The childhood of Saltykov-Shchedrin. Interesting facts and important information about his childhood

Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 27, 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province. The boy was born into an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in the father's family estate. Having received good home education, at the age of ten, Mikhail was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, and in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here, under the influence of the works of Belinsky, Herzen, Gogol, he begins to write poetry.

In 1844, after graduating from the Lyceum, Saltykov served as an official in the Office of the Military Ministry. “... Duty is everywhere, coercion is everywhere, boredom and lies are everywhere...”, he gave such a description of bureaucratic Petersburg.

The first stories of Mikhail Evgrafovich "Contradictions", "A Tangled Case" with their sharp social issues drew the attention of the authorities, frightened French Revolution 1848. After that, the writer was sent to Vyatka, where he lived for eight years.

In 1850, he was appointed to the post of adviser in the provincial government of the city. This made it possible for the writer to observe the bureaucratic world and peasant life.

Five years later, after the death of Nicholas I, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to St. Petersburg and resumed literary work. In the next two years, the writer created " Provincial essays”, for which the reading Russia called him the heir of Gogol.

Further, until 1868, with a short break, Saltykov was in the public service in Ryazan, Tver, Penza, and Tula. The frequent change of duty stations is explained by conflicts with the heads of the provinces, over whom the writer "laughed" in grotesque pamphlets.

After a complaint from the Ryazan governor, Saltykov-Shchedrin was dismissed in 1868 with the rank of real councilor of state. Then he moved to St. Petersburg and accepted Nikolai Nekrasov's invitation to become co-editor of the Otechestvennye Zapiski magazine. Now the writer is entirely devoted to literary activity.

In 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote The History of a City, the pinnacle of his satirical art. For the next five years, Mikhail Evgrafovich was treated abroad. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola. In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire reaches its climax: "Modern Idylls"; "Gentlemen Golovlevs"; "Poshekhon stories". AT last years life, the writer created his masterpieces: "Tales"; "Little nothings of life"; "Poshekhonskaya antiquity".

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin died on May 10, 1889. According to the will, the writer was buried next to the grave of Ivan Turgenev at the Volkovskoye cemetery in St. Petersburg.

Bibliography of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Chronicles and novels

"Pompadours and Pompadourses" (1863-1873)
"Lord Golovlevs" (1875-1880)
"History of one city" (1869-1870)
"Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1887-1889)
"The Refuge of Mon Repos" (1878-1879)

Fairy tales

"Wild Landowner" (1869)
"The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals" (1869)
"Conscience Lost" (1869)
"Toy business little people" (1880)
"Poor Wolf" (1883)
"The wise scribbler" (1883)
"Selfless Hare" (1883)
"The Tale of the Zealous Chief" (1883)
Dried Vobla (1884)
"Virtue and Vice" (1884)
"Karas-Idealist" (1884)
"Bear in the Voivodeship" (1884)
"The Deceiver Newsboy and the Gullible Reader" (1884)
Eagle Patron (1884)
"The Unremembering Sheep" (1885)
"The Faithful Trezor" (1885)
"Fool" (1885)
"Sane Hare" (1885)
"Kissel" (1885)
"Konyaga" (1885)
"Liberal" (1885)
"Watching Eye" (1885)
"Bogatyr" (1886; banned, published only in 1922)
"Crow Petitioner" (1886)
"Idle Talk" (1886)
"Adventure with Kramolnikov" (1886)
"Christ night"
"Christmas tale"
"Neighbours"
"Village Fire"
"Way-way"

stories

"Anniversary"
"Good soul"
"Spoiled Children"
"Neighbours"
"Chizhikovo Mountain" (1884)

Essay books

"In the hospital for the insane"
"Gentlemen of Tashkent" (1873)
"Lord Molchaliny"
"Provincial essays" (1856-1857)
"Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg" (1872)
"Abroad" (1880-1881)
"Letters to my aunt"
"Innocent Stories"
"Pompadours and Pompadourses" (1863-1874)
"Satires in prose"
"Modern idyll" (1877-1883)
"Well-intentioned speeches" (1872-1876)

Comedy

"The Death of Pazukhin" (1857, banned; staged 1893)
"Shadows" (1862-65, unfinished, staged 1914)

