthetic (artistic) level of the design object, comprehensive information about its structure, volumetric solution and color and texture characteristics of the form. In demonstration layouts, a solution is fixed in a hard material (plexiglass, polystyrene, gypsum, metal, wood), which was found the day before in a soft, pliable material when searching for and fine-tuning it. The demonstration layout must be strong enough and transportable, it cannot be altered and indicates the moment when the design is completed; it is stored or transferred to production as a standard for the appearance of a future industrial product.

Rice. 2 - Demonstration layout of the serving table

A special classification group is research, experimental layouts, specially designed for testing aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, strength or ergonomic analyses.

planning layouts, used in the creation of complex objects, are constructed in order to determine and show the rational placement of components in a certain area.

Rice. 3 - Planning layout "Children's playground"

Rice. 4 - Planning layout "Furniture set for a student dormitory" М1:5

Interior layouts have their own specifics. They are performed on a scale from 1:10 to 1:50; the walls of the premises are either absent or limited to two or three; the shape of the objects that fill the space is modeled conditionally - furniture, machine tools, etc. are very schematically cut out of polystyrene foam. Under educational conditions, paper models fully meet the requirements of the design methodology. For exhibitions, they are often made in solid material (plexiglass, plastic) with subsequent coloring of their structural elements. The layout of the equipment of the premises is usually preceded by an auxiliary sketch-graphic modeling of a complex design situation.

Classification of artistic and design layouts according to structural and technological indicators and material

Type of layouts (structural-tectonic)	Subspecies of layouts (technological)
One-piece molded (hollow, vaulted)	punch sheet metal (copper, aluminium). Gypsum reinforced (casting, spraying, mold rotation, burlap) vacuum forming sheet thermoplastic (polystyrene, plexiglass) fiberglass(glass fabric according to the "master model", resin, hardened gel) and dental plastic. Papier mache(multilayer paper but molding model, glue)
Monolithic and block (in an array of homogeneous material)	cast, molded (gypsum, aluminium, bronze, wax) sculptural, in soft material(clay, plasticine, wax) Machining product: carpentry, turning, plumbing, etc. (wood, raw gypsum, aluminum, brass, block polystyrene and plexiglass, foam plastic) Made from templates: stretched or twisted (gypsum, clay)
Prefabricated panel (and frame-panel) with support-bearing vertical elements	Joiner's manufacturing (hardwood, plywood, lumber) gypsum panel,"frozen" from flat forming parts paper and cardboard, cut and glued (PVA glue, MOMENT) plastic from flat and unidirectionally bent elements (polystyrene, plexiglass)
Complex in structure and technology, heterogeneous in materials (and spatially developed, multi-element)	Appearance standards in real and imitating materials (metal, plastic, enamels, electroplating, wood veneer, self-adhesive films) Layouts "opened structure" with imitation of real materials and standard parts. Layouts environmental and complex objects, mounted on a single carrier base (sub-model): museums, exhibitions, parks, territories (polystyrene; foam rubber, glass, shavings, sawdust, sponge, etc., etc.) Large (M 1: 1), sketch landing mock-ups assembled from junk, scrap materials and improvised means. Layouts tension surfaces and light spatial cable-stayed, "sail" structures made of tissue, filament, knitted and roll-film materials

For layout work, practically any structural, finishing and auxiliary materials are used: soft (clay, plasticine, wax, fabrics), hardening (gypsum, fiberglass components, dental plastic, papier-mâché) and hard (sheet and block plastic, wood, metal, cardboard, hardboard, etc.). Finishing includes various paint and varnish and galvanic coatings, wood veneer and soft-based materials, self-adhesive. Auxiliary: water (for hardening gypsum), various thinners, primers and putties, various adhesives and fasteners, wire, screws, nails, etc.

Rice. 5 - Examples of layouts from various materials: paper, metal mesh, wicker, plastic

All production of the layout takes place in 5 stages. The first is computer processing of the project: dozens of programs capable of creating a building or structure in 2D or 3D format according to the entered parameters. The second stage is the development of structures and the adjacent layout device. Direct "sculpting" of the layout. At the third stage, the details are cut out, and at the 4th stage they are assembled. The final stage involves the artistic design of the layout.

An almost complete project includes the following main components: plan, development and perspective. In some cases, these components can be replaced with a colored layout.

The mock-up design method is used at all stages of design. The layout allows you to check volume-spatial compositions with different parties and under different lighting conditions. The layout, as a rule, is complemented by a set of graphic fragments or perspectives. The layout shows the constructive essence of the project, the architectural system and the principle of the graphic solution.

