Man has always strived for beauty, harmony and self-expression. This desire from ancient times is manifested in painting- a form of fine art, the first works of which we can meet in primitive man.

Painting conveys visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base (canvas, wood, paper, cardboard). Depending on the paints and materials used, the bases are distinguished by various technology and types of painting. Among them:

• oil;
• tempera;
• enamel;
• gouache;
• pastel;
• ink;
• painting on plaster: fresco and a secco;
• watercolor;
• dry brush;
• acrylic;
• mixed media
• and many others.

There are many painting techniques. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: painting is created by nature, time and man.

Color in painting is one of the most important means of expression. He himself can be the bearer of a certain idea, in addition, he can repeatedly reinforce the thought embedded in the plot of the picture.

Painting can awaken in us a wide variety of feelings and emotions. Contemplating, you can fill with a sense of harmony and peace, relieve stress and plunge into contemplation, Can i recharge your batteries and the will to make your dreams come true. A picture that is close emotionally is able to hold attention for hours, and the owner of such a picture will find in it new meanings, ideas and messages of the artist every time. Contemplation is a form of meditation where you dive into your inner world and spend much-needed time by yourself.

Besides, painting like any other art form, helps you express yourself, your emotions and mood, relieve stress and inner tension, and sometimes find answers to important questions.

For many people, painting becomes not just a pleasant pastime, but also a useful pastime that has a beneficial effect on the internal state. By creating something new, a person reveals his potential, realizes his creative abilities, cognizes himself and the world around him.

Painting classes activate the right(creative, emotional) cerebral hemisphere. This is very important in our reasonable and rational age. The disclosure of creative abilities helps to achieve success in a completely different areas life(career, relationships, personal growth) as creativity and flexibility become part of your personality.

Perhaps, as a child, you loved to draw, but your parents did not want to send you to art school? Or have you always dreamed of being able to beautifully express your thoughts with the help of visual images? "It's never too late to learn painting!" say modern teachers. With the current variety of techniques, genres and materials, everyone can find something suitable for themselves. And you can learn the basics of composition and orient yourself in modern styles and trends at special painting courses for adults.

Painting is a whole world of beauty, images and colors. If you want to become a direct participant in its creation, then painting classes are for you!

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3

1. Painting as an art form……………………………………………….4

2. Kind of fine art - graphics………………………………4

3. An ancient form of art - sculpture…………………………………...6

4.Architecture - the art of designing and building……………………7

5.Main trends and techniques of contemporary art…………..9

6.Kinetic art………………………………………………..14

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….16

List of used literature……………………………………...17

Introduction

The concept of "art" is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other types of human activity, combined as artistic and imaginative forms of reflection of reality.

In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation (mimesis), sensual expression of the supersensible, and the like.

Aesthetics considers art as a form of social consciousness, a specific kind of spiritual and practical assimilation of the world, as an organic unity of creation, cognition, evaluation and human communication, in the narrow sense - fine art, a high degree of skill, mastery in any field of human activity.

Main types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, literature, cinema, theater.

Consider the basic concepts of some types, trends and techniques of contemporary fine art.

1. Painting as an art form

Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 11th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.

At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.

Abstract painting appears (avant-garde, abstractionism, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist's personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continued, which undoubtedly led to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most beloved techniques of artists.

2. Kind of fine art - graphics

Graphics (from gr. grapho - I write, I draw) - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (xylography), metal engraving (etching), lithography, linocut, engraving on cardboard, etc.

The drawing belongs to the unique graphics because each drawing is one of a kind. Works of printed graphics can be reproduced (replicated) in many equivalent copies - prints. Each print is an original, not a copy of the work.

Drawing is the basis of all types of graphics and other types of fine arts. As a rule, a graphic image is performed on a sheet of paper. An artist sometimes needs very simple means - graphite pencil or ballpoint pen to make a graphic drawing. In other cases, he uses complex fixtures for the creation of his works, a printing press, lithographic stones, cutters (engravers) for linoleum or wood, and much more.

The term "graphics" was originally used only for writing and calligraphy. The art of type has long been associated with graphics. It received a new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when graphics was defined as an independent art form.

The language of graphics and its main expressive means are line, stroke, contour, spot and tone. Actively participates in creating the overall impression of the graphic work of a white sheet of paper. You can achieve an expressive pattern even when using only black. That is why graphics are often called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics.

The boundaries between graphics and painting are very flexible, for example, the technique of watercolor, pastel, and sometimes gouache is attributed to one or another type of art, depending on the extent to which color is used, what prevails in the work - a line or a spot, what is its purpose.

One of the distinguishing features of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to space. The pure white background of the sheet, not occupied by images, and even the background of the paper that shows through under the colorful layer, are conventionally perceived as space. This can be seen especially clearly in book graphics when an image placed on a blank page is perceived as located in the space of the interior, street, landscape in accordance with the text, and not on a snowy field.

The artistically expressive virtues of graphics lie in its conciseness, capacity of images, concentration and strict selection of graphic means. Some understatement, a conventional designation of an object, as if a hint at it, constitute a special value of a graphic image, they are designed for the active work of the viewer's imagination.

In this regard, not only carefully traced graphic sheets, but also cursory sketches, sketches from life, sketches of the composition have an independent artistic value.

Graphics available in a variety of genres (portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre etc.) and practically unlimited possibilities for depicting and figuratively interpreting the world.

.3. An ancient art form - sculpture

Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve, sculpture, plastic) - a type of fine art, the works of which have a material three-dimensional volume. These works themselves (statues, busts, reliefs, and the like) are also called sculpture.

Sculpture is divided into two types: round, freely placed in real space, and relief (bas-relief and high relief), in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane. Sculpture can be easel, monumental, monumental and decorative according to its purpose. Sculpture of small forms stands out separately. By genre, sculpture is divided into portrait, everyday (genre), animalistic, historical and other. Landscape and still life can be recreated by sculptural means. But the main object for the sculptor is a person who can be embodied in various forms (head, bust, statue, sculptural group).

The technology for making sculptures is usually complex and multi-stage, involving great physical labor. The sculptor cuts or carves his work out of solid material (stone, wood, etc.) by removing excess mass. Another process of creating volume by adding plastic mass (plasticine, clay, wax, etc.) is called modeling (plasticity). Sculptures also create their work by casting from substances that can change from a liquid to a solid state ( various materials, gypsum, concrete, plastics, etc.). Unmelted metal for sculpture is processed by forging, embossing, welding and cutting.

In the XX century. there are new opportunities for the development of sculpture. Thus, non-traditional methods and materials (wire, inflatable figures, mirrors, etc.) are used in abstract sculpture. Artists of many modernist movements proclaim ordinary objects as works of sculpture.

Color, which has long been used in sculpture (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance), is actively used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of easel sculpture today. The appeal to polychromy in sculpture or the rejection of it, the return to the natural color of the material (stone, wood, bronze, etc.) are associated with general direction development of art in a given country and in a given era

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru

Features of painting as a type of fine art

painting belongs a special place among other arts : perhaps no other form of art is able to convey the phenomena of the world seen, human images with such completeness, especially when you consider that most of the information we receive from the outside world through vision, those. visually. art painting portrait landscape still life

It was the art of painting that managed to create the impossible - to stop the moment long before photography: works of this kind andart through one depicted moment conveys previous subsequent, past and future, conjectured by the viewer.