The memory of Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin

Named after Mikhail Saltykov:

streets in:

Volgograd
Kramatorsk
Krivoy Rog
Lipetsk
Novosibirsk
Orel
Penza
Ryazan
Taldome
Tver
Tomsk
Tyumen
Khabarovsk
Yaroslavl
street and lane in Kaluga
lane in Shakhty

State public library them. Saltykov-Shchedrin (St. Petersburg)
Before the renaming, Saltykov-Shchedrin Street was in St. Petersburg

Memorial museums of Saltykov-Shchedrin exist in:

Kirov
Tver

Monuments to the writer are installed in:

Lebyazhye, a monument to Saltykov Shchedrin
the village of Lebyazhye, Leningrad Region
in the city of Tver on Tverskaya Square (opened on January 26, 1976 in connection with the celebration of the 150th anniversary of his birth). Depicted seated in a carved chair, leaning his hands on a cane. Sculptor O. K. Komov, architect N. A. Kovalchuk. Mikhail Saltykov was vice-governor of Tver from 1860 to 1862. The writer's impressions from Tver were reflected in "Satires in Prose" (1860-1862), "History of a City" (1870), "Lord Golovlyov" (1880) and other works.
the city of Taldom, Moscow Region ((opened on August 6, 2016 in connection with the celebration of the 190th anniversary of his birth). Depicted sitting in an armchair, in right hand- a sheet of paper with the quote “Do not get bogged down in the details of the present, but cultivate the ideals of the future” (from “Poshekhonskaya antiquity”). The armchair is an exact copy of the real Saltykov chair, which is kept in the museum of the writer in the school of the village of Ermolino, Taldom district. The birthplace of the writer - the village of Spas-Ugol - is located on the territory of the Taldom municipal district, the center of which is the city of Taldom. Sculptor D. A. Stretovich, architect A. A. Airapetov.

Busts of the writer are installed in:

Ryazan. The opening ceremony took place on April 11, 2008, in connection with the 150th anniversary of the appointment of Mikhail Saltykov to the post of vice-governor in Ryazan. The bust was installed in a public garden next to the house, which is currently a branch of the Ryazan regional library, and previously served as the residence of the Ryazan vice-governor. The author of the monument is Ivan Cherapkin, Honored Artist of Russia, Professor of the Moscow State Academic Art Institute named after Surikov.
Kirov. The stone statue, the author of which was the Kirov artist Maxim Naumov, is located on the wall of the building of the former Vyatka provincial government (Dinamovskiy proezd, 4), where Mikhail Evgrafovich served as an official during his stay in Vyatka
Spas-Ugol village, Taldomsky district, Moscow region
The Saltykiada project, conceived and born in Vyatka, dedicated to the 190th anniversary of the birth of M.E. Saltykov Shchedrin, uniting literature and art. It included: the procedure for open defenses of diploma projects of students of the Department of Technology and Design of Vyatka State University, at which the statuette of the symbol of the All-Russian Prize M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin was solemnly handed over to the government of the Kirov Region, as well as collectible coins Kirovsky regional museum. The M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin Prize was presented to Evgeny Grishkovets (September 14, 2015). Exhibition "M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. The Image of Time” where the project was presented sculptural monument writer. Exhibition of works by Maxim Naumov "Saltykiada" in the Kirov Regional art museum named after the Vasnetsov brothers (March - April 2016). In October 2016, within the framework of the Saltykov Readings, a presentation of the multi-information album "Saltykiada" was held.
At the exhibition “Saltykiada. The history of one book”, held on March 16, 2017, 22 new graphic works cycle, as well as works from the funds of the Vyatka Art Museum.
Released in the USSR stamps dedicated to Mikhail Saltykov.
Issued in the USSR and Russia postal envelopes, including those with special cancellation.

