Book graphics. Main elements of the book

book graphics- one of the types graphic art. This includes, in particular, book illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, drop caps, covers, dust jackets, etc. The history of drawing has been largely associated with the handwritten book since antiquity and the Middle Ages, and the development of engraving and lithography has been connected with the printed book. AT ancient world a font appeared, also related to graphics, since the letter itself is a graphic sign. A distinctive feature of book graphics. Cover (binding) as an artistic solution for covering a book. The main purpose of the title page. Design and illustration of fiction. Principles of development of chiaroscuro, volumes and perspectives.

artist, means visual arts, embodies the ideological and artistic design, creates the artistic and decorative appearance of the book. He must not only know fonts and be able to use them, but also be able to modify them, create new ones that correspond to his idea, style of the book, character literary work. When working on an illustration, the artist must have a clear idea of ​​how it will be combined with the typesetting strip on the next page, what the spread of the book will be like.

There are currently different kinds literature and different types books, the purpose and circle of readers of which determines the circulation, format, degree and nature of the design. Fiction- the largest section in book publishing, it is closely related to the visual arts, therefore it is well designed and illustrated. Books for children are famous for their rich design, large formats, and clear, easy-to-read type. Political literature, as a rule, is designed in simple and strict colors, where photographs often act as illustrative material. Scientific and technical literature (textbooks and dictionaries) is framed modestly, if not sparingly. Special editions are special group, which is called bibliophilic. Design and illustration of such publications is entrusted to the best masters. Rare and expensive materials are used that are not used for mass publications.

The book consists of the following elements:

• Cover- an artistic solution for the cover of a book in which a book block is enclosed. The cover solution should be conditionally decorative, clear, give the book a beautiful appearance, but at the same time give an accurate description of the book, reveal its main meaning, style and figurative structure. The cover should have font elements that reflect the main heading data.
• Title page - the right half of the first spread of the book. The title contains more complex font elements that explain the heading and publishing data. If an illustration is placed on the left page of the first spread, or a portrait of the author is printed, such a page is called a frontispiece. The drawing on the title is used relatively rarely and has more decorative value.
• Schmuttituli- separate sheets opening parts, sections of the book. A heading and a simple ornamental motif or drawing are placed on the half-title.
• dust jacket- artistically designed paper cover of the book on top of the cover. The main task is to draw attention to the book and protect the cover from damage for a while.
• Illustrations are drawings that figuratively reveal literary text subject to the content and style of a literary work.
• Screensaver- a small composition of an ornamental nature or in the form of a picture that opens some section of the text.
• ending- a small drawing or ornamental motif that completes the last page of a section or entire book.
• Initial- the initial letter in the text of the book created by the artist.
• Descent or runway- the first page of the text of the book, usually decorated with a headband or initial letter.

In Russia, the first handwritten books with images appeared in the 10th century. The invention of printing in the middle of the 15th century contributed to the wide dissemination of the book.

A feature of modern book graphics is its connection with printing, its dependence on the level and culture of work in printing production. The tasks of book graphics are divided into:

• book design - appearance, hand-drawn font elements, compositional construction text typing, etc.
• illustrating a book - figurative disclosure of a literary text with the help of drawings

In graphics, line and tone illustrations are common. There are illustrations executed in a volumetric plan and a conditionally planar interpretation. There are also their own principles for the development of chiaroscuro, volumes and perspectives, their own scales and methods of composition. That is why ordinary graphic easel works, even if they are reduced to book formats, cannot serve as illustrations and will only be reproductions pasted into a book.

It is necessary to emphasize the particularly prominent role of woodcut engraving in the art of the book.

The book is one of the most important spiritual needs modern man, it organically combines the work of both the artist and publishing workers and printers. Only the harmonious work of these people creates a full-fledged book.

Bilibinsky style

I. Ya. Bilibin (1876-1942) can rightly be called the greatest artists - illustrators, he developed a system graphic techniques, which made it possible to combine illustrations and design in one style, subordinating them to the plane book page. Character traits Bilibino style: the beauty of the patterned pattern, exquisite decoration color combinations, a subtle visual embodiment of the world, a combination of bright fabulousness with a sense of folk humor, etc.

Moritz von Schwyz (1804-1871), famous German painter and illustrator. He created the so-called "monumental illustrations" based on fairy tales. These are big art canvases, which can be seen in the halls of the Munich Alte Pinakothek.

