Presentation of the book "objects of cultural heritage of the Chuvash Republic". World Cultural Heritage is just a business object

Application

to the republican target
program "Culture of Chuvashia:
2010–2020"

subroutine
"Cultural heritage in the Chuvash Republic"

I. problem description,
which the subprogram is aimed at solving

There are 776 cultural heritage sites in the Chuvash Republic. The List of objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) located on the territory of the Chuvash Republic includes 681 objects (54 objects of federal significance, 627 - regional), 95 objects are included in the list of newly discovered monuments of history and culture. There are 5 historical settlements (cities) in the republic - Cheboksary, Alatyr, Tsivilsk, Yadrin, Mariinsky Posad.

On the present stage a set of measures is being carried out aimed at identifying, studying and preserving objects that are of value in terms of history, archeology, architecture, urban planning and monumental art.

Repair- restoration work in 2005–2008 were held at 22 cultural heritage sites, including 9 monuments of federal significance: the Vvedensky Cathedral (Cheboksary), the House of the Peasant (Cheboksary), the Solovtsov House (Cheboksary), the House of F. Efremov ( Cheboksary), the House of N. Efremov (Cheboksary), the Tikhvin Convent (Tsivilsk), the Teacher's Seminary (the village of Poretskoye), the Ascension Church (the village of Semenovskoye, Poretsky District), the Lobachevsky House (Kozlovka) , and on 13 monuments regional significance: Chuvash building state theater dolls (Cheboksary), the building of the first university of Chuvashia (Cheboksary), the House of P. Efremov (Cheboksary), the Assumption Cathedral (Cheboksary), the Kiev-Nikolaev Convent (Alatyr), the building of the former school ( Alatyr), house number 66, a monument of wooden architecture
(Alatyr), House of merchant Sapozhnikov (Mariinsky Posad), House of merchant Sosnin (Mariinsky Posad), Church of the Intercession (village of Pokrovskoye, Mariinsky-Posadsky district), House of Baron Zhomeni (city of Kozlovka), residential house (village of Poretskoe), Trinity Church (village of Bolshie Shemerdyany, Yadrinsky district). The volume of funds spent on repair and restoration work for the indicated years amounted to 100.8 million rubles, including 22.3 million rubles from the republican budget of the Chuvash Republic.

At the same time, a number of unresolved problems remain in the field of conservation, use and state protection of cultural heritage sites. A significant part of cultural heritage sites with importance for the history and culture of the Chuvash Republic, needs restoration, conservation, restoration and adaptation for modern use. 14 monuments of architecture and urban planning are in disrepair, among them the Church of St. John the Baptist (village of Bolshoi Sundyr, Yadrinsky district), St. Nicholas Church (village of Chiganary, Yadrinsky district), the complex of buildings of the Alatyr spiritual desert (the Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, the chapel, the Church of John Voina), the Church of St. Nicholas (the village of Nikolskoye, Yadrinsky district), the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (the city of Alatyr), the house at the Church of St. Nicholas (the city of Alatyr), the house in which Chuvash writers lived and (the village of Karachevo, Kozlovsky district), House of the composer A. Togaev (Mariinsky Posad), residential house with cellars (village of Yalushevo, Alatyrsky district), Church of the Intercession
(Akhmatovo village, Alatyrsky district), Alekseevskaya church (Yadrin town).

One of the most important directions of the subprogram is the formation of a system of state registration of cultural heritage objects. It is necessary to conduct monitoring studies in order to identify complete information about the number, condition, nature of use, owners, tenants and users of cultural heritage sites. The monitoring data and the systematic presentation of its results on digital media will create an electronic base for the state protection of cultural heritage sites. It is planned to complete the process of concluding security obligations, issuing passports for historical and cultural monuments in accordance with the Federal Law “On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of peoples Russian Federation". The activities of the subprogram also provide for the preparation and publication of the Code of cultural heritage objects located on the territory of the Chuvash Republic.

Particularly acute is the problem of preserving cultural heritage sites located on the territories of historical settlements (cities). The historical appearance and originality of the years is lost. Cheboksary, Alatyr, Tsivilsk, Yadrin, Mariinsky Posad as a result of demolition, reconstruction of historical buildings without taking into account its specifics, construction of new buildings without taking into account the existing appearance of the historical zone. The most valuable buildings-monuments located on the territory of the Poretsky district require urgent emergency response work.

The total amount of funds for the entire period of the subprogram implementation is 0 thousand rubles.

Financing of the activities of the subprogram is reflected in Table. 2.

table 2

Funding volumes of the subprogram

The fire on the bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent on March 15 this year has already become an occasion for gloomy conspiracy theories. The stingy official information, according to which “the building did not receive serious damage” and “the bells were not damaged”, does not fit in with the opinion of experts. An official conclusion about the causes of the fire in the Novodevichy Convent will be made on the basis of an examination carried out by the Ministry of Emergency Situations. However, it is already clear now: the usual version of someone's negligence will not suit anyone.

The Novodevichy Bell Tower, like the entire monastery, is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List along with the Church of the Ascension in Kolomna and the Moscow Kremlin. The last time the Novodevichy Convent burned before the death of Ivan the Terrible was in March 1584. And the monastery bell tower was last repaired in 1998, before the default: then, during a hurricane, a cross fell from it. Now many also see in the fire that happened. secret meaning: see this as a symbol of the coming crisis. The information that Our Version managed to collect also leads to more mundane thoughts.

What are the bells talking about?

The preliminary cause of the fire in the bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent was named almost immediately: careless handling of fire. But the Stroykomplekt company, which carried out the restoration, said: all work on the bell tower that caught fire was completed 12 hours before the start of the fire.

The second inconsistency in this story concerns what, and to what extent, was damaged by the fire. The contractors immediately reported cheerfully: “The building did not receive serious damage - the fire mainly affected the structure of the temporary scaffolding. The structures of the cross, the cross apple and the cone were deformed and damaged. The message published on the website of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation is no less optimistic: “The scaffolding burned down, there was no fire penetration into the bell tower, therefore, most likely, the bell tower body was not damaged, except for the soot from the fire.” Deputy Minister of Culture of Russia Grigory Pirumov assured: "Serious damage to the monastery has not been caused." Calling the tour desk of the Novodevichy Convent, I found out that "the bells did not melt during the fire, the appearance of the monastery was not damaged, it did not close after the fire, the tours did not stop."

However, there are other estimates of the scale of the fire. So, the architect Konstantin Mikhailov is skeptical: “I am definitely not satisfied with the victorious reports that everything is in order. For several hours, the bell tower was exposed to fire, then water. What is the state of the masonry after that? Has she cracked? In what condition is the structure of the upper tiers? What is the state of the beam with wooden elements on which the ancient bell hangs? What happened to the bell itself? How did all this affect the white stone columns, architraves, carved scallops?

To date, no one has answered these questions...

You can see how much the dome melted

Immediately after the fire was extinguished, experts claimed that the bell tower was practically not damaged. But already in the afternoon, with the naked eye, it was clear how badly the dome had melted. Its main value is the unique selection of bells. One of them (400 tons) was created with the personal money of Princess Sophia. The material from which the domes are cast can melt even at low temperatures. Now there is no evidence that they survived the fire.

On this topic

The building, which received the status of an object of cultural heritage only in April of this year, was demolished by the owners of the land on which it was located. "Obkomovskaya dacha" in the center of Orenburg prevented the construction of a residential complex.

Coordinator social movement"Arkhnadzor" Sergey Klychkov also tends to doubt that the bells are not damaged. Here is what he told Our Version: “Ringers are now speaking cautiously: they say, the damage is not so great. The temperature at which bronze melts is 1200 degrees Celsius. But even at a lower temperature, the chemical composition of this metal changes. It is difficult to predict how the sound of the bell will change after this. Of course, a professional bell ringer should evaluate this. But will he want to talk about it?

