Where did he study and what kind of radishchev did he study. Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev: biographical information

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Biography, life story of Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich

Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich - Russian prose writer, philosopher, public figure.

Childhood, youth, education

Alexander Radishchev was born on August 31, 1749 (according to the old style - August 20 of the same year) in a small village called Upper Ablyazovo (Saratov Province). Alexander was lucky to be born into a wealthy family - his father, Nikolai Afanasyevich Radishchev, inherited from his father, grandfather Alexander, title of nobility and large territories. So in childhood, the future shone of Russian literature did not know any hardships.

Alexander Radishchev spent the first years of his life in the village of Nemtsovo (Kaluga province), where his father had an estate. A caring but strict father tried to give his son an excellent education - he taught him several languages ​​\u200b\u200bat once (Polish, French, German and even Latin), taught him Russian literacy, however, mainly from psalters (Nikolai Afanasyevich was a very pious person). When Alexander was six years old, a teacher was hired for him. French However, the teacher stayed in their family quite a bit - it soon became clear that he was a runaway soldier.

At the age of seven, Alexander moved to Moscow, to the house of his great-uncle. There he was able to get good knowledge and skills (children in the house of his relative had the opportunity to study only with the best professors).

In 1762, Radishchev entered the Corps of Pages (Petersburg). After studying there for four years, he was redirected to the University of Leipzig (Germany, Leipzig). In a foreign land, Alexander had to study law. And, it should be noted, he achieved good results - in addition to the fact that he diligently completed the tasks of teachers, he also showed considerable activity in the study of other subjects. In a word, at that time his horizons expanded greatly, which, undoubtedly, played into his hands in the future.

Service

At the age of twenty-two, Alexander Nikolaevich returned to St. Petersburg. Soon he became a recorder in the Senate. A little later, he left this post and was accepted for the position of chief auditor at the headquarters of the St. Petersburg General-in-Chief. The authorities noted Radishchev's diligence, his diligence and responsible attitude to work.

CONTINUED BELOW

In 1775 Alexander retired. After leaving the service, he decided to arrange his personal life, start a family. He found a good girl and married her. Two years later, the quiet life tired Radishchev and he returned to work - he was accepted into the commerce college.

In 1780, Alexander Radishchev began working at the St. Petersburg customs. In 1790, he was already her boss.

Literary activity

Radishchev took up the pen in 1771, when he returned to St. Petersburg. At that time, she sent a couple of chapters from her future book, Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, to the editors of the then respected magazine The Painter. The excerpt was printed anonymously - as the author himself wished.

In 1773, Alexander Radishchev translated and published the book Reflections on Greek History (authored by Gabriel Bonnot de Mably, French writer and philosopher). At the same time, he presented the world with his other works - "The Diary of One Week", "Officer's Exercises" ...

From the beginning of the 1780s, Alexander Nikolayevich began to work hard on the Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. The book told about the plight of the serfs, about the cruel landowners, about the uselessness of autocracy ... For that time, the book was more than scandalous. In May 1790, Radishchev independently printed copies of his book in his own printing house, which he had created at his home the year before. Radishchev did not sign his creation.

People began to buy the book very quickly. The commotion she caused among the common people agitated the empress and she demanded that one copy be delivered to her immediately. After reading the book and learning who wrote it, the empress was furious. The writer was arrested.

After his arrest, Radishchev was imprisoned in a fortress. A series of interrogations began. Alexander Nikolaevich, being a man of honor, did not betray any of those who somehow helped him in publishing the book. The Criminal Chamber, after listening to Radishchev, sentenced him to death. In the autumn of 1790, the case of Radishchev was reviewed - the execution was replaced by a ten-year exile in Siberia. Fortunately, in 1796 the emperor took pity on the talented thinker. The writer returned to his native place. He settled in the village of Nemtsovo, where he spent his childhood.

Personal life

The first time Alexander Radishchev married in 1775 was Anna Vasilievna Rubanovskaya, the daughter of an official of the Main Palace Chancellery. Anna bore Alexander six children - three daughters and three sons. Unfortunately, two girls died at an early age. But the rest of the children - Vasily (born in 1776), Nikolai (born in 1779), Catherine (born in 1782) and Pavel (born in 1783) - turned out to be stronger. Anna Vasilievna herself died in childbirth younger son Paul.

When Radishchev was exiled to Siberia, his younger sister Anna Elizaveta came to him. She took Catherine and Pavel with her. It so happened that Elizabeth remained in Siberia. Soon Alexander began to have very warm feelings for her. Elizabeth responded to him in return. They started living together. The new lover bore Radishchev three children - daughters Anna (born in 1792) and Thekla (born in 1795) and son Athanasius (born in 1796).

When the emperor ordered that Radishchev return home, there was no limit to the happiness of the writer himself and his beloved woman. No one knew that leaving the bored Siberia would bring so much pain to their family ... On the way, Elizaveta Vasilievna caught a bad cold. The woman could not cope with the disease. She died in 1979.

Death

Alexander Nikolaevich spent the last years of his life being a free and respected person. He was even specially invited to St. Petersburg to join the Commission for drafting laws. Once in St. Petersburg, Radishchev wanted to introduce a bill that would equalize all people before the law, giving everyone the right to freedom of speech and freedom of the press. Upon learning of this, the chairman of the Commission gave the writer a very severe reprimand. After the threats of the chairman, some historians assure, Alexander Nikolayevich decided to take his life. Radishchev committed suicide by drinking a huge dose of poison on September 24, 1802 (according to the old style - September 12).

According to another version, Alexander Nikolayevich died by accidentally drinking alcohol instead of medicine. Officially (according to the documents) it is believed that Radishchev died of natural causes.

Writer; genus. August 20th, 1749. The noble family of the Radishchevs, according to family tradition, comes from the Tatar prince Kunay, who voluntarily surrendered to Russia during the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible. Murza Kunai was baptized, was named Konstantin at baptism and received from Ivan the Terrible 45 thousand quarters of land in the present Maloyaroslavets and Borisoglebsk counties. Whether these lands were crushed during the divisions, or whether the ancestors of the Radishchevs liked to live widely is unknown, but we find the writer’s grandfather, Afanasy Prokofievich, a poor Kaluga nobleman, who served first in the “amusing”, and then in orderlies with Peter the Great. He married the daughter of the Saratov landowner Oblyazov, a very ugly girl, but with a large dowry, and had the opportunity to give his son Nikolai, the father of the writer, a good upbringing and education for that time. Nikolai Afanasyevich knew several foreign languages, theology, history and devoted a lot of time to the study of agriculture. With a hot-tempered character, he was distinguished by kindness and unusually gentle treatment of the peasants, who, in gratitude for his cordial attitude towards them, hid him with his family, during the invasion of Pugachev, in the forest adjacent to the estate and thereby saved him from death, which befell all the landowners, where only the hordes of Pugachev passed. He was married to Thekla Savvishna Argamakova and had seven sons and three daughters. He owned two thousand souls of peasants. Alexander Radishchev - a writer - was his eldest son. He received his initial education, like all the nobles of that time, according to the book of hours and the psalter. For six years, his upbringing was entrusted to a Frenchman who later turned out to be a runaway soldier. This failure forced the parents of young Radishchev to send him to Moscow to his maternal uncle, Mikhail Fedorovich Argamakov, a very enlightened man who had connections with Moscow University, where he brother was the curator. It is true that here too the upbringing of Radishchev was entrusted to a Frenchman, some fugitive adviser to the Rouen Parliament, but one must think that Argamakov, being himself an educated person, managed to choose the appropriate educator for both his children and his nephew. It is possible that this Frenchman first conceived in Radishchev those enlightening ideas, the representative of which he later became in Russia. There is no doubt that the young Radishchev's teachers were the best Moscow professors. He lived in Moscow until 1762, when, after the coronation of Catherine II, he was enrolled in the Corps of Pages and sent to St. Petersburg. The Corps of Pages was considered one of the best educational institutions at that time. It was organized in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna according to the plan of a French scientist, Colonel Baron Shudi. In 1765, the system of teaching and educating youth was entrusted to Academician Miller, who put moral education at the head of the plan worked out by him. Like all our educational institutions of that time, the Corps of Pages was distinguished by an amazing multi-subject, but the pupils who graduated from it could not stand anything but a secular gloss. Among the twenty-two academic subjects were such as "natural and popular law" and along with it "ceremonials", and in the Russian language, for example, it was required at the end of the teaching to be able to compose "short compliments, to the taste of the courtier." Pages had to constantly be at the Court as servants at the table, and this circumstance made it possible for Radishchev to get acquainted with the customs and habits of the Catherine's Court.

The lack of educated and knowledgeable people in Russia forced the government of the 18th century, in order to meet special state needs, to send young nobles to Western European universities to study, mainly legal sciences. And so, in 1766, among the twelve young nobles sent to the University of Leipzig to study law, was Radishchev, who by that time was 17 years old. Major Bockum was appointed inspector or chamberlain to these young people. Instructions for supervising young men and for training sessions compiled by Catherine herself. The instruction consisted of twenty-three points. In it, by the way, were indicated subjects that were mandatory for everyone to study, and in addition, each young man was allowed to study some subject of his own choice. Among the obligatory subjects, "national and natural law" was indicated, to which Catherine recommended paying especially serious attention. This circumstance deserves special attention because already in 1790 Radishchev paid for the same ideas of "national and natural law" by exile in Siberia. For each young man, a state allowance of 800 rubles a year was assigned, later increased to 1000 rubles. Despite such a large cash holiday from the treasury, the living conditions of Radishchev and other young men were bad, since Bokum used most of the money he was given for his own needs, and kept the pupils starving, in damp apartments and even without teaching aids. The pupils bought all this with their own money received from their parents. Bokum was picky, petty, cruel, and, contrary to instructions, punished the pupils with punishment cells, rods, fuchtels, and even subjected them to tortures specially invented by him. Despite repeated complaints both from the pupils themselves and from outsiders, the empress limited herself to remarks and reprimands, and replaced Bokum only after Radishchev returned from Leipzig, that is, in 1771.

The absence of serious entertainment, poor supervision and the oppression of Bokum were undoubtedly the reasons why Radishchev and his comrades led a rather dissolute life, although this did not prevent them from doing a lot and diligently at the same time. One of Radishchev's comrades, Fyodor Ushakov, a very talented and industrious young man, died in Leipzig from an illness he got as a result of an intemperate lifestyle. Radishchev was considered the most capable of all his comrades. Many years later, philosophy professor Plattner recalled him when he met Karamzin as a richly gifted young man. In addition to the compulsory course, Radishchev studied Helvetius, Mably, Rousseau, Holbach, Mendelssohn and acquired great knowledge of chemistry and medicine. He had to use his medical knowledge later, during his stay in the Ilim prison.

In November 1771, Radishchev returned from abroad to St. Petersburg and entered the service of the Senate as a recorder, but he did not serve here for long due to the difficult conditions of this service and moved as a captain to the headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief Count Bruce - to the position of chief auditor. At the same time, he had to study the Russian language, which was completely forgotten by him and his comrades in Leipzig. In 1775, he retired and married the daughter of a member of the Court Office, Anna Vasilievna Rubanovskaya, and in 1776 he again entered the service as an assessor at the College of Commerce, whose president was Count Alexander Romanovich Vorontsov. At the very beginning of his new official activity, Radishchev acquired the favor of his boss for the frankness and honesty of his convictions and great knowledge of business. He enjoyed this disposition of Vorontsov all his life, and in the disgrace that befell him, it played an enormous role for him. In 1780, Radishchev was appointed assistant manager of the St. Petersburg customs - Dal. He did all the work of managing customs, and Dal only made monthly reports to the empress (his official title in 1781 was: "overhead owl., to help with the adviser for customs affairs in St. Petersburg. Chamber of State Affairs"). Constant business relations with the British forced Radishchev to study English language which gave him the opportunity to read in the original the best English writers. While serving in customs, he developed a new customs tariff, for which he was awarded a diamond ring. There are many indications of Radishchev's honesty, incorruptibility and conscientiousness throughout his career.

In 1783 his wife died, leaving him three sons and a daughter. On September 22, 1785, Radishchev received the Order of Vladimir of the 4th degree and the rank of court adviser, and in 1790 he was promoted to collegiate adviser and appointed manager of the St. Petersburg Customs. In June of the same year, his essay "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was published, immortalizing him in posterity, but causing the author a lot of moral and physical suffering. It was printed in the amount of 650 copies, of which no more than a hundred were sold (7 books were distributed by Radishchev to his friends, 25 were given to Zotov's bookstore for sale at 2 rubles per copy, and after Radishchev's arrest, the same Zotov managed to find another 50 books ; the authorities had to confiscate only ten books). In this essay, Catherine saw a call to revolt of the peasants, an insult to Majesty, and Radishchev, on June 30, was arrested and brought to trial by the Criminal Chamber. The investigation was conducted in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress under the leadership of Sheshkovsky, who did not apply ordinary torture to Radishchev only because he was bribed by the latter's sister-in-law, Elizaveta Vasilievna Rubanovskaya. On July 8, 9 and 10, Radishchev gave interim testimony on 29 points, where he (it is not known - out of fear of the formidable Sheshkovsky, or out of fear for his fate and the fate of his children) repented of that he wrote and published his Journey, but did not abandon the views expressed by him in the book on serfdom. On July 15, the Chamber demanded five questions from him (what was his purpose, did he have accomplices, did he repent, how many copies were printed, and information about his former service) and on July 24 sentenced him to death. His trial was only a mere formality, since his indictment was already a foregone conclusion. How unfounded his accusation was is proved by the fact that the verdict had to indicate articles not only from the Criminal Code, but even from the Military Regulations and the Maritime Regulations. On the 26th of July the case was referred to the Senate, and on the 8th of August the verdict of the Chamber was confirmed by the Senate. Allegedly for complete impartiality, Catherine referred the matter to the Council, and on August 10, the Council passed a resolution that it agreed with the opinions of the Chamber and the Senate. On September 4, the Empress pardoned Radishchev and commuted his death penalty to a 10-year exile in the Irkutsk province, in the Ilimsk prison. On the same day, a special censorship ban was imposed on the book "Journey", which was finally lifted from it only on March 22, 1867.