The graphic style of the famous french artist and the sculptor Gustave Dore (1833-1883), combining the lightness of a stroke with a tense line, the ability to enrich the essence of an illustrated work with countless original finds, found an enthusiastic response from the French public. Dore is one of the most famous and prolific illustrators of the second half of the 19th century.

Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov (1848-1926) is one of the first Russian artists who pushed the boundaries of the usual genres and showed fairy world, illuminated by the poetic imagination of the people. Vasnetsov, one of the first Russian artists, turned to the reconstruction of images folk tales and epics in painting.

Moritz von Schwyz

Gustave Dore

Viktor Mikhailovich
Vasnetsov

The list of remarkable Soviet illustrators of children's books is huge, this includes: Vasnetsov Yu.A., Suteev V.G., Charushin E.I., Dekhterev B.A., Ustinov N.A., Chizhikov V.A., Vladimirsky L. .V and many others.

book graphics

The history of the book is closely connected with the history of fine arts and graphics, because. it was artists who played a prominent role in the creation of handwritten books. They were the creators of the font, and decorations, and drawings.

The artist, by means of fine arts, embodies the ideological and artistic design, creates the artistic and decorative appearance of the book.

He must not only know the fonts and be able to use them, but also be able to modify them, create new ones that correspond to his idea, the style of the book, the nature of the literary work. When working on an illustration, the artist must have a clear idea of ​​how it will be combined with the typesetting strip on the next page, what the spread of the book will be like.

Currently, there are various types of literature and various types of books, the purpose and circle of readers of which determines the circulation, format, degree and nature of the design. Fiction is the largest section in book publishing, it is closely related to the visual arts, so it is well designed and illustrated. Books for children are famous for their rich design, large formats, and clear, easy-to-read type. Political literature, as a rule, is designed in simple and strict colors, where photographs often act as illustrative material. Scientific and technical literature (textbooks and dictionaries) is framed modestly, if not sparingly. Special editions make up a special group, which is called bibliophilic. The design and illustration of such publications is entrusted to the best masters. Rare and expensive materials are used that are not used for mass publications.

The book consists of the following elements:

A cover is an artistic solution for covering a book that encloses a book block. The cover solution should be conditionally decorative, clear, give the book a beautiful appearance, but at the same time give an accurate description of the book, reveal its main meaning, style and figurative structure. The cover should have font elements that reflect the main heading data.

The title page is the right half of the first spread of the book. The title contains more complex font elements that explain the heading and publishing data. If an illustration is placed on the left page of the first spread, or a portrait of the author is printed, such a page is called a frontispiece. The drawing on the title is used relatively rarely and has more decorative value.

Shmuttitulami are called separate sheets, which open parts, sections of the book. A heading and a simple ornamental motif or drawing are placed on the half-title.

A dust jacket is an artistically designed paper cover of a book on top of the cover. The main task is to draw attention to the book and protect the cover from damage for a while.

Illustrations are drawings that figuratively reveal a literary text, subject to the content and style of a literary work.

Screensaver - a small composition of an ornamental nature or in the form of a picture that opens some section of the text.

An ending is a small drawing or ornamental motif that ends the last page of a section or an entire book.

Initial - the initial letter in the text of the book created by the artist.

The descent or the descent strip is the first page of the text of the book, usually decorated with a headband or initial letter.

In Russia, the first handwritten books with images appeared in the 10th century. The invention of printing in the middle of the 15th century contributed to the wide dissemination of the book.

A feature of modern book graphics is its connection with printing, its dependence on the level and culture of work in printing production. The tasks of book graphics are divided into:

Book design - appearance, drawn font elements, compositional construction of text types, etc.

Illustrating a book is a figurative disclosure of a literary text with the help of drawings.

In graphics, line and tone illustrations are common. There are illustrations executed in a volumetric plan and a conditionally planar interpretation. There are also their own principles for the development of chiaroscuro, volumes and perspectives, their own scales and methods of composition. That is why ordinary graphic easel works, even if they are reduced to book formats, cannot serve as illustrations and will only be reproductions pasted into a book.

It is necessary to emphasize the particularly prominent role of woodcut engraving in the art of the book.

The book is one of the most important spiritual needs of modern man, it organically combines the work of both the artist and publishers and printers. Only the harmonious work of these people creates a full-fledged book.

Poster

The poster is the most mass view graphic art, it performs the task of visual political agitation and serves as a means of information, advertising and instruction.

The first posters appeared in Germany in the 16th century and were called "flying sheets".