The senior bell ringer of the Moscow Kremlin cathedrals, Igor Konovalov, believes: “If the bell “flowed” under the influence of a strong fire, then in some cases it is impossible to restore it.” If these fears are confirmed, then a whole layer in the history of Russia will perish ...

One way or another, the Novodevichy Convent, in which most of the services are conducted by the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Kirill, may be left without a bell for a long time. Art historians fear that the fire destroyed the 16th-century bells forever. The fact is that they are unique, like, for example, a Stradivarius violin. It is impossible to restore them.

How to save on restoration?

The version of careless handling of fire disappeared immediately: according to the information of the representative of the Stroykomplekt company, which is carrying out the restoration, the heat guns were completely de-energized at the time of ignition. Following this, in the depths of law enforcement agencies, they started talking about the fact that the fire in the Novodevichy Convent could have been set up by gold leaf hunters who had climbed onto the scaffolding. “Gilding work was carried out on the dome of the bell tower. We have, unfortunately, people whose brain turns off at the word “gold”. And it doesn’t matter anymore whether it’s jewelry, leaf or samovar,” a source in the city’s law enforcement agencies said.

The Archnadzor movement put forward their own version of what happened. "AT civilized countries wooden scaffolding under restoration cultural object no one has been using this value for a long time, - Sergey Klychkov, the coordinator of this movement, explained to Our Version. - Recently I was in Italy - I did not see wooden scaffolding at all. Now in the course of metal scaffolding. If they are not there, they take a metal frame with a special impregnation so that they are not combustible. In my opinion, the use of antediluvian wooden scaffolding in the restoration of a world-class cultural monument is more than negligence. The scaffolding was assembled with a complete violation of technology, as a result, they began to burn en masse. Why, when repairing VDNKh, did they use metal scaffolding using modern technology? Why was the restoration of a unique historical monument, a UNESCO site, entrusted to a contractor without testing its technologies, without assessing the risks? Where were the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Department of Cultural Heritage? Why did they appear only after the fire? There is one more nuance. Now there are few high-class restorers with experience, they are expensive, and instead they often use low-quality labor of low-skilled workers, because everything is stricken with corruption. I look with horror at the restoration of the Spasskaya Tower and am tormented by the question: is it insured against fire?

Fires have become more frequent during the crisis

Another version follows from the comment of the representative of Arkhnadzor, which so far has not officially appeared anywhere. Most likely, it will not be voiced in its expert opinion by the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Department of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture will not be mentioned, and the Moscow Patriarchate will not remember it either.

Recall that the restoration work of the bell tower of the Novodevichy Convent began in 2014. The corresponding order was given to the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev by the President of Russia Vladimir Putin. It was supposed to develop a set of measures to recreate the historical appearance of the monastery. Last year, the Ministry of Culture allocated 1 billion rubles for design and construction work, in 2015 it was planned to allocate 2 billion, in 2016 - 1.5 billion, and in the first half of 2017 -

0.8 billion rubles. In total, about 5.3 billion rubles. But due to the crisis, the amounts began to decrease.

Here is how Protodeacon Andrei Kuraev describes the situation: “The Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has now allocated almost 800 million rubles for the further restoration of the Novodevichy Convent. With these funds, it is planned to repair the walls and towers of the convent, the Singing Chambers, the Lopukhin Chambers, the Cellar Chambers and the Irininsky Chambers. Before the fire, the documentation looked different. "The purchase is made on the basis of the organizational and financial plan of the federal target program "Culture of Russia (2012-2018)" for 2015 (paragraph 58. Preservation of cultural heritage sites, monuments of history and culture of religious significance, which are in federal ownership)", - says in the tender documentation. But in the fall of 2014, the editorial of the same resolution comes out. Article 58 is reduced by 140 million. Protodeacon Andrey Kuraev comments on this as follows: “The ease of financial maneuvering is surprising - in the middle of a financial year, hundreds of millions can be so easily transferred from one object to another, and not at all those who were accidentally affected by a fire. It was repeatedly reported that only scaffolding burned down in Novodevichy and only the dome of the bell tower was damaged, neither the towers nor the walls were damaged in any way. It looks like the fire is nothing more than a pretext for this financial transaction.”

Of course, this is just a guess. But it's not worth taking it off. The cause of the fire, of course, will be established by accusing someone once again of negligence. But the problem remains: now even the World Cultural Heritage site, which is under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate, is no longer a shrine, but simply a business item.

Novodevichy Convent was founded in the 16th century Vasily III in memory of the capture of Smolensk, which was under the rule of Lithuania for more than a century. This completed the formation of a unified and independent Moscow state. Throughout its existence, the monastery has played a huge role in the history of the country. For example, in troubled times, the monastery was a refuge for royal persons, and in the 17th century Princess Sophia was imprisoned there. In 1812, the French retreating from Moscow wanted to blow up the monastery, but, according to legend, one of the nuns managed to pour water over the wicks that were brought into the cellar.

June 26th, 2014

Bulgarian settlement X - XV centuries. medieval city - a monument of the federal value is located in the Russian Federation, on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, 200 km. from Kazan.

Who knew about this historical object? Let's take a closer look at it...

Photo 2.

On the banks of the full-flowing Volga, thirty kilometers below the mouth of the Kama, there is one of the remarkable monuments of our cultural heritage - the Bolgar settlement - the capital of one of the earliest state associations in Eastern Europe.

The city of Bolgar was a political, economic and cultural center Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Here was the headquarters of the khan, coins were minted, crafts developed.

Emerged from the beginning of the X century. Bulgarian, thanks to its convenient geographic location, is developing into an international trading center. Merchants from Russia and Central Asia, Iran, Byzantium and distant China often visit the trading suburb of Bolgar Aga Bazaar.

The Bolgar settlement is surrounded by an earthen rampart and a moat with a length of more than 5 km. The territory includes an archaeological cultural layer 5 m deep, with seven cultural strata from the 5th century BC. AD up to the present, representing the most valuable archaeological heritage, a number of stone and brick buildings for public and religious purposes, preserved from the XIII - XIV centuries. Area 424 ha, buffer zone 2819 ha. On the eastern side, the ancient settlement adjoins the city of Bolgar, the regional center of the Republic of Tatarstan, on the western side, to the village of Privolzhsky and occupies the edge of the indigenous Volga terrace, about 30 m high. the village of Bolgari is located with preserved houses and a traditional way of life, where 98 residents currently live. On the basis of the Bolgar settlement in 1969, the Bulgarian State Historical and Architectural Museum - a reserve financed from the republican budget was created. The Concept for the Development of the Museum-Reserve for 2009-2019, the Integrated Project "Cultural Heritage of Tatarstan: the ancient city of Bolgar and the island - the city of Sviyazhsk" for 2010-2015 were prepared and approved. In order to organize work on the preservation and restoration of monuments in 2010, the Republican Fund for the Revival of Historical and Cultural Monuments and an expert Council were created, which included recognized international, Russian and Tatarstan scientists and specialists.

Photo 3.

In the VIII - IX centuries. Bulgarian tribes left the Azov region and migrated to the region of the Middle Volga region. At the end of the 9th - beginning of the 10th centuries, the Bulgarians, having entered into interaction with the Finno-Ugric tribes, founded the state of Volga Bulgaria. In the X-XI centuries, the city of Bolgar was the capital of Volga Bulgaria, one of the largest early medieval states in Eastern Europe, and later, in the XIII century. the city became the first capital of the Golden Horde (Ulus Jochi) and one of the largest economic centers of this state in the 13th - early 15th centuries.

Over time, the city of Bolgar was built up and flourished, the Khan's Palace and the Cathedral Mosque towered in the center. Scientists and poets worked here. History has preserved the names of such prominent people as the poet Kul Gali, the historian Yakub ibn Nugman, the philosopher Hamid al-Bulgari. The wide spread of literacy among the population is shown by inscriptions on fragments of ceramics, on jewelry and on stone.

