Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich biography. Nikolai Dobrolyubov - biography, information, personal life

Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov. Born January 24 (February 5), 1836 in Nizhny Novgorod- died November 17 (November 29), 1861 in St. Petersburg. Russian literary critic turn of the 1850s and 1860s, publicist, revolutionary democrat. Most famous aliases-bov and N. Laibov, did not sign with his full real name.

Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a well-known priest in the city (his father secretly married Melnikov-Pechersky). Since childhood, he read a lot, wrote poetry. Having received good home training, he was accepted immediately to the last course. fourth grade spiritual school. Then he studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary. Among the characteristics given to him by the then mentors: "Distinguished by quietness, modesty and obedience", "zealous in worship and behaved approximately well", "distinguished by indefatigability in studies." In the autumn of 1853, with a recommendation for admission to the Theological Academy, Dobrolyubov went to St. Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute. From the age of 17 in St. Petersburg, he studied at the Main Pedagogical Institute, studied folklore, from 1854 (after the death of his parents) began to share radical anti-monarchist, anti-religious and anti-serfdom views, which was reflected in his numerous "seditious" writings of that time in poetry and prose, in including handwritten student journals.

short life Dobrolyubova was accompanied by great literary activity. He wrote a lot and easily (according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, according to a pre-prepared logical outline in the form of a long ribbon wound around the finger of his left hand), was published in the Sovremennik magazine with a number of historical and especially literary-critical works; his closest collaborator and like-minded person was. In 1858 alone, he published 75 articles and reviews.

Some of Dobrolyubov's works (both fundamentally illegal, especially directed against Nicholas I, and intended for publication, but not censored at all or in the author's edition) remained unpublished during his lifetime.

Dobrolyubov's writings, published under the guise of purely literary "critics", reviews of natural science works or political reviews from foreign life (Aesopian language), contained sharp socio-political statements.

For example, a review of the novel "On the Eve" entitled "When will the real day come?" contained minimally veiled calls for social revolution. His articles “What is Oblomovism?” about the novel "Oblomov" and "Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom" about Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" became an example of a democratic-realistic interpretation of literature (the term realism itself as a designation artistic style Dobrolyubov was the first to use - the article "On the degree of participation of the people in the development of Russian literature"), and in the USSR and Russia were included in school curriculum. Interpreting works primarily from the social side and more than once declaring the denial of "art for art's sake" and subjecting pure lyricists to devastating criticism, Dobrolyubov often nevertheless highly valued from an aesthetic point of view the poems of authors who were not politically close to him (Yulia Zhadovskaya, Yakov Polonsky). The death trip to Europe somewhat softened Dobrolyubov's political radicalism, led to the rejection of the idea of ​​​​an immediate revolution and the need to find new ways.

Dobrolyubov's philosophical views also appeared in a number of articles. At the center of his system is man, who is the last stage in the evolution of the material world and is harmoniously connected with nature. He considered the equality of people the "natural state" of human nature (the influence of Rousseauism), and oppression - the result of an abnormal device that must be destroyed. He affirmed the absence of a priori truths and the material origin of all ideas that are born in the human mind, from external experience (materialism, empiricism), advocated the comprehension of the material principles of the world and the dissemination scientific knowledge. Like Chernyshevsky, he advocated reasonable egoism.

Pedagogical views Dobrolyubov are similar in many respects to the views of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

He was against the upbringing of humility, blind obedience, suppression of the individual, servility. criticized the current system upbringing that kills in children" inner man”, from which he grows up unprepared for life.

Dobrolyubov considered it impossible to truly reform the educational system without a radical restructuring of the entire public life in Russia, believing that in the new society there will also be new teacher who carefully protects the dignity of human nature in the pupil, has high moral convictions, is comprehensively developed.

He also criticized the theory of "free education".

The upbringing of a patriot and a highly ideological person, a citizen with strong convictions, comprehensively developed person. To develop adherence to principles, correctly and as fully as possible to develop "the personal independence of the child and all the spiritual forces of his nature"; - educate the unity of thoughts, words, actions.

He opposed early specialization and for general education as a precondition special education. The principle of visualization of training, the formulation of conclusions after the analysis of judgments is important. Education through labor, since labor is the basis of morality. Religion should be banished from schools. Women should receive equal education with men.