Painting - it's a spectacle organized by the artist:

Despite the fact that the painter embodies real images in visible forms, they are not a direct copy of life;

Creating a picture, the artist relies on nature, but at the same time recreates it on the material obtained as a result of his social and professional experience, skills, mastery, imaginative thinking.

Can be found several main types of experience caused by paintings:

Recognition of familiar objects comprehended by sight - on the basis of this, certain associations are born about the depicted;

· Obtaining an aesthetic feeling.

In this way, painting performs pictorial, narrative and decorative functions.

Types of painting and its expressive means

Painting is divided into the following types:

· Monumental - decorative - serves to complement and design architectural structures (wall paintings, plafonds, panels, mosaics);

· Decorative - used in other arts (cinema or theater);

· Easel;

· Iconography;

· Miniature.

The most independent variety is easel painting.

Painting has special expressive means:

· Picture;

· Coloring;

· Composition.

Picture - one of the most important expressive means: it is with the help of it and the components of the drawing lines created plastic images. Sometimes these lines are schematic, they only outline the constructions of volumes.

Color -the leading means of expression in the art of painting. It is in color that a person cognizes the world around him. Color:

Lines up form depicted objects;

· Models space items;

· Creates mood;

Forms a certain rhythm.

Color organization system, hue ratios, with which tasks are solved artistic image, called color:

In a narrow sense, it is the only true organization of color schemes of this picture;

In a wide - common to most people's laws of color perception, since you can say "warm color", "cold color", etc.

At various periods in the history of painting, there were color systems.

In the early stages it was used local color, excluding the play of colors and shades: the color here is as if uniform and unchanged.

During the Renaissance, there was tone color, where colorsconditionedposition in space and their illumination. The ability to designate the shape of the depicted object with light is called color plastic.

There are two types of tonal color:

· dramatic - contrast of light and shadow;

· color - color contrast.

For an artist, the ability to use the technique is very important. chiaroscuro, those. maintain the correct gradation of light and dark in the picture, because that is how it is achieved the volume of the depicted object, surrounded by light and air.

Composition in painting in the very general sense - placement of figures, their relationship in the space of the picture. The composition combines a huge variety of details and elements into a single whole. Their causal relationship forms a closed system in which nothing can be changed or added to it. This system reflects a part of the real world, which is realized and felt by the artist, singled out by him from a variety of phenomena.

At the same time, in the field of composition there is concentration of ideological and creative ideas, because it manifests itself through it attitude of the creator to his model. The image becomes an artistic phenomenon only when it is subject to an ideological design, because otherwise you can only talk about simple copying.

N.N. Volkov draws attention to the difference between the concepts of "structure", "construction", and "composition":

· Structure determined a single character of connections between elements, a single law of shaping. The concept of structure in relation to a work of art is associated with the multi-layeredness of a work of art, that is, in the process of perceiving a picture, we can penetrate into the deeper layers of its structure;

· Construction - is a type of structure in which the elements are related functionally, because its integrity depends on the unity of function. With regard to the picture, we can say that the function of constructive connections in the picture is the creation and strengthening of semantic connections, since usually the constructive center is most often the semantic node;

· Artwork composition is a closed structure with fixed elements, connected by a unity of meaning.

One of the main laws of compositionis a limitation Images, which provides opportunities for the most important in expressing the intent of the picture.

Restriction form also plays a significant role - in artistic practice, such main forms:

· Rectangle.

The limitation also applies to what can be depicted, i.e. find external similarity in colors, lines on a plane objects, persons, visible space, etc.

In the practice of fine arts, the following types of compositions are known:

· Stable (static) - the main compositional axes intersect at right angles in the center of the work;

· Dynamic - with dominating diagonals, circles and ovals;

Open - composition lines as if diverge from the center

· Closed - there is a contraction of lines to the center.

Stable and closed composition schemes characteristic of artistic practice renaissance,dynamic and open - for the baroque era.

Techniques and main genres of painting

The expressiveness of the picture and the embodiment artistic intent depends on what painting technique is used by the artist.

The main types of painting techniques:

· Oil painting;

· Watercolor;

· Tempera;

· Pastel;

Fresco.

Oil painting characterized by the fact that they can be used to obtain complex color solutions - The viscosity and long drying time of oil paints make it possible to mix paints and obtain their various combinations.

The usual basis for oil painting is a linen canvas covered with semi-oily soil.

Other surfaces are also possible.

Watercolor different from other techniques transparency and color freshness. It does not use white and is used on unprimed white paper, which fulfills their role.

Interesting watercolor, made on raw paper.

Tempera, prepared with casein oil, egg or synthetic binder, is one of the most ancient painting techniques.

Tempera complicates the work of the artist by the fact that it dries quickly enough and cannot be mixed, and also changes color when it dries, But on the other hand color in tempera especially beautiful - calm, velvety, even.

Pastel - painting with colored crayons.

Gives soft, gentle tones. Performed on raw paper or suede.

Works made in pastel, unfortunately, are difficult to preserve due to their flowability.

Watercolor, pastel and gouache sometimes referred to graphics, since these paints are applied to unprimed paper, however, they have to a greater extent the main specific property of painting - color.

fresco painting is carried out as follows: the powder of the colorful pigment is diluted with water and applied to wet plaster, which firmly holds the paint layer.

Has a long history.

Especially often this technique is used to decorate the walls of buildings.

Despite the fact that painting is able to reflect almost all phenomena real life, most often it represents images of people, animate and inanimate nature.

That's why The main genres of painting can be considered:

· Portrait;

· Landscape;

· Still life.

Portrait

Portrait in the most general sense is defined as an image of a person or group of people that actually exists or has existed.

These are usually indicated portrait features in fine arts:

similarity with the model;

Reflection of social and ethical features through it.

But, of course, the portrait reflects not only this, but also special attitude of the artist to the person being portrayed.

Never confuse the portraits of Rembrandt with the works of Velazquez, Repin with Serov or Tropinin, since two characters are represented in the portrait - the artist and his model.

Inexhaustible the main theme of the portrait -human. However, depending on the characteristics of the artist's perception of the person being portrayed, an idea arises that the artist seeks to convey.

Depending on the idea of ​​a portrait, the following are determined:

· Composition solution;

· Painting technique;

· Coloring, etc.

The idea of ​​the work gives rise to the image of a portrait:

· Documentary-narrative;

Emotionally sensual;

· Psychological;

Philosophical.

For documentary-narrative solution image is characterized by attraction to accurate specification of the portrait.

The desire for documentary similarity here prevails over the author's vision.

Emotional figurative solution achieved decorative pictorial means and documentary authenticity is not required here.

It is not so important how Rubens' women look like their prototypes. The main thing is the admiration for their beauty, health, sensuality, transmitted from the artist to the viewer.

To variety philosophical portrait can be attributed to Rembrandt's "Portrait of an Old Man in Red" (c. 1654). During his creative maturity, such portraits-biographies of older people were very common, which are philosophical reflection of the artist about that period of human life when the peculiar results of a long and difficult existence are summed up.

Artists often choose as a model of yourself that's why it's so common self-portrait.

In it, the artist seeks to evaluate himself from the outside as a person, to determine his place in society, simply to capture himself for posterity.

Durer, Rembrandt, Velazquez, Van Gogh make an internal conversation with themselves and at the same time with the viewer.

It occupies a special place in painting group portrait.

It is interesting because it is general portrait, and not portraits of several specific personalities depicted on one canvas.