But the peaceful development of the Bulgarian people, which reached turn XII- XIII centuries of its heyday, was interrupted by the Mongol invasion. “Taking the glorious Great City of Bulgaria, beating with weapons from an old man to an unborn, and to a living baby, and taking a lot of goods, and burning their city with fire and capturing the whole land,”- says in the Russian chronicle about the events of 1236.

Unlike other Bulgarian cities that lost their importance, the city of Bolgar quickly recovered from the destruction and in the second half of the XIII - the first half of the XIV centuries. reached its second heyday. Russian chronicles call him the Great Bolgar, and eastern sources - the "Golden Throne". In the 60s of the XIV century, the city was surrounded by an earthen rampart and powerful oak walls. It turned into one of the largest cities in Europe, where more than 50 thousand people lived.

Photo 4.

Modern Bolgar is a vast settlement surrounded by a rampart and a moat more than five kilometers long, where architectural monuments of the XIII-XIV centuries are located, such as the Cathedral Mosque, the Eastern and Northern mausoleums, the Khan's tomb, the Small Minaret, the Black Chamber, the White Chamber, the Khan's Bath and numerous archaeological sites.

The Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex is a unique evidence of the existence in the 10th-15th centuries of powerful early medieval states - Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde and civilization, which disappeared with them in the 16th century, but for many years to come, up to our time, determined the features faith, culture, customs and traditions of the peoples in this geo-cultural region, ancient civilization, which laid the foundation for the modern Tatar ethnic group, the second largest nation in Russia and other peoples of the Volga-Urals. At present, the Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex is the only real trace of the existence of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde during its heyday.
The spatial organization of the Complex is perfect example advanced urbanism in Eurasia, which is one of the main signs of civilization. Another important sign of civilization is the presence of coinage, their circulation and the development of monetary and weight systems. In the X century. and 1240 - 1330. Bolgars minted silver and copper coins. The development of handicrafts, international, interregional and domestic trade, the interaction of cultures of different peoples, the symbiosis of cultures of settled and nomadic peoples are well traced by archaeological finds of the 10th-15th centuries.

The Bulgarian Complex is an outstanding example of Muslim medieval architecture and archeology and is the best preserved monument in Eastern Europe. This is the northernmost monument of Muslim architecture in the world, a unique and practically the only example of the Bulgarian-Tatar architecture of the XIII-XIV centuries. in Eurasia, demonstrating a high level and original character.

Photo 5.

This is a sacred place for all Muslims, the place of the official adoption of Islam by the Volga Bulgarians in 922. For Muslims, this place has a special spiritual aura, which is an intangible heritage the highest level. This is a place of traditional religious worship and pilgrimage of Muslims to their shrines since the 16th century.

In 1998, Bolgar was presented by the Russian Federation along with the Kazan Kremlin and Sviyazhsk to the Tentative List of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage as Bulgarian historical and architectural complex and recommended by ICOMOS, under criterion III. In December 2001, at the 25th session of the World Heritage Committee in Helsinki (Finland), it was decided that the applicant country should submit a revised nomination dossier, which would describe in more detail the history of the movement of peoples and the organization of a seminar on the authenticity and reconstruction of the Great Minaret. Revised nomination as Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex was presented by the Russian Federation to the UNESCO World Heritage Center by February 1, 2012. In October 2012, a visit to Tatarstan by ICOMOS expert Professor Zsolt Vichy took place in order to assess whether Bolgar met UNESCO criteria.

Photo 6.

Photo 7.

As part of the annual session of the Intergovernmental Committee for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which ended on June 25, 2014 in Doha, a number of significant objects were added to the list of world attractions. The committee members considered candidates in 38 nominations in 40 countries of the world. So this year, the Bulgarian historical and archaeological complex located on the territory of Russia, the Maresha National Park - Beit Guvrin in the Judean Valley in Israel, etc. were noted.

Photo 18.

Archaeologists working in Tatarstan received information from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences about the discovery of a treasure with silver items from the second half of the 13th century. In the Bolgar settlement, on the territory of the historical and architectural Bulgarian reserve, where Bulgar, the capital of the Volga Bulgaria, was located in X-XIV, an expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the Institute of Archeology of the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan is now working together.

The treasure, found in the 1236 layer, was placed in a wooden box, from which the birch bark bottom was preserved, and wrapped in cloth. The major part of the hoard consists of round silver ingots, which served as the equivalent of money in the Volga Bulgaria. These bars weigh more than 5 kilograms. Also found were two braided bracelets made of silver wire and an iron armor-piercing arrowhead,

Photo 8.

Who is interested in this topic in more detail, let me tell you about this battle:

Crossed swords marked the place of the last battle of the Bulgarian soldiers. Now - Zolotarevskoe settlement.

In 1236, huge hordes of nomads flooded into our Motherland - Volga Bulgaria. The invaders were led by the old commander of Genghis Khan-Temuchin - Subedei. Then he was already a commander and guardian of Temuchin's grandson - Batu, the son of Jochi. A huge armada, estimated by some researchers to reach 300,000 warriors, devastated the rich and peaceful country of the Huns on the Volga. Since those sad events in 2013 will be 777 years.

777 years - three sad Chuvash sevens. Chuvash is the last fragment of the Xiongnu-Bulgarian languages. Modern Chuvashia begins from those years. The remnants of the Volga - Bolgar, Suvar, Askil (Esgil), Barsil, Baranjar - the five main kingdoms that made up Volga Bulgaria, were forced to seek salvation on the other side of the Kama and the Volga. Part of the Bolgars left for Kama, finding salvation in the forests of the Ars (Udmurt and Komi). Modern Arsk is the stronghold of this part of the Bolgars, mainly of the Islamic persuasion.
Some of these Trans-Kama Bulgarians, by inertia-salvation, moved further along the Vyatka and Kama. They eventually mixed with the Udmurts, giving rise to a special Udmurt subgroup of the Besermens. So in Russia they called the Volga Bulgarians.

The other part, mostly not very Islamized Suvars, escaped by crossing the Volga. Here, the forest areas were inhabited by Cheremis (Mari) called Mountain Cheremis, due to the higher relief of the right side of the Volga than the left. The Suvar Bulgarians, who fled beyond the Volga in the Cheremis forests, partly pushed out the local population, partly assimilated. According to the medieval map of the Venetian cartographer Fra Mauro, a city named Veda Suar is displayed on the site of the modern city of Cheboksary. In the Chuvash transcription, it can be read as Vede Suvar - Small Suvar, from "Vede" - small, tiny. The forerunner Cheboksary (Shubashkar) became the stronghold of this surviving part of the Volga Bolgars.

Many Bulgarians fled even further, to the borders of the Russian principalities, seeking salvation there. But, as you know, not for long. Apparently, this operation to evacuate the civilian population was facilitated by the cunning and selfless maneuver of the Bulgarian soldiers, who lured the main forces of the invaders into the forests of the Sura to a fortified point, now known as the Zolotarevskoye settlement. The last Bulgarian heroes died here.

Subsequently, the Bulgarians of Zakamye were strongly influenced by the state language of the Golden Horde - Tatar.
This influence was especially significant after the adoption of Islam by the Golden Horde and the creation of the Kazan Khanate, and the resettlement of the bulk of the Tatars to the territory of Volga Bulgaria. In fact, the Bulgarians spoke a language that differed little from Turkic languages, completely merged with the steppe population.

Beyond the Volga, over the centuries, much has also changed. Here, the Bulgarians departed from Islam, using forest Cheremis skills in everyday life and preferring practical paganism. Completely moved away from the hostile Turkic-Altaic world. According to the memoirs of Kurbsky, the Chuvashs settlements set at the "great cities", i.e. they fenced them with a high palisade, being in constant danger of invasion. Loud conversations were forbidden, which is why the language acquired a soft character, replete with hissing sounds. The ethnonym "Suvar" - "Suvash" was subsequently transformed into "Chuvash". In the sources, the name Chuvash is found only from the beginning of the 16th century.