Image of combined projections makes it possible, without resorting to perspective or axonometry, to show entire ensembles, to connect orthogonal projections of individual elements with space, and also to combine an orthogonal projection with an image in one drawing environment. It has the principle of placement on the drawing. For example, showing one plan on the entire sheet will emphasize its importance as the main element of the project. Including photos from layouts in the composition of design graphics will greatly increase its credibility.

Artwork work. The image of the environment is an important technique for design graphics. It should not be "wordy". For example, to show vegetation, a conditional hint is enough. Details are not needed here. It is only necessary to observe the scale and show the nature of the environment, taking into account the designed object.

Rice. 6 - Examples of plastic modeling work

Model at different design stages.

Lecture 12. Modeling and modeling and their role in design.

1. The concept of "Layout", "Layout", "Model", "Modeling".

Layout(French Maquette - scale model, Italian. macchietta, diminutive of macchia) - a model of an object on a reduced scale or in life size, devoid, as a rule, of the functionality of the represented object. Designed to represent an object. Used when representing the original object is unreasonably expensive or impossible.

An architectural model is a three-dimensional image of architectural structures.

The original layout is the original, which completely coincides with the future printed edition.

Electronic layout - generalized information about the product and its components in electronic form.

A town-planning model is a model of an entire microdistrict or city. Often on a scale of 1:1000 - 1:5000

Landscape layout - terrain layout. Displays mountains, lakes, terrain, trees.

Interior layouts - show the interior arrangement of an apartment or cottage.

A mockup is a model of something: a prototype. For example, a layout of scenery, books, binding.

Modeling has been widely used since ancient times; unlike graphics, it slightly reflected culture, had little to do with plastic art and was only of practical importance.

Models of architectural structures belonging to the period of the Renaissance, Baroque and Classicism are known. Russian architects of the 18th - 19th centuries. Rastrelli, Bazhenov, Thomas de Thomon, Montferan practiced prototyping widely. On the model, the main proportions, the scale of details, and possible visual distortions were checked. Quite often the layouts were made detachable and it was possible to judge not only about appearance buildings, but also about its interior. The architecture of the middle of the last century excluded prototyping not only from design practice, but also from educational process. Modeling again revived constructivism, associated in Russia with the activities of VKhUTEMAS. Since then, layout in architecture has been widely used.

Modeling, as a method associated with the design of an object, was rarely used at the time of handicraft production.

Only with the advent of artistic design as a species project activities layout has become an integral part of it, and layout is often integral part completed project.

Model - some simplified similarity of a real object; reproduction of an object in a reduced or enlarged form (layout); scheme, physical or informational analogue of an object.

Modeling is:

Building a model of real-life objects (object, phenomenon, processes);

Replacing a real object with a suitable copy;

Research of objects of knowledge on their models.

Modeling is an integral element of any purposeful activity, one of the main ways of cognition.

Due to the ambiguity of the concept of "model" in science and technology, there is no single classification of types of modeling: the classification can be carried out according to the nature of the models, the nature of the objects being modeled, and the areas of application of modeling (in engineering, physical sciences, cybernetics, etc.). For example, the following types of modeling can be distinguished:

information modeling

Computer modelling

Math modeling

Mathematical-cartographic modeling

Molecular modeling

Digital Simulation

Logic Modeling

Pedagogical Modeling

Psychological modeling

Statistical modeling

Structural modeling

Physical modeling

Economic and mathematical modeling

Simulation

evolutionary modeling

The modeling process includes three elements:

Subject (researcher),

Object of study,

A model that determines (reflects) the relationship of the cognizing subject and the cognized object.

The first stage of building a model assumes some knowledge about the original object. The cognitive capabilities of the model are due to the fact that the model displays (reproduces, imitates) any essential features of the original object. The question of the necessary and sufficient degree of similarity between the original and the model requires a specific analysis. Obviously, the model loses its meaning both in the case of identity with the original (then it ceases to be a model), and in the case of an excessive difference from the original in all essential respects. Thus, the study of some aspects of the modeled object is carried out at the cost of refusing to study other aspects. Therefore, any model replaces the original only in a strictly limited sense. It follows from this that several “specialized” models can be built for one object, focusing attention on certain aspects of the object under study or characterizing the object with varying degrees detail.

At the second stage, the model acts as an independent object of study. One of the forms of such a study is the conduct of "model" experiments, in which the conditions for the functioning of the model are deliberately changed and data on its "behavior" are systematized. The end result of this stage is a set (set) of knowledge about the model.