In such a portrait, of course, there is a separate characteristic of each character, but at the same time, an impression is created of a commonality, a unity of the artistic image (“The Regents of the Asylum for the Elderly in Haarlem” by F. Hals).

It is sometimes very difficult to draw a line between the group portrait and other genres, since the old masters depicted groups of people often in action.

Landscape

The main subject of the depiction of the landscape genre is nature -either natural or man-made.

This genre much younger than others. If sculptural portraits were created as early as 3,000 BC, and pictorial portraits have a history of about 2,000 years, then the beginning of the biography of the landscape dates back to the 6th century. AD, and they were common in the East, especially in China.

The birth of the European landscape occurred in the 16th century, and it acquired the independence of the genre only from the beginning of the 17th century.

The landscape genre was formed, going from a decorative and auxiliary element in the composition of other works to an independent artistic phenomenon, portraying the natural environment.

It can be real or imaginary views of nature. Some of them have their own names:

The urban architectural landscape is called redoubt ("Opera passage" by K. Pissarro;

Sea views - marina ( landscapes by I. Aivazovsky).

landscape genre becomes not only a reflection of nature, but also means of expressing a particular artistic idea.

Moreover, by the nature of his favorite subjects, to a certain extent, one can judge the emotional structure of the artist and the stylistic features of his work.

The figurative meaning of the work depends on the choice of natural species:

· epic start contained in the image of forest distances, mountain panoramas, endless plains (“Kama” by A. Vasnetsov).

Stormy sea or impenetrable wilderness embodies something mysterious sometimes severe (J. Michel "Thunderstorm");

· Lyrical types of snow-covered paths, forest edges, small ponds;

Sunny morning or noon can transmit feeling of joy and peace"White water lilies" by C. Monet, "Moscow courtyard" by V. Polenov).

Since the primordial nature is gradually subjected to active intervention by man, the landscape takes on the features of a serious historical document.

The landscape is able to embody even some social sensations of the era, the course of social thought: Thus, in the middle of the 19th century, the aesthetics of the romantic and classical landscape gradually gave way to the national landscape, which often took on social meaning; recorded in the landscape and the onset of a new technical era ("New Moscow Yu. Pimenova", "Berlin-Potsdam Railway» A. Menzel).

Landscape is not only an object of knowledge of nature, a monument of art, but also a reflection of the state of culture of a certain era.

Still life

A still life depicts the world of things surrounding a person, which are placed and organized into an integral composition in a real household environment.

Just such organizing things is a component of the figurative system of the genre.

Still life may have independent value, and may become part of a composition of another genre, in order to more fully reveal the semantic content of the work, as, for example, in the paintings "The Merchant" by B. Kustodiev, "The Sick" by V. Polenov, "The Girl with Peaches" by V. Serov.

In the plot-thematic paintings, the still life, although important, is of subordinate importance, however, as an independent genre of art, it has great expressive power. It presents not only the external, material essence of objects, but in a figurative form the essential aspects of life are transmitted, the era and even important historical events are reflected.

Still life is good creative lab, where the artist improves his skills, individual handwriting,

The still life had periods of decline and development.

played an important role in its formation Dutch painters of the 16th - 17th centuries.

They have developed basic, artistic principles:

· Realism;

· Subtle observations of life;

・Special gift of transmission aesthetic value familiar things.

In the favorite "breakfasts" and "shops", the material of objects was transferred with great skill; surface texture of fruits, vegetables, game, fish.

It is especially important that still life highlights inseparable bond man with the world of things.

Impressionist painters decided somewhat differently. creative task picturesque still life.

Here the main thing was not a reflection of the properties of objects, their tangibility. BUT play of light, color, freshness of color (still lifes by K. Monet, masters of the Russian branch of French impressionism K. Korovin and I. Grabar).

Not every depiction of the world of things on paper or canvas will be considered a still life. Since each object has its own natural habitat and purpose, placing it in other conditions can cause dissonance in the sound of the picture.

The main thing is that the things combined in the still life composition create harmonious emotionally rich artistic image.

Other genres of painting

Genres occupy a significant place in the art of painting:

· Household;

· Historical;

· Battle;

· Animalistic.

household genre depicts everyday private and public life, usually, contemporary artist.

The paintings of this genre represent the labor activity of people (“Spinners” by D. Velazquez, “In the Harvest” by A. Venetsianov), holidays (“ peasant dance» by P. Brueghel), moments of rest, leisure (“Young couple in the park” by T. Gaysborough, “Chess players” by O. Daumier), national flavor (“Algerian women in their chambers” by E. Delacroix).

Historical genre - capturing important historical events. This genre includes legendary and religious stories.

Among the paintings historical genre can be called "Death of Caesar" by K.T. von Piloty, “Surrender of Breda” by D. Velazquez, “Farewell of Hector to Andromache” by A. Losenko, “Sbinyanok” by Zh.L. David, "Liberty Leading the People" by E Delacroix and others.

Image subjectbattle genre are military campaigns, glorious battles, feats of arms, fighting (“Battle of Angyari” by Leonardo da Vinci, “Tachanka” by M. Grekov, “Defense of Sevastopol” by A. Deineka). Sometimes it is included in the composition of historical painting.

In picturesanimal genre displayed animal world (" Poultry” by M. de Hondekuter, “Yellow Horses” by F. Mark).

Hosted on Allbest.ru

Similar Documents

The origin and development of Dutch art in the 17th century. Exploring creativity major masters Dutch and Dutch genre and landscape painting. The study of the specific features of such genres as everyday genre, portrait, landscape and still life.

test, added 12/04/2014


The history of the development of oil painting techniques abroad and in Russia since the 18th century. Stages of development of landscape as a genre of fine arts. The current state of oil painting in Bashkortostan. Technology for the execution of landscapes using oil painting techniques.

thesis, added 09/05/2015


Portrait as a genre in painting. Story portrait painting. Portrait in Russian painting. Construction of the composition of the portrait. Oil painting technique. Basis for painting. Oily artistic paints and brushes. Palette of dyes and mixing of paints.

thesis, added 05/25/2015


The concept of easel painting as independent species art. Korean painting of the Goguryeo period. Fine arts and architecture of Silla. Outstanding artists and their creations. Features of the content of Korean folk painting.

abstract, added 06/04/2012


Still life as one of the genres of fine art, acquaintance with the skills and abilities of pictorial performance. Features of the use of liquid acrylic paints. Acquaintance with the tasks of painting. Analysis of the intense ascetic art of Byzantium.

term paper, added 09/09/2013


Trends in the development of Russian painting, mastering linear perspective by artists. The spread of oil painting techniques, the emergence of new genres. A special place for portraiture, the development of a realistic trend in Russian painting of the 18th century.

presentation, added 11/30/2011


general characteristics, classification and types of landscape as one of the actual genres of art forms. Identification of features, relationships of the landscape genre in painting, photography, film and television. The history of the emergence of photography at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

abstract, added 01/26/2014


Artistic and historical foundations of landscape painting. History of the Russian landscape. Features, ways, means of landscape as a genre. Compositional features and color. Equipment and materials for oil painting as one of the most common types of painting.

thesis, added 10/14/2013


The emergence of still life and the teaching of still life painting in artistic and pedagogical educational institutions. The independent meaning of still life as a genre of painting. Still life in Russian art. Teaching color science based on flower painting.

thesis, added 02/17/2015


The history of the development of still life, famous painters. Execution model, depicted objects, compositional features of the genre. Color, means, techniques and technology of oil painting. Basic rules for working with paints. Choosing a theme, working with canvas and cardboard.