The cities of Bolgar and Bilyar suffered less from the invasion than Suvar. They have continued to exist and still exist today. Fiercely resisting Suvar was burned to the ground and wiped off the face of the earth. Not so long ago, less than a century ago, his remains were found strewn with ashes. The Chuvash-Suvars left these places. But, for the time being.

Photo 9.

Shura Shurumbus "Exodus"

almost 777 years have passed since those tragic days. A lot has changed. But ONE thing hasn't changed - the most important thing! There is a nation - Chuvash. While EXISTS!!!
I am writing this article in Russian and I do it on purpose - for everyone. Maybe someone will think about returning to the bosom of their ancient, OH WHAT ANCIENT, people.
Stories about My people, I hope to tell more in the near future.
In the year 1237, which was dramatic for the Russian people, Our (Chuvash) people were already on the territory of their new homeland. 2014 is not only the year of various Olympiads, it is the year of THREE CHUVASH SEVENS!!! Let's make this year become the year of the beginning of the heyday of the nation - Chuvash!
You are arguing here who we are Bulgarians, Huns, Huns and even Sumerians. Silly! Throw these disputes, all our ancestors are in us! They won't go anywhere. Ancestors must be in the shower!

The next 2013 is the year of memory of the dead Chuvashs. 2014 is the year of the new Chuvashia, the year 777 is the year of hopes for the best.

A lot has been said about Temuchin-Genghis Khan, but everything said in excellent colors and colors. Yes, he was an extraordinary person. But Temujin's plans did not include the component of conquering the world at all. Too smart, cunning and prudent it was a character. You may have seen the Chinese image of Genghis Khan. In this portrait, his essence is perfectly conveyed. In the portrait we see a rather stout person, with delicate features, calm and thoughtful - far from being a rude warrior or hero, in the usual idea of ​​\u200b\u200bheroes.

In those days, the Mongols proper occupied a secondary place among the numerous Turkic tribes inhabiting the expanses of Central Asia, the territory of modern Mongolia. This is the mighty Eastern Turkic Khaganate, scattered into many clans and tribes.

The smart, cunning politician Temujin managed to become an indisputable authority, first of all, among the strong Turkic tribes. The Bulgarians called the Turks the common word "Tatars", from the Chuvash word "tata", which has the meaning of both a unifying union and the designation of the enumeration "other", "next", plus the ending "ar" characteristic of the Hunno-Bulgarian tribes, denoting the masculine gender, ancestry. Examples of Hunno-Bulgarian ethnonyms: Bolgars, Suvars, Khazars, Avars, Madyars, Kungars. From the Bolgars, this general designation of all the Turkic-Mongolian tribes passed to the Russians, which explains why the Russians, unlike all other peoples of Europe and Asia, call the conquerors Tatars, and not Mongols.

But, back to Genghis Khan-Temujin. This cunning politician sought to cleanse the modern territories of the Chinese and Mongolian Mongols from the dangerous and powerful Turkic element. Therefore, in the so-called aggressive campaigns, mainly the Turks went. What languages ​​are spoken now by the territories conquered by the "Mongols"? Almost exclusively in Turkic. Genghis Khan managed to almost completely free the territories for his beloved Mongols. From the Turks there were leftovers, sweet, driven into the mountains of Altai. But this is correct! The Turks did not give the entire Sacred Altai to the Mongols. The last armada was formed after the death of Genghis Khan for his granddaughter Batu and thrown to Europe. Batu's mentor was the famous commander of Genghis Khan - Subedei. extraordinary personality, bad rock for Chuvash. A fiend of evil in the Chuvash legends.

The villain Subedei, before the fateful year 1236, already tried three times to conquer the Bolgars and Suvars (Huns, Savir) on the Volga (Atil), but constantly failed. The first time was in 1223 after the victory over the Russian-Polovtsian army on the Kalka River. Considering Russia defeated, Subedei turned his victorious army to the Volga. Before Kalka, the troops of Subedei passed victoriously through Persia, conquered the Caucasus, and, as it was said, Kumanov (Polovtsev). But on the Volga they had a completely different reception. The troops of Subedei were surrounded and, as it is conveyed in the Russian chronicle, "their sword was drunk from all sides." Bastards Subedey fate-villain gave a chance to escape. He fled with a small detachment.

The second time in 1229 there was another attempt, but the Mongols did not achieve more than to ruin the southern regions of Volga Bulgaria. Then there was another unsuccessful attempt in 1232.
In 1236, Subedei received a huge horde and a complete carte blanche. The villain was convinced that he "dug a hole" for the Chuvash giant Ulyp.
If we take into account the fact that the average number of large cities in Bulgaria was about 10 thousand, then the entire population of the kingdom hardly exceeded 200-300 thousand people, which means 40-60 thousand men. Go and hold the huge hordes of several hundred thousand (from 100 thousand to 300 thousand).
Subedei and his "commander" burned one flourishing city after another. The Mongols usually did not destroy cities that offered no resistance to them. According to the thick layer of ash found on the site where the city of Suvar was supposed to be, it is clear that the cities of the Bulgarian kingdom resisted to the last.

Near the Sura River, not far from the modern city of Penza, there is a place where many ancient weapons are found. The weapon here is just from the time of the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Both of Tatar-Mongolian origin, and Volga-Bulgarian. The remains of a fortified settlement were found near the Sura River, which was named after the nearby village of Zolotarevsky.
Here, on the land of the ancient Burtases, the Bulgarian warriors gave their last battle. Given that the battle was given at a great distance from the borders of Volga Bulgaria, this could have been a special, cunning diversion operation, which the Volga Bulgarians were especially capable of. Apparently, she covered the evacuation of the civilian population, which was mentioned above.
The Bulgarian soldiers brought the enemy here in order, together with the Burtases, to try to delay his advance and give the remnants of their people a chance to escape. In an unequal battle with the huge hordes of the enemy, the heroes died to the last man, stopping the movement of the Tatars of Subedei for a long time.

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Natalya Samover, historian

Cheboksary is one of the interesting historical cities of the Volga region, which once had a large number of objects of historical and architectural heritage. Until the last quarter of the 20th century, it survived well preserved, with dense historical buildings, among which there were many interesting objects of architectural heritage, but, like everywhere else in Russia, this heritage was little studied. Units of Cheboksary monuments, including several objects of civil architecture, were put under state protection.

View of Cheboksary from Yarilina Mountain. 1907

Panorama of Cheboksary. 1930s

Cheboksary from Yarilina Mountain. Photo from the 1930s

At the turn of the 1970-1980s. a crushing blow was dealt to historical Cheboksary, physically destroying a significant part of architectural monuments. But today, their story continues - in a no less regrettable, caricatured form. And partly at the expense of the state budget. But first things first.

Victims of the flood

This incredible story began with the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated August 30, 1960 No. 1327 “On the further improvement of the protection of cultural monuments in the RSFSR”, according to which an object called “ House Zelenshchikov XVII century.". Later, in the late 1970s, on the basis of field studies, the dating of the house was clarified, and it was attributed to the 30s of the 18th century.

House of Zelenshchikov. Factory st. Photo from the 1930s

The researchers paid attention to the preserved historical layout and such an interesting detail as small octagonal windows above doorways on the first floor. Probably, originally the house had a high hip roof, typical of the Baroque style.

House of Zelenshchikov. Factory st. Measurements P.A. Teltevsky 1954 - 1956

The monument was named after one of the last owners - the tradesman Zelenshchikov (more precisely, Zeleyshchikov, as Cheboksary residents themselves say), however, as is now known, this house was built by order of Alexei Kadomtsev, one of the richest local merchants.