At the third stage, the transfer of knowledge from the model to the original is carried out - the formation of a set of knowledge. At the same time, there is a transition from the "language" of the model to the "language" of the original. The process of knowledge transfer is carried out according to certain rules. Knowledge about the model must be corrected taking into account those properties of the original object that were not reflected or were changed during the construction of the model.

The fourth stage is the practical verification of the knowledge obtained with the help of models and their use to build a general theory of the object, its transformation or control.

Modeling is a cyclical process. This means that the first four-stage cycle can be followed by a second, a third, and so on. At the same time, knowledge about the object under study is expanded and refined, and the original model is gradually improved. Deficiencies found after the first cycle of modeling, due to little knowledge of the object or errors in the construction of the model, can be corrected in subsequent cycles.

Now it's hard to specify the area human activity where the simulation would not apply. For example, models have been developed for the production of automobiles, the cultivation of wheat, the functioning of individual human organs, and the life Sea of ​​Azov, consequences of nuclear war. In the future, for each system, their own models can be created, before the implementation of each technical or organizational project, modeling should be carried out.

The purpose of the lesson: the formation of the ability to use techniques, means of composition, the development of aesthetic taste on the example of works of art built taking into account compositional laws.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: introduce students to different types graphics, basic definitions and concepts of graphic design
• Educational: develop cognitive interest, promote the formation creative imagination develop taste and sense of composition
• Educational: education of cognitive interest in the art of design

Lesson equipment:

1. Computer class

2. Multimedia projector

3. Exhibition of printing products

Lesson plan:

1. Define graphics, the main types of graphics and the role of graphic design in contemporary art.

2. Showing a computer presentation followed by an explanation

3. Execution independent work using ICT technologies.

Organizing time

Introduction. You and I know how diverse fine art is. Let's name the types of fine arts.

Children's answers: Painting, graphics, sculpture, etc.

Today we will talk with you about graphics and its varieties.

The topic to be explored today is the topic: Compositional foundations layout in graphic design. Text and image as elements of composition.

1. Harmony, contrast and expressiveness of a planar composition

2. Symmetry, asymmetry and dynamic balance

3. Movement and static

4. Straight lines and organization of space

5. Color is an element of compositional space

6. Letter - line - font. font art

7. Compositional basics of layout in graphic design. Text and image as composition elements

Graphics (from gr. grapho - I write, I draw) - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (xylography), engraving on metal (etching), engraving on cardboard, etc.

Graphics can be easel, book, applied.

easel graphics. A kind of graphic art, whose works are independent in purpose and form, are not included in the ensembles of a book, album or in the context of a street, public interior, like a poster, do not have an applied purpose, like industrial graphics. The main types of easel graphics - easel drawing and easel sheet of printed graphics (print). The main forms of existence of easel graphics are museum and exhibition collections and expositions, hanging on the walls of public and residential interiors. Easel graphics decorate offices, galleries, the walls of our apartments

book graphics. Book graphics - one of the types graphic art. This includes, in particular, book illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, initial letters, covers, dust jackets, etc. The history of drawing has been largely connected with the handwritten book since antiquity and the Middle Ages, and the development of engraving and lithography has been connected with the printed book. In the ancient world, a font appeared, also related to graphics, since the letter itself is a graphic sign. The artist illustrates the text, complements it visual images helping the reader understand the writer's intent.

Graphic design is an artistic and design activity to create a harmonious and effective visual and communicative environment. Graphic design makes an innovative contribution to the development of the socio-economic and cultural sphere, contributing to the formation of the visual landscape of modernity

The graphic design spans the history of mankind from the Lascaux cave to the dazzling neon of Ginza. In the long history of the use of visual communication, there are vague differences and intersections between the art of advertising, graphic design and fine art. They are united by many common elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, as well as, sometimes, one patron or client. In the art of advertising, the absolute goal is to sell goods and services.

Graphic design: "The essence is to give order to information, form to an idea, expression and feelings to objects that confirm human experiences."

Graphic design can be classified into categories of tasks to be solved.

Typography, calligraphy, fonts, including the design of newspapers, magazines and books

Corporate identity, brand names, logos, brand books

Visual communications, orientation systems

Poster production

Visual solutions for product packaging, including confectionery and food

Web Design Tasks

visual style television programs and other media products

Common uses of graphic design include magazines, advertising, packaging, and web design. Composition is one of the most important properties of graphic design, especially when using preliminary materials or other elements.

Graphic design is a human activity to create functionally and artistically significant products made by means of manual or computer graphics. Brush, pencil, pen, computer mouse, felt-tip pen - equal tools for creating graphic design products. Various artistic techniques and effects are used, designed for a positive perception by both the author and the user.