Textbooks, said Dobrolyubov, are so imperfect that they deprive them of any opportunity to study seriously. In some textbooks, material is given in a deliberately false, perverted form; in others, if no lies are maliciously reported, then there are many private, petty facts, names and titles that do not have any significant significance in the study of a given subject and obscure the main and the main. Textbooks should create in students the correct ideas about the phenomena of nature and society, Dobrolyubov said. It is impossible to allow simplification and even more vulgarization in the presentation of facts, the description of objects and phenomena, that it must be accurate and truthful, and the material of the textbook should be presented in a simple, clear, understandable language for children. Definitions, rules, laws in the textbook should be given on the basis of scientifically reliable material.

No better, he concluded, was the case with children's books to read. Fantasy, devoid of a real basis, sugary moralization, poverty of language - these are character traits books intended for children's reading. Dobrolyubov believed that truly useful children's books can only be those that simultaneously cover the entire human being. A children's book, in his opinion, should take the child's imagination in the right direction. At the same time, the book should give food for thought, awaken the child's curiosity, acquaint him with the real world, and, finally, strengthen his moral sense without distorting it with the rules of artificial morality.

Discipline: opposed the use of humiliating means human dignity. The caring attitude of the teacher to the student, the teacher's example, was considered a means of maintaining discipline. Strong condemnation of physical punishment. He opposed the inconsistency of N. I. Pirogov in the application of physical punishment.

Views on the activities of the teacher. He spoke out against the humiliating material and legal position of the teacher. Were for the teacher to be a supporter advanced ideas of his time. Great importance gave the convictions and moral character of the teacher. The teacher should be a model for children, have clear "understandings about the art of teaching and education." Teachers should be distinguished by clarity, firmness, infallibility of convictions, extremely high all-round development.

Dobrolyubov's pedagogical works:

"On the Importance of Authority in Education" (1853-1858)
"Basic Laws of Education" (1859)
"Essay on the direction of the Jesuit order, especially in application to the upbringing and education of youth" (1857)
"All-Russian illusions destroyed by rods" (1860-1861)
"The teacher should serve as an ideal ...".

He died of tuberculosis at the age of 25, a year before his death he was treated abroad and traveled a lot in Europe. Shortly before his death, he asked to hire himself new apartment not to leave after one's own death bad taste at the homes of their friends. Until the very last minute was conscious. N. G. Chernyshevsky sat hopelessly in the next room.

According to the memoirs of A. Ya. Panaeva, a few days before her death, N. A. Dobrolyubov said: “To die with the consciousness that I did not have time to do anything ... nothing! How wickedly fate has mocked me! If only death had sent me earlier!.. If only my life had lasted another two years, I could have done at least something useful... now nothing, nothing!

N. A. Dobrolyubov was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery.

Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861), literary critic and publicist.

Born February 5, 1836 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a priest. He studied at the theological seminary (1848-1853). In 1857 he graduated from the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg.

While still a student, he organized an illegal circle, published a handwritten newspaper "Rumors", headed student performances against the government. In 1856 he met N. G. Chernyshevsky, then N. A. Nekrasov, and the following year he began permanent job in the Sovremennik magazine: he wrote journalistic articles, feuilletons and poetic parodies.

He also collaborated in the Journal for Education (1857-1859). According to his convictions, Dobrolyubov was a utopian socialist, in spirit - an enlightener. In 1858, he publishes articles in which he sets out his literary, aesthetic, philosophical and historical views: “On the degree of participation of the people in the development of Russian literature”, “The first years of the reign of Peter the Great”, “Russian civilization, composed by Mr. Zherebtsov”.

In 1859-1860. literary-critical articles appeared "What is Oblomovism?" (about the novel by I. A. Goncharov “Oblomov”), “The Dark Kingdom” and “Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom” (about the play by A. N. Ostrovsky “Thunderstorm”), “When will the real day come?” (about the novel by I. S. Turgenev "On the Eve"). In these articles, Dobrolyubov uses the method he developed " real criticism":" ... to interpret the phenomena of life itself on the basis of literary work without imposing, however, on the author any pre-composed ideas and tasks.