On September 8, 1790, without warm clothes, shackled Radishchev was sent into exile. Thanks to the efforts and intercession of Count Vorontsov, the shackles were removed from him, and in all the cities on the way to Irkutsk he met with a warm welcome from the provincial authorities. On January 4, 1792, Radishchev arrived in Ilimsk. From November 11, 1790 to December 20, 1791, he kept a diary. Together with him went his sister-in-law E. V. Rubanovskaya (who became his wife in exile) with two young children of Radishchev. All expenses on the way to exile and his stay in prison were taken over by Count Vorontsov. Thanks to him, Radishchev's life in exile was more or less tolerable: magazines and books were sent to him; in the summer he hunted, and in the winter he read, studied literature, chemistry, taught children and treated the peasants of the nearest villages for diseases. In Ilimsk he wrote a philosophical treatise "about man". On November 6, 1796, Empress Catherine died, and on November 23, an amnesty decree was signed, according to which Radishchev was allowed to return to his estate (the village of Nemtsovo, Maloyaroslavsky district), where he would live without a break under police supervision. At the beginning of 1797, Paul's command reached Ilimsk, and on February 10, Radishchev left for Russia, where he arrived in July of the same year. On the way, in Tobolsk, his second wife died. In 1798, Radishchev, with the permission of Emperor Paul, went to visit his parents in the Saratov province, and in 1799 he returned to Nemtsovo, where he lived without a break until the accession to the throne of Alexander I, who on March 15, 1801 returned Radishchev's rights , ranks and order, allowed entry to the capital and on August 6 appointed him to the "Commission for drafting laws", with a salary of 1,500 rubles a year. Working in the Commission, Radishchev presented to her a project of state reorganization based on the principles of civil freedom of the individual, equality of all before the law and independence of the judiciary. The Chairman of the Commission, Count Zavadovsky, did not like this project; he even hinted to Radishchev that such a project could take a second trip to Siberia; this had such an effect on Radishchev that he drank nitric acid and on September 11, 1802, he died in terrible agony. His body was buried at the Smolensk cemetery, but his grave has long been lost. After his death, over 40 thousand debts remained, of which 4 thousand were paid by the treasury, and the rest were offered to be paid by the English trading post, but for some reason this proposal was rejected. From 1774 to 1775 Radishchev was a member of the English Assembly in St. Petersburg.

Radishchev entered the literary field for the first time in 1773 with a translation of Mably's work: "Reflections on Greek History", made on behalf of the society, founded in 1770 at the personal expense of Catherine, "to translate wonderful works of foreign literature into Russian." This translation has its own translator's notes, where, among other things, the idea is expressed that "the injustice of the sovereign gives the people, his judges the same, and more, over him the right that the law gives him over criminals." There are indications that Radishchev collaborated in Novikov's "Painter" and in Krylov's "Mail of Spirits". In 1789, his work "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov" was published. In this book, the author gives a description of the life of students in Leipzig, where the main actor is F. Ushakov, the oldest of all Russian students, the leader of the circle, who died in Leipzig before the end of the course. From the "Life of Ushakov" we learn how in Radishchev a crude religious conception of God is replaced by deism. In it, the author gives a humorous description of the most good-natured and incompetent hieromonk Paul, their Leipzig mentor in the truths of the Orthodox faith, disapproves of duels and defends the human right to commit suicide. In 1790, a "Letter to a friend living in Tobolsk" was published, written on the occasion of the opening of the monument to Peter I in St. Petersburg. In the same year, Radishchev started his own printing house and began printing his famous Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. It should be noted that before the publication of the "Journey" was presented to the Council of the Deanery and allowed by the censorship, so that the author was sentenced to death for publishing an essay that was allowed by the censorship. The book was published in June 1790. Radishchev began to write his book, as he himself says, because "he saw that all the misfortunes of man come from man. Therefore, everyone should resist delusions and be an accomplice in the prosperity of their own kind." The form of presentation of the Journey was undoubtedly influenced by the works of Stern and Reynal familiar to Radishchev; as for its content, it is not borrowed from anywhere, but taken entirely from real Russian life late XVIII century: it is, as it were, an encyclopedia of this life, in which all its evil is collected and the means for its destruction are indicated. In it, the author depicts the plight of the serfs, appeals to the hearts of the landowners, to whom he proves that serfdom is equally harmful both for the peasants and for the landlords, who are threatened by a second Pugachevshchina if they do not come to their senses in time. In a further presentation, he gives his own project for this liberation, and says that the liberation must be carried out gradually, since a sharp change in economic relations cannot take place without bloodshed, and he recognizes only a peaceful solution to the problem. The liberation of the peasants, in his opinion, must be carried out without fail with the allotment of land, and he is waiting for this liberation from the supreme power, believing that the sovereigns themselves understand its necessity. In the Journey there are thoughts that have not lost their significance to this day: the author rebels against trade frauds, public depravity and luxury, the greed of judges, the arbitrariness of the chiefs, who are the "mediation" separating power from the people. When printing Journey, Radishchev did not imagine that such a cruel punishment would befall him, since the same thoughts are found in his earlier works; but he lost sight of one thing, that the views of the Empress, after the events of 1789 in France, changed dramatically. In the Peter and Paul Fortress, Radishchev wrote "The Tale of the Gracious Philaret".

Of Radishchev's works written in exile, it is necessary to note the treatise "On Man, His Mortality and Immortality", which testifies to the great erudition of the author. On the question of "mortality" and "immortality", the author does not come to a definite conclusion, but only cites evidence in favor of both positions, borrowed by him from Holbach ("Systeme de la nature") and Mendelssohn ("Phaedo, or On Immortality souls"). In the same treatise, one should note the author's thoughts on the upbringing of children and his skepticism in relation to the factual side of the Old Testament, ecumenical councils, church traditions and the clergy. But along with this, he admires Orthodoxy, calling it the most excellent religion. In general, it must be said that all of Radishchev's works are distinguished by their vagueness and contradictions, and in terms of literature he is not a large figure. The fluctuations in his thoughts are explained by the duality of his nature: he professed the enlightening ideas of the West, but instinctively, without realizing it, remained a Russian person. In this respect, he was the son of his age - an age that "sinned a lot because it loved a lot," and in which the most inexplicable contradictions coexisted. The merit of Radishchev, as an ideological historical figure, is enormous: he was the first Russian citizen who declared in the press about the need to update our state and social system.

There are hints that Radishchev wrote the history of the Russian Senate, but it did not reach us and, as they say, was destroyed by the author himself. One song and plan of the tale has survived to our time: "Bova, a heroic tale in verse", written by Radishchev between 1797 and 1800. Eleven songs were written in all, but they did not reach us. The story is written in four-foot white choreic verse. Its content is not borrowed from Russian fairy tales, since the cynicism noticeable in it is unusual for Russian folk art, or rather, there is an imitation of fairy tales French writers XVIII century, and the author had a desire to put the Russian soul into it. In the artistic sense - the story is very weak. The beginning of another poem by Radishchev with an epigraph from "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and "Historical Song - a review of ancient Greek and Roman history" has been preserved. In the Ilim prison, "Letter on the Chinese Bargaining", "The Narrative of the Acquisition in Siberia" were written, and the historical story "Ermak" was begun. The composition "Description of my possession" refers, in all likelihood, to the end of the eighties. There are indications that Radishchev translated Montesquieu's book "Discourses on the Greatness and Decline of the Romans", but this translation has not been found to date. There are several poems by Radishchev, but all of them are unsatisfactory in terms of poetic technique, and if they deserve attention, then for the originality and boldness of their ideas. In the papers of the "Commission for drafting laws", established in 1801, Radishchev's handwritten note "On prices for people killed" was found, where he proves that a person's life cannot be valued by any money. Finally, from the time Radishchev left for exile, on the way to Ilimsk and back, he kept a diary in his own hand, which is now stored in Historical Museum in Moscow. The first half of this diary - "Note of a Journey to Siberia" - was published for the first time in 1906 in the "Proceedings of the Department of the Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences". The conditions under which Radishchev worked with a pen were not favorable for acquiring any influence on contemporary society. The Journey, published by him in 1790, was sold in a very limited number of copies (no more than a hundred), since he burned most of the publication when he learned what impression the book had made on the Empress. Most of his contemporaries "Journey" aroused rather curiosity and surprise towards the very personality of Radishchev, who decided on such a bold deed, than towards the content of the book. After the lawsuit, many paid big money just to get a book to read. There is no doubt that the persecution of the book and its author contributed to the success of the composition. In the manuscript, it penetrated into province and even abroad, where excerpts from it were printed in 1808. All this, of course, was an external success of the composition, but there is evidence that there were people who appreciated the significance of the very ideas of Radishchev - but there were few such people.

"Journey" was first published in 1858 in London, in the book "Prince Shcherbatov and A. Radishchev", but this edition is replete with inaccuracies and omissions. In 1868 it was published in Russia, but also with large cuts. In 1872, it was printed under the editorship of P. A. Efremov, in the amount of 1985 copies, without any reductions, but it was not published and was destroyed by censorship. In 1876 the Journey was published, almost exactly with the original, in Leipzig. In 1888, A. S. Suvorin's edition was published, but only 99 copies were included. In 1901, in Volume V of Burtsev's "Bibliographic Description of Rare and Remarkable Books", "Journey" was printed in its entirety, in the amount of 150 copies. In 1903 it was published by Kartavov, but censorship destroyed it. Finally, in 1905 it came out in full, checked against the manuscript, ed. N. P. Silvansky and P. E. Shchegolev. "Collected works left after the late A. N. Radishchev", in 6 parts, without "Journey", was published in Moscow, in 1806-1811. In 1872, the Collected Works of A. H. P., in 2 volumes, ed. Efremov; in 1907, the 1st volume of collected works published under the editorship of. V. B. Kallash and the 1st volume of the edition, ed. S. N. Troinitsky. A rich museum in the city of Saratov is dedicated to the name of Radishchev, opened at the thought of his grandson, the artist Bogolyubov, and with the consent of Emperor Alexander III.

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A. Lossky.

(Polovtsov)

Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich

Well-known writer, one of the main representatives of our "enlightenment philosophy". His grandfather, Afanasy Prokofievich R., one of the amusing Peter the Great, rose to the rank of brigadier and gave his son Nikolai a good upbringing for that time: Nikolai Afanasyevich knew several foreign languages, was familiar with history and theology, loved Agriculture and read a lot. He was very loved by the peasants, so during the Pugachev rebellion, when he hid in the forest with his older children (he lived in the Kuznetsk district of the Saratov province.), And he gave the younger children into the hands of the peasants, no one betrayed him. His eldest son, Alexander, mother's favorite, b. Aug 20 1749 He learned Russian reading and writing from the book of hours and the psalter. When he was 6 years old, a French teacher was assigned to him, but the choice turned out to be unsuccessful: the teacher, as they later learned, was a runaway soldier. Then the father decided to send the boy to Moscow. Here R. was placed with a relative of his mother, M.F. Argamakov, an intelligent and enlightened man. In Moscow, together with the children of Argamakov, R. was entrusted to the care of a very good French tutor, a former adviser to the Rouen parliament, who fled from the persecution of the government of Louis XV. Obviously, from him R. learned for the first time some of the provisions of the philosophy of education. Argamakov through his connections with Moscow University (another Argamakov, A. M., was the first director of the university) gave R. the opportunity to use the lessons of professors. From 1762 to 1766 R. studied at the Corps of Pages (in St. Petersburg) and, visiting the palace, could observe the luxury and customs of the Catherine's court. When Catherine ordered to send twelve young noblemen to Leipzig for scientific studies, including six pages from the most distinguished behavior and success in teaching, R. was among the latter. About R.'s stay abroad, in addition to R.'s own testimony (in his "Life F. V. Ushakov"), provides information on a number of official documents about the life of Russian students in Leipzig. These documents serve as proof that R. in the "Life of Ushakov" did not exaggerate anything, but rather even softened a lot, the same is confirmed by private letters from relatives to one of R's comrades that have come down to us. When sending students abroad, instructions were given regarding their studies , written by Catherine II herself. In this instruction we read: "I) study all Latin, French, German and, if possible, Slavic languages in which they must exercise themselves by talking and reading books. 2) Everyone should be taught moral philosophy, history, and most of all, natural and national law, and somewhat also Roman history law. Leave other sciences to be taught to everyone at will. "Significant funds were assigned for the maintenance of students - 800 rubles (from 1769 - 1000 rubles) per year for each). But he was assigned to the nobles as an educator ("chauffeur") major Bokum concealed a significant part of the appropriations in his favor, so that the students were in great need. They were placed in a damp, dirty apartment. R., according to the report of Yakovlev's office courier, "was sick all the time (Yakovlev) was in Leipzig, and even after leaving did not recover, and could not go to the table for illness, but food was given to him for an apartment. He is in the discussion of his illness for the holiday of bad food, he directly undergoes hunger. "Bokum was a rude, uneducated, unjust and cruel man, who allowed himself to apply corporal punishment to Russian students, sometimes very strong. In addition, he was an extremely boastful and intemperate man, which put him constantly in very awkward and comical situations.From the very departure from Petersburg, Bokum began clashes with students; big story. Bokum tried to expose the students as rebels, turned to the assistance of the Leipzig authorities, demanded soldiers and put all Russian students under a strict guard. Only the prudent intervention of our ambassador, Prince. Beloselsky, did not let this story end the way Bokum directed it. The ambassador released the prisoners, stood up for them, and although Bokum remained with the students, he began to treat them better, and sharp clashes were no longer repeated. The selection of a confessor for the students was also unsuccessful: Hieromonk Pavel, a cheerful man, but poorly educated, was sent with them, arousing ridicule from students. Of R.'s comrades, Fedor Vasilievich Ushakov is especially remarkable because huge influence, which he had on R., who wrote his "Life" and published some of the works of Ushakov. Gifted with an ardent mind and honest aspirations, Ushakov, before leaving abroad, served as secretary under the Secretary of State G. N. Teplov and worked hard to draw up the Riga trade charter. He enjoyed the location of Teplov, had influence on affairs; he was predicted to rise quickly on the administrative ladder, "many were trained to honor him already in advance." When Catherine II ordered the nobles to be sent to the University of Leipzig, Ushakov, wanting to educate himself, decided to neglect the opening career and pleasures and go abroad to sit on the student bench with the young men. Thanks to the petition of Teplov, he managed to fulfill his desire. Ushakov was a man more experienced and mature than his other associates, who immediately recognized his authority. He was worthy of the acquired influence; "the firmness of thoughts, their free expression" constituted his distinctive feature, and it especially attracted his young comrades to him. He served as an example for other students of serious studies, guided their reading, inspired them with strong moral convictions. He taught, for example, that he can overcome his passions who tries to know true definition a man who adorns his mind with useful and pleasant knowledge, who finds the greatest pleasure in being useful to the fatherland and being known to the world. Ushakov's health had been upset even before his trip abroad, and in Leipzig he spoiled it, partly by his way of life, partly by excessive studies, and fell dangerously ill. When the doctor, at his insistence, announced to him that "tomorrow he will no longer be involved in life," he firmly met the death sentence, although, "descending behind the coffin, he saw nothing behind it." He said goodbye to his friends, then, calling one R. to him, handed over all his papers to him and said to him: "Remember that you need to have rules in life in order to be blessed." Ushakov's last words were "marked with an indelible mark in memory" R. Before his death, suffering terribly, Ushakov asked for poison to end his suffering as soon as possible. He was denied this, but it nevertheless planted in R. the idea, "that unbearable life must be forcibly interrupted." Ushakov died in 1770 - The activities of students in Leipzig were quite diverse. They listened to Platner's philosophy, who, when Karamzin visited him in 1789, recalled with pleasure his Russian students, especially Kutuzov and R. The students also listened to Gellert's lectures or, as R. puts it, "enjoyed his teaching in verbal sciences". The students listened to history from Boehm, the law from Gommel. According to one of the official reports of 1769, “everyone generally admits with surprise that they (Russian students) have made notable successes in such a short time, and are not inferior in knowledge to those who have been studying there for a long time. : firstly, the elder Ushakov (there were two Ushakovs among the students), and after him Yanov and R., who surpassed the aspirations of their teachers. By his "volition" R. was engaged in medicine and chemistry, not as an amateur, but seriously, so that he could pass the exam for a doctor and then successfully engaged in treatment. Chemistry also forever remained one of his favorite things. In general, he acquired a serious knowledge of the natural sciences in Leipzig. The instruction instructed students to learn languages; how this study went, we do not have information, but R. knew German, French and Latin well. Later he learned the language. English and Italian. After spending several years in Leipzig, he, like his comrades, forgot the Russian language, so on his return to Russia he studied it under the guidance of the famous Khrapovitsky, Catherine's secretary. - Students read a lot, and mostly French. writers of the Enlightenment; were fond of the writings of Mably, Rousseau, and especially Helvetius. In general, R. in Leipzig, where he stayed for five years, acquired various and serious scientific knowledge and became one of the most educated people of his time, not only in Russia. He did not stop studying and diligent reading throughout his life. His writings are imbued with the spirit of "enlightenment" of the 18th century. and ideas of French philosophy. In 1771, with some of his comrades, R. returned to St. Petersburg and soon entered the service of the Senate, as a comrade and friend of his Kutuzov (see), a recorder, with the rank of titular adviser. They did not serve long in the Senate: they were hindered by a poor knowledge of the Russian language, they were burdened by the partnership of clerks, and the rude treatment of their superiors. Kutuzov went into military service, and R. entered the headquarters of General-in-Chief Bruce, who commanded in St. Petersburg, as chief auditor and stood out for his conscientious and courageous attitude to his duties. In 1775, Mr.. R. retired, with the rank of second major in the army. One of R.'s comrades in Leipzig, Rubanovsky, introduced him to the family of his older brother, whose daughter, Anna Vasilievna, he married. In 1778, Mr.. R. was again assigned to the service, in the State Commerce Collegium, for an assessor's vacancy. He quickly and well got used to even the details of the trade affairs entrusted to the board. Soon he had to participate in the resolution of one case, where a whole group of employees, in the event of an accusation, was subject to severe punishment. All members of the board were in favor of the accusation, but R., having studied the case, did not agree with this opinion and resolutely rose up in defense of the accused. He did not agree to sign the verdict and filed a dissenting opinion; In vain they persuaded him, they frightened him with the disfavor of the President Count A. R. Vorontsov - he did not yield; I had to report on his perseverance. Vorontsov. The latter at first was really angry, assuming some impure motives in R., but nevertheless demanded the case to himself, carefully reviewed it and agreed with R.'s opinion: the accused were acquitted. In 1788, he was transferred from the collegium of R. to serve in the St. Petersburg customs as an assistant manager, and then as a manager. In the service of customs, R. also managed to stand out for his disinterestedness, devotion to duty, and a serious attitude to business. Russian lessons. and reading led R. to their own literary experiences. First, he published a translation of Mably's "Reflections on Greek History" (1773), then began to compile the history of the Russian Senate, but destroyed the written one. After the death of his beloved wife (1783), he began to seek solace in literary work. There is an unlikely legend about R.'s participation in Novikov's The Painter. It is more probable that R. participated in the publication of Krylov's "Mail of Spirits", but this cannot be considered proven. Undoubtedly, R.'s literary activity begins only in 1789, when he published "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov with the addition of some of his works" ("On the Right to Punishment and on the Death Penalty", "On Love", "Letters on the First Book of the Helvetian Essay on mind"). Using the decree of Catherine II on free printing houses, R. started his own printing house at home and in 1790 printed in it his "Letter to a friend living in Tobolsk, on duty of his rank." This short essay describes the opening of the monument to Peter the Great and, along the way, expresses some general thoughts about state life, about power, and so on. The "letter" was only, as it were, a "test"; after him, R. released his main work, "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", with an epigraph from Telemachis: "The monster oblo, mischievously, huge, stozevno and bark." The book begins with a dedication to "A. M. K., my dearest friend," that is, to Comrade R. Kutuzov. In this dedication, the author writes: "I looked around me - my soul became wounded by human suffering." He realized that the person himself is to blame for these sufferings, because "he does not look directly at the objects surrounding him." To achieve bliss, one must take away the veil that closes natural feelings. Everyone can become an accomplice in the bliss of his own kind, resisting delusions. "This is the thought that prompted me to draw what you will read." "Journey" is divided into chapters, of which the first is called "Departure", and the subsequent ones bear the names of stations between St. Petersburg and Moscow; the book ends with the arrival and the exclamation: "Moscow! Moscow!!" The book sold out quickly. Her bold discussions about serfdom and other sad phenomena of the then public and state life attracted the attention of the empress herself, to whom someone delivered the Journey. Although the book was published "with the permission of the deanery council," that is, with the permission of the established censorship, persecution was nevertheless raised against the author. At first they did not know who the author was, since his name was not put on the book; but, having arrested the merchant Zotov, in whose shop the Journey was sold, they soon learned that the book had been written and published by R. He was also arrested, his case was "entrusted" to the well-known Sheshkovsky. Catherine forgot that R., both in the Corps of Pages and abroad, studied "natural law" by the highest command, and that she herself preached and allowed to preach principles similar to those carried out by the Journey. She referred to R. with strong personal irritation, she herself compiled R.'s question points, she herself directed the whole matter through Bezborodka. Planted in a fortress and interrogated by the terrible Sheshkovsky, R. declared his repentance, renounced his book, but at the same time, in his testimony, he often expressed the same views that were cited in Journey. By an expression of repentance, R. hoped to mitigate the punishment that threatened him, but at the same time he was unable to hide his convictions. In addition to R., they interrogated many persons involved in the publication and sale of "Journey"; the investigators looked for R.'s accomplices, but they did not turn up. Characteristically, the investigation carried out by Sheshkovsky was not reported to the chamber of the criminal court, where the case of "Journey" was transferred by the highest decree. The fate of R. was decided in advance: he was found guilty of the very decree to bring him to trial. The Criminal Chamber conducted a very brief investigation, the content of which was determined in a letter from Bezborodok to the commander-in-chief in St. Petersburg, Count Bruce. The chamber's task was only to give legal form to the predetermined condemnation of R., to find and sum up the laws according to which he was to be convicted. This task was not easy, since it was difficult to blame the author for a book published with proper permission, and for views that until recently enjoyed patronage. The Criminal Chamber applied to R. the articles of the Code on the attempt on the sovereign's health, on conspiracies and treason, and sentenced him to death. The verdict, passed to the Senate and then to the Council, was approved in both instances and presented to Catherine. 4th Sept. In 1790, a personal decree was passed, which found R. guilty of the crime of oath and the position of a subject by publishing a book “filled with the most harmful mentalities, destroying public peace, detracting from due respect for the authorities, striving to produce indignation among the people against bosses and bosses and finally, insulting and frantic expressions against the rank and power of the king"; R.'s guilt is such that he fully deserves the death penalty, to which he was sentenced by the court, but "by mercy and for everyone's joy" on the occasion of the conclusion of peace with Sweden the death penalty replaced by an exile to Siberia, to the Ilim prison, "for a ten-year hopeless stay." The decree was then carried out. The sad fate of R. attracted everyone's attention: the verdict seemed incredible, rumors arose more than once in society that R. was forgiven, returning from exile - but these rumors were not justified, and R. stayed in Ilimsk until the end of Catherine's reign. His position in Siberia was facilitated by the fact that Count A. R. Vorontsov continued to support the exiled writer all the time, provided him with patronage from the chiefs in Siberia, sent him books, magazines, scientific instruments, etc. His sister came to Siberia wife, E. V. Rubanovskaya, and brought her younger children (the older ones stayed with their relatives for education). In Ilimsk, R. married E. V. Rubanovskaya. During his exile, he studied Siberian life and Siberian nature, made meteorological observations, read and wrote a lot. He felt such a desire for literary work that even in the fortress during the trial he took advantage of permission to write and wrote a story about Philaret the Merciful. In Ilimsk, he was also involved in the treatment of patients, in general he tried to help whomever he could and became, according to a contemporary, "the benefactor of that country." His caring activity extended for 500 versts around Ilimsk. Shortly after his accession, Emperor Pavel returned R. from Siberia (High. Order November 23, 1796), and R. was ordered to live in his estate in the Kaluga province, the village of Nemtsov, and the governor was ordered to observe his behavior and correspondence. At the request of R., he was allowed by the sovereign to go to the Saratov province. visit elderly and sick parents. After the accession of Alexander I, R. received complete freedom; he was summoned to Petersburg and appointed a member of the commission to draw up laws. Stories have been preserved (in the articles of Pushkin and Pavel Radishchev) that R., who surprised everyone with his “gray youth”, submitted a general project on the necessary legislative changes - a project where the emancipation of the peasants was again put forward, etc. Since this project was not found in affairs of the commission, then doubts were expressed in its very existence; however, in addition to the testimony of Pushkin and Pavel Radishchev, we have the undoubted testimony of a contemporary, Ilyinsky, who was also a member of the commission and must have known the matter well. There is no doubt, in any case, that this project, as Radishchev's son reports it, fully coincides with the direction and character of R.'s writings. The same Ilyinsky and another contemporary witness, Born, also certify the accuracy of another legend, about the death of R. This legend says that when R. filed his liberal draft of the necessary reforms, the chairman of the commission, Count Zavadovsky, made him a strict reprimand for his way of thinking, severely reminding him of his former hobbies and even mentioning Siberia. R., a man with severely disturbed health, with broken nerves, was so shocked by Zavadovsky's reprimand and threats that he decided to commit suicide, drank poison and died in terrible agony. He seemed to recall the example of Ushakov, who taught him that "an unbearable life must be forcibly interrupted." R. died on the night of September 12, 1802 and was buried at the Volkov cemetery. - The main literary work R. - "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." This work is remarkable, on the one hand, as the sharpest expression of the influence that it acquired among us in the 18th century. French philosophy of enlightenment, and on the other hand, as clear evidence that the best representatives of this influence were able to apply the ideas of enlightenment to Russian life, to Russian conditions. R.'s journey, as it were, consists of two parts, theoretical and practical. In the first, we see the author's constant borrowings from various European writers. R. himself explained that he wrote his book in imitation of Stern's Iorikov journey and was influenced by Raynal's "History of India"; in the book itself there are references to various authors, and many borrowings that are not indicated are also easily identified. Along with this, we find in the "Journey" a constant depiction of Russian life, Russian conditions and the consistent application of the general principles of education to them. R. - a supporter of freedom; he gives not only an image of all the unsightly aspects of serfdom, but speaks of the necessity and possibility of emancipating the peasants. R. attacks serfdom not only in the name of an abstract concept of freedom and dignity human personality: his book shows that he carefully observed people's life in reality, that he had an extensive knowledge of everyday life, on which his sentence to serfdom was based. The means which The Journey proposes for the abolition of serfdom are also in harmony with life and are not at all overly harsh. The "project for the future" proposed by R. indicates the following measures: first of all, household servants are released and it is forbidden to take peasants for household services - if anyone takes it, then the peasant becomes free; marriages of peasants are allowed without the consent of the landowner and without withdrawal money; peasants are recognized as owners of a movable estate and an allotment of land cultivated by them; required, further, a trial of equals, full civil rights, a prohibition to punish without trial; peasants are allowed to buy land; the amount for which the peasant can redeem is determined; Finally, comes the complete abolition of slavery. Of course it is literary plan, which cannot be considered as a ready-made bill, but its general grounds must be recognized as applicable for that time. Attacks on serfdom - main topic"Travels"; No wonder Pushkin called R. - "enemy of slavery." Book R. touches, in addition, a number of other issues of Russian life. R. arms himself against such aspects of his contemporary reality, which have long been condemned by history; such are his attacks on the enrollment of nobles in the service from childhood, on the injustice and greed of judges, on the complete arbitrariness of superiors, etc. The Journey also raises questions that are still of vital importance; thus, it is arming itself against censorship, against the festive receptions of the chiefs, against merchants' deceptions, against debauchery and luxury. Attacking the contemporary system of education and upbringing, R. draws an ideal that has not yet been implemented in many respects. He says that the government exists for the people, and not vice versa, that the happiness and wealth of the people are measured by the well-being of the mass of the population, and not by the well-being of a few individuals, etc. General character R.'s worldview is also reflected in his extremely harsh "Ode to Liberty", placed in the "Journey" (largely reproduced in the first volume of "Russian Poetry" by S. A. Vengerov). Pushkin imitated R.'s poem "Bov's Heroic Tale". R. is not a poet at all; his poetry is for the most part very weak. His prose, on the other hand, often has considerable merit. Having forgotten the Russian language abroad, who later studied according to Lomonosov, R. often makes both these conditions felt: his speech is heavy and artificial; but at the same time, in a number of places, carried away by the depicted subject, he speaks simply, sometimes in a lively, colloquial language. Many scenes in Journey are striking in their vitality, showing the author's powers of observation and humor. In 1807-11 in St. Petersburg. The collected works of R. were published in six parts, but without the Journey and with some omissions in the Life of Ushakov. The first edition of Journey was destroyed partly by R. before his arrest, partly by the authorities; only a few dozen copies remain. The demand for it was great; it was rewritten. Masson testifies that many paid considerable money to have the Journey read. Separate excerpts from the Journey were published in various publications: Martynov's Severny Vestnik (in 1805), with Pushkin's article, which appeared in print for the first time in 1857, in M. A. Antonovich's preface to the translation of Schlosser's history of the 18th century . Such reprints were not always successful. When Sopikov placed in his bibliography (1816) the dedication from Journey, this page was cut out, reprinted and preserved in its entirety only in very few copies. In 1858, "Journey" was published in London, in one book with the composition of the book. Shcherbatov "On the damage to morals in Russia", with a preface by Herzen. The text of the "Journey" is given here with some distortions, according to a damaged copy. From the same edition, the Journey was reprinted in Leipzig in 1876. In 1868, the highest order was issued, which allowed the publication of the Journey on the basis of general censorship rules. In the same year, a reprint of R.'s book appeared, made by Shigin, but with large gaps and again from a distorted copy, and not from the original. In 1870, P. A. Efremov undertook the publication of the complete works of R. (with some additions to the manuscripts), including the full text of the Journey according to the 1790 edition. The publication was printed, but was not published: it was arrested and destroyed. In 1888 A. S. Suvorin published "Journey", but only in 99 copies. In 1869, P. I. Bartenev reprinted in the "Collection of the 18th century." "The Life of F. V. Ushakov"; in "Russian antiquity" in 1871, "Letter to a friend living in Tobolsk" was reprinted. Acad. M. I. Sukhomlinov published in his study of R. R.'s story about Filaret. Chapter from "Journey" about Lomonosov. in the 1st volume of "Russian poetry" by S. A. Vengerov. All R.'s poems are also reproduced there, not excluding "Ode to Liberty". R.'s name was banned for a long time; it almost never appeared in print. Shortly after his death, several articles about him appeared, but then his name almost disappears in the literature and is very rare; only fragmentary and incomplete data are given about him. Batyushkov introduced R. into his program of compositions on Russian literature. Pushkin wrote to Bestuzhev: "How can one forget R. in an article on Russian literature? Who will we remember?" Later, Pushkin was convinced by experience that it was not so easy to remember the author of the Journey: his article about R. was not passed by the censors and appeared in print only twenty years after the poet's death. Only in the second half of the fifties was the ban removed from the name of R.; many articles and notes about him appear in the press, interesting materials are published. A complete biography of R., however, is still not available. In 1890, the centenary of the appearance of the "Journey" caused very few articles about R. In 1878, the highest permission was given to open the "Radishchev Museum" in Saratov, established by R.'s grandson, the artist Bogolyubov, and representing an important educational center for the Volga region . The grandson adequately honored the memory of his "eminent", as the decree says, grandfather. The most important articles about R.: "On the death of R.", poems and prose by N. M. Born ("Roll of the Muses", 1803). Biographies: in the fourth part of the Dictionary of Memorable People of the Russian Land by Bantysh-Kamensky and in the second part of the Dictionary of Secular Writers, Met. Evgenia. Two articles by Pushkin in the V volume of his works (an explanation of their meaning in the article by V. Yakushkin - "Readings of the General History and Ancient Russia", 1886, book 1 and separately). Biographies of R., written by his sons - Nikolai ("Russian Antiquity", 1872, vol. VI) and Pavel ("Russian Bulletin", 1858, No. 23, with notes by M. N. Longinov). Longinov's articles: "A. M. Kutuzov and A. N. Radishchev" ("Sovremennik" 1856, No. 8), "Russian Students at the University of Leipzig and Radishchev's Last Project" ("Bibl. Notes", 1859 , No. 17), "Catherine the Great and Radishchev" ("News", 1865, No. 28) and a note in the "Russian Archive", 1869, No. 8. "On Radishchev's Russian comrades at the University of Leipzig" - an article by K. Grotto in 3 issue. IX vol. "Izvestia" II part. Akd. Sciences. For the participation of R. in the "Painter", see the article by D. F. Kobeko in "Bibliogr. Notes" of 1861, No. 4, and the notes of P. A. Efremov to the publication of "The Painter" in 1864. On the participation of R. in " Spirit Mail" see articles by V. Andreev ("Russian invalid", 1868, No. 31), A. N. Pypin ("Bulletin of Europe", 1868, No. 5) and Y. K. Grot ("Literary Krylov's life ", appendix to the XIV volume of "Notes" of Ak. Sciences). "About Radishchev" - Art. M. Shugurova, "Russian Archive" 1872, pp. 927 - 953. "Trial of a Russian writer in the 18th century" - article by V. Yakushkin, "Russian Antiquity" 1882, September; here are documents from the original case of Radishchev; new important documents about this case and about R. in general are given by M. I. Sukhomlinov in his monograph "A. N. Radishchev"; Volume XXXII of the "Collection of the Department of the Russian Language and Literary Sciences" and separately (St. Petersburg, 1883), and then in Volume I of "Research and Articles" (St. Petersburg, 1889). Radishchev is mentioned in the manuals on the history of Russian literature by Koenig, Galakhov, Stoyunin, Karaulov, Porfiryev and others, as well as in the works of Longinov - "Novikov and the Moscow Martinists", A. N. Pypin - "The Social Movement under Alexander I", V I. Semevsky - "The Peasant Question in Russia", Shchapov - "Social and Pedagogical Conditions for the Development of the Russian People", A. P. Pyatkovsky - "From the History of Our Literary and Social Development", L. N. Maykov - "Batyushkov, his life and writings. Materials relating to the biography of Radishchev are published in the Readings of O. and. and d. R., 1862, book. 4, and 1865, book. 3, in V and XII volumes of the "Archives of Prince Vorontsov", in X volumes of the "Collection of the Imperial Russian Historical Society"; in the collected works of Catherine II are placed her rescripts on the case of R.; Catherine's letters about this case were also published in the "Russian Archive" (1863, No. 3, and in 1872, p. 572; the report of the Irkutsk governorship on R. - in "Russian Antiquity" 1874, vol. VI p. , 1870, Nos. 4 and 5. Part of the documents relating to the case of R.'s "Journey", with corrections and additions according to the manuscripts, was reprinted by P. A. Efremov in the collected works of R. 1870. R. is mentioned in the notes Khrapovitsky, Princess Dashkova, Selivanovsky ("Bibl. Notes", 1858, No. 17), Glinka, Ilyinsky ("Russian Archive", 1879, No. 12), in Karamzin's Letters from a Russian Traveler. Notes by P. A. Efremov to his unpublished ed. op. R. placed in the "Russian. Poetry" S. A. Vengerov. R.'s portrait was attached to the 1st part of his works of the 1807 edition (and not to the first edition of Journey, as erroneously shown by Rovinsky in the Dictionary of Engraved Portraits); portrait engraved by Vendramini. From the same engraving, an engraved portrait of R. Alekseev was made for the unpublished second volume of Beketov's Collection of Portraits of Famous Russians. A large lithograph was made from the Beketovsky portrait for the "Bibliograph. Notes" of 1861, No. 1. A photograph from the portrait of Vendramini is given in the "Illustration" of 1861, 159, with an article by Zotov op.; right there and the view of Ilimsk. Wolf's edition of The Russian People (1866) contains a very unfortunate engraved portrait of R. by Vendramini (without a signature). The 1870 edition is accompanied by a copy from the same Vendramini in a good engraving, executed in Leipzig by Brockhaus. In the Historical Bulletin of 1883, April, at Art. Nezelenov placed a polytype portrait of R. from the Aleksevsky portrait; This polytype is repeated in Brikner's "History of Catherine II" and in Schilder's "Alexander I". Rovinsky placed a photograph from the Vendraminian portrait in the Dictionary of Engraved Portraits, and a photograph from the Aleksevsky portrait in Russian Iconography under No. 112.