The great figure, scientist and Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci said: "Painting is poetry that is seen, and poetry is painting that is heard." And one cannot but agree with him. Real art is truly perceived comprehensively. We see, and contemplate, and hear, and in our souls we keep the works of art we like. And world masterpieces remain in our memory for many years.

Genres and types of painting

Drawing a picture, the master performs it in a certain state, a special character. The work will not turn out to be full-fledged, worthy of love and attention, if only form and color are depicted on it. The artist is obliged to endow objects with a soul, people with charisma, a spark, perhaps a secret, nature with peculiar feelings, and events with real experiences. And genres and types of painting help the creator in this. They allow you to correctly convey the mood of an era, event, fact, it is better to capture the main idea, image, landscape.

The main ones include:

• Historical- depiction of facts, moments in the history of different countries and eras.
• Battle- transmits battle scenes.
• Domestic- plots Everyday life.
• Landscape These are paintings of nature. There are sea, mountain, fantastic, lyrical, rural, urban, space landscapes.
• Still life- illustrates inanimate objects: kitchen utensils, weapons, vegetables, fruits, plants, etc.
• Portrait- This is an image of a person, a group of people. Often, artists like to paint self-portraits or canvases depicting their lovers.
• animalistic- Pictures about animals.

Separately, one can single out another plot-thematic genre and include here works, the subject of which are myths, legends, epics, as well as paintings of everyday life.

Types of painting also mean separate ones. They help the artist achieve perfection when creating a canvas, tell him in which direction to move and work. There are the following options:

- Panorama- an image of the area in a large-scale format, a general view.

- Diorama- an image of battles, spectacular events curved in a semicircle.

- Miniature- Manuscripts, portraits.

- Monumental and decorative painting- painting on walls, panels, plafonds, etc.

- iconography- paintings on religious themes.

- decorative painting- creation of artistic scenery in cinema and theater.

- easel painting In other words, pictures.

- Decorative painting of everyday objects of life.

As a rule, each master of fine arts chooses for himself one particular genre and type of painting that is closest to him in spirit, and mostly works only in it. For example, Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Hovhannes Gayvazyan) worked in the style seascape. Such artists are also called marine painters (from "marina", which in Latin means "sea").

Techniques

Painting is a certain manner of executing the plot, its feeling through the world of colors and strokes. And of course, such reproduction cannot be done without the use of certain techniques, patterns and rules. The very concept of "technique" in the visual arts can be defined as a set of techniques, norms and practical knowledge, with the help of which the author most accurately, close to reality conveys the idea and plot of the picture.

The choice of painting technique depends on what kind of materials, type of canvas will be taken to create a work. Sometimes an artist can take an individual approach to his work, take advantage of a mixture of different styles and trends. This author's approach allows you to create truly unique works of art - world masterpieces.

In technical terms, there are several options for painting. Let's consider them in more detail.

Painting of ancient times

The history of painting begins with rock carvings of primitive man. At this time, the paintings are not distinguished by the liveliness of the plots, the riot of colors, but there was a peculiar emotion in them. And the plots of those years clearly inform us about the existence of life in the distant past. The lines are extremely simple, the subject is predictable, the directions are unambiguous.

In ancient times, the content of the drawings becomes more diverse, more often they depict animals, different things, make entire biographies on the entire wall, especially if the pictures are created for the pharaohs, which was then very believed. After about another two thousand years, wall paintings begin to acquire colors.

ancient painting, in particular, Old Russian, well transmitted and preserved in old icons. They are a shrine and the best example, conveying the beauty of art from God. Their color is unique, and the purpose is perfect. Such painting conveys the unreality of being, images and instills in a person the thought of the divine principle, of the existence perfect art, which must be compared.

The development of painting did not pass without a trace. For a long time, mankind has managed to accumulate real relics and spiritual heritage many centuries.

Watercolor

Watercolor painting is distinguished by the brightness of colors, purity of color and transparency of application to paper. Yes, it is on a paper surface that it is best to work in this fine art technique. The drawing dries quickly and as a result acquires a lighter and matte texture.

Watercolor does not allow you to achieve interesting tints when using dark, solid shades, but it perfectly models the color when the layers are superimposed one on top of the other. In this case, it turns out to find completely new, unusual options that are difficult to obtain with other artistic techniques.

Difficulties with watercolor

The complexity of working in such a technique as watercolor painting, lies in the fact that it does not forgive mistakes, does not allow improvisation with cardinal changes. If you did not like the applied tone or you got a completely different color that you wanted, then it is unlikely that you will be able to fix it. Any attempts (washing with water, scraping, mixing with other colors) can lead to both a more interesting shade and complete contamination of the picture.

Changing the location of a figure, an object, any improvement in composition in this technique is essentially impossible to do. But due to the quick drying of paints on painting, it is ideal for drawing sketches. And in terms of depicting plants, portraits, urban landscapes, it can compete with oil paintings.

Oil

Each of the technical varieties of painting has its own specifics. This applies to both the manner of performance and the artistic transmission of the image. Oil painting is one of the favorite techniques of many artists. It is difficult to work in it, because it requires a certain level of knowledge and experience: from preparing the necessary items, materials to the final stage - covering the resulting picture protective layer varnish.

The whole process of oil painting is quite laborious. Regardless of which base you choose: canvas, cardboard or hardboard (fibreboard), you must first cover it with primer. It will allow the paint to lie down and hold well, not to stand out from the oil. It will also give the background the desired texture and color. There are a lot of types and recipes for various soils. And each artist prefers his own, specific, to which he is accustomed and which he considers the best option.

As mentioned above, the work takes place in several stages, and the final is the coating of the picture with varnish substances. This is done in order to protect the canvas from moisture, the appearance of cracks (mesh) and other mechanical damage. Oil painting does not tolerate work on paper, but thanks to the whole technology of applying paints, it allows you to keep artworks safe and sound for centuries.

fine arts of china

I would like to pay special attention to the era of Chinese painting, since it has a special page in history. The Eastern direction of painting has developed over more than six thousand years. Its formation was closely connected with other crafts, social changes and conditions taking place in people's lives. For example, after the introduction of Buddhism in China, religious frescoes acquired great importance. In times (960-1127), historical paintings become popular, including stories about everyday life. Landscape painting has established itself as an independent direction already in the 4th century AD. e. Images of nature were created in blue-green colors and Chinese ink. And in the ninth century, artists increasingly began to paint pictures that depicted flowers, birds, fruits, insects, fish, embodying their ideals and the nature of the era in them.

Features of Chinese painting

Traditional Chinese painting is notable for its specific style as well as the materials used for painting, which in turn influences the methods and forms. oriental art. First, Chinese painters use a special brush to create paintings. It looks like watercolor and has a particularly sharp tip. Such a tool allows you to create sophisticated works, and, as you know, the style of calligraphy is still widely used in China. Secondly, ink is used everywhere as paints - Chinese ink (it happens that, together with other colors, but also how self paint also applies). This has been happening for two thousand years. It is also worth noting that before the advent of paper, people in China painted on silk. Today, modern masters of art perform their work both on paper and on a silk surface.

This is not all the technical possibilities of painting. In addition to the above, there are many others (gouache, pastel, tempera, fresco, acrylic, wax, painting on glass, porcelain, etc.), including author's options for art.