The peculiarity of Dobrolyubov-critic in the ability to combine aesthetic analysis literary images with research real life that gave rise to these images. Dobrolyubov defended the principles of realism and nationality, put forward the idea of ​​the citizenship of literature: public service is the highest criterion for an artist's activity. A brilliant critic, he used various artistic techniques for argumentation: ironic praise, caustic parody in verse and prose, feuilleton, etc.

In May 1860, Dobrolyubov went abroad to treat tuberculosis. He lived in Germany, Switzerland, France, more than six months in Italy, where he wrote a series of articles in support of freedom movement G. Garibaldi ("Incomprehensible strangeness", "Father Alexander Gavazzi and his sermons", "Life and death of Count Camillo Benzo Cavour").

In July of the following year, Dobrolyubov returned to his homeland without improving his health, and very soon the acute tuberculosis process and hard work brought him to the grave. Died November 29, 1861 in St. Petersburg.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov (January 24 (February 5), 1836, Nizhny Novgorod - November 17 (November 29), 1861, St. Petersburg) - Russian literary critic at the turn of the 1850s and 1860s, publicist, revolutionary democrat. The most famous pseudonyms are Bov and N. Laibov, he did not sign his full real name. Born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a well-known priest in the city (his father secretly married Melnikov-Pechersky). House number 5 on Pozharsky Street, where Nikolai was born, was demolished in early XXI century. Since childhood, he read a lot, wrote poetry. From the age of 17 in St. Petersburg, he studied at the Main Pedagogical Institute, studied folklore, from 1854 (after the death of his parents) began to share radical anti-monarchist, anti-religious and anti-serfdom views, which was reflected in his numerous "seditious" writings of that time in poetry and prose, in including handwritten student journals.

The short life of Dobrolyubov (he died of tuberculosis at the age of 25, a year before his death he was treated abroad and traveled extensively in Europe) was accompanied by great literary activity. He wrote a lot and easily (according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, according to a pre-prepared logical outline in the form of a long ribbon wound around the finger of his left hand), was published in N. A. Nekrasov's journal Sovremennik with a number of historical and especially literary-critical works; N. G. Chernyshevsky was his closest collaborator and like-minded person. In 1858 alone, he published 75 articles and reviews. Some of Dobrolyubov's works (both fundamentally illegal, especially directed against Nicholas I, and intended for publication, but not censored at all or in the author's edition) remained unpublished during his lifetime.

Dobrolyubov's writings, published under the guise of purely literary "critics", reviews of natural science works or political reviews from foreign life (Aesopian language), contained sharp socio-political statements. Although everything he wrote is dedicated to fiction, count it literary criticism it would be extremely unfair. True, Dobrolyubov had the beginnings of an understanding of literature, and the choice of things that he agreed to use as texts for his sermons was, in general, successful, but he never tried to discuss their literary side: he used them only as maps or photographs. modern Russian life as a pretext for social preaching.

For example, a review of Turgenev's novel "On the Eve" entitled "When will the real day come?" contained minimally veiled calls for social revolution. His articles “What is Oblomovism?” about Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" and "Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom" about Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" became an example of a democratic-realistic interpretation of literature (the term realism itself as a designation of artistic style was first used by Dobrolyubov - the article "On the degree of participation of the people in the development of Russian literature" ), and in the USSR and Russia were included in the school curriculum. Interpreting works primarily from the social side and more than once declaring the denial of "art for art's sake" and subjecting pure lyricists to devastating criticism, Dobrolyubov often nevertheless highly valued from an aesthetic point of view the poems of authors who were not politically close to him (Yulia Zhadovskaya, Yakov Polonsky). The death trip to Europe somewhat softened Dobrolyubov's political radicalism, led to the rejection of the idea of ​​​​an immediate revolution and the need to find new ways.

Dobrolyubov was also a poet-satirist, a witty parodist, the soul of the literary supplement Whistle published under Sovremennik. In it, Dobrolyubov the poet performed under three parodic masks - the "denunciator" Konrad Lilienschwager, the Austrian "patriot" Jacob Ham and the "enthusiastic lyricist" Apollon Kapelkin (masks were marked primarily in Rosenheim, Khomyakov and Maikov, respectively, but were general character). Dobrolyubov also wrote serious poetry (the most famous is “Dear friend, I am dying ...”), translated by Heine.

Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov(February 5, 1836, Nizhny Novgorod - November 29, 1861, St. Petersburg) - Russian literary critic at the turn of the 1850s and 1860s, poet, essayist, revolutionary democrat. The most famous aliases -bov and N. Laibov, did not sign with his full real name.

Born in the family of Alexander Ivanovich Dobrolyubov, a priest of the Nikolskaya Verkhneposadskaya Church in Nizhny Novgorod (1812-08/06/1854), known for that he secretly married P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky. Mother - Zinaida Vasilievna, nee Pokrovskaya (1816-8.03.1854).

From the age of eight, a seminarian of the philosophical class M. A. Kostrov studied with him, who later married the sister of his student. Since childhood, he read a lot and wrote poetry, so at the age of thirteen he translated Horace.

Having received good home training, in 1847 he was admitted immediately to the last year of the fourth grade of the religious school. Then he studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Theological Seminary (1848-1853). Among the characteristics given to him by the then mentors: "Distinguished by quietness, modesty and obedience", "zealous in worship and behaved approximately well", "distinguished by indefatigability in studies."

Nikolai Dobrolyubov with his father. 1854. Photo by I. F. Aleksandrovsky.

A. L. Katansky, who studied at the same seminary, recalled: “Dob-v amazed us with his appearance as a very well-bred young man, modest, graceful, always well-dressed, with a gentle, handsome face. He looked like a red girl…” in 1853 “he came to St. Petersburg without completing a full seminary course, although his biographers claim that he graduated<…>N.A. aspired to the university itself, but his father did not want this, and therefore he chose St. Petersburg. academy. Arriving in St. Petersburg,<…>found out that at the same time (from August 17) entrance exams to the Pedagogical Institute are being held,<…>that the institute is higher educational institution, no worse than a university, with full government content. He decided to try to hold exams there. He was admitted to them without documents.<…>After passing the exams for the institute, he began to fuss about obtaining documents from the academy. Several outstanding professors taught at the institute at that time - Lorenz, Blagoveshchensky, Sreznevsky.

In March 1854, Dobrolyubov's mother died, and in August, his father. And Dobrolyubov experienced a spiritual turning point, which he called "the feat of remaking" himself. In December 1854, his first political poem was written - "On the 50th anniversary of N. I. Grech"; the first clashes began with the administration of the institute, represented by director I. I. Davydov. Since that time, Dobrolyubov began to share radical anti-monarchist, anti-religious and anti-serf views, which was reflected in his numerous "seditious" writings of that time in poetry and prose, including handwritten student magazines: in 1855 he began to publish an illegal newspaper "Rumors" , in which he placed his poems and notes of revolutionary content.

At the beginning of the summer of 1856, Dobrolyubov met N. G. Chernyshevsky; On July 24, 1856, his first article was published in the St. Petersburg Vedomosti, signed Nikolai Alexandrovich; then his article "The Interlocutor of Lovers of the Russian Word" appeared in Sovremennik. From 1857 he headed the critical and bibliographic department of Sovremennik, from 1859 he led the satirical department Whistle.

In 1857, N. A. Dobrolyubov brilliantly graduated from the institute, but for free-thinking he was deprived of a gold medal. For some time he was the home tutor of Prince Kurakin; in 1858 he became a tutor in Russian literature in the 2nd Cadet Corps.

In May 1860, he went abroad for the treatment of aggravated tuberculosis; lived in Switzerland, Germany, France, Italy. In July 1861 he returned to his homeland hopelessly ill.

Death

He died of tuberculosis at the age of 25, a year before his death he was treated abroad and traveled a lot in Europe. Shortly before his death, he asked to rent a new apartment for himself, so as not to leave an unpleasant aftertaste in the houses of his acquaintances after his own death. Until the very last minute, he was conscious. N. G. Chernyshevsky sat hopelessly in the next room.