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SALTYKOV (pseudonym - N. Shchedrin) Mikhail Evgrafovich (1826 - 1889), prose writer. Born on January 15 (27 n.s.) in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, in an old noble family. Childhood years were spent in the father's family estate in "... the years ... of the very height of serfdom", in one of the deaf corners of Poshekhonye. Observations of this life will later be reflected in the books of the writer. Having received a good education at home, Saltykov at the age of 10 was accepted as a boarder at the Moscow Noble Institute, where he spent two years, then in 1838 he was transferred to the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. Here he begins to write poetry, is greatly influenced by the articles of V. Belinsky and A. Herzen, the works of N. Gogol.

In 1844, after graduating from the Lyceum, he served as an official in the Office of the War Ministry. "... Everywhere duty, everywhere coercion, everywhere boredom and lies ...", he gave such a description of bureaucratic Petersburg. Another life attracted Saltykov more: communication with writers, visiting Petrashevsky's "Fridays", where philosophers, scientists, writers, military men gathered, united by anti-serfdom sentiments, the search for the ideals of a just society.

Saltykov's first stories "Contradictions" (1847), "A Tangled Case" (1848) attracted the attention of the authorities, frightened by the French Revolution of 1848, with their acute social problems. The writer was exiled to Vyatka for "... a harmful way of thinking and a destructive desire to spread ideas, already shaken the whole of Western Europe ... ". For eight years he lived in Vyatka, where in 1850 he was appointed to the post of adviser to the provincial government. This made it possible to often go on business trips and observe the bureaucratic world and peasant life. The impressions of these years will have an impact on the satirical direction of the writer's work. At the end of 1855, after the death of Nicholas 1, having received the right to "live where he wants", he returned to St. Petersburg and resumed his literary work. In 1856-57, "Provincial Essays" were written, published on behalf of the "court councilor N. Shchedrin", who became known to all reading Russia, who called him Gogol's heir.

At this time, he marries the 17-year-old daughter of the Vyatka vice-governor, E. Boltina. Saltykov sought to combine the work of a writer with public service. In 1856 - 58 he was an official special assignments at the Ministry of the Interior, where work was concentrated on the preparation peasant reform.

In 1858 - 62 he served as vice-governor in Ryazan, then in Tver. He always tried to surround himself at his place of service with honest, young and educated people, dismissing bribe-takers and thieves.

During these years, he wrote stories and essays ("Innocent Stories", 1857 - 63; "Satires in Prose", 1859 - 62), as well as articles on the peasant question.

In 1862 he retired, moved to St. Petersburg and, at the invitation of Nekrasov, became a member of the editorial board of the Sovremennik magazine, which at that time was experiencing enormous difficulties (Dobrolyubov died, Chernyshevsky was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress). Saltykov takes on an enormous amount of writing and editorial work. But the main attention is paid to the monthly review “Our public life”, which became a monument to Russian journalism of the 1860s.

In 1864, Saltykov left the editorial office of Sovremennik, the reason was internal disagreements on the tactics of social struggle in the new conditions. Returns to public service.

In 1865 - 68 he headed the State Chambers in Penza, Tula, Ryazan; observations of the life of these cities formed the basis of Letters on the Province (1869). The frequent change of duty stations is explained by conflicts with the heads of the provinces, over whom the writer "laughed" in grotesque pamphlets. After a complaint from the Ryazan governor, Saltykov was dismissed in 1868 with the rank of real councilor of state. Moves to St. Petersburg, accepts the invitation of N. Nekrasov to become co-editor of the journal "Domestic Notes", where he works in 1868 - 84. Saltykov now devotes himself entirely to literary activity. In 1869 - 70 he writes "The History of a City", the pinnacle of his satirical art.

In 1875 - 76 he was treated abroad, visited countries Western Europe in different years of life. In Paris he met with Turgenev, Flaubert, Zola.

In the 1880s, Saltykov's satire culminates in its rage and grotesque: "Modern Idylls" (1877-83); "Lord Golovlevs" (1880); "Poshekhon stories" (1883 - 84).

In 1884, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski was closed, after which Saltykov was forced to publish in the journal Vestnik Evropy.

In the last years of his life he created his masterpieces: "Tales" (1882 - 86); "Little Things in Life" (1886 - 87); "Poshekhonskaya antiquity" (1887 - 89). A few days before his death, he wrote the first pages of a new work "Forgotten Words", where he wanted to remind the "variegated people" of the 1880s about the words they had lost: "conscience, fatherland, humanity ... others are still there ...".