Epochs of painting

Like any art form, painting has its own history of formation. And above all, it is characterized by different stages of development, multifaceted styles, interesting directions. Not the last role here is played by the era of painting. Each of them affects not just a piece of the life of the people and not only the time of some historical events, but a whole life! Among the most famous periods in the art of painting are: the Renaissance and Enlightenment, the work of impressionist artists, modern, surrealism and many, many others. In other words, painting is a visual illustration of a certain era, a picture of life, a worldview through the eyes of an artist.

The concept of "painting" literally means "to write life", to depict reality vividly, masterfully, convincingly. To convey on your canvas not only every detail, every little thing, moment, but also the mood, emotions, color of this or that time, the style and genre of the entire work of art.

painting painting

A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to a hard surface. In the works of art created by painting, color and drawing, chiaroscuro, expressiveness of strokes, textures and compositions are used, which makes it possible to reproduce on the plane the colorful richness of the world, the volume of objects, their qualitative, material originality, spatial depth and light-air environment. Painting can convey a state of static and a sense of temporary development, peace and emotional and spiritual richness, the transient instantaneousness of a situation, the effect of movement, etc.; in painting, a detailed narrative and a complex plot are possible. This allows painting not only to visually embody the visible phenomena of the real world, to show a broad picture of people's lives, but also to strive to reveal the essence of historical processes, the inner world of a person, to express abstract ideas. Due to its vast ideological and artistic possibilities, painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, has significant social content and various ideological functions.

The breadth and completeness of the coverage of reality are reflected in the abundance of genres inherent in painting (historical genre, everyday genre, battle genre, portrait, landscape, still life). There are paintings: monumental and decorative (wall paintings, plafonds, panels), designed to decorate architecture and play an important role in the ideological and figurative interpretation architectural building; easel (paintings), usually not associated with any particular place in the artistic ensemble; scenery (sketches of theatrical and film scenery and costumes); iconography; miniature. Diorama and panorama also belong to the varieties of painting. According to the nature of the substances that bind the pigment (dye), according to the technological methods of fixing the pigment on the surface, oil painting differs. Painting with paints on water on plaster - wet (fresco) and dry (a secco), tempera, glue painting, wax painting, enamels, painting with ceramic and silicate paints, etc. that monumental painting is an artistic task. Watercolor, gouache, pastel, and ink are also used to perform paintings.

Color is the most specific means of expression for painting. Its expression, the ability to evoke various sensual associations, enhances the emotionality of the image, determines the pictorial, expressive and decorative possibilities of painting. In works of painting, color forms an integral system (colour). Usually a series of interrelated colors and their shades is used (gamut colorful), although there is also painting with shades of the same color (monochrome). The color composition provides a certain coloristic unity of the work, affects the course of its perception by the viewer, being an essential part of it. artistic structure. Another expressive means of painting is drawing (line and chiaroscuro), together with color, rhythmically and compositionally organizes the image; the line delimits volumes from each other, is often the constructive basis of the pictorial form, allows generalized or detailed reproduction of the outlines of objects and their smallest elements. Chiaroscuro allows not only to create the illusion of three-dimensional images, to convey the degree of illumination or darkness of objects, but also creates the impression of the movement of air, light and shadow. An important role in painting is also played by a colorful spot or stroke of the artist, which is his main technique and allows him to convey many aspects. The brushstroke contributes to the plastic, voluminous molding of the form, the transfer of its material character and texture, in combination with color, recreates the coloristic richness of the real world. The nature of the stroke (smooth, continuous or pasty, separate, nervous, etc.) also contributes to the creation of the emotional atmosphere of the work, the transfer of the artist's immediate feelings and mood, his attitude to the depicted.

Conventionally, two types of pictorial representation are distinguished: linear-planar and volumetric-spatial, but there are no clear boundaries between them. Linear-planar painting is characterized by flat spots of local color, outlined by expressive contours, clear and rhythmic lines; in ancient and partly in modern painting there are conditional methods of spatial construction and reproduction of objects that reveal to the viewer the semantic logic of the image, the placement of objects in space, but almost do not violate the two-dimensionality of the picturesque plane. The desire to reproduce the real world as a person sees it, which arose in ancient art, caused the appearance of volumetric-spatial images in painting. In painting of this type, spatial relationships can be reproduced by color, the illusion of a deep three-dimensional space can be created, the pictorial plane can be visually destroyed with the help of tonal gradations, airy and linear perspective, by distributing warm and cold colors; volumetric forms are modeled by color and chiaroscuro. In volume-spatial and linear-planar images, the expressiveness of line and color is used, and the effect of volume, even sculpture, is achieved by gradation of light and dark tones distributed in a clearly limited color spot; at the same time, the coloring is often colorful, figures and objects do not merge with the surrounding space into a single whole. Tonal painting ( cm. Hue) shows subtle changes in both color and its tone depending on the lighting ( cm. Valer), as well as from the interaction of nearby colors ( cm. Reflex); the general tone unites objects with the surrounding light and air environment and space. In the painting of China, Japan, Korea, a special type of spatial image has developed, in which there is a feeling of an infinite space seen from above, with parallel lines going into the distance and not converging in depth; figures and objects are almost devoid of volume; their position in space is shown mainly by the ratio of tones.

A painting consists of a base (canvas, wood, paper, cardboard, stone, glass, metal, etc.), usually covered with a primer, and a paint layer, sometimes protected by a protective film of varnish. Fine and expressive possibilities painting, the features of the writing technique largely depend on the properties of paints, which are due to the degree of grinding of pigments and the nature of the binders, on the tool the artist works with, on the diluents used by him; the smooth or rough surface of the base and ground affects the methods of applying paints, the texture of paintings, and the translucent color of the base or ground affects color; sometimes paint-free parts of the base or ground can play a role in the color construction. The surface of the paint layer of a painting, that is, its texture, is glossy and matte, continuous or intermittent, smooth or uneven. The required color, shade is achieved both by mixing colors on the palette, and by glazing. The process of creating a picture or wall painting can be divided into several stages, especially clear and consistent in medieval tempera and classical oil painting (drawing on the ground, underpainting, glazing). There is painting of a more impulsive nature, which allows the artist to directly and dynamically embody his life impressions through the simultaneous work on drawing, composition, modeling of forms and color ( cm. Allah prima).

Painting arose in the late Paleolithic era (40-8 thousand years ago). Rock paintings have been preserved (in southern France, northern Spain, and others), painted with earthen paints (ocher), black soot, and charcoal using split sticks, pieces of fur, and fingers (images of individual animals, and then hunting scenes). In Paleolithic painting, there are both linear-silhouette images and simple modeling of volumes, but the compositional principle in it is still poorly expressed. More developed, abstractly generalized ideas about the world were reflected in Neolithic painting, in which images are linked into narrative cycles, the image of a person appears ( cm. primitive art).

The painting of the slave-owning society already had a developed figurative system rich in technical means. AT Ancient Egypt, as well as in ancient America there was monumental painting, acting in synthesis with architecture ( cm. Synthesis of the Arts; painting of tombs, less often buildings). Associated mainly with the funeral cult, it had a detailed narrative character; the main place in it was occupied by a generalized and often schematic representation person. The strict canonization of images, which manifested itself in the features of the composition, the ratio of figures and reflected the rigid hierarchy that prevailed in society, was combined with bold and well-aimed observations of life and an abundance of details drawn from the surrounding world (landscape, household utensils, images of animals and birds). Ancient painting, the main artistic and expressive means of which were contour line and a color spot, had decorative qualities, its flatness emphasized the surface of the wall.