The state recognized the value of the heritage of Cheboksary reluctantly and very gradually. Only on December 4, 1974, by Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 624, two more objects were put on state protection as monuments of national importance, which were destined to play important roles in the future development of events. These were, firstly, Basement house (Salt office building) 1746, located at Soyuznaya Street, on the descent to the Volga (in local history and historical and architectural literature, this building is sometimes called the House of the merchant Igumnov or it is described without specifying the owner as one of two historical houses on Soyuznaya Street, 20).

Salt office. Photo from the 1970s G.

Salt office. Dimensional drawing by P.A. Teltevsky. 1954-1956

And secondly -Ensemble of houses of the first halfXVIIIin. at the address: st. Kalinina, 6, 6a (in the courtyard), which consisted of two one-story residential buildings with hewn brick decor on the facades. Local historians also knew the last complex as the houses that belonged to Kozma Kadomtsev, one of the representatives of the merchant family, who owned several stone houses in Cheboksary, including the Baroque Zelenshchikov House.

House on Kalinina street, 6. Photo from the 1950s.

House on st. Kalinina, 6a. Photo 1930

All these monuments of history and culture were, as expected, provided with passports: the Zelenshchikov House even twice - in 1964 and 1972, the Salt Office - in 1972, the ensemble of houses on Kalinina Street - in 1972. However, in a race with a leisurely process The study of monuments fled, stepping on his heels, a terrible threat: in accordance with the plans for the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station, most of the historical center of the city, unfortunately, located in a lowland at the confluence of the Cheboksarka River with the Volga, had to go under the water of the future reservoir. In fact, the architectural heritage of the capital of the Soviet Chuvashia was studied and recorded at parting, before the inevitable destruction.

When it came to megaprojects in the field of electric power industry, the laws of the USSR and the RSFSR on the protection of historical and cultural monuments that were in force at that time were not able to protect monuments. Yes, what monuments, when dozens of historical villages and villages and thousands of hectares of land were doomed to flooding! For centuries, the inhabited banks of the Volga, inseparable from the cultural memory of the Chuvash, Mari and Russian peoples, were to disappear forever.

In the late 1970s, in order to prepare the bed of the future reservoir, the entire historical part of Cheboksary, which was in the zone of the alleged flooding, was demolished - with all the monuments of church and civil architecture that had the misfortune to be there. Only the buildings located on the high bank - the so-called Yarilina Mountain, or the Western slope, where the city citadel was located in ancient times, survived. It was a small fragment of the former city. Old Cheboksary ceased to exist. As a memory of them, only a pack of photographs and several historical and architectural passports remained.

Zelenshchikov's house before demolition. Photo 1979

Preparation of the bed of the future reservoir. The building of Cheboksary has already been demolished, in the right part of the frame, Zelenshchikov's house, which has not yet been dismantled, is highlighted. Photo from the late 1970s

Flooding of Cheboksary. Early 1980s

Bay on the site of the historic city

However, while destroying its own heritage, the state at the same time showed a kind of concern for it. In view of the inevitable loss of Cheboksary monuments that fell into the flood zone, at the same time, in the late 1970s, it was decided to recreate three monuments of national importance in a new place: the Zelenshchikov house, the House on the basement and the Ensemble of houses on Kalinin Street. To do this, on the edge of the Western slope, three sites were reserved along Mikhail Sespel Street, 13, 15 and 17. There, copies of the monuments, historically located far from each other, were to form, as it were, a fragment of a “historical city” that never existed in reality.

Scheme of the location of the original (lost) monuments of Cheboksary and "remakes".

This idea, the artificiality of which is striking in our time, lay in line with the then ideas about museums under open sky as about protective reservations for the old architecture, for various reasons being forced out of their homes. True, monuments of wooden architecture were usually subjected to such transfers, and here it was necessary to move stone houses, more precisely repeating their remakes. As a sign of the seriousness of the intentions, fragments of decor and blocks of masonry, preserved during the demolition of the original buildings, were transported to the site of the proposed reconstruction, but the matter did not go beyond this. Reconstruction did not begin soon after the demolition, nor ten years later, and the forgotten piles of old bricks continued to freeze, get wet and overgrown with nettles in the abandoned sites on Sespel Street, until, having become completely unusable, they were taken to a landfill along with various city garbage.

So three architectural monuments of national importance were irretrievably lost - the Zelenshchikov House, the House on the Basement (Salt Office) and the Ensemble of Houses of the First Half XVIIIin. However, oddly enough, this not only did not become a point at the end sad story, but on the contrary served as the starting point for a completely unexpected development of events. Lost monuments were not removed from state protection and continued to exist in the form of some incorporeal accounting units. The state officially recognized the death of only the smaller of the two houses that were part of the Ensemble (st., Kalinina, 6a); almost twenty years after his actual death, he was removed from protection by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 452 of May 5, 1997 "On clarifying the composition of objects of historical and cultural heritage of federal (all-Russian) significance." As for the rest of the Cheboksary ghost monuments, in 2002, in accordance with the Federal Law "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation", they successfully acquired the status of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance, in which they remain this day.

Meanwhile, the city itself was undergoing no less amazing metamorphoses. The dissatisfaction of the authorities and the public of the Gorky region, the Chuvash and especially the Mari ASSR, which was threatened with the loss of a third of the territory, led to the fact that the planned for 1987 rise in the level of the Cheboksary reservoir to the design level of 68 m did not take place. The mirror of the reservoir froze at a level of 63 m. As a result, the water did not reach the territory of the former historical part of the city, already cleared of buildings. The destruction of the old Cheboksary with all their monuments turned out to be completely pointless.

Old Cheboksary. Drawing by A. and L. Aktsynov. 1960s In the center is the Assumption Church, which in the late 1970s will be on the shore of a "man-made sea", and a few years later - on an artificial island.

Center of Cheboksary before flooding. Early 1980s

A huge wasteland, gaping in the middle of the city, was finally liquidated only in the second half of the 1990s. In its place, the so-called Gulf arose - a picturesque artificial reservoir at the foot of the Western slope, the beauty and pride of the current Cheboksary.

The beginning of the flooding of the center of Cheboksary. 1981 On the left side of the frame - the Assumption Church - now restored, it stands on an artificial island in the middle of the Gulf. Its lower - concreted - tier is forever hidden underground.

Center of Cheboksary. Photo 1981

Cheboksary Bay. Modern photo. On the left side of the frame is a surviving fragment of the historic city.

Thus, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, the town-planning situation in Cheboksary changed radically. This is emphasized, in particular, in the modern General Plan of the Cheboksary urban district. Summarizing the changes that have befallen the city, this document speaks of the creation of "a new three-dimensional structure and functional system of the center, which in its essence is globally different from previous historical stages of development."

In the same years, in the State Program for the Preservation and Development of Culture and Art of the Chuvash Republic for 1994-2000. there was a mention of plans to create a certain “Museum of stone architecture of the XVIII century in Cheboksary on the street. M. Sespel. In accordance with this program, only two monuments were supposed to be reconstructed at the expense of the budget - the Salt Office and the House of Zelenshchikov. The third ghost object, which continues to be called the Ensemble of Houses, despite the fact that only one house is already listed on the state guard, was to be in the center of a special, unique story.

"Reconstruction" twenty years later. Episode one. Imposter House

While the state was only planning the creation of a museum of remodeled architecture of the 18th century at 13 and 15 Mikhail Sespel Street, a vigilant private initiative was already mastering the plot at number 17, once intended for the reconstruction of the Ensemble of Houses. There, at the expense of LLC Production and Commercial Firm Eleon in the second half of the 1990s. an object was built and named "House of the merchant Kozma Kadomtsev" or simply "Kadomtsev's House". A large volume with a high roof, which grew on the edge of the hill, obscured the view from the Gulf to the Vvedensky Cathedral - a true architectural monument of the 17th century, which for three hundred years played the role of the main town-planning dominant of Cheboksary.