According to the memoirs of A. Ya. Panaeva, a few days before her death, N. A. Dobrolyubov said: “To die with the consciousness that I did not have time to do anything ... nothing! How wickedly fate has mocked me! If only death had sent me earlier!.. If only my life had lasted another two years, I could have managed to do at least something useful ... now nothing, nothing!”

N. A. Dobrolyubov was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery next to the grave of Vissarion Belinsky. Later, the part of the cemetery around their graves became a popular resting place for other Russian writers and literary critics, being called the Literary Bridges, and has now become one of the most prestigious burial places in St. Petersburg for prominent figures of science and culture.

Publicism

N. A. Dobrolyubov. 1857

Dobrolyubov's short life was accompanied by great literary activity. He wrote a lot and easily (according to the memoirs of his contemporaries, according to a pre-prepared logical outline in the form of a long ribbon wound around the finger of his left hand), was published in N. A. Nekrasov's journal Sovremennik with a number of historical and especially literary-critical works; N. G. Chernyshevsky was his closest collaborator and like-minded person. In 1858 alone, he published 75 articles and reviews.

Some of Dobrolyubov's works (both fundamentally illegal, especially directed against Nicholas I, and intended for publication, but not censored at all or in the author's edition) remained unpublished during his lifetime.

Dobrolyubov's writings, published under the guise of purely literary "critics", reviews of natural science works or political reviews from foreign life (Aesopian language), contained sharp socio-political statements. According to Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky

Although everything he wrote is devoted to fiction, it would be extremely unfair to consider this literary criticism. True, Dobrolyubov had the beginnings of an understanding of literature, and the choice of things that he agreed to use as texts for his sermons was, in general, successful, but he never tried to discuss their literary side: he used them only as maps or photographs. modern Russian life as a pretext for social preaching.

N. A. Dobrolyubov in Naples.
May 1861.

For example, a review of Turgenev's novel "On the Eve" entitled "When will the real day come?" contained minimally veiled calls for social revolution. His articles “What is Oblomovism?” about Goncharov's novel "Oblomov" and "Ray of Light in the Dark Kingdom" about Ostrovsky's play "Thunderstorm" became an example of a democratic-realistic interpretation of literature (the term realism itself as a designation of artistic style was first used by Dobrolyubov - the article "On the degree of participation of the people in the development of Russian literature" ), and in the USSR and Russia were included in the school curriculum. Interpreting works primarily from the social side and more than once declaring the denial of "art for art's sake" and subjecting pure lyricists to devastating criticism, Dobrolyubov often nevertheless highly valued from an aesthetic point of view the poems of authors who were not politically close to him (Yulia Zhadovskaya, Yakov Polonsky). The death trip to Europe somewhat softened Dobrolyubov's political radicalism, led to the rejection of the idea of ​​​​an immediate revolution and the need to find new ways.

Philosophy

Dobrolyubov's philosophical views also appeared in a number of articles. At the center of his system is man, who is the last stage in the evolution of the material world and is harmoniously connected with nature. He considered the equality of people the "natural state" of human nature (the influence of Rousseauism), and oppression - the result of an abnormal device that must be destroyed. He asserted the absence of a priori truths and the material origin of all ideas that are born in the human mind, from external experience (materialism, empiricism), advocated the comprehension of the material principles of the world and the dissemination of scientific knowledge. Like Chernyshevsky, he advocated reasonable egoism.

Poetry

Dobrolyubov was also a poet-satirist, a witty parodist, the soul of the literary supplement Whistle published under Sovremennik. In it, Dobrolyubov the poet performed under three parodic masks - the "denunciator" Konrad Lilienschwager, the Austrian "patriot" Yakov Ham and the "enthusiastic lyricist" Apollon Kapelkin (the masks were aimed primarily at Rosenheim, Khomyakov and Maikov, respectively, but were also of a more general nature) . Dobrolyubov also wrote serious poetry (the most famous is “Dear friend, I am dying ...”), Heine translated.

Pedagogical ideas

The pedagogical views of Dobrolyubov are similar in many respects to the views of N. G. Chernyshevsky.

Criticism existing system education. He was against the upbringing of humility, blind obedience, suppression of the individual, servility. He criticized the current system of education, which kills the “inner man” in children, from which the child grows up unprepared for life.