In ancient times, painting, which acted in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture and adorned temples, dwellings, tombs, and other structures ( cm. Pompeii, Herculaneum, Paestum, Kazanlak tomb), served not only religious, but also secular purposes. New, specific possibilities of painting were revealed, giving a reflection of reality that is broad in terms of subject matter. In antiquity, the principles of chiaroscuro, peculiar variants of linear and aerial perspective were born. Along with the mythological, everyday and historical scenes, landscapes, portraits, still lifes were created. An antique fresco (on multi-layer plaster with an admixture of marble dust in the upper layers) had a shiny, glossy surface. In ancient Greece, there arose almost no preserved easel painting (on boards, less often on canvas), mainly in the encaustic technique ( cm. wax painting); Faiyum portraits give some idea of ​​ancient easel painting.

In the Middle Ages in Western Europe, Byzantium, in Russia, the Caucasus and the Balkans, painting developed, religious in content: fresco (both on dry and wet plaster, applied to stone or brickwork), icon painting (on primed boards, mainly in egg tempera). ), as well as book miniature(on primed parchment or paper; performed with tempera, watercolor, gouache, glue and other paints), which sometimes included historical plots. Icons, wall paintings (subject to architectural divisions and the plane of the wall), as well as mosaics, stained-glass windows, together with architecture, formed a single ensemble in church interiors. Medieval painting is characterized by the expression of a sonorous, predominantly local color and rhythmic line, the expressiveness of contours; the forms are usually planar, stylized, the background is abstract, often golden; there are also conditional methods of modeling volumes, as if protruding on a pictorial plane devoid of depth. The symbolism of composition and color played a significant role. In the 1st millennium A.D. e. monumental painting experienced a high rise (with adhesive paints on white gypsum or lime primer on clay-straw soil) in the countries of Western and Central Asia, in India, China, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). In the feudal era in Mesopotamia, Iran, India, Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, the art of miniature developed, which is characterized by subtle brilliance, elegance of ornamental rhythm, and brightness of life observations. Far Eastern painting with ink, watercolor and gouache on scrolls of silk and paper - in China, Korea, Japan - was distinguished by poetry, amazing vigilance of seeing people and nature, conciseness of the pictorial manner, the finest tonal transmission of aerial perspective.

In Western Europe, during the Renaissance, the principles of a new art based on a humanistic worldview, discovering and cognizing real world. The role of painting, which developed a system of means for a realistic depiction of reality, increased. Individual achievements of Renaissance painting were anticipated in the 14th century. Italian painter Giotto. The scientific study of perspective, optics and anatomy, the use of the oil painting technique improved by J. van Eyck (Netherlands) contributed to the disclosure of the possibilities inherent in the nature of painting: the convincing reproduction of three-dimensional forms in unity with the transfer of spatial depth and light environment, the disclosure of the color richness of the world. Fresco experienced a new heyday; importance acquired and easel painting, which retained decorative unity with the environment subject environment. The feeling of the harmony of the universe, the anthropocentrism of painting and the spiritual activity of its images are characteristic of compositions on religious and mythological themes, portraits, household and historical scenes, nude images. Tempera was gradually supplanted by a combined technique (glazing and elaboration of details with oil on tempera underpainting), and then technically perfect multi-layer oil-lacquer painting without tempera. Along with smooth, detailed painting on boards with white ground (characteristic of the artists of the Netherlandish school and a number of schools of the Italian Early Renaissance), the Venetian school of painting developed in the 16th century. techniques of free, impasto painting on canvases with colored grounds. Simultaneously with painting in local, often bright colors, with a clear pattern, tonal painting also developed. The largest painters of the Renaissance - Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, A. Mantegna, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto in Italy, J. van Eyck, P. Brueghel the Elder in the Netherlands, A. Dürer, H. Holbein the Younger, M. Niethardt (Grunewald) in Germany, etc.

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. the process of development of European painting became more complicated. National schools were formed in France (J. de Latour, F. Champagne, N. Poussin, A. Watteau, J. B. S. Chardin, J. O. Fragonard, J. L. David), Italy (M. Caravaggio, D. Fetti, J. B. Tiepolo, J. M. Crespi, F. Guardi), Spain (El Greco, D. Velazquez, F. Zurbaran, B. E. Murillo, F. Goya), Flanders (P. P. . Rubens, J. Jordans, A. van Dyck, F. Snyders), Holland (F. Hals, Rembrandt, J. Vermeer, J. van Ruisdael, G. Terborch, K. Fabricius), Great Britain (J. Reynolds, T Gainsborough, W. Hogarth), Russia (F. S. Rokotov, D. G. Levitsky, V. L. Borovikovsky). Painting proclaimed new social and civic ideals, turned to a more detailed and accurate image real life in its movement and diversity, especially in the everyday environment of a person (landscape, interior, household items); psychological problems deepened, the feeling of a conflicting relationship between the individual and the world around him was embodied. In the 17th century the system of genres expanded and clearly took shape. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. along with monumental and decorative painting (especially in the Baroque style), which existed in close unity with sculpture and architecture and created an emotional environment that actively affected people, easel painting played an important role. Various pictorial systems were formed, as having a commonality of stylistic features (dynamic baroque painting with its characteristic open, spiral composition; classicism painting with a clear, strict and clear pattern; rococo painting with a play of exquisite nuances of color, light and faded tones), and not within a certain style framework. In an effort to reproduce the brilliance of the world, the light and air environment, many artists improved the system of tonal painting. This caused the individualization of the techniques of multilayer oil painting. The growth of easel art, the growing need for works designed for intimate contemplation, led to the development of chamber, thin and light, painting techniques - pastels, watercolors, ink, various types of portrait miniatures.

In the 19th century new national schools of the realistic were emerging. painting in Europe and America. The connections of painting in Europe and other parts of the world were expanding, where the experience of European realistic painting received an original interpretation, often on the basis of local ancient traditions (in India, China, Japan, and other countries); European painting was influenced by the art of the Far Eastern countries (mainly Japan and China), which affected the renewal of the methods of decorative and rhythmic organization of the pictorial plane. In the 19th century painting solved complex and urgent worldview problems, played an active role in public life; sharp criticism of social reality acquired great importance in painting. Throughout the 19th century the canons of academism, the abstract idealization of images, were also cultivated in painting; naturalistic tendencies emerged. In the fight against distraction late classicism and salon academism, the painting of romanticism developed with its active interest in dramatic events history and modernity, the energy of the pictorial language, the contrast of light and shadow, the saturation of color (T. Gericault, E. Delacroix in France; F. O. Runge and K. D. Friedrich in Germany; in many ways O. A. Kiprensky, Sylvester Shchedrin , K. P. Bryullov, A. A. Ivanov in Russia). Realistic painting, based on direct observation of the characteristic phenomena of reality, comes to a more complete, concretely reliable, visually convincing depiction of life (J. Constable in Great Britain; C. Corot, master of the Barbizon school, O. Daumier in France; A. G. Venetsianov, P. A. Fedotov in Russia). During the period of the rise of the revolutionary and national liberation movement in Europe, the painting of democratic realism (G. Courbet, J. F. Millet in France; M. Munkachi in Hungary, N. Grigorescu and I. Andreescu in Romania, A. Menzel, V. Leibl in Germany, etc.) showed the life and work of the people, their struggle for their rights, turned to the most important events of national history, created vivid images ordinary people and advanced public figures; Schools of national realistic landscape emerged in many countries. The painting of the Wanderers and artists close to them - V. G. Perov, I. N. Kramskoy, I. E. Repin, V. I. Surikov, V. V. I. I. Levitan.

