19th century. He lived in the heyday of Russian culture, and his works became an adornment of Russian literature. Today, the name of the writer Turgenev is known to many, and even to schoolchildren, because his works are included in the compulsory school curriculum on literature.

Ivan Turgenev was born in the Orel province, in the glorious city of Orel in October 1818. His father was a hereditary nobleman, he served in the Russian army as an officer. Mother came from a family of wealthy landowners.

Turgenev family estate - Spasskoe-Lutovino. It was here that the childhood of the future famous Russian writer passed. On the estate, Ivan was brought up mainly by various teachers and tutors, both local and foreign.

In 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Here the boy is sent to a boarding school, where he is trained for about two years. In subsequent years, Ivan Turgenev studied at home, listening to the lessons of private teachers.

At the age of 15, in 1833, Ivan Sergeevich entered Moscow University. A year later, he will continue his studies in the capital of the Russian Empire, at St. Petersburg University. In 1836, studies at the university will be completed.

Two years later, Ivan Turgenev will go to Germany to Berlin, where he will listen to lectures by famous professors in philosophy and philology. In Germany, he spent a year and a half, and during this time he managed to get acquainted with Stankevich and Bakunin. Getting to know two famous figures culture left a big imprint on further development biographies of Ivan Sergeevich.

In 1841 Turgenev returned to Russian Empire. Living in Moscow, he is preparing for the master's exams. Here he met Khomyakov and Aksakov, and later met Herzen.

In 1843, Ivan Sergeevich entered the civil service. His new place of work was the “special office” under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the civil service, he worked for a short time, only two years. But during this time he managed to make friends with Belinsky and other members of the circle of a famous publicist and writer.

After his dismissal from the civil service, Turgenev went abroad for a while. Shortly before his departure, his essay "Khor and Kalinich" is published in Russia. Upon returning, he begins working in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1852, a book was published - a collection of Turgenev's works with the title "Notes of a Hunter". In addition to the works included in the collection for his authorship, there are such works (stories, plays, novels) as: “The Bachelor”, “A Month in the Village”, “The Freeloader”, “Provincial Girl”.

Dies in the same year. The sad event made a strong impression on Ivan Turgenev. He writes an obituary, which was banned by the censors. For free-thinking, he was arrested and imprisoned for a month.

After Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to a family estate in the Oryol province. A year later, he was allowed to return to the capital. During the time spent in exile, in the Oryol province, Turgenev wrote his most famous work - the story "Mumu". In subsequent years, he will write: "Rudin", " Noble Nest”,“ Fathers and Sons ”,“ On the Eve.

Later, in the life of the writer there was a break with the journal Sovremennik and with Herzen. Turgenev considered the revolutionary, socialist ideas of Herzen unviable. Ivan Sergeevich, one of the many writers who, at the beginning of their creative way were critical of royal power, and their minds were shrouded in revolutionary romance.

When the personality of Turgenev was fully realized, Ivan Sergeevich refused his thoughts and camaraderie with personalities like Herzen. Similar experiences were, for example, in Pushkin and.

Beginning in 1863, Ivan Turgenev lived and worked abroad. In the next decade of the 19th century, he again remembered the ideas of his youth, sympathized with the movement of the Narodnaya Volya. At the end of the decade he came to his homeland, where he was solemnly welcomed. Soon Ivan Sergeevich fell seriously ill, and in August 1883 he died. Turgenev, with his work, left a big mark on the development of Russian culture and literature.