They dispersed from hand to hand, pasted on the walls, exhibited in shop windows. Such propaganda images were widely distributed during the bourgeois revolutions of the 17th and 18th centuries in England, France and Holland.

The poster is designed to grab the viewer's attention long distance. At first glance, it should become clear what he calls for, what his goal is. That is why posters are made relatively large. For brevity, a quick understanding of the essence, as well as expressiveness, images are very strongly typed in the poster and generalizations are widely used, color relationships are simplified, and minor details and symbolic designations are generally abandoned. The text should be extremely concise and understandable, and it is necessary that it blends seamlessly with the image. The font must match the content of the poster and be legible.

According to their purpose, posters are divided into several groups:

Political poster - is one of the main forms of political agitation, embodies the visual means of political tasks and slogans. Political posters are usually dedicated to the struggle for peace, aimed at exposing enemies, etc.

Information and advertising poster - solves the problem of information, advertises all kinds of holidays, international events, notifies about a variety of cultural and educational events, or has the task of familiarizing consumers with goods and services. Theatrical posters and movie posters are endowed with special qualities. Performing the tasks of advertising performances or films, they must reflect the style inherent in this spectacle, the creative aspirations of its authors.

Educational and instructive poster - promotes knowledge, working methods, various rules, etc. Unlike other types of poster, it contains a significant amount of text, a whole series of drawings and is intended for longer use.

Satiric posters have gained great importance.

Posters are created by artists and replicated by printing industry. Therefore, with the invention of new copiers and the development of printing, the circulation of campaign sheets increased.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site were used. http://www.redaktoram.ru

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Book graphics as an art form, its means of expression.

The role of book illustration in the formation of artistic and aesthetic taste in preschool children.

With a children's book, the baby meets in the very first years of his life. The book is one of the first works of art with which he meets.

The artist comes to the child when he still does not know how to speak, and, along with his parents, with the author of a children's book, becomes the first educator and teacher. It forms in children a love for beauty, high aesthetic feelings, artistic taste, love for the motherland.

Book graphics refers to pictorial views art. Like all types of art (painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture), it reflects reality through figurative, visual reproduction of its visible forms, conveys the appearance of objects and phenomena of the objective world, the whole variety of events and life processes perceived by vision. Fine art conveys this or that moment of development and movement, as if “stopping moments”, and helps a person to see the connections and relationships of objects real world, reveals the beauty of reality, sometimes hidden from a person by particulars, random details.

Fine art not only depicts the world, but also expresses the feelings and thoughts of the artist, his attitude to the displayed. This unity of image and expression, special and general, objective and subjective, rational and emotional determines the essence artistic image. Expressive means artwork- drawing, composition, coloring - "work" for the embodiment of the ideological and aesthetic concept of the artist, for the creation of a holistic picture of life, which makes it possible to highlight the main, basic, typical, essential in the depicted reality.

Graphics more than other types of fine arts is closer to writing, drawing, conventional sign, since its important graphic tool is the very plane of a white sheet of paper with lines, dots, strokes and spots applied to it.

Book graphics - illustration - these are drawings that figuratively explain the literary text, at the same time decorating the book, enriching its decorative structure. The peculiarity of illustration as a genre of fine arts is that its figurative structure is based on a given literary canvas and is subject to a specific task - to illuminate and explain the text. A truly artistic illustration always closely merges with the text of the book, forming an inseparable unity with it.

Main artistic medium illustration art for children is a figurative realistic disclosure of the ideas of literature and the phenomena of life, the meaning of everything that surrounds us. It is based on the imagery of children's thinking. The artist comes to the child when he still cannot speak, and the artist helps him to understand the content of the book.

The image of the hero is one of the most important points in illustration for children. In the book for little ones, the artistic image brings the child the most diverse concepts of the world around him, serves as the first measure of life phenomena.

The creation of an artistic image in an illustration for children is carried out using a set of specific means artistic expressiveness drawing graphics, colors, book page composition, book layout as a whole.

Color in a children's book is the artist's main assistant. As studies show, it plays an important role in the process of perception of illustrations by a child. This is due to the special emotionality of children, their increased responsiveness to color.

The complexity of children's attitude to color is clearly visible in their drawings, where color acts as a way of distinguishing objects, expressing emotions: often color performs and game function. For an artist who refers not only to color perception, but also to the "color imagination" of children, it is important that this imagination is controlled both by the impressions of the visible world and the emotional reaction to them, as well as by the specific game logic of the child. The task of the artist is to satisfy the child's need for color harmony. Introducing children to comprehend the laws of color harmony, the artist not only develops their aesthetic feelings, but also prepares his viewers for a full perception of many other phenomena of reality.