Let's try to formulate the composition properties:

1. Symmetry and asymmetry

2. Dynamics and statics

4. Contrast and nuance

5. Proportionality and scale

6. Color and tonal unity

By type of execution, three groups can be clearly distinguished:

Text only

Only sign

Combined version

What can be called graphic design products?

The corporate identity of the company and its main element - the logo

Packaging, labels, covers

Souvenir products

Internet sites

Book layouts and illustrations

from the Greek logos - word + typos - imprint

A logo is an original style, an image of the full or abbreviated name of the company or the company's products, which contributes to the company's image.

The logo is the face of the company. The creation of a logo is the beginning of the development of such an important visual characteristic of a company as a corporate identity.

Like any graphic image, the logo is created

according to the laws and properties of the composition Construction of the whole, where the location and interconnection of parts are determined by the meaning, content, purpose and harmony of the whole. The main thing in the composition is the creation of an artistic image.

The main criteria for the development of a logo, sign or trademark:

Individuality - this property allows you to stand out in the product market and make good competition

Originality - creating an image of a logo carrier that is different from competitors, this property should evoke positive emotions and associations among consumers

Functionality - a criterion that allows you to place the logo both on letterheads and web pages, and on fax messages, souvenirs or leaflets, for which the logo must be easily scalable and relatively simple

Associativity - this property indicates the presence of links, associations between the logo and the features of the product.

Before proceeding to the practical part of our lesson, let's take a break. Physical education minute

Task 1 Create a logo

1. Design a logo under the auspices of:
2. Physical health (sports show)
3. Competition creative projects(fair of ideas)
4. Art Gallery(opening day)
5. Moral health (action "Do good")
6. Festival of Arts (holiday - Olympiad)
7. When designing a logo, you can use your own themes.

For execution given task You will need a program based on a vector solution. The vector format allows you to change the size of the image, for example, increase it to the size of a billboard or more, without losing quality. This is very important, as it will allow you to put your logo on T-shirts and pens, as well as on large media, including various promotional products. Such logo creation tools are programs such as Adobe Illustrator, Corel Draw, Freehand, XARA X, etc.

Things to consider when creating a logo:

Originality

expressiveness

Conciseness

Readability

memorability

In logos, it is desirable to avoid multicolor.

1. the more colors, the more difficult it is to achieve balance and harmony;

2. too colorful logo is less memorable and may look annoying;

Graphic design includes poster production.

Poster (German Plakat fr. placard - announcement, poster, from plaquer - to stick, stick) - a catchy, usually large-format, image, accompanied by a short text, made for promotional, advertising, informational or educational purposes. In another meaning - a kind of graphics . In modern design, a poster is perceived as "a message reduced to a clear visual formula, intended for a contemporary to draw conclusions and concrete actions." This formula reflects a certain level of graphic design and informs about the subject of communication.

Specificity artistic language poster is determined by the fact that it should be perceived on long distance, to attract attention, the meaning of the depicted should immediately catch the eye. How special kind graphic art poster exists from the 2nd half of the 19th century. The features of the genre include the following: the poster should be visible at a distance, be understandable and well perceived by the viewer. The poster often uses an artistic metaphor, figures of different scales, an image of events taking place in different time and in different places, contour designation of objects.

For text, the font, location, color are important.

The posters also use photography in combination with drawings and paintings.

Poster art today is multi-genre. The poster can be: political, theatrical, film, advertising, circus and environmental. The image and font should show the idea behind the poster. It is difficult to choose a font that is most appropriate in each individual case. The color of the font attracts attention and evokes a special relationship with the image presented on the poster. A type poster is a common type of visual propaganda.

The specificity of the figurative language of the poster: the clarity of the image, catchiness, decorativeness.

First of all, it is necessary to outline and decide the composition of the poster.

With a symmetrical composition, the poster is dominated by the central figure. Asymmetric, on the contrary, is like a fragment, part of some big whole. And the focus is on movement. There is also a linear, diagonal construction of the composition.

In the image on the poster, only those things that have clear semantic functions should take place.

A poster is not a painting, it is not always necessary to convey color nuances and an image the smallest details. It is advisable to use a sparing selection of colors (no more than three or four), which will quite allow you to create an expressive color scheme. The color wheel will help you choose harmonious color combinations. Achromatic colors are also beautifully combined.