House of Kadomtsev, built in 1998

As you can see, this building had no resemblance to the original houses of Kozma Kadomtsev, which at one time formed an ensemble on Kalinin Street, 6, 6a. The source of inspiration for the author of the project of the newly-minted "House of Kadomtsev" R.S. Bashirov served as the appearance of the lost back in late XIX century of an outstanding monument of civil architecture of Cheboksary at the end of the XVII - early XVIII centuries, known as the House of Zelenshchikov. These magnificent old Russian chambers should be distinguished from the later baroque Zelenshchikov House, which survived until the late 1970s. Both houses, located next to each other on the left bank of Cheboksarka, in the former Kozhevennaya Sloboda, at the end of the 19th century. belonged to the same owner. For convenience, let's designate the chambers as the "early Zelenshchikov House".

The "early" house of Zelenshchikov, demolished in the 1880s. Measurements by B. Veselovsky and L. Dahl. The wooden upper part of the building is presented in a hypothetical reconstruction by B. Veselovsky.

Measurements and graphic reconstruction of the facades of the early Zelenshchikov House were published in the book “Monuments of Ancient Russian Architecture” (Issue 1. St. Petersburg, 1895), ed. V.V. Suslova. The wooden parts of the building - a high roof and a magnificent "barrel" crowning the porch, were a hypothetical recreation, that is, the architect's fantasy, since at the time of the survey the house was in very poor condition, in fact it was a half-ruin. Suslov's book was published when Zelenshchikov's early house no longer existed; it was dismantled back in the 1880s. However, be that as it may, thanks to this publication, its spectacular appearance entered the history of Russian architecture, as well as in scientific and local history literature about Cheboksary.

The early Zelenshchikov House, of course, had nothing to do with the modest Ensemble of Kozma Kadomtsev’s houses, but whether this is the charm of its image, or for some other reason, only its erroneous identification with the main house of the Ensemble - an object of cultural heritage of federal significance “Residential House, first half of the 18th century. not only widely distributed in tourist and local history literature, but also contained in official documents. It was this that made it possible, under the guise of recreating a monument, to erect a building on a site designated for this in the prestigious district of Cheboksary, significantly exceeding the original in its volume and decisively differing from it in its appearance. And now the confusion embodied in brick and reinforced concrete takes on the significance of an indisputable fact. For example, in the explanatory note to the General Plan of the Cheboksary Urban District, in the section on cultural heritage objects, entitled “Residential House, 1st floor. 18th century." a description is given corresponding to the early Zelenshchikov House, and the existing building at the address: st. Michael Sespel, 17 without hesitation is interpreted as a recreated monument.

Meanwhile, it is clear that the facility, built in the 1990s. on st. Mikhail Sespel, 17 and now known as the "House of Kadomtsev", can in no way be considered a recreation of the monument that was under state protection - the Ensemble of houses of the first half XVIIIc., or at least one of them. If he can be considered anything, then only a monumental illustration of the immortal maxim of Kozma Prutkov “If you read the inscription “buffalo” on an elephant’s cage, do not believe your eyes.”

"House of Kadomtsev" 1998 "Details" and "interiors".

Today, the self-styled “Kadomtsev House” is privately owned and registered as a non-residential property. The building with a total area of ​​2069 sq. m, has four floors, including an attic and a basement with a garage and a swimming pool, as well as a basement, a terrace - an observation deck overlooking the Gulf, with an area of ​​348 sq. m, and a fenced area with a separate gatehouse for security. The interior layout is modern, the exterior decor is eclectic. Square land plot, put on cadastral registration, including built-up area, is 1,668 sq. m. The value of this property can be judged by the fact that at the beginning of 2013 the owner put up the object for sale for 45 million rubles (about 1.5 million dollars at the then exchange rate). Not surprisingly, in the 2000s it has been the subject of raiding and litigation several times.

Announcement of the sale of "Kadomtsev's house".

And now, for further observations on the amazing features of the "Kadomtsev House", let's move from the shores of the Cheboksary Bay to the virtual bureaucratic space. The building of interest to us predictably does not have a passport of a cultural heritage object, however, in the database "Immmovable Monuments of History and Culture" on the website of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, we find an entry about a cultural heritage object of federal significance called "Kadomtsev's House", located at the address: Chuvash Republic , Cheboksary, st. Sespelya, 17. Its dating is also indicated there - the first half of the 18th century, and the unique code of the monument - 2110009000.

The origin of this entry in the official database is mysterious, as is its content. How did the impostor house even get there? Information that any authority issued an act on giving the building of a modern building called "Kadomtsev's House" the status of a cultural heritage site, and even more so a monument of federal significance, could not be found. Although the same database states that the “Kadomtsev House” was put under state protection by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of December 4, 1974 No. 624, this information, as well as false dating, is clearly borrowed from the original Ensemble of Kozma Kadomtsev’s houses. But if the “House of Kadomtsev” was never officially guarded, then where did the code for the monument come from? Maybe it's just a copy of the code of one of the Ensemble of houses? But no, the code for the House of Kadomtsev does not match any of the codes assigned to the Ensemble of Houses in the First Half of the 18th Century.

It remains to state that the fake, albeit quite real, "Kadomtsev's House" coexists in the database of the Russian Ministry of Culture on an equal footing with the genuine, albeit dematerialized thirty-five years ago Ensemble of Houses. It seems that we are dealing with the fact that monuments of federal significance are propagated by budding. It is curious that the budding object inherits from the parent only some features, the most important of which is the land plot assigned to the latter.

Such a miracle, unprecedented in the framework of administrative procedures, however, confused the authorities for the protection of monuments of the Chuvash Republic. They preferred the more traditional belief in the transmigration of souls to the belief in the budding of monuments and simply recognized the four-level tower of a modern building with a garage and a swimming pool as the true reincarnation of Kozma Kadomtsev's one-story house. As a result, in the list of objects of cultural heritage of federal significance of the city of Cheboksary, hosted on the official website of the Government of Chuvashia, there is no object with the name "Kadomtsev's House" at all, but at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 17 mentions "Ensemble of houses, 1st half of the 18th century." with a note that one of the two monuments that made it up was lost. The second, therefore, exists and is observed with the naked eye. Unless, of course, you believe your eyes.

"Reconstruction" twenty years later. Episode two. Fake porch and a failed vacant lot trade

While around a private house on the street. Mikhail Sespel, 17, the above-described paranormal phenomena occurred, the state, for its part, also made a feasible contribution to the development of the anomalous zone on the Western slope. As a result, the second monument-ghost gained flesh - Basement house (Salt office). It was recreated in 2005 at the expense of the budget of the Chuvash Republic at the site at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 13 according to a project developed back in 1980 by the Spetsproektrestavratsiya Institute. (According to the heads of local structures for the protection of monuments, authentic bricks were used in the reconstruction, which had survived by this time from ... Zelenshchikov's house - Red.).

The recreation was claimed to be scientific, based on research materials from the deceased original. In particular, the restorers reproduced the historical layout of the building and even the vaults of the interior. But at the same time, the recreated House on the basement acquired a pseudo-historical porch, which the original monument never had. The “appendage” distorted the composition of the facade, obscured two of its six windows, and one of them completely turned into a door. Unfortunately, the building, located on a very advantageous place - on a high bank above the Gulf, faces the Gulf with a blank end wall, which does not allow Cheboksary residents and city guests walking along the coast to admire this example of a creative approach to preserving cultural heritage.

Salt office. Photo from the 1970s

Salt office in a new location and with a new porch. Photo 2005

All this, however, does not prevent the object, which is a modern inaccurate recreation of a monument lost at the turn of the 1970s - 1980s, from having the status of an object of cultural heritage of federal significance and dating back to 1746 as if nothing had happened.