Born in the city of Oryol on November 9 (October 28 according to the old style), 1818 in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev (1793-1834), was a retired cuirassier colonel. Mother, Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (before the marriage of Lutovinova) (1787-1850), came from a wealthy noble family. Up to 9 years old Ivan Turgenev lived in the hereditary estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, 10 km from Mtsensk, Oryol province. In 1827 Turgenevs to give their children an education, they settled in Moscow, in a house bought on Samotyok. After the parents went abroad, Ivan Sergeevich first he studied at the boarding house of Weidenhammer, then at the boarding house of the director of the Lazarev Institute, Krause. In 1833, 15-year-old Turgenev Entered the verbal faculty of Moscow University. where they studied at the time Herzen and Belinsky. A year later, after Ivan's older brother entered the Guards Artillery, the family moved to St. Petersburg, and Ivan Turgenev at the same time he moved to the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Timofey Granovsky became his friend. In 1834, he wrote the dramatic poem "The Wall", several lyric poems. The young author showed these pen trials to his teacher, professor Russian literature P. A. Pletnev. Pletnev called the poem a weak imitation of Byron, but noted that "there is something" in the author. By 1837 he had already written about a hundred small poems. At the beginning of 1837, an unexpected and short meeting with A. S. Pushkin takes place. In the first issue of the Sovremennik magazine for 1838, which after his death Pushkin published under the editorship of P. A. Pletnev, with the signature "- - -v" a poem was printed Turgenev"Evening", which is the debut of the author. In 1836 Turgenev completed the course with a valid student's degree. dreaming about scientific activity, he held again the following year final exam, received the degree of candidate, and in 1838 went to Germany. During the journey, a fire broke out on the ship, and the passengers miraculously managed to escape. Fearing for your life Turgenev asked one of the sailors to save him and promised him a reward from his rich mother if he could fulfill his request. Other passengers testified that the young man exclaimed plaintively: "To die so young!", while pushing women and children at the lifeboats. Fortunately, the shore was not far away. Once on the shore, the young man was ashamed of his cowardice. Rumors of his cowardice infiltrated society and became the subject of ridicule. The event played a certain negative role in the subsequent life of the author and was described by Turgenev in the novel Fire at Sea. Settling in Berlin Ivan took up studies. Listening to lectures at the university on the history of Roman and Greek literature, at home he studied the grammar of ancient Greek and Latin. Here he became close to Stankevich. In 1839 he returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he again left for Germany, Italy, Austria. Impressed by meeting a girl in Frankfurt am Main Turgenev later the story "Spring Waters" was written. In 1841 Ivan returned to Lutovinovo. He became interested in the seamstress Dunyasha, who in 1842 gave birth to his daughter Pelageya (Polina). Dunyasha was given in marriage, the daughter remained in an ambiguous position. At the beginning of 1842 Ivan Turgenev submitted a request to Moscow University for admission to the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. At the same time, he began his literary activity. The largest printed work of this time was the poem "Parasha", written in 1843. Not hoping for positive criticism, he took a copy of V. G. Belinsky to Lopatin's house, leaving the manuscript to the critic's servant. Belinsky highly appreciated Parasha, publishing two months later positive feedback in "Domestic Notes". From that moment, their acquaintance began, which eventually grew into a strong friendship. In the autumn of 1843 Turgenev first saw Pauline Viardot on stage opera house when the great singer came on tour to St. Petersburg. Then, while hunting, he met Polina's husband, director of the Italian Theater in Paris, famous critic and an art critic - Louis Viardot, and on November 1, 1843 he was introduced to Pauline herself. Among the mass of fans, she did not particularly single out Turgenev, known more as an avid hunter, and not a writer. And when her tour is over, Turgenev together with the Viardot family, he went to Paris against the will of his mother, without money and still unknown to Europe. In November 1845, he returned to Russia, and in January 1847, having learned about Viardot's tour in Germany, he left the country again: he went to Berlin, then to London, Paris, a tour of France and again to St. Petersburg. In 1846 participates in the update of Sovremennik. Nekrasov- his best friend. With Belinsky he went abroad in 1847 and in 1848 he lived in Paris, where he witnessed revolutionary events. He becomes close to Herzen, falls in love with Ogaryov's wife