V. Yakushkin.

his son, Nikolai Alexandrovich, also engaged in literature, among other things, translated almost all of August La Fontaine. He was close with Zhukovsky, Merzlyakov, Voeikov, served as marshal in the Kuznetsk district of the Saratov province, left a biography of his father, published in Russian Antiquity (1872, vol. VI). In 1801 he published Alyosha Popovich and Churila Plenkovich , heroic song creation "(M.), which had an undoubted influence on Pushkin's Ruslan and Lyudmila (see prof. Vladimirov, in Kyiv Univ. News, 1895, No. 6).

(Brockhaus)

Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich

(Polovtsov)

Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich

Revolutionary writer. Born into a poor noble family. He was educated in the Corps of Pages. Then, among other 12 young men, he was sent by Catherine II abroad (to Leipzig) to prepare "for political and civil service." In Leipzig R. studied French educational philosophy, as well as German (Leibniz). The talented F. V. Ushakov, the talented F. V. Ushakov, whose life and work was later described in 1789 in The Life of F. V. Ushakov, had a great influence on the political development of R.. Returning to Russia, R. in the late 70s. served as a customs official. From 1735 he began to work on his main work - "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow". It was printed by R. in his own printing house in 1790 in an amount of about 650 copies. The book, with extraordinary revolutionary boldness for that time, exposed the autocratic-feudal regime, attracted the attention of both "society" and Catherine. By order of the latter, on July 30 of the same year, R. was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. On August 8, he was sentenced to death, which was replaced by a decree on October 4 with a ten-year exile in Ilimsk (Siberia). R. was returned from exile in 1797 by Paul I, but he was restored to his rights only by Alexander I, who attracted R. to participate in the commission for drafting laws. In this commission, as before, R. defended views that did not coincide with the official ideology. The chairman of the commission reminded R. of Siberia. Sick and exhausted, Radishchev responded to this threat with suicide, saying before his death: "offspring will avenge me." However, the fact of suicide is not exactly established.