The Government of the Russian Federation, by its Decree of October 17, 2009 No. 1543-r, attributed the monument of federal significance "The House on the Basement" to the property of the Chuvash Republic. There were plans to place a museum there, but the building turned out to be not connected to engineering networks and, accordingly, unusable. For several years the house was empty, and only in 2013 it was transferred as it is - without networks - for free use by the Cheboksary-Chuvash diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.

Meanwhile, at the site at the address: st. Mikhail Sespel, 15, located between the House on the basement and the "Kadomtsev House", slowly unfolding events around the third ghost monument - Houses of Zelenshchikov. The same one - baroque, which at one time was located next to the chambers of the same name, now magically embodied in the "Kadomtsev House". The first attempt to recreate it was made in the 1990s. At the expense of extrabudgetary funds, a reconstruction project was developed, but work did not progress further than laying the foundation.

In 2008, the director of the State Center for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of Chuvashia, Nikolai Muratov, in an interview news agency REGNUM said: “The design of the building is already ready. There are investors who are ready to invest a lot of money in this ... With the condition of privatization. It was in this condition that the main snag turned out to be.

In 2009, a virtually non-existent monument - the Zelenshchikov House (already with a new address at 15 Sespel Street) was registered in the ownership of Chuvashia by the same Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation as the House on the basement. This paved the way for privatization, and in the same year, as a "unfinished facility" with a total area of ​​296.6 sq. m is included in the forecast plan (program) for the privatization of state property of the Chuvash Republic for 2010.

In accordance with the Decree of the Ministry of Property of Chuvashia dated October 26, 2010 No. 900-r “On the conditions for the privatization of state property of the Chuvash Republic - an object in progress - the foundations of an architectural monument of the 18th century - the Zeleyshchikov house, moved from the flood zone, located at the address: Chuvash Republic, Cheboksary, st. M. Sespelya, 15, and the land occupied by it and necessary for its use”, the initial price of the property was set at 607,700 rubles. (including value added tax), and the cost of a land plot of 376 sq. m - in the amount of 3 million 230 thousand rubles.

However, privatization failed.

A year later, the Ministry of Property of Chuvashia made a second attempt and issued Decree No. 584-r dated June 30, 2011, according to which the initial price of the property was reduced to 277 thousand rubles, and the cost of the land plot - to 1 million 465 thousand rubles .

However, privatization did not take place even after the price reduction.

September 20, 2013 Minister of Culture, Nationalities and Archival Affairs of the Chuvash Republic V.P. Efimov in his speech mentioned the need to include the Zelenshchikov House in the forecast plan (program) for the privatization of state property of the Chuvash Republic for 2014, but this time the matter did not move forward.

Project for the reconstruction of the Zelenshchikov House in the panorama of the Western slope. View from the Gulf.

The subject of protection of a non-existent monument of architecture

The opportunity to build a building on such a prestigious location in the city center with excellent views of the Gulf is certainly attractive for private investment. What was the matter? The reason, apparently, lay not in the stinginess of Cheboksary investors, but in the absence of the documentation for the non-existent monument necessary for its reconstruction and for registration security obligation future new owner. First of all, an established object of protection of a cultural heritage site of federal significance was required.

And on November 5, 2014, the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation issues Order No. 1864 “On approval of the object of protection of the cultural heritage site of federal significance “Zelenschikov’s House”, XVII century.” (Chuvash Republic) and its registration in the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects (Monuments of History and Culture) of the Peoples of the Russian Federation”. Like this: bye thousands of authentic monuments in all cities and towns of Russia do not have approved items of protection, the federal Ministry of Culture issues an order on the subject of protection of a non-existent object of cultural heritage.

The subject of protection is not cheap. The lack of funds for their development is usually used by the owners and monument protection authorities in response to accusations of insufficient care for the heritage entrusted to them. There is such a problem in Chuvashia, however, funds were found for the sake of the House of Zelenshchikov.

The nameless author of the object of protection of the House of Zelenshchikov (and the law clearly requires that the developer of the project of the object of protection be a certified expert of the state historical and cultural expertise) managed to create an absolutely amazing document. Guided by the principle of "mix, but do not shake", he combined in one text the characteristics of a long-lost monument with the characteristics of a new plot of land, and even seasoned it all with a factual error. First of all, the preservation of the name of the object, containing the dating of the 17th century, refuted more than thirty years ago, is striking. Along with the historical layout, vaults, large-sized bricks, external plastering, "eared" architraves and octagonal windows of the second light, which once constituted a distinctive feature of the original Zelenshchikov house, the new subject of protection included such urban planning characteristics as "the location of the building on a site located in the historical part of the Western slope, in the center of the former Kremlin, on the street. Sespel". Reading this, a person unfamiliar with the situation may think that the monument, safe and sound, is safely in its historical place in its native architectural and natural environment. The order of the Ministry of Culture does not contain the slightest hint that it is a non-existent object that will be recreated in a completely new landscape situation.

An awl, however, cannot be hidden in a bag. Everything falls into place when Zelenshchikov's house in the text of the subject of protection is called "important integral part formed on the street. Sespel Architectural Ensemble of Cultural Heritage Objects.

“An emerging ensemble of cultural heritage sites” is not an oxymoron, it is a reality that is already partially reflected in the waters of the Gulf. This ensemble is outstanding, it includes only monuments of federal significance: the pseudo-Kadomtsev House, the remodeled House on the basement with a fantasy porch, and the Zelenshchikov House, which does not exist yet.

Is it necessary to say that, in itself, the question of the expediency of recreating a monument lost more than thirty years ago, and even in a new place, in a fundamentally different landscape situation, from the point of view of modern heritage science, is, to put it mildly, very debatable and precedentally significant? However, while approving the object of protection, the future Zelenshchikov House, the Ministry of Culture did not consider it necessary to submit its project for consideration by the Federal Scientific and Methodological Council for Cultural Heritage. And that is true: had this document fallen into the hands of specialists in a timely manner, it would not have had a chance. And the "forming ensemble of cultural heritage sites" on the Western slope itself would attract unwanted attention.

And what to do now?

First of all, it is necessary to admit the obvious: the original monuments are irretrievably lost, and what now appears under their names cannot even claim to be called a “remake”, since it does not meet the criteria of scientificity and reliability of reconstruction.

Let's imagine that in the diamond pantry of the Gokhran, glass was found among the diamonds. How should the leadership of this institution behave? And now let's replace Gokhran with the Ministry of Culture...

In order to avoid falsification of the cultural heritage of Russia, the status of monuments of federal significance should be removed from the House of Zelenshchikov, the House on the basement (buildings of the Salt Office) and the Ensemble of Houses of the first half of the 18th century - in connection with the loss, as well as from the so-called "Kadomtsev House" - in connection with with the fact that such a monument never existed. The Ministry of Culture of Russia, as a state body responsible for the preservation of the unique cultural heritage of our country, may take the initiative to issue the relevant Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Obviously, the federal Ministry of Culture will also need to cancel its own order of November 5, 2014; the Order of the Ministry of Culture, Nationalities and Archives of the Chuvash Republic dated October 28, 2014 No. 01-07 / 440 "On approval of the boundaries of the territory and the legal regime land plots within the boundaries of the territory of the object of cultural heritage (monument of history and culture) of federal significance "Zelenshchikov's House, XVII century."

By the way, the authorities for the protection of the cultural heritage of Chuvashia back in the late 1990s. planned to remove the Zelenshchikov House from protection in connection with the loss, but this could not be done due to the fact that the work to exclude monuments from the register was suspended while a new one was being prepared federal law"On objects of cultural heritage".

To prevent such stories in the future, two more Cheboksary cultural heritage sites of federal significance, also lost at the turn of the 1970-1980s, should have been removed from protection. - "Dwelling house of the middle of the XVIII century." at the address: st. Union, 18 and "Dwelling house of the first half of the XVIII century." at the address: st. Chernyshevsky, 6.