Tuchkova. In 1850-1852 he lived either in Russia or abroad. Most of the "Hunter's Notes" was created by the writer in Germany. Without an official marriage, Turgenev lived in the Viardot family. Pauline Viardot raised an illegitimate daughter Turgenev. This period includes several meetings with Gogol and Fetom.In 1846, the stories "Breter" and "Three Portraits" were published. Later, he wrote such works as The Freeloader (1848), The Bachelor (1849), The Provincial Girl, A Month in the Village, Calm (1854), Yakov Pasynkov (1855), Breakfast at the Leader "(1856), etc. "Mumu" he wrote in 1852, while in exile in Spassky-Lutovinovo because of an obituary for death Gogol, which, despite the ban, published in Moscow. In 1852, a collection was published short stories Turgenev under the general title "Notes of a Hunter", which was published in Paris in 1854. After the death of Nicholas I, four major works of the writer were published one after another: Rudin (1856), Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860) and Fathers and Sons (1862). The first two were published in Nekrasov's Sovremennik. The next two are in Russkiy Vestnik by M. N. Katkov. In 1860, N. A. Dobrolyubov’s article “When will the real day come?” was published in Sovremennik, in which the novel “On the Eve” and Turgenev’s work in general were rather harshly criticized . Turgenev set Nekrasov ultimatum: either he, Turgenev, or Dobrolyubov. The choice fell on Dobrolyubova, which later became one of the prototypes of the image of Bazarov in the novel "Fathers and Sons". Thereafter Turgenev left Sovremennik and stopped communicating with Nekrasov.Turgenev gravitates toward the circle of Western writers who profess the principles of " pure art”, which opposes the tendentious creativity of raznochintsev revolutionaries: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, D. V. Grigorovich, A. V. Druzhinin. For a short time, Leo Tolstoy also joined this circle, who for some time lived in an apartment Turgenev. After marriage Tolstoy on S. A. Bers Turgenev found in Tolstoy a close relative, but even before the wedding, in May 1861, when both prose writers were visiting A. A. Fet at the Stepanovo estate, a serious quarrel occurred between the two writers, which almost ended in a duel and ruined relations between writers for a long 17 years. Since the early 1860s Turgenev settled in Baden-Baden. The writer is actively involved in cultural life Western Europe, making acquaintances with the largest writers of Germany, France and England, promoting Russian literature abroad and acquainting Russian readers with the best works contemporary Western authors. Among his acquaintances or correspondents are Friedrich Bodenstedt, Thackeray, Dickens, Henry James, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Saint-Beuve, Hippolyte Taine, Prosper Mérimée, Ernest Renan, Theophile Gauthier, Edmond Goncourt, Emile Zola, Anatole France, Guy de Maupassant , Alphonse Daudet, Gustave Flaubert. In 1874, the famous bachelor dinners of five began in the Parisian restaurants of Rich or Pellet: Flaubert, Edmond Goncourt, Daudet, Zola and Turgenev. I. S. Turgenev acts as a consultant and editor of foreign translators of Russian writers, he himself writes prefaces and notes to translations of Russian writers into European languages, as well as to Russian translations of works by famous European writers. He translates Western writers into Russian and Russian writers and poets into French and German. This is how translations of Flaubert's works "Herodias" and "The Tale of St. Yuliana Merciful" for the Russian reader and Pushkin's works for the French reader. For some time Turgenev becomes the most famous and most widely read Russian author in Europe. In 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice-president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Despite living abroad, all thoughts Turgenev were still linked to Russia. He writes the novel "Smoke" (1867), which caused a lot of controversy in Russian society. According to the author's review, everyone scolded the novel: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side." The fruit of his intense reflections in the 1870s was the largest of Turgenev's novels, Nov (1877). Turgenev he was friends with the Milyutin brothers (comrade of the Minister of Internal Affairs and Minister of War), A. V. Golovnin (Minister of Education), M. Kh. Reitern (Minister of Finance). At the end of his life Turgenev decides to come to terms with Leo Tolstoy, he explains the significance of modern Russian literature, including creativity Tolstoy, Western reader. In 1880, the writer takes part in the Pushkin celebrations timed to coincide with the opening of the first monument to the poet in Moscow, organized by the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. The writer died in Bougival near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883 from myxosarcoma. Turgenev's body was, according to his desire, brought to St. Petersburg and buried at the Volkovo cemetery with a large gathering of people.