The views expressed in the Journey were partly expressed both in the Life and in the Letter to a Friend (written in 1782, printed in 1789), and even earlier in the notes to the translation of Mably's work Meditations on Greek History. . In addition, R. wrote "Letter on Chinese bargaining", "Abridged narrative of the acquisition of Siberia", "Notes of a trip to Siberia", "Diary of a trip to Siberia", "Diary of one week", "Description of my possession", "Bova" , "Notes on the statute", "Draft civil code", etc. In the "Description of my possessions", written in the Kaluga estate upon returning from exile, the same anti-serfdom motives are repeated as in the "Journey". "Bova", which has come down to us only in fragments, is an attempt to process a folk fairy tale plot. This poetic story bears the imprint of sentimentalism and, to a greater extent, classicism. The same features characterize the "Historical Song" and "Songs of Vseglas". Before exile, R. wrote the "History of the Senate", which he himself destroyed. Some historians, like Pypin, Lyashchenko and Plekhanov, point to R.'s participation in Krylov's Spirit Mail and to his ownership of the notes signed by Sylph Farsighted, although this indication is questioned in some works. by the most significant work Radishchev is his "Journey". In contrast to the "smiling" satirical literature of Catherine's times, which glided over the surface social phenomena and not daring to go beyond criticism of hypocrisy, hypocrisy, superstition, ignorance, imitation of French mores, gossip and extravagance, the Journey sounded like a revolutionary alarm. No wonder Catherine II was so alarmed, who wrote "remarks" on R.'s book, which served as the basis for the questions of the investigator, the famous "whip fighter" Sheshkovsky. In the order to bring R. to court, Catherine characterizes the "Journey" as a work filled with "the most harmful philosophies, detracting from the respect due to the authorities, striving to produce indignation among the people against the chiefs and superiors, and finally, expressions against the dignity and power of the king ". Therefore, she could not believe in any way that the "Journey" was allowed by the censorship ("Deanery Administration"). In fact, such permission was given by the then St. Petersburg police chief, the "naughty" Nikita Ryleev, who had not read the book, was given. Although the ode "Liberty", in which R.'s anti-monarchist tendencies are especially strong, was printed in "Journey" with significant cuts, Catherine nevertheless caught her true essence; this is evidenced by her postscript to the "Ode": "The ode is clearly rebellious, where the kings are threatened with a chopping block. Cromwell's example is cited with praise." Catherine's fright will become especially clear if we remember that The Journey appeared when the memory of Pugachev was still fresh and just in the first years of the French Revolution, which greatly agitated the "philosopher on the throne." At this time, the persecution of the "Martinists", of writers like Novikov and Knyaznin, began. In every progressive writer, Catherine saw a troublemaker. With regard to Radishchev, Catherine believed that "the French revolution decided to define itself in Russia as the first zealot." In addition to the prohibition of "Journey", "Life" and "Letter to a friend" were selected and burned.

Historically, R.'s speech was quite natural, as one of the earliest and most consistent expressions of the country's capitalization. The Journey contained a whole system of revolutionary bourgeois worldview.

In his views on the political structure of the Russian state, R. leaned towards popular rule. Travel through Novgorod (ch. "Novgorod") Radishchev uses for memories of the past, of democracy in Novgorod. True, one can find places in the Journey when R., with his projects and descriptions of social injustices, turns to the king. This brings him closer to some of the Western European enlighteners who expected the realization of their utopian systems from the assistance of "enlightened" monarchs. Kings, the enlighteners said, do evil because they do not know the truth, that they are surrounded by bad advisers. It is worth replacing these latter with philosophers - and everything will go differently. In the chapter "Spasskaya Poles" R. paints a picture of a dream, which is a pamphlet against Catherine II. In a dream, he is a king. Everyone bows before him, lavish praises and panegyrics, and only one old wanderer, symbolizing "truth", removes the thorn in his eyes, and then he sees that all the courtiers who surrounded him only deceived him.

But despite the presence of such places, one cannot consider correct the assertion of the Cadet professor Milyukov that R. allegedly addressed Ch. arr. to the philosopher on the throne. R. was the first Russian Republican, fiercely opposed to the autocracy, considering it "tyranny" and the basis of all the evils of society. Any fact and event in life are used by R. to criticize "autocracy", which "is the most contrary to human nature state." R. uses any pretext to oppose the people, the fatherland - the king. Catherine rightly remarked on this occasion: "The writer does not like kings and where he can reduce love and respect for them, here he greedily clings with sharp courage." R. made a particularly consistent fighter against monarchism in general and Russian autocracy in particular in his ode "Liberty". In the latter, R. depicted the people's trial of the criminal, the "villain" king. The king's crime lies in the fact that he, "crowned" by the people, having forgotten the "oath given", "revolted" against the people. R. ends this court scene like this: "A single death is not enough for that ... die, die a hundred times!" Ode "Liberty", written with great artistic power, formally depicts the execution of Charles Stuart I by the rebels English people, but, of course, only Russian reality and the expectation of popular uprisings, and not the execution of the monarch, committed in distant England 150 years ago, could inspire R. and raise his muse to a great height.

But R. was not so much interested political system state, how much the economic and legal status of the peasantry. At that time, when serfdom intensified, R. fiercely, revolutionary boldly and consistently opposed it. R. understood that the case of "Saltychikha" was not an accidental episode, but a legitimate phenomenon of serfdom. And he demanded the destruction of the latter. In this regard, R. went further than not only his contemporaries in Russia - Chelintsev, Novikov, Fonvizin, and others - but also Western European enlighteners. At a time when Voltaire, in his response to the questionnaire of the Free Economic Society, believed that the liberation of the peasants was a matter of goodwill of the landowners; when de Labbe, who proposed to free the peasants, did so with the proviso that the peasants must first be prepared by education for this act; when Rousseau proposed first to "liberate the souls" of the peasants, and only then their bodies, R. raised the question of the liberation of the peasants without any reservations.

Already from the very beginning of the Journey - from Lyuban (Chapter IV) - they begin to record impressions of the miserable life of the peasants, about how the feudal lords not only exploit the peasants in their household, but rent them out like cattle. As a result of unbearable corvee, the financial situation of the peasants is terrible. Peasant baked bread consists of three quarters of chaff and one quarter of wholemeal flour (ch. "Pawns"). Peasants live worse than cattle. Peasant poverty evokes in R. words of indignation towards the landowners: "Greedy animals, insatiable drunkards, what do we leave the peasant? What we cannot take away is air." In the chapter "Copper" R. describes the sale of serfs at auction and the tragedy of a divided - as a result of the sale in parts - a family. The chapter "Black Mud" describes a forced marriage. The horrors of the recruitment (ch. "Gorodnya") cause the remarks of R., who considers the recruits as "captives in his own country." In the chapter "Zaitsevo" R. tells how the serfs, driven to despair by their tyrant landowner, killed the latter. This murder of the landowner R. justifies: “the innocence of the killer, for me at least, was mathematical clarity. If I go to me, the villain attacks me, and lifting a dagger over my head, he wants to pierce me with it, will I be considered a murderer if I warn him in his wickedness, and I will cast the lifeless at my feet."

Considering serfdom as a crime, arguing that serf labor is unproductive, R. in the chapter "Khotilov" outlines a "project for the future", a project for the gradual but complete elimination of serfdom. First of all - according to the project - "domestic slavery" is abolished, it is forbidden to take peasants for domestic services, peasants are allowed to marry without the consent of the landowner. The land cultivated by the peasants, by virtue of "natural law", should, according to the draft, become the property of the peasants. Anticipating a delay with release, Radishchev threatens the landowners with "death and burning", reminding them of the history of peasant uprisings. Characteristically, nowhere in the Journey does R. speak of ransoming the peasants: a ransom would be contrary to "natural law," of which R.

R.'s revolutionary nature should, of course, be understood historically. R. was an educator-idealist, although materialistic tendencies in a number of issues were quite strong for him (in his statements against mysticism, which, as a result of Masonic propaganda, then began to spread intensively, in explaining love as egoism, etc.). Milyukov, seeking to cut R. a liberal, rejects R.'s materialism and considers him a complete Leibnizian. This is not true. Leibnizism, especially in the philosophical treatise, he has, but the Journey is ideologically connected not with Leibniz, but with Helvetius, Rousseau, Mably, and other literature of the French Enlightenment.

"Journey" R. as a literary work is not entirely free from imitation. But despite the presence in it of elements of other people's influences, basically it is deeply original. Often noted similarity "Travel" R. with " Sentimental Journey"Stern is available only in the composition. The similarity with Raynal's "Philosophical History of the Two Indies" can only be found in the power of pathos. In terms of content, Radishchev is quite original. Even less can be said about R.'s imitation of contemporary Russian literature. True, some satirical moments of "Journey "(mockery of fashion, dandies, invitations to foreign tutors, denunciation of the depraved life of high society circles, etc.) coincide with the satire of Novikov's journals, the works of Fonvizin, Knyazhnin, Kapnist. But while these writers in the criticism of the feudal-serf order are mainly did not go beyond petty denunciations, R. revealed its basis.In addition, if the vast majority of satirical journalism, exposing and criticizing modern mores, called back to the "good" times and mores of the past, R. called forward with his criticism. something new that R. introduced both in comparison with his Western teachers and in relation to his closest Russian associates from the Novikov camp - this is a much deeper truthfulness in the interpretation of Russian reality, these are clearly expressed realistic tendencies of creativity, this is its revolutionary nature.

The analysis of the language of "Journey" reveals its duality. The language of the Journey is clear and simple when R. writes about real things, about directly seen and experienced. When he touches on abstract points, his language becomes obscure, archaic, pompous, falsely pretentious. But still, it would be a mistake to assert, like M. Sukhomlinov, that these two moments constitute two different streams: "one's own" and "alien", between which there is supposedly no "internal organic connection". Sukhomlinov, like other bourgeois historians, would like to "liberate" R. from everything alien, that is, from the influence of revolutionary France, and turn him into a "truly Russian" liberal. Such assertions do not stand up to scrutiny. The archaism of Radishchev's abstract reasoning is not only explained by R.'s insufficient knowledge of the Russian language, but also by the fact that the Russian language was then insufficiently prepared for many philosophical and political concepts.

Despite these shortcomings, "Journey" is distinguished by great artistic power. R. is not limited to a pitiful description of the miserable life of the Russian peasantry. His depiction of Russian reality is imbued with caustic, often crude irony, well-aimed satire and great pathos of denunciation.

Literary views R. set out in the chapters "Tver" and "The Tale of Lomonosov" and in "Monument dactylochoreic knight", dedicated to the study of Tredyakovsky's "Telemakhida". Pushkin, who in his article on R. does not spare the latter, recognized R.'s remarks on Telemachida as "wonderful." R.'s remarks follow the lines of a formal sound analysis of Tredyakovsky's verse. Radishchev spoke out against the poetic canons established by Lomonosov's poetics, which were tenaciously held by contemporary poetry. "Parnassus is surrounded by iambs," says R. ironically, "rhymes are everywhere on guard." R. was a revolutionary in the field of poetry. He demanded from poets to abandon the obligatory rhyme, free transition to blank verse and turn to folk poetry. In his poetry and prose R. shows an example of a bold break with canonical forms.

If Radishchev himself received little from his domestic contemporaries, then his "Journey" had a huge impact both on his generation and on subsequent ones. The demand for Journey was so great that, in view of its withdrawal from sale, 25 rubles were paid for each hour of reading. "Journey" began to spread in the lists. R.'s influence is noticeable in "Journey through the North of Russia in 1791." his comrade at the University of Leipzig I. Chelintsev, in Pnin's "Experience on Enlightenment with Respect to Russia", partly in the works of Krylov. In their testimony, the Decembrists refer to the influence of Journey on them. Father's advice to Molchalin in Griboyedov's "Woe from Wit" is reminiscent of the corresponding place in "Life", and even the early Pushkin in the play "Bova" dreamed of "equalizing" with R.

After the death of R. critical literature hushed him up. Not a single word was mentioned about him in textbooks on literature. Pushkin, who "discovered" him with his articles on R., therefore, not without reason, reproached Bestuzhev: "How can one forget Radishchev in an article on Russian literature," Pushkin asked. But Pushkin's attempt to "discover" R., as you know, was not successful. Although his article was directed against R., it was not passed by the Nikolaev censorship (it was published only 20 years later, in 1857). In Russia, a new edition of Journey could appear only in 1905. But R. was not only hushed up. Critics tried to portray him as either a madman, or a mediocre copycat writer, or an ordinary liberal, or a repentant official. Meanwhile, it is proved that R. did not renounce his beliefs. The renunciation of the ideas of "Journey" and "repentance" during interrogations by Sheshkovsky were forced and insincere. In a letter from Siberia to his patron Vorontsov, R. wrote: "... I confess the vicissitudes of my thoughts willingly, if I am convinced by arguments better than those that were used in that case." He gives the example of Galileo, who, under the pressure of the violence of the Inquisition, also renounced his views. On his way through Tobolsk to the Ilimsk prison, R. wrote poems expressing his mindset: "Do you want to know who I am? Where am I going? I am the same as I was, and will be all my life." All subsequent activities R. proves that he was and died a revolutionary.

Radishchev's name occupies and will forever occupy an honorable place in the history of social thought in Russia.

Bibliography: I. From the latest editions of R.'s texts: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. [Ed. and intro. Art. N. P. Pavlov-Silvansky and P. E. Shchegolev], St. Petersburg, 1905; Journey from Petersburg to Moscow. Photolithographic reproduction of the first edition. (St. Petersburg, 1790). ed. "Academia", M., 1935; Complete collection. sochin., ed. S. N. Troinitsky, 3 vols., St. Petersburg, 1907; The same, ed. prof. A. K. Borozdina, prof. I. I. Lapshina and P. E. Shchegolev, 2 vols., St. Petersburg, 1907; The same, ed., entry. Art. in note. Vl. Vl. Kallash, 2 vols., M., 1907; On the regulation, "Voice of the Past", 1916, XII (newly opened note with a preface and note by A. Pepelnitsky).