Student Message

The theme and purpose of posters can be very diverse:

Informational

Educational

Instructional

satirical

Task 2. Image - a figurative element of the composition

Based on the rules of composition, perform exercises that combine images and text, in which:

1. Instead of rectangles - photos, and instead of lines - lines of text

2. Instead of spots - images (photos, drawings, cut out along the contour, growing like lines from the background

3. Photo serves as background for text and other compositional elements

In the layout of the poster, the problem of the compositional and semantic connection of the image and text is solved. The image can be in the form of a drawing, a photograph, or an abstract spot. In the combination of image and text, an image should appear that reveals the theme of the poster. In the sketch of the poster, all the features of the composition are realized: harmony and balance of masses, rhythm, diversity, a clearly expressed dominant, etc.

Having determined the theme of the poster and selected the constituent compositional elements, arrange them in a certain format.

The text of the poster should be short and easy to read, as if growing out of the background.

The composition can be deep and frontal.

Task 3. Designing a postcard

Having chosen the theme and genre of the postcard, determine its design.

The text can be on the background of the image and outside of it.

The compositional tasks here are the same as in the poster.

Before you start work, decide on the choice of task. You can make a poster layout or a postcard layout. Determine the theme of the poster or postcard and what program you will work with

Summing up the lesson.

• What are the main concepts we met today?
• Student responses. (graphics, poster, etc.)
• Review of works and analysis.

Bibliography.

1. N.M. Sokolnikova Fundamentals of Composition, Moscow, Ed. "Title", 1993

2. A.S.Piterskikh, G.E.Gurov, Fine Arts. Design and architecture in human life, Moscow, "Prosveshchenie", 2008

Layout- a spatial object that reproduces visual or individual functional characteristics products (structures, complex). With the exception of demonstration M.; the purpose of which is to create an idea of ​​the appearance of both designed and existing products, other types of M. serve mainly design purposes.

Prototyping(from Italian "macetto" - sketch, sketch) - a conditional or "natural" three-dimensional image of an object on a certain scale, which makes it possible to search for and evaluate the aesthetic, functional, constructive, technological or consumer qualities of new products and forms, to analyze various aspects of a specific design in a complex.

M. makes it possible to recreate and study various phenomena in the laboratory, contributes to the mechanization of the design process, and makes it possible to quickly obtain test materials for design objects that are close to nature. Layouts distinguish:

Depending on the simulated sides of design objects (artistic, aesthetic, constructive, technological);

Depending on the design stage (working, draft, demonstration, for laboratory testing);

Scale (life-size, reduced in various ratios);

By volume (three-dimensional - three-dimensional, semi-volumetric dioramas, cycloramas, perspective models, scenery models, planar ones);

According to the material of manufacture (from paper, fabric, wood, conditionally conveying the forms of future objects, to direct reproduction of the intended materials, texture, color).

Simultaneous consideration and solution of various design issues (for example, functional, material-constructive and aesthetic) on the same model, in combination with graphic materials, ensure in practice the implementation of an integrated approach to design.

Design modeling- reproduction of the essential properties and forms of a particular object or phenomenon in the form of a conditional copy (scheme); shifting the center of gravity in considering the problems of objective creativity from the subject to the method.

When designing design objects, especially complex ones, a significant arsenal of various modeling tools is used: functional diagrams, block diagrams, system models, all kinds of matrices and classification tables, typological models, etc. At the same time, artistic possibilities and means belonging to art are used. The most common of them are visual-graphic and spatial-plastic modeling tools.

Less traditional for design in general, but urgently needed in a number of specific situations (when designing large complex objects, developing industry programs, etc.) are the means of dramaturgy, theater, cinema, scenography, audiovisual technology, journalism, etc. In this case, a fundamental methodological the task of identifying, disclosing and using in relation to the design of these means of artistic approach.

For example, in environmental design, scenographic modeling of the processes organizing the environment is often used - in order to transfer them from pragmatic phenomena to the rank of artistic events. For this, purely "theatrical" technologies are used:

division of the process into "mise-en-scene", distribution of "main roles" among the components of the environment, definition of the "super task" of designing the environment complex, etc.

Design model- a specific design form of a statement about an object, fixation (presentation) of a scientific or design idea.

M.p. is the subject of design and at the same time a means of communication both between professionals and between the author, customer and consumer. M.p. should be distinguished:

adequacy(plausibility, fidelity, realism) of reality, since a model is a more or less exact likeness of a real object; conventionality, since the model does not literally repeat reality, but is a generalized, approximate reflection of it, revealing only properties that are essential from the point of view of solving this problem;

conceptuality since the model is an artificial object necessary for solving certain problems and, therefore, implies the presence of a creative intention, copyright concept that demonstrates the position of the artist in relation to reality, and should express this position.

M.p. can be graphic, three-dimensional, verbal, etc.