Artworks

1855 - "Rudin" - a novel
1858 - "The Noble Nest" - a novel
1860 - "On the eve" - ​​a novel
1862 - "Fathers and Sons" - a novel
1867 - "Smoke" - a novel
1877 - "Nov" - a novel
1844 - "Andrey Kolosov" - novel / story
1845 - "Three portraits" - novel / story
1846 - "Jew" - novel / story
1847 - "Breter" - novel / story
1848 - "Petushkov" - story / story
1849 - "Diary extra person"- story / story
1852 - "Mumu" - story / story
1852 - "Inn" - story / story
1852 - "Notes of a hunter" - a collection of stories
1851 - "Bezhin Meadow" - story
1847 - "Biryuk" - story
1847 - "Burgemistr" - story
1848 - "Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district" - story
1847 - "Two landowners" - a story
1847 - "Yermolai and the Miller's Woman" - story
1874 - "Living relics" - story
1851 - "Kasian with a beautiful sword" - story
1871-72 - "The End of Chertopkhanov" - story
1847 - "Office" - story
1847 - "Swan" - story
1848 - "Forest and steppe" - story
1847 - "Lgov" - story
1847 - "raspberry water" - story
1847 - "My neighbor Radilov" - story
1847 - "Ovsyannikov's Odnodvorets" - story
1850 - "Singers" - story
1864 - "Pyotr Petrovich Karataev" - story
1850 - "Date" - story
1847 - "Death" - story
1873-74-"Knocks!" - story
1847 - "Tatyana Borisovna and her nephew" - story
1847 - "County doctor" - story
1846-47-"Khor and Kalinich" - story
1848 - "Chertop-hanov and Nedopyuskin" - story
1855 - "Yakov Pasynkov" - novel / story
1855 - "Faust" - novel / story
1856 - "Calm" - novel / story
1857 - "Trip to Polissya" - novel / story
1858 - "Asya" - story / story
1860 - "First Love" - ​​novel / story
1864 - "Ghosts" - novel / story
1866 - "The Brigadier" - story / story
1868 - "Unfortunate" - story / story
1870 - "Strange story"- story / story
1870 - "The Steppe King Lear" - story / story
1870 - "Dog" - story / story
1871 - "Knock ... knock ... knock! .." - story / story
1872 - "Spring Waters" - a story
1874 - "Punin and Baburin" - novel / story
1876 ​​- "Hours" - novel / story
1877 - "Dream" - novel / story
1877 - "The Story of Father Alexei" - story / story
1881 - "The Song of Triumphant Love" - ​​novel / story
1881 - "Own master's office" - novel / story
1883 - "After death ( Clara Milic)" - story / story
1878 - "In memory of Yu. P. Vrevskaya" - a poem in prose
1882 - How good, how fresh were the roses ... - a poem in prose
1848 - "Where it is thin, there it breaks" - a play
1848 - "Freeloader" - a play
1849 - "Breakfast at the leader" - play
1849 - "The Bachelor" - a play
1850 - "A Month in the Village" - a play
1851 - "Provincial" - a play
1854 - "A few words about the poems of F. I. Tyutchev" - article
1860 - "Hamlet and Don Quixote" - article
1864 - "Speech on Shakespeare" - article

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian and world literature. His works excited society, raised new topics, presented new heroes of the time. Turgenev became the ideal for a whole generation of novice writers of the 60s of the 19th century. In his works, the Russian language sounded with new force, he continued the traditions of Pushkin and Gogol, raising Russian prose to unprecedented heights.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is honored in Russia, in his hometown Orel created a museum dedicated to the life of the writer, and the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo estate became a famous place of pilgrimage for connoisseurs of Russian literature and culture.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born in Orel in 1818. The Turgenev family was well off and well-born, but little Nikolai did not see real happiness. His parent, the owner of a large fortune and vast lands in the Oryol province, was wayward, cruel towards the serfs. The pictures taken away by Turgenev in childhood left a mark on the writer's soul, made him an ardent fighter against Russian slavery. The mother became the prototype of the image of the elderly lady in famous story"Mu Mu".

The father was on military service, had a good upbringing, refined manners. He was well-born, but rather poor. Perhaps this fact made him connect his life with Turgenev's mother. Soon the parents separated.

The family had two children, boys. The brothers received a good education. Life in Spassky-Lutovinovo, the estate of his mother, had a great influence on Ivan Turgenev. Here he met folk culture, communicated with the serfs.

Education

Moscow University - the young man Turgenev entered here in 1934. But after the first year future writer disappointed in the learning process, teachers. He transferred to St. Petersburg University, but even there he did not find a sufficiently high level of teaching. So he went abroad to Germany. A German university attracted him with a program of study of philosophy, which included the theories of Hegel.

Turgenev became one of the most educated people of his time. The first attempts at writing belong to this period. He acted as a poet. But the first poems were imitative, did not attract the attention of society.

After graduating from university, Turgenev came to Russia. He entered the Department of the Interior in 1843, hoping that he could contribute to the speedy abolition of serfdom. But he was soon disappointed public service did not welcome the initiative, and the blind execution of orders did not attract him ..