II Pushkin A. S., Alexander Radishchev, "Works", vol. VII, ed. P. V. Annenkov, St. Petersburg, 1857 (reprinted and in later editions of Pushkin's works); Sukhomlinov M. I., A. N. Radishchev, "Sb. Department of Russian. Languages ​​and Words of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. XXXII, No. 6, St. Petersburg, 1883 (reprinted in his "Research and Articles on Russian history", vol. I, St. Petersburg, 1889); Myakotin V.A., At the dawn of the Russian public, in Sat. articles by the author "From the history of Russian society", St. Petersburg, 1902; Kallash V.V., "Slavery is the enemy", "Izv. Otd. Russian. Language and words. Imperial Academy of Sciences", vol. VIII, book. IV, St. Petersburg, 1903; Tumanov M., A. N. Radishchev, "Bulletin of Europe" 1904, II; Pokrovsky V., Historical reader, vol. XV, M., 1907 (reprint of many historical and literary articles about R.); Lunacharsky A. V., A. N. Radishchev, Rech, P., 1918 (reprinted in the author's book "Literary silhouettes", M., 1923); Sakulin P.P., Pushkin, Historical and literary sketches. Pushkin and Radishchev. New Solution controversial issue, M., 1920; Semennikov V.P., Radishchev, Essays and researches, M., 1923; Plekhanov G.V., A.N. Radishchev (1749-1802), (Posthumous manuscript), "Emancipation of Labor Group", Sat. No. 1, Guise, M., 1924 (cf. "Works" by G. V. Plekhanov, vol. XXII, M., 1925); Luppol I., The tragedy of Russian materialism of the XVIII century. (To the 175th anniversary of the birth of Radishchev), "Under the banner of Marxism", 1924, VI ​​- VII; Bogoslovsky P. S., Siberian travel notes of Radishchev, their historical, cultural and literary significance, "Perm Collection of Local Lore", vol. I, Perm, 1924; Him, Radishchev in Siberia, "Siberian Lights", 1926, III; Skaftymov A., On Realism and Sentimentalism in Radishchev's Journey, "Scientific Notes of the Saratov State University named after N. G. Chernyshevsky", vol. VII, no. III, Saratov, 1929; Article, comments, note. and indexes to the text of "Journey", photolithographically reproduced from the 1st ed., ed. "Academia", Moscow, 1935 (II volume of this edition).

III Mandelstam R. S., Bibliography of Radishchev, ed. N. K. Piksanova, "Bulletin of the Communist Academy", Prince. XIII (Moscow, 1925), XIV and XV (Moscow, 1926).

M. Bochacher.

(Lit. Enz.)

Radishchev, Alexander Nikolaevich

Philosopher, writer. Genus. in Moscow, in a noble family. He received his primary education in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In 1762-1766 he studied at the Corps of Pages, then at the University of Leipzig; Studied jurisprudence, philosophy, natural sciences. science, medicine, languages. Returning to Russia, he served in the state. institutions, engaged in lit. creative In 1790 he published a book. "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", in which he sharply opposed the dew, serfdom and autocracy. It was printed by R. in his own printing house in the amount of about 650 copies. For this book R. was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, sentenced to death, which was subsequently replaced by a ten-year exile in Ilimsk (Siberia). There R. wrote a philosophy. treatise "On Man, His Death and Immortality" (1792, published in 1809). After the death of Catherine II, he was returned from exile, and at the beginning. reign of Alexander I fully restored in rights. In 1801-1802 he worked in the Commission on comp. laws, but his projects were rejected as dangerous for the state. In response to the threat of a new link, he committed suicide. For philosophy. R. significantly influenced the views of Leibniz, Herder, Locke, Priestley, Helvetius, Diderot, Rousseau. Western European ideas. Enlightenment was very organically combined in R. with the father. spirit. tradition. R. boldly asserted a new secular ideology, humanism, freethinking, the values ​​of Reason, Individual Freedom, Progress, and the People's Good. Serving the truth, in which truth and justice are inseparable, R. accepted as his life calling and followed it ascetically. Berdyaev called R. the ancestor of the Russian. intelligentsia. R.'s focus on the problems of man, morality, and societies is characteristic. devices. The anthropology of R. assumes not only the integrative nature of human beings. activity (its material and intellectual aspects), but also the deep, genetic community of matter and spirit, physical. and mental. R.'s unconditional recognition of the reality of the material, material is also connected with Orthodox-Russian culture. God in his understanding is a spirit. absolute, omnipotent and all-good organizer of the world. R. close to the ideas of "natural religion". Substance is thought of as living, organisms form a continuous ladder of beings arranged according to the degree of perfection. People are like everything natural. Ch. human features - rationality, the distinction between good and evil, unlimited possibilities for elevation (as well as corruption), speech and sociability. In cognition, the sensuous and the rational are merged into one. The purpose of life is the pursuit of perfection and bliss. God cannot allow this purpose to be false. This means that the soul must be immortal, constantly improving, receiving new incarnations. An individual person is formed in society under the influence of education, nature, things. "Educators of peoples" - geogr. conditions, "vital needs", methods of government and ist. circumstances. Achievement of societies. R.'s blessings were associated with the realization of natures. rights, in which nature is expressed. man's aspirations. Society must be radically transformed in order for nature to triumph. order. This is the way of progress. In search of a way for such a transformation of Russia, R. pinned his hopes on enlightened rulers and on the people when, tired of suppressing their nature, they would rise up and win the freedom to exercise their natures. right. The utopianism of expectations predetermined the drama of the life and ideas of R.

Wikipedia - Russian writer, philosopher, revolutionary. The son of a wealthy landowner, R. received a general education in the Corps of Pages (1762-66); to study legal sciences, he was sent to the University of Leipzig ... ... - (1749 1802) Rus. writer, philosopher In 1766-1771 he studied at the Faculty of Law of the University of Leipzig. In 1790 he published a book. "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (in a personal printing house, in a small edition). It critically described the "monster" socially ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich- (1749–1802) Russian writer, philosopher. R.'s system of psychological views is set forth in the treatise On Man, His Mortality and Immortality (1792). In the first part of the work, a monistic interpretation of the mental as a property of the material was given ... ... Great Psychological Encyclopedia

"Radishchev" redirects here; see also other meanings. Alexander Radishchev Date of birth ... Wikipedia

- (1749 1802), thinker, writer. Ode "Liberty" (1783), the story "The Life of F. V. Ushakov" (1789), philosophical writings. In the main work of Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" (1790) wide circle ideas of the Russian Enlightenment, true ... Encyclopedic Dictionary, Radishchev Alexander Nikolaevich. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. A. N. Radishchev - the first Russian revolutionary from the nobility, a writer who proclaimed in his book ...

Origin

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was the first-born in the family of Nikolai Afanasyevich, the son of the Starodub colonel and large landowner Afanasy Prokopyevich. The first years of the writer's life were spent in Nemtsov (near Maloyaroslavets, Kaluga province).

Education

Apparently, his father, a pious man who was fluent in Latin, Polish, French and German. As was customary at that time, the child was taught Russian literacy according to the hour book and the psalter. When he was 6 years old, a French teacher was assigned to him, but the choice turned out to be unsuccessful: the teacher, as they later learned, was a runaway soldier. Shortly after the opening of Moscow University, around 1756, his father took Alexander to Moscow, to his uncle's house (Radishchev's mother, nee Argamakova, was related to the director of the university, Alexei Mikhailovich Argamakov). Here Radishchev was entrusted to the care of a good French tutor, a former adviser to the Rouen parliament, who fled from the persecution of the government of Louis XV. The Argamakov children had the opportunity to study at home with professors and teachers of the university gymnasium, so it cannot be ruled out that Alexander Radishchev trained here under their guidance and passed, at least in part, the program of the gymnasium course.

In 1762, Radishchev was granted a page and went to St. Petersburg to study in the page corps. The page corps did not train scientists, but courtiers, and the pages were obliged to serve the empress at balls, in the theater, at ceremonial dinners. Four years later, among a group of students, he was sent to Leipzig to study law. Of Radishchev's comrades, Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov is especially remarkable for the enormous influence he had on Radishchev, who wrote his Life and published some of Ushakov's works.

Service

In 1771, Radishchev returned to St. Petersburg and soon entered the service of the Senate, as a recorder, with the rank of titular adviser. He did not serve long in the Senate: his poor knowledge of the Russian language interfered, the camaraderie of the clerks, and the rude treatment of his superiors weighed him down. Radishchev entered the headquarters of General-in-Chief Bruce, who commanded in St. Petersburg, as chief auditor and stood out for his conscientious and courageous attitude to his duties. In 1775, he retired, and in 1778 he again entered the service of the Commerce Collegium, later (in 1788) moving to the St. Petersburg customs.

Literary activity

Studying the Russian language and reading led Radishchev to his own literary experiments. First, he published a translation of Mabley's Meditations on Greek History (1773), then he began to compile a history of the Russian Senate, but destroyed what he had written.

Literary activity of Radishchev begins only in 1789, when he published "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov with the inclusion of some of his writings." Taking advantage of the decree of Catherine II on free printing houses, Radishchev set up his own printing house at his home and in 1790 printed his “Letter to a friend living in Tobolsk, on duty of his rank” in it. Following him, Radishchev released his main work, "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." The book begins with a dedication to Comrade Radishchev, A. M. Kutuzov, in which the author writes: “I looked around me - my soul became wounded by human suffering”. He realized that the person himself is to blame for these sufferings, because " he does not look directly at the objects around him". To achieve bliss, one must take away the veil that closes natural feelings. Everyone can become a partner in the bliss of his own kind, resisting delusions. “This is the thought that prompted me to draw what you will read”.

The book sold out quickly. Her bold discussions about serfdom and other sad phenomena of the then public and state life attracted the attention of the empress herself, to whom someone delivered the Journey. Although the book was published with the permission of the established censorship, persecution was raised against the author. Radishchev was arrested, his case was "entrusted" to S. I. Sheshkovsky. Imprisoned in a fortress, during interrogations, Radishchev declared his repentance, refused his book, but at the same time, in his testimony, he often expressed the same views that were cited in Journey. The Criminal Chamber applied to Radishchev the articles of the Code on “ an attack on public health”, about “conspiracies and treason” and sentenced him to death. The verdict, transmitted to the Senate and then to the Council, was approved in both instances and presented to Catherine.

Link

On September 4, 1790, a personal decree was passed, which found Radishchev guilty of a crime of oath and the position of a subject of publishing a book, “filled with the most harmful mentalities, destroying public peace, detracting from due respect for the authorities, striving to produce indignation among the people against the chiefs and bosses, and finally with insulting and violent expressions against the dignity and power of the king”; Radishchev's guilt is such that he fully deserves the death penalty, to which he was sentenced by the court, but "by mercy and for the joy of all" the execution was replaced by a ten-year exile to Siberia, to the Ilim prison. Soon after his accession (1796), Emperor Paul I returned Radishchev from Siberia. Radishchev was ordered to live in his estate in the Kaluga province, the village of Nemtsov.

Return and death

After the accession of Alexander I, Radishchev received complete freedom; he was summoned to Petersburg and appointed a member of the commission to draw up laws. There is a legend about the circumstances of Radishchev's suicide: summoned to the commission to draw up laws, Radishchev drew up the "Draft Liberal Code", in which he spoke about the equality of all before the law, freedom of the press, etc. The chairman of the commission, Count P. V. Zavadovsky, made him a strict suggestion for his way of thinking, sternly reminding him of his former hobbies and even mentioning Siberia. Radishchev, a man with severely disturbed health, was so shocked by Zavadovsky's reprimand and threats that he decided to commit suicide, drank poison and died in terrible agony.

Nevertheless, in the book "Radishchev" by D.S. Babkin, published in 1966, we find an exhaustive explanation of the circumstances of Radishchev's death. The sons who were present at his death testified to a severe physical illness that struck Alexander Nikolayevich already during his Siberian exile. The immediate cause of death was an accident: Radishchev drank a glass with “strong vodka prepared in it to burn out the old officer epaulettes of his eldest son” (aqua regia). Burial documents speak of natural death. In the statement of the church of the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg on September 13, 1802, among the buried is indicated " collegiate adviser Alexander Radishchev; fifty-three years old, died of consumption”, during the removal was the priest Vasily Nalimov. A.P. Bogolyubov, of course, was aware of these circumstances, and he gives the name of his grandfather for Orthodox commemoration.

Descendants

Daughters - Anna and Fyokla. The latter married Pyotr Gavrilovich Bogolyubov and became the mother of the famous Russian marine painter Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov.

Son - Athanasius, governor of Podolsk province in 1842, Vitebsk province in 1847-1848, in 1851 he was governor of Kovno.

Address in St. Petersburg

perpetuation of memory

In Moscow there are Upper and Lower Radishchevskaya streets, on the Upper one there is a monument to the writer and poet.

Radishcheva Street is in the Central District of St. Petersburg.

Also, streets in Petrozavodsk, Irkutsk, Murmansk, Tula, Tobolsk, Yekaterinburg, Saratov, and a boulevard in Tver are named after Radishchev.