This will bring the list of cultural heritage objects of Cheboksary into line with reality. Bitter, but reality.

One cannot, of course, ignore the complexity and delicacy of the situation. Remembering the tragic history of Cheboksary, the mass destruction in the late 1970s. historical buildings of the city, including the most important monuments architecture XVII- XVIII centuries, one can understand the desire of the republican and city authorities to restore the historical image of at least some buildings. It's just a matter of solving one problem without creating another.

The glass itself can be beautiful and sparkle like diamonds, but placed in the pantry along with diamonds, they devalue real stones and abolish the very concept of “jewel”. A copy, even the most accurate one, can never be compared with the original, because it is a copy. Cultural heritage can only be authentic; everything else is fake. The proximity of the tower to the pool is on the same list as the ensemble of the Vvedensky Cathedral of 1651 with its unique, unlike anything, murals, insulting to historical memory Cheboksary, Chuvashia, Russia. It's insulting to all of us.

Our heritage must not be forged, deliberate replicas must not be entered into the register, and such buildings, which, in conscience, one should be ashamed of, cannot be called monuments of federal significance.

However, if there is not and cannot be any heritage on Mikhail Sespel Street, this does not mean that it is impossible to build a building in the historical style there, as long as the republican and city authorities desire it and the investor agrees. It’s not scary if on the edge of the slope, above the mirror of the Gulf, new house in the style of Russian baroque, reminiscent of the deceased House of Zelenshchikov. Most importantly, stop fooling yourself. In general, let the haze of absurdity finally dissipate over Sespel Street, and everything will be fair.

Instead of a comment. Director of the State Center for the Protection of Cultural HeritageChuvash RepublicNikolay Muratov in two recent interview IA REGNUM came up with such assessments of the events of the late 1970s. and current "reconstructions" in Cheboksary :

“It was 1978-1979. All the objects that were demolished were not included in the register of monuments, which is the trouble. Why it happened, I can’t understand ... Entire blocks - mansion after mansion - everything was demolished, and everything turned out to be "not monuments" ... When the historical part of Cheboksary was demolished and the bed of the Cheboksary reservoir was being prepared, there were big debates about what to save how to save. As a result, the main objects that are of value at the federal level were identified - the merchant's mansions of the 18th century - the Kadomtsev House, the Zeleyshchikov House and the Salt Office (Igumnov House). These buildings were sawn into blocks, moved to Sespel Street. According to the General Plan, they were to be restored on the site of dilapidated wooden houses, which were demolished. Blocks of houses-monuments, unfortunately, could not be preserved - having lain on Sespel Street for a couple of decades, the masonry had spread into rubble. The best bricks from the remaining ones were used to restore the Salt Office. By the efforts of the investor, the firm "Eridan", without attracting budgetary funds, the House of Kadomtsev was restored.

Church of the Exaltation of the Cross in Cheboksary on the banks of the reservoir. Early 1980s

A fragment of a wall with a window and the head of the Exaltation of the Cross Church were also kept. By the way, it was blown up in 1989, on the anniversary of the Chuvash autonomy, so as not to spoil the view of the surroundings - when the reservoir was flooded, the bell tower protruded from the water ... They also wanted to recreate this church in a new place - near the Church of Michael the Archangel (corner of K. Ivanov and Bondarev ), which was then a book depository. No one could have imagined that soon it would again become an active temple. Now there is nowhere to build. There were attempts to restore it near the former place where the river port is now - the Cossacks became interested in the temple, but the issues of placing the object and financing could not be resolved.

The initial decision - to recreate the objects of civil architecture on Sespel Street - was wise. After all, this slope is the historical center of Cheboksary. It was supposed to become a "highlight", a tourist place where one could show what Cheboksary was like in the 18th century and what mansions were built by rich merchants. To tell that it was the heyday of stone construction ...

In fairness, I’ll say that the restoration of these houses has really gone different ways. For example, now we see the Kadomtsev House exactly as it was historically, as it was read on old engravings - with an attic floor. But even in the process of negotiations, the new owner set the condition that he would give the house only an external appearance, and make the layout the way he needed. Or he will not build anything at all ... Nothing can be done. Private property. There is no budget ruble there. And, in fact, the current Kadomtsev House is really just a reminder that in the 18th century there was such a building in Cheboksary.

There is a sense (to maintain the protective status of such monuments - Ed.). Another issue is the category. It may not be worth putting it on guard at the federal level, but it is enough to make it regional and even municipal. On the other hand, according to the law 73-FZ "On objects of cultural heritage (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation", buildings that are of architectural value can move to the rank of monuments 40-50 years after construction. So, for example, the same House of Kadomtsev will again have every right to be called a monument in fifty years.

But the Salt Office, fortunately, managed to be restored using the original material. True, all the more or less intact brick of the demolished Zeleyshchikov House went into its masonry. But it is also planned to be restored. Just recently, the Zeleyshchikov House was registered in the State Register of Cultural Heritage of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation in order to recreate the appearance and layout. The reconstruction project was made thanks to the surviving photographs of the expedition of the famous professor of history Nekrasov, who worked in Cheboksary in the 30s. XX century and revealed this most valuable object. Unfortunately, for a number of reasons, the restoration of the Zeleyshchikov House has now stalled at the stage of the foundation and 115 masonry cubes.”

To a direct question from a journalist: The Kadomtsev House is an actual remake. Nevertheless, it is presented to tourists as a monument of civil architecture of the 18th century. Do we have a moral right to consider it a monument? - Nikolai Muratov answered this way:

"Yes, from the point of view of the restoration business, this is immoral and is no good. But if life forced to apply such a method?”

Chuvash book publishing house - the same age as the republic - formed shortly after the proclamation of the Chuvash Autonomous Region on November 12, 1920 as a branch of the State Publishing House of the RSFSR (Chuvashgiz). Already in the first years of its activity, the young enterprise outlined the implementation of such a large-scale project as the publication of the 17-volume Dictionary of the Chuvash Language by N.I. Ashmarin, works of Russian and world classics translated into Chuvash language. Measures were taken to increase the output of textbooks and socio-political literature.

Today, the Chuvash book publishing house is a diversified enterprise that produces art, children's, educational and pedagogical, reference, popular science, local history and other literature in Chuvash, Russian, English and other languages. The publishing house also provides educational institutions of Chuvashia and the Chuvash diaspora with educational and methodological literature, acquires book stocks of libraries, sells publishing products at retail (it has a chain of stores "Book novelties" in its structure).

In terms of the range of publications and the dynamics of production, the Chuvash book publishing house has worthy indicators in Russia. In the ranking of regional publishers in terms of the number of awards received in major book competitions, Chuvash book publishers occupy a leading position. About forty books were awarded diplomas of various prestigious competitions - "The Art of the Book", "Best Book of the Year", " Small Motherland", "Our cultural heritage”, National competition “Book of the Year”, etc.

Since 1996, the Chuvash book publishing house has been a member of the Association of Russian Book Publishers (ASKI).

On the other hand, the further development of various forms of activity largely determines the creation of systems of mass participation. Everyday practice shows that the established structure of the organization plays an important role in shaping the appropriate conditions for activation. On the other hand, the beginning of daily work on the formation of a position plays an important role in the formation of forms of development. The task of the organization, in particular the consultation with a broad asset, contributes to the preparation and implementation of directions for progressive development. Thus, the scope and place of personnel training require the definition and refinement of the forms of development. Likewise, the strengthening and development of the structure is an interesting experiment in testing further directions of development.

The task of the organization, in particular the strengthening and development of the structure, entails the process of introducing and modernizing essential financial and administrative conditions. Ideological considerations of a higher order, as well as the implementation of the planned planned assignments makes it possible to assess the importance of the directions of progressive development.