Turgenev's social circle abroad included the founder of the national revolutionary idea, M.A. Bakunin, and representatives of progressive Russian thought N.V. Stankevich and T.N. Granovsky.

Creation

The forties of the nineteenth century forced others to pay attention to Turgenev. The main direction for this stage: naturalism, the author carefully, with maximum accuracy, describes the character through the details, way of life, life. He believed that social status brought up

The most important works of this period:

1. "Parash".
2. "Andrey and the landowner".
3. "Three portraits".
4. "Recklessness".

Turgenev became close to the Sovremennik magazine. His first prose experiments were positively evaluated by Belinsky, the main literary critic 19th century. It became a ticket to the world of literature.

Since 1847, Turgenev began to create one of the most bright works Literature - "Notes of a hunter". The first story in this cycle was "Khor and Kalinich". Turgenev became the first writer to change his attitude towards the enslaved peasant. Talent, individuality, spiritual height - these qualities made the Russian people beautiful in the eyes of the author. At the same time, the heavy burden of slavery destroys best forces. The book "Notes of a Hunter" received a negative assessment from the government. Since then, the attitude of the authorities towards Turgenev was wary.

Eternal love

The main story of Turgenev's life is his love for Pauline Viardot. french Opera singer won his heart. But being married, she could make him happy. Turgenev followed her family, lived nearby. Most he spent his life abroad. Homesickness accompanied him to last days, vividly expressed in the cycle "Poems in Prose".

civil position

Turgenev was one of the first to raise the problems of modernity in his work. He analyzed the image of the advanced man of his time, covered the most important issues that excited society. Each of his novels became an event and the subject of furious discussion:

1. "Fathers and Sons".
2. "New".
3. "Fog".
4. "The day before".
5. "Rudin".

Turgenev did not become an adherent of revolutionary ideology, he was critical of new trends in society. He considered it a mistake to want to break everything old in order to build new world. Eternal ideals were dear to him. As a result, there was a break in his relationship with Sovremennik.

One of the important facets of the writer's talent is lyricism. His works are characterized by a detailed depiction of feelings, the psychology of the characters. Descriptions of nature are filled with love and understanding of the dim beauty of Russia in the middle zone.

Every year Turgenev came to Russia, his main route was St. Petersburg - Moscow - Spasskoye. Last year life became painful for Turgenev. A serious illness, sarcoma of the spine, for a long time brought him terrible torment and became an obstacle to visiting his homeland. The writer died in 1883.

Already during his lifetime, he was recognized as the best writer in Russia, his works were republished in different countries. In 2018, the country will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of the remarkable Russian writer.

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1817-1833)- Russian realist writer, poet, publicist, playwright, translator. One of the classics of Russian literature, who made the most significant contribution to its development in the second half of the 19th century.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev on his father's side belonged to an old noble family - the names of his ancestors were found in the descriptions historical events since the time of Ivan the Terrible.

AT Time of Troubles one of the Turgenevs - Pyotr Nikitich - was executed at the Execution Ground for denouncing False Dmitry.

The writer's father began his service in the cavalry regiment and by the time of the meeting with future wife was in the rank of lieutenant. Mother is a wealthy landowner, the owner of the Spasskoye estate in the Mtsensk district of the Oryol province.

The entire management of the Spasskoye estate was in the hands of Varvara Petrovna's mother. Around the spacious two-story manor house, built in the shape of a horseshoe, gardens were laid out, greenhouses and greenhouses were arranged. The alleys formed the Roman numeral XIX, denoting the century in which Spasskoe arose. The boy began to notice early on that everything around was subject to the arbitrariness and whims of the owner of the estate. The realization of this darkened the love for Spassky and his nature.

Childhood and youthful memories of life in Spasskoye deeply sunk into the soul of Turgenev and were later reflected in his stories. "My biography," he once said, "is in my works." Separate character traits of Varvara Petrovna are guessed in the images of some of Turgenev's heroines ("Mumu").

The home library had many books in Russian, English, German but most of the books were in French.

Some misunderstandings constantly occurred with tutors and home teachers. They were changed frequently. The future writer was occupied by nature, hunting, and fishing.

But now the time has come to part with Spassky for a long time. The Turgenevs decided to move to Moscow in order to prepare their children for admission to educational establishments. We bought a house on Samotek. First, the children were placed in a boarding school, after leaving it, hard work with teachers again: preparations were underway for entering the University. As a result, teachers noted high level adolescent development. The father in letters encourages his sons to write more letters in Russian, and not in French and German. Turgenev was not yet fifteen years old when he applied to Moscow University, to the verbal department.