Pushkin on Radishchev

A special page in the perception of the personality and creativity of Radishchev by Russian society was the attitude of A.S. Pushkin. Acquainted with the "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" in his youth, Pushkin clearly focuses on Radishchev's ode "Liberty" in his ode of the same name (1817 or 1819), and also takes into account in "Ruslan and Lyudmila" the experience of "heroic songwriting" of Radishchev's son, Nikolai Alexandrovich , "Alyosha Popovich" (Pushkin mistakenly considered the author of this poem to be Radishchev the father). The Journey turned out to be in tune with the tyrannical and anti-serfdom moods of the young Pushkin. Despite the change in political positions, Pushkin remained interested in Radishchev in the 1830s, acquired a copy of the Journey, which was in the Secret Chancellery, sketched out Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg (conceived as a commentary on Radishchev's chapters in reverse order). In 1836, Pushkin tried to publish fragments from Radishchev's Journey in his Sovremennik, accompanying them with the article Alexander Radishchev, his most detailed statement about. In addition to a bold attempt for the first time since 1790 to acquaint the Russian reader with a forbidden book, here Pushkin also gives a very detailed criticism of the work and its author.

“A petty official, a man without any power, without any support, dares to arm himself against the general order, against the autocracy, against Catherine! ... He has neither comrades, nor accomplices. In case of failure - and what success can he expect? - he alone answers for everything, he alone seems to be a victim of the law. We have never considered Radishchev a great man. His deed has always seemed to us a crime, in no way excusable, and "Journey to Moscow" a very mediocre book; but with all that, we cannot but recognize in him a criminal with an extraordinary spirit; a political fanatic, of course mistaken, but acting with amazing selflessness and with some kind of chivalrous conscience....

"Journey to Moscow", the cause of his misfortune and fame, is, as we have already said, a very mediocre work, not to mention the barbaric style. Complaining about the unfortunate state of the people, about the violence of the nobles, etc. exaggerated and vulgar. The outbursts of sensibility, cutesy and puffed up, are sometimes extremely funny. We could confirm our judgment with many extracts. But the reader should open his book at random in order to ascertain the truth of what we have said.…

What was the goal of Radishchev? What exactly did he want? It is unlikely that he himself could have answered these questions satisfactorily. His influence was negligible. Everyone has read his book and forgotten it, despite the fact that there are a few prudent thoughts in it, a few well-intentioned assumptions that had no need to be clothed in quarrelsome and pompous expressions and illegally stamped in secret printing presses, with an admixture of vulgar and criminal idle talk. . They would be of real benefit if presented with more sincerity and favor; for there is no persuasiveness in reproach, and there is no truth where there is no love" .

Criticism of Pushkin, in addition to auto-censorship reasons (however, the publication was still not allowed by censorship) reflects "enlightened conservatism" recent years the life of the poet. In the drafts of the "Monument" in the same 1836, Pushkin wrote: “Following Radishchev, I glorified freedom”.

Perception of Radishchev in the XIX-XX centuries.

The idea that Radishchev was not a writer, but a public figure, distinguished by his amazing spiritual qualities, began to take shape immediately after his death and, in fact, determined his further posthumous fate. I. M. Born, in a speech to the Society of Fine Arts Lovers, delivered in September 1802 and dedicated to the death of Radishchev, says about him:

« He loved truth and virtue. His fiery philanthropy longed to illuminate all his fellows with this unfading ray of eternity.».

N. M. Karamzin characterized Radishchev as an “honest person” (“honnête homme”) (this oral testimony was given by Pushkin as an epigraph to the article “Alexander Radishchev”). Thought of Advantage human qualities P. A. Vyazemsky especially succinctly expresses Radishchev over his writing talent, explaining in a letter to A. F. Voeikov the desire to study Radishchev’s biography:

« With us, as a rule, a person is invisible behind the writer. In Radishchev, on the contrary: the writer is on the shoulder, and the man is his head higher».

With such a perception, of course, the article by A. S. Pushkin should also be correlated. And the assessment given in 1858 by A. I. Herzen when publishing his “Journey” in London (he puts Radishchev among “our saints, our prophets, our first sowers, the first fighters”), which resulted in 1918 in the characterization of A. V. Lunacharsky: " prophet and forerunner of the revolution”, undoubtedly goes back to this assessment of the “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, which was formed in the first decades of the 19th century, not as a work of art, but as a human feat. G. V. Plekhanov noticed that under the influence of Radishchev’s ideas “ the most significant social movements of the late 18th - first third of the 19th century » . It should be noted that during the interrogations of the Decembrists, when the Investigative Committee, appointed by Emperor Nicholas I and led by him, raising the question " from what time and from where did they borrow the first free-thinking thoughts”, I wanted to show the random nature of the Decembrists’ speech, which allegedly arose under the influence of borrowed ideas - the Decembrists really called the names of the great French enlighteners, English economists, German philosophers, gave examples from the works of the greatest thinkers ancient world, but the vast majority of them called, first of all, the name of Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - so deeply into the consciousness of progressive Russian society did the freedom-loving, anti-serfdom ideas of Radishchev penetrate.

Until the 1970s, the opportunities for the general reader to get acquainted with the Journey were extremely limited. After in 1790 almost the entire edition of Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow was destroyed by the author before his arrest, until 1905, when the censorship was lifted from this work, total circulation several of his publications hardly exceeded one and a half thousand copies. In 1905-1907, several editions were published, but after that, Journey was not published in Russia for 30 years. In subsequent years, it was published several times, but mainly for the needs of the school, with cuts and scanty circulations by Soviet standards. Back in the 1960s, complaints from Soviet readers were known that it was impossible to get The Journey in a store or a district library. It wasn't until the 1970s that Journey began to be produced on a truly massive scale. In 1930-1950, under the editorship of Gr. Gukovsky, a three-volume "Complete Works of Radishchev" was carried out, where for the first time many new texts, including philosophical and legal ones, were published or attributed to the writer.

In the 1950s-1960s, romantic hypotheses about the “hidden Radishchev” (G.P. Shtrom and others) arose, which were not confirmed by the sources - that Radishchev continued, allegedly after the exile, to refine the Journey and distribute the text in a narrow circle of like-minded people. At the same time, it is planned to abandon the straightforward propaganda approach to Radishchev, emphasizing the complexity of his views and the great humanistic significance of the individual (N. I. Eidelman and others). In modern literature, the philosophical and journalistic sources of Radishchev - Masonic, moralizing and educational, and others are explored, the multilateral problems of his main book, which cannot be reduced to the struggle against serfdom, are emphasized.

Philosophical views

“The philosophical views of Radishchev bear traces of the influence of various trends in European thought of his time. He was guided by the principle of reality and materiality (corporality) of the world, arguing that "the existence of things, regardless of the power of knowledge about them, exists on its own." According to his epistemological views, "the basis of all natural knowledge is experience." At the same time, sensory experience, being the main source of knowledge, is in unity with “reasonable experience”. In a world in which there is nothing “besides corporality”, man also takes his place, a being as corporeal as all nature. A person has a special role, he, according to Radishchev, is the highest manifestation of corporality, but at the same time is inextricably linked with the animal and plant world. “We do not humiliate man,” Radishchev asserted, “by finding similarities in his composition with other creatures, showing that he essentially follows the same laws as him. And how else can it be? Isn't he real?

The fundamental difference between man and other living beings is the presence of his mind, thanks to which he "has the power of things known." But an even more important difference lies in the ability of a person to moral actions and assessments. “Man is the only creature on earth who knows the evil, evil”, “a special property of man is an unlimited opportunity to both improve and corrupt.” As a moralist, Radishchev did not accept the moral concept of "reasonable egoism", believing that it is by no means "selfishness" that is the source of moral feeling: "man is a sympathetic being." Being a supporter of the idea of ​​“natural law” and always defending the idea of ​​the natural nature of man (“the rights of nature never dry up in man”), Radishchev at the same time did not share the opposition of society and nature, cultural and natural principles in man, outlined by Rousseau. For him, the social being of man is as natural as natural. According to the meaning of the case, there is no fundamental boundary between them: “Nature, people and things are the educators of man; climate, local position, government, circumstances are the educators of peoples. Criticizing the social vices of Russian reality, Radishchev defended the ideal of a normal “natural” way of life, seeing in the injustice reigning in society, in the literal sense, a social disease. He found such “diseases” not only in Russia. Thus, assessing the state of affairs in the slave-owning United States of America, he wrote that "a hundred proud citizens are drowning in luxury, and thousands do not have reliable food, nor their own shelter from the heat and scum (frost)". In the treatise “On Man, on His Mortality and Immortality”, Radishchev, considering metaphysical problems, remained true to his naturalistic humanism, recognizing the inseparability of the connection between natural and spiritual beginnings in man, the unity of body and soul: “Doesn’t the soul grow with the body, doesn’t it mature and grow strong with it, doesn’t it wither and grow dull with it?” At the same time, not without sympathy, he quoted thinkers who recognized the immortality of the soul (Johann Herder, Moses Mendelssohn and others). Radishchev's position is not an atheist's position, but rather an agnostic, which fully corresponded to the general principles of his worldview, already quite secularized, oriented towards the "naturalness" of the world order, but alien to theomachism and nihilism.

Compositions

1. Radishchev A. N. Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow - St. Petersburg: b. i., 1790. - 453 p.
2. Radishchev A. N. Prince M. M. Shcherbatov, "On the damage to morals in Russia"; A. N. Radishchev, "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." With a preface by Iskander (A. I. Herzen). - London, Trubner, 1858.
3. Radishchev A. N. Works. In two volumes./Ed. P. A. Efremova. - SPb., 1872. (edition destroyed by censorship)
4. Radishchev A. N. Complete works of A. Radishchev / Ed., entry. Art. and approx. V. V. Kallash. T. 1. - M.: V. M. Sablin, 1907. - 486 p.: p., The same T. 2. - 632 p.: ill.
5. Radishchev A. N. Full composition of writings. T. 1 - M.; L .: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1938. - 501 p.: p. The same T. 2 - M .; L.: Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1941. - 429 p.
6. Radishchev A. N. Poems / Entry. Art., ed. and note. G. A. Gukovsky. Ed. collegium: I.A. Gruzdev, V.P. Druzin, A.M. Egolin [i dr.]. - L.: Owls. writer, 1947. - 210 p.: p.
7. Radishchev A. N. Selected works / Intro. Art. G. P. Makogonenko. - M.; L.: Goslitizdat, 1949. - 855 p.: P, k.
8. Radishchev A. N. Selected Philosophical Works / Ed. and with preface. I. Ya. Schipanova. - L.: Gospolitizdat, 1949. - 558 p.: p.
9. Radishchev A. N. Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow. 1749-1949 / Enter. article by D. D. Blagogoy. - M.; L.: Goslitizdat, 1950. - 251 p.: ill.
10. Radishchev A. N. Selected philosophical and socio-political works. To the 150th anniversary of his death. 1802-1952 / Under the general ed. and with enter. article by I. Ya. Shchipanov. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1952. - 676 ​​p.: p.
11. Radishchev A. N. Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow / Enter. article by D. Blagogo. - M.: Det. lit., 1970. - 239 p. The same - M.: Det. lit., 1971. - 239 p.

Literature

1. Shemetov A.I. Breakthrough: The Tale of Alexander Radishchev. - M .: Politizdat, 1974 (Fiery revolutionaries) - 400 s, ill. Same. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - 1978. - 511 p., ill.

Notes

Radishchev N.A. On the life and writings of A. N. Radishchev / Soobshch. N. P. Barsukov // Russian antiquity. - 1872. - T. 6. - No. 11. - S. 573-581.

Sukhomlinov M.I. To the biography of A. N. Radishchev // Historical Bulletin. - 1889. - T. 35. - No. 1. - S. 244-246.

Date of birth: August 31, 1749
Date of death: September 24, 1802
Place of birth: Verkhnee Ablyazovo village, Saratov province

Alexander Radishchev- famous Russian writer, Radishchev A.N.- poet, lawmaker, lawyer and one of the leaders of the St. Petersburg customs. Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev was born on August 31, 1749 in the small village of Verkhnee Ablyazovo in the Saratov Province.

Childhood:

Nikolai Afanasyevich Radishchev, the writer's father, was a very wealthy landowner. The writer's mother, Thekla Savvichna Argamakova, was also of very high birth. Alexander himself was the oldest child in a large family, in which, besides him, there were 6 more boys and 4 girls. The Radishchevs were known for their very mild, almost liberal attitude towards their serfs. Alexander himself was brought up by the serf Pyotr Mamontov.

Education:

At the age of 7, Alexander was taken to Moscow, where he was home education in the house of relatives of the mother. The big house hosted the most different people among which were professors. The boy's tutor was a French Republican. As a teenager, he became a page under Empress Catherine II. The Arkamakovs assigned him to this position.

Although the page corps itself could not be called an excellent educational institution, it was there that Radishchev first got acquainted with the royal life and received a court education. His efforts in the new place did not go unnoticed and at the age of 17 he was sent to the University of Leipzig, where he received an excellent humanitarian and legal education, which became an excellent help in his subsequent work for the benefit of the state.

In 1771 he returned to the capital Russian Empire to take their place in the state apparatus of the country.

Service to the State:

Immediately upon his return from Germany, he received the rank of titular councilor and became an ordinary recorder in the Senate. This position did not at all correspond to his requirements, and therefore he left the service shortly after his appointment. Ya.A. took him under his wing. Bruce, appointing the governor-general of St. Petersburg to the headquarters.

Here Radishchev again faced the horrors of serfdom and resigned after only a few years. In 1778, Radishchev returned to the civil service, but now to the College of Commerce, ten years later he became the head of customs and successfully managed the department for several years.

Creation:

Throughout his life, Radishchev writes a lot, but his first success was "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov", which he dedicated to his close friend, who shared housing with him in Leipzig during his studies. After the release of the imperial decree on the permission of free printing houses, Radishchev opened his own printing house at home. It was from here that "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was published, in which much was said about what serf Russia really is and how this affects the state.