Dobrolyubov considered it impossible to truly reform the educational system without a radical restructuring of the entire social life in Russia, believing that a new teacher would appear in the new society, carefully protecting the dignity of human nature in the pupil, possessing high moral convictions, comprehensively developed.

He also criticized the theory of "free education" by L. N. Tolstoy.

The tasks of education. The upbringing of a patriot and a highly ideological person, a citizen with strong convictions, a comprehensively developed person. To develop adherence to principles, correctly and as fully as possible to develop "the personal independence of the child and all the spiritual forces of his nature"; - educate the unity of thoughts, words, actions.

Content and methods of education. He opposed early specialization and favored general education as a precondition for special education. The principle of visualization of training, the formulation of conclusions after the analysis of judgments is important. Education through labor, since labor is the basis of morality. Religion should be banished from schools. Women should receive equal education with men.

About school textbooks and children's books. Textbooks, said Dobrolyubov, are so imperfect that they deprive them of any opportunity to study seriously. In some textbooks, material is given in a deliberately false, perverted form; in others, if a lie is not maliciously reported, then there are many private, petty facts, names and titles that do not have any significant significance in the study of a given subject and obscure the main and basic. Textbooks should create in students the correct ideas about the phenomena of nature and society, Dobrolyubov said. It is impossible to allow simplification and, even more so, vulgarization in the presentation of facts, descriptions of objects and phenomena, it must be accurate and truthful, and the textbook material should be presented in a simple, clear, understandable language for children. Definitions, rules, laws in the textbook should be given on the basis of scientifically reliable material.

No better, he concluded, was the case with children's books to read. Fantasy, devoid of a real basis, sugary moralization, poverty of language - these are the characteristic features of books intended for children's reading. Dobrolyubov believed that truly useful children's books can only be those that simultaneously cover the entire human being. A children's book, in his opinion, should take the child's imagination in the right direction. At the same time, the book should give food for thought, awaken the child's curiosity, acquaint him with the real world, and, finally, strengthen his moral sense without distorting it with the rules of artificial morality.

Discipline. He opposed the use of means that degrade human dignity. He considered the caring attitude of the teacher to the student, the example of the teacher, as a means of maintaining discipline. Strongly condemned physical punishment. He opposed the inconsistency of N. I. Pirogov in the application of physical punishment.

Views on the activities of the teacher. He spoke out against the humiliating material and legal position of the teacher. He stood for the fact that the teacher was a supporter of the advanced ideas of his time. He attached great importance to the convictions and moral character of the teacher. The teacher should be a model for children, have clear "understandings about the art of teaching and education." The teacher must be distinguished by clarity, firmness, infallibility of convictions, and extremely high all-round development.

Pedagogical works.

• "On the Importance of Authority in Education" (1853-1858)
• "Basic Laws of Education" (1859)
• "Essay on the direction of the Jesuit order, especially in application to the upbringing and education of youth" (1857)
• "All-Russian illusions destroyed by rods" (1860-1861)
• “The teacher should serve as an ideal…”

Contribution to the development of pedagogy. Dobrolyubov and Chernyshevsky developed a doctrine on the content and methodology of educational and educational work, about the essence of pedagogical conscious discipline, the education of independent thought of students. Dobrolyubov formulated the main directions of a new type of education, which was designed to resist the official pedagogy, leveling the originality of the individual.

Apologetics and criticism of Dobrolyubov's work

Dobrolyubov was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery next to Vissarion Belinsky; it was from the appearance of his grave that Literary bridges began to take shape. The personality of Dobrolyubov (along with Belinsky and another critic of the sixties who died early, Pisarev) became the banner of revolutionary movement 1860s and subsequent years (beginning with the first biography of Dobrolyubov, written by Chernyshevsky), and later was surrounded by official veneration in the USSR.

On the other hand, some eminent contemporaries criticized his philosophical approach. So, A. I. Herzen saw him as a revolutionary fanatic. F. M. Dostoevsky accused Dobrolyubov of neglecting the universal significance of art in favor of the social. On the contrary, Pisarev, from the extreme left, criticized Dobrolyubov for his excessive passion for aesthetics. However, they all recognized his talent as a publicist.