The artistic embodiment of the surrounding world in its naturalness and constant variability comes in the early 1870s. impressionist painting (E. Manet, C. Monet, O. Renoir, C. Pissarro, A. Sisley, E. Degas in France), which updated the technique and methods of organizing the pictorial surface, revealing the beauty of pure color and texture effects. In the 19th century in Europe, oil painting dominated, its technique in many cases acquired an individual, free character, gradually losing its inherent strict systematicity (which was facilitated by the spread of new factory-made paints); the palette expanded (new pigments and binders were created); instead of dark colored primers in early XIX in. white soils were again introduced. Monumental and decorative painting, which used in the XIX century. almost exclusively glue or oil paints, fell into disrepair. At the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries. attempts are being made to revive monumental painting and to merge different types of painting with works of arts and crafts and architecture into a single ensemble (mainly in "modern" art); the technical means of monumental and decorative painting are being updated, the technique of silicate painting is being developed.

At the end of XIX - XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory; various realist and modernist currents coexist and fight. Inspired by the ideals of the October Revolution of 1917, armed with the method of socialist realism, painting is intensively developing in the USSR and other socialist countries. New schools of painting are emerging in Asia, Africa, Australia, and Latin America.

Realistic painting of the late XIX - XX centuries. is distinguished by the desire to know and show the world in all its contradictions, to reveal the essence of the deep processes taking place in social reality, which sometimes do not have a sufficiently visual appearance; the reflection and interpretation of many phenomena of reality often acquired a subjective, symbolic character. Painting of the 20th century along with the visual-visible volumetric-spatial method of depiction, he widely uses new (as well as dating back to antiquity), conditional principles for interpreting the visible world. Already in the painting of post-impressionism (P. Cezanne, V. van Gogh, P. Gauguin, A. Toulouse-Lautrec) and partly in the painting of "modern" features were emerging that determined the features of some trends of the 20th century. (an active expression of the artist's personal relationship to the world, the emotionality and associativity of color, which has little to do with natural color relationships, exaggerated forms, decorativeness). The world was comprehended in a new way in the art of Russian painters of the late XIX - early XX centuries - in the paintings of V. A. Serov, M. A. Vrubel, K. A. Korovin.

In the XX century. reality is contradictory, and often deeply subjective, realized and translated into painting by the greatest artists of the capitalist countries: P. Picasso, A. Matisse, F. Léger, A. Marquet, A. Derain in France; D. Rivera, J. C. Orozco, D. Siqueiros in Mexico; R. Guttuso in Italy; J. Bellows, R. Kent in the USA. In paintings, wall paintings, picturesque panels, a truthful understanding of the tragic contradictions of reality has found expression, often turning into a denunciation of the deformities of the capitalist system. With the aesthetic understanding of the new, "technical" era, the reflection of the pathos of the industrialization of life is connected, the penetration into painting of geometric, "machine" forms, to which organic forms are often reduced, the search for those that meet the worldview modern man new forms that can be used in decorative arts, architecture and industry. Widespread in painting, mainly capitalist countries, since the beginning of the 20th century. received various modernist trends, reflecting the general crisis of the culture of bourgeois society; however, the "sick" problems of our time are also indirectly reflected in modernist painting. In the painting of many modernist movements (fauvism, cubism, futurism, dadaism, and later surrealism), individual more or less easily recognizable elements of the visible world are fragmented or geometrized, appear in unexpected, sometimes illogical combinations that give rise to many associations, merge with purely abstract forms. The further evolution of many of these trends led to a complete rejection of figurativeness, to the emergence of abstract painting ( cm. Abstract art), which marked the collapse of painting as a means of reflecting and cognizing reality. Since the mid 60s. in Western Europe and America, painting sometimes becomes one of the elements of pop art.

In the XX century. the role of monumental-decorative painting, both pictorial (for example, revolutionary-democratic monumental painting in Mexico) and non-pictorial, usually planar, in harmony with the geometrized forms of modern architecture, is growing.

In the XX century. there is a growing interest in research in the field of painting techniques (including wax and tempera; new paints are invented for monumental painting - silicone, on organosilicon resins, etc.), but oil painting still prevails.

Multinational Soviet painting is closely connected with communist ideology, with the principles of party spirit and folk art, it represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of painting, which is determined by the triumph of the method of socialist realism. In the USSR, painting is developing in all the Union and Autonomous Republics, and new national schools of painting are emerging. Soviet painting is characterized by a keen sense of reality, the materiality of the world, and the spiritual richness of images. The desire to capture socialist reality in all its complexity and completeness led to the use of many genre forms filled with new content. Already since the 20s. special meaning acquires a historical and revolutionary theme (paintings by M. B. Grekov, A. A. Deineka, K. S. Petrov-Vodkin, B. V. Ioganson, I. I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov). Then patriotic canvases appear, telling about the heroic past of Russia, showing the historical drama of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the spiritual stamina of the Soviet people.

A large role in the development of Soviet painting is played by the portrait: collective images of people from the people, participants in the revolutionary reorganization of life (A. E. Arkhipov, G. G. Rizhsky and others); psychological portraits showing the inner world, the spiritual warehouse of the Soviet person (M. V. Nesterov, S. V. Malyutin, P. D. Korin, etc.).

The typical way of life of Soviet people is reflected in genre painting, which gives a poetic and vivid image of new people and a new way of life. Soviet painting is characterized by large canvases imbued with the pathos of socialist construction (S. V. Gerasimov, A. A. Plastov, Yu. I. Pimenov, T. N. Yablonskaya, and others). The aesthetic affirmation of the peculiar forms of life of the Union and Autonomous Republics underlies the national schools that have developed in Soviet painting (M. S. Saryan, L. Gudiashvili, S. A. Chuikov, U. Tansykbaev, T. Salakhov, E. Iltner, M. A Savitsky, A. Gudaitis, A. A. Shovkunenko, G. Aitiev, and others), representing the constituent parts of a single artistic culture of the Soviet socialist society.

In landscape painting, as in other genres, national artistic traditions are combined with the search for something new, with a modern sense of nature. The lyrical line of Russian landscape painting (V. N. Baksheev, N. P. Krymov, N. M. Romadin and others) is complemented by the development of the industrial landscape with its rapid rhythms, with the motives of transformed nature (B. N. Yakovlev, G. G. . Nissky). Still life painting reached a high level (I. I. Mashkov, P. P. Konchalovsky, M. S. Saryan).

The evolution of the social functions of painting is accompanied by the general development of pictorial culture. Within the boundaries of a single realistic method, Soviet painting strives for a variety of artistic forms, techniques, individual styles. The wide scope of construction, the creation of large public buildings and memorial ensembles contributed to the development of monumental and decorative painting (works by V. A. Favorsky, E. E. Lansere, P. D. Korin), the revival of the technique of tempera painting, frescoes and mosaics. In the 60s - early 80s. the mutual influence of monumental and easel painting has increased, the desire to maximize the use and enrich the expressive means of painting has increased ( cm. See also the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and articles on the Soviet union republics).