The beginning of the 1830s was marked by the stay at the University of such wonderful people like Belinsky, Lermontov, Goncharov, Turgenev and others. But the future writer studied there for only a year. His parents moved to St. Petersburg, and he transferred to the philological department of the Philosophical Faculty of St. Petersburg University. Soon Turgenev began to write a dramatic poem. Small poems were created by him back in Moscow. In the first year of his life in St. Petersburg there was a meeting with Zhukovsky, he became close to Professor P. A. Pletnev, with Granovsky. A. S. Pushkin became the idol of friends. Turgenev was not yet eighteen years old when his first work appeared.

To complete his education, he leaves for the University of Berlin. The German professors were struck by the unquenchable thirst for knowledge among Russian students, their readiness to sacrifice everything to the truth, the thirst for activity for the good of the motherland. In early December 1842, Turgenev returned from abroad to St. Petersburg. He devotes himself to creative work with a vengeance.

In 1843, Turgenev joined the office of the Minister of the Interior. In the same year, he met Belinsky, who had a considerable influence on the formation of the literary and social views of the young writer. In 1846, Turgenev wrote several works: Brether, Three Portraits, Freeloader, Provincial Girl, etc. In 1852 one of the the best stories writer - "Mumu". The story was written while serving a link in Spassky-Lutovinovo. In 1852, Notes of a Hunter appeared, and after the death of Nicholas I, 4 major works by Turgenev were published: On the Eve, Rudin, Fathers and Sons, and Noble Nest.

Turgenev gravitated toward the circle of Western writers. In 1863, together with the Viardot family, he left for Baden-Baden, where he actively participated in cultural life and made acquaintances with best writers Western Europe. Among them were Dickens, George Sand, Prosper Merimee, Thackeray, Victor Hugo and many others. Soon he became the editor of foreign translators of Russian writers. In 1878 he was appointed vice-president at an international congress on literature held in Paris. The following year, Turgenev was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Living abroad, he was also drawn to his homeland with his soul, which was reflected in the novel Smoke (1867). The largest in volume was his novel "Nov" (1877). I. S. Turgenev died near Paris on August 22 (September 3), 1883. The writer was buried according to his will in St. Petersburg.

Russian writer, corresponding member of the Puturburg Academy of Sciences (1880). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talents of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels Rudin (1856), The Noble Nest (1859), On the Eve (1860), Fathers and Sons (1862), the stories Asya (1858), Spring Waters (1872) ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novel "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russian peasants abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical Poems in Prose (1882). Master of Language and psychological analysis. Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.

Biography

Born October 28 (November 9 n.s.) in Orel in a noble family. Father, Sergei Nikolaevich, a retired hussar officer, came from an old noble family; mother, Varvara Petrovna, from a wealthy landowning family of the Lutovinovs. Turgenev's childhood passed in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo. He grew up in the care of "tutors and teachers, Swiss and Germans, homegrown uncles and serf nannies."

With the family moving to Moscow in 1827, the future writer was sent to a boarding school and spent about two and a half years there. Further education continued under the guidance of private teachers. Since childhood, he knew French, German, English.

In the autumn of 1833, before reaching the age of fifteen, he entered Moscow University, and the following year he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated in 1936 in the verbal department of the philosophical faculty.

In May 1838 he went to Berlin to listen to lectures on classical philology and philosophy. He met and became friends with N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin, meetings with whom were of much greater importance than the lectures of Berlin professors. Spent more than two years abroad academic years, combining classes with long journeys: he traveled around Germany, visited Holland and France, lived in Italy for several months.

Returning to his homeland in 1841, he settled in Moscow, where he prepared for the master's exams and attended literary circles and salons: met with Gogol, Aksakov, Khomyakov. On one of the trips to St. Petersburg with Herzen.

In 1842, he successfully passed the master's exams, hoping to get a professorship at Moscow University, but since philosophy was taken under suspicion by the Nikolaev government, the departments of philosophy were abolished at Russian universities, and it was not possible to become a professor.