Although the word itself has Greek roots and means "I write", "I draw". In our time, it is an independent and multifaceted species, which has its own genres and canons.

Types of graphic art

According to its purpose graphic works are divided into the following types:

• Easel graphics. As an art form, it is close to painting, as it conveys vision and emotional world artist. Moreover, the master achieves this not due to the diversity of the palette of colors and various techniques their application to the canvas, but with the help of lines, strokes, spots and paper tones.
• Applied graphics as a form of fine art. Examples of it surround us everywhere, it has a specific purpose. For example, the illustration of books helps the reader to perceive its content more easily, posters and posters carry knowledge or advertising information. This also includes product labels, stamps, cartoons and many others.

Any kind of fine art (graphics, pictures are no exception) begins with a sketch of a drawing. All artists use it as the first step before writing the main canvas. It is in it that a projection of the position of the painting object in space is created, which is subsequently transferred to the canvas.

Graphic drawing

Graphics as a form of fine art, types of graphics of any direction begin with a drawing, as well as canvases in painting. For graphic drawing use paper, most often white, although options are possible.

his main hallmark is the contrast of two or more colors - black, white, gray. Other types of contrasts are possible, but even if the master uses a black pencil on white paper, the shades of the strokes are rich in variety from soft black to deep black.

Emotionally strong are drawings in black and white with the addition of one. It attracts the eye, and the focus of the viewer's eye is focused on a bright spot. Such graphics as a kind of fine art (the photo shows this very clearly) becomes an associative work when a bright accent evokes personal memories in the viewer.

Tools for creating a graphic drawing

The simplest and most accessible means are graphite pencils and regular ball pen. Also, masters like to use ink, charcoal, pastel, watercolor and sanguine.

The graphite pencil is the most popular tool. This is a wooden or metal case, in which either a greyish-black graphite rod is inserted, or a colored one, in which dyes are added.

They do not have a body, but their colors can be mixed to get new shades.

The ink has a rich black color, easily falls on paper, and is used for calligraphy, drafting and drawing. It can be applied with a pen or brush. To receive various shades black, ink is diluted with water.

Graphics as an art form has not bypassed such a tool as coal. Charcoal has been used for drawing since ancient times, and in the 19th century art charcoal was created from compressed coal powder and adhesive materials.

Modern masters of graphics also use felt-tip pens with a rod of different thickness.

Printed graphics

These are not all types used in printing.

book graphics

This type of fine art includes the following:

• Book miniature. An ancient way to design manuscripts, which was used in Ancient Egypt. In the Middle Ages, religious motifs were the main theme of miniatures, and secular subjects began to appear only from the 15th century. The main materials used by the miniature masters are gouache and watercolor.
• The design of the cover is the transfer of the emotional message of the book, its main theme. Here, the font, the size of the letters, and the pattern corresponding to its name should be harmonious. The cover presents the reader not only the author of the work, his work, but also Publishing House and the designer himself.
• Illustrations are used as an addition to the book, helping to create visual pictures for the reader for a more accurate perception of the text. This graphics as an art form originated in the days of printing, when manual miniatures were replaced by engravings. With illustrations, a person encounters in the very early childhood when he still does not know how to read, but learns fairy tales and their heroes through pictures.

Book graphics as a form of fine art in preschool education is learned through illustrated books, carrying information in pictures for the youngest children, and through text with explanatory pictures for older children.

Poster as an art form

Another representative of graphic art is the poster. Its main function is to convey information through short phrase with a reinforcing image. According to the scope of the posters are:

The poster is one of the most common types of graphics.

Applied Graphics

Another type of graphic art is the design of labels, envelopes, stamps and covers for videos and music discs.

• The label is a type of industrial graphics, the main purpose of which is to give the maximum about the product while minimum size Images. When creating a label, the color scheme is taken into account, which should cause the viewer to like and trust the product.
• Covers for discs carry the maximum information about the film or musical group passing it through the drawing.
• The graphic design of stamps and envelopes has a long history. The plots for them are most often events taking place in different countries, the world around and big holidays. Stamps can be issued as separate copies, as well as whole series, united by a single theme.

The stamp is perhaps the most common type of graphic art that has become a collector's item.

Modern graphics

With the advent of computer technology, the development the new kind graphic art - computer graphics. It is used to create and correct graphic images on the computer. Along with its emergence, new professions appeared, for example, a computer graphics designer.