"Vladimir Mother of God". 1st floor 12th c. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow.

Raphael. Fresco "Parnassus" in the Stanza della Senyatura in the Vatican. 1509 -1511

I. Vermeer. "Glass of wine". Around 1660. Picture gallery. Berlin-Dahlem.

P. V. Kuznetsov. "Still life with crystal". 1928. Russian Museum. Leningrad.
Literature: VII, vol. 1-6, M., 1956-66; IRI, vol. 1-13, M., 1953-69; K. Yuon, On painting, (M.-L.), 1937; D. I. Kiplik, Painting technique, (6th ed.), M.-L., 1950; A. Kamensky, To the viewer about painting, M., 1959; B. Slansky, Painting technique, trans. from Czech., M., 1962; G. A. Nedoshivin, Conversations about painting, (2nd ed.), M., 1964; B. R. Vipper, Articles about art, M., 1970; Ward J., History and methods of ancient and modern painting, v. 1-4, L., 1913-21; Fosca F., La peinture, qu "est-ce que c" est, Porrentruy-Brux.-P., 1947; Venturi L., Painting and painters, Cleveland, 1963; R. Cogniat, Histoire de la peinture, t. 1-2, P., 1964; Barron J. N., The language of painting, Cleveland, (1967); Nicolaus K., DuMont's Handbuch der Gemaldekunde, Koln, 1979.

Source: Popular Art Encyclopedia. Ed. Field V.M.; M.: Publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1986.)

One of the types visual arts. A painting is created using paints applied to the surface of a wall, board, canvas, metal, etc. The very name “painting” suggests that the artist “paints life” in all its richness, diversity and colorful brilliance. This is its difference from black and white charts. Like no other form of art, painting is able to embody the whole gamut of feelings, experiences, relationships between people; accurate observations of nature and flights of fancy, great ideas and instant impressions, the thrill of life, air and light.

The statue is voluminous, it can be bypassed from all sides; painting is the art of colors on a plane; The viewer sees the picture from only one point of view. One of the tasks of painting, which each era solves in its own way, is to create the illusion of the depth of space, the three-dimensionality of volumes on a plane. This is the convention of the pictorial language. In addition, the colors available to the artist are not identical to real colors, his palette is much poorer than natural.

The painter selects in the surrounding world what meets his artistic task, modifies, emphasizes, generalizes many things in one, seeks to convey the inner qualities of people and the laws of nature that are inaccessible to direct vision, his experiences, his attitude towards them. The main expressive means of painting: coloring(colorful gamma, which has an emotional impact on the viewer); composition(the ratio of parts of the picture); perspective(linear, reverse, parallel, etc.); chiaroscuro (distribution of light and shadow), lines and colorful spots; rhythm, texture(the nature of the picturesque surface - smooth or embossed). In the manner of writing, in the movement of the brush, in the peculiarities of applying paint to a canvas or other surface, one can always feel the individuality of the artist, his unique creative “handwriting”.

According to the purpose and nature of the execution, monumental, easel, decorative and theatrical-decorative painting are distinguished. To monumental painting include wall paintings ( frescoes) and mosaics, stained-glass windows, plafonds, panels, inextricably linked with architecture, with the wall (ceiling, floor) of the building for which they were created; partly icons and large folding altar compositions (“Ghent Altar” by J. van Eika, 1432). Monumental works cannot be transferred to another interior. Icons, folding altars intended for temples, can technically be placed in another space (now many of them are exhibited in museums), however, devoid of a natural environment, torn from the ensemble, they lose a significant part of their impact on the viewer. The artistic language of monumental painting is distinguished by rigor and grandeur, laconism of generalized forms, and large spots of color. monumental painting has existed since ancient times primitive people created rock paintings Altamira in Spain, 15-10th millennium BC e.).

Rembrandt. "Portrait of Hendrikje Stoffels at the window". OK. 1659

Artworks easel painting- paintings - are created using an easel and are not intended for a specific room. First easel works appeared in the era Renaissance(15th–16th centuries). The base (board, canvas stretched on a stretcher, etc.) was covered with a white primer of gypsum (chalk) mixed with glue or oil. The primer leveled the surface and "highlighted" the paint layer from the inside. Along with the whites, many craftsmen (P.P. Rubens and others) used colored (golden-brown, red) primers, which gave unity to the color of the picture. Paints were applied over the ground in one or several layers; sometimes the finished work was varnished. Framed paintings are like a window into the world created by the artist's imagination. As a rule, they observe the unity of place, time and action.

Decorative painting (both subject and ornamental) is designed not only to decorate the surface of the wall, but also to accentuate its structural elements ( columns, pillars, arches etc.); it is performed in the technique of fresco, etc. A variety of decorative painting is grisaille, widely used to decorate palace interiors, where it imitated sculptural reliefs (Sheremetev Palace in Kuskovo, 18th century). decorative paintings ceramics are also decorated. The painting of ceramic dishes is called vase painting.

Theatrical and decorative painting is scenery and costume designs for theatrical performances and films; sketches of individual mise-en-scenes.
Basic painting techniques: oil painting, tempera, glue painting, encaustic and etc. Watercolor, gouache, pastel occupy an intermediate position between painting and graphic techniques. Colorful pigments were originally mined from minerals (yellow-brown ocher from clay, red from hematite, white from lime, black from coal or burnt bone, blue and green from lapis lazuli and malachite, etc.). Later, paints made by chemical means appeared. In all painting techniques, the same pigments are used, but different binders are liquid and sticky substances that do not allow paint powders to crumble. Glue paints mixed with casein were used by ancient Egyptian masters; these paints did not spread, which made it possible to convey many small details. Pictures of legendary ancient Greek masters and tombstones that have not come down to us Fayum portraits were painted using the encaustic technique: paints were fused into hot melted wax. Thick wax paints made it possible to create an expressive relief texture. In the Middle Ages, tempera came into use - paints mixed with egg yolk or protein with various additives. Tempera images are distinguished by the muffled color range. Tempera is strong and durable, does not crack over time, unlike oil painting.

Oil painting appeared during the Renaissance; its invention is attributed to the Dutchman J. van Eyck. The pigments were diluted with linseed, walnut, and other vegetable oils; thanks to this, the paints dried quickly, they could be applied in thin, transparent layers, which gave the painting a special luminosity and brilliance. The disadvantage of oil paints is that they lose their elasticity over time, darken and become covered with cracks (craquelure). Work with oil paints allows a huge variety of techniques - from fine, careful finishing to wide and temperamental painting "alla prima"; with their help, you can create a smooth enamel surface and a plastic, embossed texture. It is in this technique that the artist can most fully express his creative individuality and convey all the textured diversity of the world - transparent glass, fluffy fur, the warmth of human skin.
A true pleasure for connoisseurs of painting is the contemplation of the miracle of the transformation of strokes into living forms, the flesh of colors into the flesh of things. Renaissance Masters, small Dutch", in the 17th century. sought to create a sense of "not made by hands" of the depicted objects; they painted with the finest brushes, applying small, imperceptible strokes. In con. 19th century artists strive to “uncover” the creative process, to reveal the beauty of not only the depicted object, but also the texture of the pictorial masonry itself (clots of paint, its streaks and flows, the “mosaic” of strokes, etc.). Masters of the 20th century use all the variety of techniques and methods of painting.