Nekrasov devoted the following lines to the “blessed memory of Nikolai Dobrolyubov” (they obviously mythologize the image of the hero, for example, they introduce the characteristic idea of ​​asceticism and the rejection of worldly love in the name of love for the Motherland, while real Dobrolyubov by no means “kept purity” and for three years, in 1856-1859, he lived with the “fallen woman” Teresa Karlovna Grunwald, to whom he dedicated poems):

You were harsh; you at a young age
He knew how to subjugate passion to reason,
You taught to live for glory, for freedom,
But you taught more to die.
Consciously worldly pleasures
You rejected, you kept purity,
You did not satisfy the thirst of the heart;
Like a woman, you loved your homeland,
Their works, hopes, thoughts
You gave it to her; you are honest hearts
He conquered her. Calling for a new life
And a bright paradise, and pearls for a crown
You cooked for your stern mistress,
But your hour struck too soon,
And the prophetic feather fell from his hands.
What a lamp of reason has gone out!
What heart stopped beating!
Years have passed, passions subsided,
And you have risen high above us...
Cry, Russian land! but be proud
Since you've been standing under the sky
You did not give birth to such a son,
And I didn’t take mine back into the bowels:
hidden treasures spiritual beauty
They were graciously combined in it ...
Mother nature! when such people
You sometimes did not send to the world,
The field of life would have died out ...

Museums, monuments, names in honor of Dobrolyubov

The only museum in Russia is located in Nizhny Novgorod famous critic; includes a historical and literary exposition in the former revenue house of the Dobrolyubov family, as well as a house-museum in the wing of the Dobrolyubov estate, where children's and youth criticism.

Monuments to the writer are installed in the following cities:

• St. Petersburg - at the intersection of Bolshoi Prospekt PS and Rybatskaya Street.
• Nizhny Novgorod - on Bolshaya Pokrovskaya, sculptor P. I. Gusev.

Named after the writer:

• Arkhangelsk Regional Scientific Library;
• Moscow Library No. 3 named after N. A. Dobrolyubova
• Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University is named after N. A. Dobrolyubov (the name was given by the Decree of the Government of the USSR in 1961);
• streets in many settlements former USSR, lanes in Nikolaev (Ukraine), Perm, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Poltava (Ukraine), Korosten, Tomsk, Makhachkala, Dobrolyubovsky lane in Taganrog, avenue in St. Petersburg, Kolomna.
• On Dobrolyubova Street, in Moscow, there is a hostel for students of the Literary Institute.

Brief biography of Nikolai Dobrolyubov

Nikolai Alexandrovich Dobrolyubov - Russian literary critic and publicist of the 19th century. Was also revolutionary democrat. Didn't like to subscribe full name and had several aliases. The writer was born on February 5, 1836 in the family of a priest in Nizhny Novgorod. Since childhood, he loved to read and write poetry. At the age of 17 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. After the death of his parents, he was exposed to anti-monarchist and anti-religious views, and this was reflected in many of his writings, poetry and prose.

AT student years the writer organized an illegal circle and published the Rumors newspaper. And also, he led many anti-government speeches. When he was 20 years old, he met such iconic figures as Chernyshevsky and Nekrasov. After that, he began to write journalism, poetry and feuilletons for the Sovremennik magazine. Since 1857, he also collaborated with the publishing house of the Journal for Education. In 1858, some of his writings were published. philosophical views. Soon he took up literary critical articles on the works of prominent Russian writers. There were articles “What is Oblomovism?” ("Oblomov" Goncharov), "Ray of light in dark kingdom"("Thunderstorm" Ostrovsky), "When will the real day come?" ("On the Eve" Turgenev) and others.

Dobrolyubov is considered one of the best critics in Russian literature. He was able to analyze literary images through the prism of real life that gave birth to them. His work was distinguished by the use of various artistic techniques, from ironic praises to caustic parodies. Due to the fact that the writer suffered from tuberculosis, in 1860 he had to go abroad for treatment. He spent some time in European countries, in particular, he lived in Italy for about six months. There he wrote a series of articles in support of Garibaldi. The following year, without recovering, he returned to St. Petersburg, where he died in November 1861.