This book became a very important moment in the life of the writer. It was not only a resounding success, but also the beginning of lengthy proceedings with the authorities. The Empress, of course, did not like the work of Radishchev. He was soon arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The trial itself was very short and ended with an unequivocal verdict: the death penalty. The Empress nevertheless did not put the imperial seal on the verdict, it was decided to send a successful state official and freethinker to Siberia, exile for ten years.

Personal life:

In 1775, Radishchev married Anna Vasilievna Rubanovskaya, who was the niece of friends from the University of Leipzig. She also caused her to leave the public service. His wife gave him 4 children, but died during the next birth. The death of his beloved wife caused a long depression. For a long time, his wife's sister, Elizaveta Vasilievna, carefully looked after him and his family. Having become his support in difficult years, she was an excellent replacement for his wife and a reliable friend.

It was she who followed him to hard labor when Radishchev was exiled to Siberia. Secular society was strongly against such an act, and Elizaveta Vasilievna was criticized by friends and relatives. However, this did not become an obstacle to an early marriage and the birth of three more children. Unfortunately, upon returning back to the Nemtsovo estate after the end of exile under Emperor Paul I, she died due to poor health.

Last years:

Radishchev was returned from exile by decree of Paul I. His correspondence was under control, but he could live in peace on the Nemtsovo estate. Under Alexander I and the beginning of a slightly more liberal policy of the state, he received complete freedom. Given his extensive experience in the field of jurisprudence and state structure, they invited him to the commission on lawmaking. The commission's career was short. He drew up a draft on equality before the law, looking back at liberal European views, for which he received the strictest reprimand from his superiors.

Death:

After leaving the commission, Radishchev died. The circumstances of his death are still being discussed by researchers. Some of his friends spoke of poor mental health after the loss of two wives and the difficult exile. The official version is that his death was the result of suicide. It is believed that the writer drank a glass of poison and died long and painfully. Documents of the Volokolamsk cemetery claim that the writer died of consumption.

An important achievement Radishchev was precisely "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow." The work opened the eyes of many contemporaries to how disgusting and stagnant the serfdom system itself is and how terrible Russia looks from the point of view of contemporary morality. In many ways, it was this work that brought the uprising on Senate Square closer.

Important milestones life of Nikolai Radishchev:

Born in 1749
- Moving to St. Petersburg to the Argamakovs in 1756
- Appointment to the pages of the Empress in 1762
- Trip to study at the University of Leipzig 1766-1771
- Appointment to the Senate as recorder in 1771
- Appointment to the headquarters of the St. Petersburg Governor-General in 1773
- Marriage to Anna Rubanovskaya in 1775 and leaving the civil service
- Appointment to the College of Commerce in 1778
- Death of his wife Anna Rubanovskaya in 1783
- Appointment to the post of head of the St. Petersburg customs in 1788
- Publication of "The Life of Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov" in 1789
- Publication of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" in the home printing house, arrest, exile to Siberia in 1790
- Return from Siberia in 1796
- Restoration of all rights in 1801 and invitation to the legislative commission

Interesting facts from the biography of Nikolai Radishchev:

Catherine II wrote on the margins of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow": "Rebel, worse than Pugachev."
- The book "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was sentenced to public burning; many foresaw this, handwritten copies were made, some of the books were secretly exported abroad
- Pushkin proposed to his cousin Radishchev's niece, but was refused.

Occupation: Art language: in Wikisource.

Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev(August 20, the village of Verkhnee Ablyazovo, Saratov province - September 12, St. Petersburg) - Russian writer, philosopher, poet, de facto head of the St. Petersburg customs, member of the Commission for drafting laws under Alexander I.

He became best known for his main work, Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, which he published anonymously in 1790.

Biography

Alexander Radishchev was the first-born in the family of Nikolai Afanasyevich Radishchev (1728-1806), the son of the Starodub colonel and large landowner Afanasy Prokopyevich.

In the initial education of Radishchev, his father, apparently, was directly involved, a devout man who was fluent in Latin, Polish, French and German. As was customary at that time, the child was taught Russian literacy according to the hour book and the psalter. By the time he was six years old, a French teacher was assigned to him, but the choice turned out to be unsuccessful: the teacher, as they later learned, was a runaway soldier. Shortly after the opening of Moscow University, around 1756, his father took Alexander to Moscow, to the house of his maternal uncle (whose brother, A. M. Argamakov, was the director of the university in 1755-1757). Here Radishchev was entrusted to the care of a very good French tutor, a former adviser to the Rouen parliament, who fled from the persecution of the government of Louis XV. The Argamakov children had the opportunity to study at home with professors and teachers of the university gymnasium, so it cannot be ruled out that Alexander Radishchev trained here under their guidance and passed, at least in part, the program of the gymnasium course.

In the book "Radishchev" by D.S. Babkin, published in 1966, a different version of the death of Radishchev is proposed. The sons who were present at his death testified to a severe physical illness that struck Alexander Nikolayevich already during his Siberian exile. The immediate cause of death, according to Babkov, was an accident: Radishchev drank a glass with “strong vodka prepared in it to burn out the old officer epaulettes of his eldest son” (aqua regia). Burial documents speak of natural death. On September 13, 1802, the register of the church of the Volkovsky cemetery in St. Petersburg listed among the buried “colleague adviser Alexander Radishchev; fifty-three years old, died of consumption, ”priest Vasily Nalimov was carried out.

Descendants

• Daughters - Anna and Fyokla. The latter married Pyotr Gavrilovich Bogolyubov and became the mother of the famous Russian marine painter Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov. Bogolyubov took part in the founding of the Radishevsky Art Museum in Saratov, named after his grandfather.
• Sons: Athanasius, governor of Podolsk province in 1842, Vitebsk province in -1848, in 1851 was governor of Kovno;
• Nikolai, writer, author of the poem "Alyosha Popovich", attributed to his father.

Perception of Radishchev in the XIX-XX centuries

The idea that Radishchev was not a writer, but a public figure, distinguished by amazing spiritual qualities, began to take shape immediately after his death and, in fact, determined his further posthumous fate. I. M. Born, in a speech to the Society of Lovers of the Fine, delivered in September 1802 and dedicated to the death of Radishchev, says about him: “He loved truth and virtue. His ardent philanthropy longed to illuminate all his fellows with this unflickering ray of eternity. N. M. Karamzin characterized Radishchev as an “honest person” (“honnête homme”) (this oral testimony was given by Pushkin as an epigraph to the article “Alexander Radishchev”). The idea of ​​the superiority of Radishchev’s human qualities over his writing talent is especially succinctly expressed by P. A. Vyazemsky, explaining in a letter to A. F. Voeikov the desire to study Radishchev’s biography: “Usually, a person is invisible behind a writer. In Radishchev, it’s the other way around: the writer is on the shoulder, and the man is head and shoulders above him.”

A special page in the perception of the personality and creativity of Radishchev by Russian society was the attitude of A. S. Pushkin towards him. Having become acquainted with “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” in his youth, Pushkin clearly focuses on Radishchev’s ode “Liberty” in his ode of the same name (or), and also takes into account in Ruslan and Lyudmila" the experience of "heroic songwriting" of Radishchev's son, Nikolai Alexandrovich, " Alyosha Popovich ”(Pushkin mistakenly considered the author of this poem to be Radishchev the father all his life). The Journey turned out to be in tune with the tyrannical and anti-serfdom moods of the young Pushkin. Despite the change in political positions, Pushkin remained interested in Radishchev in the 1830s, acquired a copy of the Journey, which was in the Secret Chancellery, sketched out Journey from Moscow to St. Petersburg (conceived as a commentary on Radishchev's chapters in reverse order). In 1836, Pushkin tried to publish fragments from Radishchev's Journey in his Sovremennik, accompanying them with the article "Alexander Radishchev" - his most detailed statement about Radishchev. In addition to a bold attempt for the first time since 1790 to acquaint the Russian reader with a forbidden book, here Pushkin also gives a very detailed criticism of the work and its author.

We never considered Radishchev a great man. His act always seemed to us a crime, in no way excusable, and "Journey to Moscow" a very mediocre book; but with all that, we cannot but recognize in him a criminal with an extraordinary spirit; a political fanatic, mistaken, of course, but acting with amazing selflessness and with some kind of chivalrous conscience.

Criticism of Pushkin, in addition to auto-censorship reasons (however, the publication was still not allowed by censorship) reflects the "enlightened conservatism" of the last years of the poet's life. In the drafts of the "Monument" in the same 1836, Pushkin wrote: "Following Radishchev, I glorified freedom."

In the 1830s-1850s, interest in Radishchev decreased significantly, and the number of travel lists decreased. A new revival of interest is associated with the publication of the Journey in London by A. I. Herzen in 1858 (he puts Radishchev among "our saints, our prophets, our first sowers, the first fighters").

The assessment of Radishchev as the forerunner of the revolutionary movement was adopted by the Social Democrats of the early 20th century. In A. V. Lunacharsky called Radishchev "the prophet and forerunner of the revolution." G. V. Plekhanov believed that under the influence of Radishchev’s ideas, “the most significant social movements of the late XVIII - first third of XIX centuries". V. I. Lenin called him "the first Russian revolutionary."

Until the 1970s, the opportunities for the general reader to get acquainted with the Journey were extremely limited. After in 1790 almost the entire circulation of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" was destroyed by the author before his arrest, until 1905, when the censorship was lifted from this work, the total circulation of several of his publications hardly exceeded one and a half thousand copies. The foreign edition of Herzen was carried out according to a faulty list, where the language of the 18th century was artificially "modernized" and numerous errors were encountered. In 1905-1907, several editions were published, but after that, Journey was not published in Russia for 30 years. In subsequent years, it was published several times, but mainly for the needs of the school, with cuts and scanty circulations by Soviet standards. Back in the 1960s, complaints from Soviet readers were known that it was impossible to get The Journey in a store or a district library. It wasn't until the 1970s that Journey began to be produced on a truly massive scale.

The scientific study of Radishchev, in fact, began only in the 20th century. In 1930-1950, under the editorship of Gr. Gukovsky, a three-volume "Complete Works of Radishchev" was carried out, where for the first time many new texts, including philosophical and legal ones, were published or attributed to the writer. In the 1950s-1960s, romantic hypotheses about the “hidden Radishchev” (G.P. Shtorm and others) arose, which were not confirmed by sources - that Radishchev continued, allegedly after the exile, to refine the Journey and distribute the text in a narrow circle of like-minded people. At the same time, it is planned to abandon the straightforward propaganda approach to Radishchev, emphasizing the complexity of his views and the great humanistic significance of the individual (N. Ya. Eidelman and others). In modern literature, the philosophical and journalistic sources of Radishchev - Masonic, moralizing and educational, and others are explored, the multilateral problems of his main book, which cannot be reduced to the struggle against serfdom, are emphasized.

Philosophical views

“The philosophical views of Radishchev bear traces of the influence of various trends in European thought of his time. He was guided by the principle of reality and materiality (corporality) of the world, arguing that "the existence of things, regardless of the power of knowledge about them, exists on its own." According to his epistemological views, "the basis of all natural knowledge is experience." At the same time, sensory experience, being the main source of knowledge, is in unity with “reasonable experience”. In a world in which there is nothing “besides corporality”, man also takes his place, a being as corporeal as all nature. A person has a special role, he, according to Radishchev, is the highest manifestation of corporality, but at the same time is inextricably linked with the animal and plant world. “We do not humiliate man,” Radishchev asserted, “by finding similarities in his composition with other creatures, showing that he essentially follows the same laws as him. And how else can it be? Isn't he real?

The fundamental difference between man and other living beings is the presence of his mind, thanks to which he "has the power of things known." But an even more important difference lies in the ability of a person to moral actions and assessments. “Man is the only creature on earth who knows the evil, evil”, “a special property of man is an unlimited opportunity to both improve and corrupt.” As a moralist, Radishchev did not accept the moral concept of "reasonable egoism", believing that it is by no means "selfishness" that is the source of moral feeling: "man is a sympathetic being." Being a supporter of the idea of ​​“natural law” and always defending the idea of ​​the natural nature of man (“the rights of nature never dry up in man”), Radishchev at the same time did not share the opposition of society and nature, cultural and natural principles in man, outlined by Rousseau. For him, the social being of man is as natural as natural. According to the meaning of the case, there is no fundamental boundary between them: “Nature, people and things are the educators of man; climate, local position, government, circumstances are the educators of peoples. Criticizing the social vices of Russian reality, Radishchev defended the ideal of a normal “natural” way of life, seeing in the injustice reigning in society, in the literal sense, a social disease. He found such “diseases” not only in Russia. Thus, assessing the state of affairs in the slave-owning United States of America, he wrote that "a hundred proud citizens are drowning in luxury, and thousands do not have reliable food, nor their own shelter from the heat and scum (frost)". In the treatise “On Man, on His Mortality and Immortality,” Radishchev, considering metaphysical problems, remained true to his naturalistic humanism, recognizing the inseparability of the connection between the natural and spiritual principles in man, the unity of body and soul: “Doesn’t the soul grow with the body, not with it? does it grow manly and strong, does it wither and grow dull with it? At the same time, not without sympathy, he quoted thinkers who recognized the immortality of the soul (Johann Herder, Moses Mendelssohn and others). Radishchev's position is not an atheist's position, but rather an agnostic, which fully corresponded to the general principles of his worldview, already quite secularized, oriented towards the "naturalness" of the world order, but alien to theomachism and nihilism.