In 1843, Turgenev entered the service of an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior, where he served for two years. In the same year, an acquaintance with Belinsky and his entourage took place. Turgenev's social and literary views during this period were determined mainly by the influence of Belinsky. Turgenev published his poems, poems, dramatic works, story. The critic guided his work with his assessments and friendly advice.

In 1847 Turgenev went abroad for a long time: love for the famous French singer Pauline Viardot, whom he met in 1843 during her tour of St. Petersburg, took him away from Russia. He lived for three years in Germany, then in Paris and on the estate of the Viardot family. Even before leaving, he submitted an essay "Khor and Kalinich" to Sovremennik, which was a resounding success. The following essays from folk life published in the same journal for five years. In 1852 they came out as a separate book called Notes of a Hunter.

In 1850, the writer returned to Russia, as an author and critic he collaborated in Sovremennik, which became a kind of center of Russian literary life.

Impressed by Gogol's death in 1852, he published an obituary banned by the censors. For this he was arrested for a month, and then sent to his estate under the supervision of the police without the right to travel outside the Oryol province.

In 1853 it was allowed to come to St. Petersburg, but the right to travel abroad was returned only in 1856.

Along with the "hunting" stories, Turgenev wrote several plays: "The Freeloader" (1848), "The Bachelor" (1849), "A Month in the Country" (1850), "Provincial Girl" (1850). During his arrest and exile, he created the stories "Mumu" (1852) and "Inn" (1852) on a "peasant" theme. However, he was increasingly occupied with the life of the Russian intelligentsia, to whom the novel "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850) is dedicated; "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855); "Correspondence" (1856). Work on stories facilitated the transition to the novel.

In the summer of 1855, the novel "Rudin" was written in Spassky, and in subsequent years, novels: in 1859 "The Noble Nest"; in 1860 "On the Eve", in 1862 "Fathers and Sons".

The situation in Russia was changing rapidly: the government announced its intention to free the peasants from serfdom, preparations for the reform began, giving rise to numerous plans for the upcoming reorganization. Turgenev took an active part in this process, became Herzen's unspoken collaborator, sending accusatory material to the Kolokol magazine, and collaborated with Sovremennik, which gathered around him the main forces of advanced literature and journalism. Writers different directions At first they acted as a united front, but sharp disagreements soon arose. There was a break between Turgenev and the Sovremennik magazine, which was caused by Dobrolyubov's article "When the real one will come day?", dedicated to Turgenev's novel "On the Eve", in which the critic predicted the imminent appearance of the Russian Insarov, the approach of the day of the revolution. Turgenev did not accept such an interpretation of the novel and asked Nekrasov not to print this article. Nekrasov took the side of Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky, and Turgenev left His polemic with Herzen on the question of the further paths of development of Russia, which led to a divergence between them, dates back to 1862 1863. Pinning hopes on reforms "from above", Turgenev considered Herzen's faith in the revolutionary and socialist aspirations of the peasantry unfounded.

Since 1863, the writer settled with the Viardot family in Baden-Baden. At the same time, he began to collaborate with the liberal-bourgeois Vestnik Evropy, in which all his subsequent major works were published, including last novel"New" (1876).

Following the Viardot family, Turgenev moved to Paris. During the days of the Paris Commune, he lived in London, after its defeat he returned to France, where he remained until the end of his life, spending the winters in Paris, and the summer months outside the city, in Bougival, and making short trips to Russia every spring.

The public upsurge of the 1870s in Russia, connected with the attempts of the populists to find a revolutionary way out of the crisis, the writer met with interest, became close to the leaders of the movement, and provided financial assistance in the publication of the collection Vperyod. reawakened his longstanding interest in folk theme, returned to the "Notes of a Hunter", supplementing them with new essays, wrote the novels "Punin and Baburin" (1874), "Hours" (1875), etc.

A social revival began among the student youth, among the general strata of society. Turgenev's popularity, once shaken by his break with Sovremennik, has now recovered again and is growing rapidly. In February 1879, when he arrived in Russia, he was honored on literary evenings and gala dinners, strenuously inviting them to stay in their homeland. Turgenev was even inclined to stop his voluntary exile, but this intention was not carried out. In the spring of 1882, the first signs of a serious illness appeared, which deprived the writer of the opportunity to move (cancer of the spine).

On August 22 (September 3, n.s.), 1883, Turgenev died in Bougival. According to the writer's will, his body was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.