Used materials of the book: Russian writers and poets. Brief biographical dictionary. Moscow, 2000.

Literature:

1. Sokolova K.I. Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin. M., 1993.

(pseudonym - N. Shchedrin)

(1826-1889) Russian writer

Saltykov-Shchedrin (as his name is usually written in our time) became the first Russian writer, whose works were read in the same way as the most relevant newspaper reports.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin belonged to an old noble family, and by his mother - to a no less ancient merchant family. He accounted for distant relative famous historian I. Zabelin. Mikhail's childhood years were spent in a secluded corner Russian province, known as Poshekhonye. There was a family estate of his father.

In the family, the mother was the main person: she not only ran the household, but also engaged in all commercial activities.

The first ten years of Mikhail's life were spent at home. Guest teachers studied with him, and by the age of six future writer spoke fluent German and French was able to read and write. Only in 1836, Mikhail arrived in Moscow and entered the Nobility Institute. After studying there for a year and a half, he transferred to one of the most prestigious educational institutions of that time - the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Already in the first year of study, Saltykov's literary abilities appeared. During all six years of his stay at the Lyceum, he was declared "Pushkin's successor", that is, the first student in Russian literature. But he did not go further than student reviews, and for all the years of study he never began to write.

In 1844, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov completed his course of study and entered the service of the Military Ministry. The service immediately became an unpleasant duty for him. Literature is his main passion. He attends well-known meetings of writers in St. Petersburg in the house of N. M. Yazykov. Apparently, there Saltykov met Vissarion Belinsky, under whose influence he begins to collaborate in the journals Otechestvennye Zapiski and Sovremennik. Soon he becomes a regular reviewer of these magazines and regularly publishes articles about various book novelties in them.

At the end of the forties, the publicist adjoins the circle of M. Petrashevsky, well-known in St. Petersburg. However, he is practically not interested in philosophical disputes. The main interest of Mikhail Saltykov is the life of Russia and the West. The young man was looking for a sphere for the active use of his abilities.

At the end of the forties, the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski published two of Saltykov's first stories - "A Tangled Case" and "Contradiction". The sharp observations on contemporary reality contained in them attracted the attention of the authorities. The writer was dismissed from the service and in the spring of 1848 he was seconded to the city of Vyatka. He spent eight years there.

Departure from St. Petersburg also played a positive role in his life. When the Petrashevsky Society was destroyed in 1849, Saltykov managed to avoid punishment, since he was absent from the city for more than a year.

While in Vyatka, Mikhail Saltykov went through all the steps of the then bureaucratic ladder: he was a copyist of papers, a police officer under the governor, and in the summer of 1850 he became an adviser to the provincial government. By the nature of his work, he traveled whole line Russian provinces, checking various institutions. Almost constantly, he kept memoirs, which he later used as the basis for his works.

Only in 1856 did his term of exile end. Then Tsar Alexander II ascended the Russian throne. This year brought changes to Saltykov's personal life. He married the seventeen-year-old daughter of the governor, Elizaveta Boltina, and returned to St. Petersburg with her. However, at that time Saltykov had not yet decided to leave the service and devote himself entirely to literary work. Therefore, he again enters the service of the Ministry of the Interior. At the same time, the writer began publishing Provincial Essays.

At first, he brought them to the editors of Sovremennik, where the manuscript was read by N. Nekrasov and Ivan Turgenev. Despite an enthusiastic assessment, Nekrasov refused to publish Saltykov's essays in his journal, fearing censorship. Therefore, they appeared in the Russky Vestnik magazine, signed by the pseudonym N. Shchedrin.

Since that time, all of Russia has started talking about Mikhail Saltykov. The essays caused a flood of reviews in various publications. But the articles of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov were dearest of all to Saltykov.

The success of the "Provincial Essays" inspired the writer, but he still could not leave the service. The reason was purely material: after reading the publication, the mother deprived Mikhail of any financial assistance.

The authorities were also wary of him. They found a plausible pretext to remove him from Petersburg. He was appointed vice-governor, first in Ryazan, and then in Tver. There Saltykov first got the opportunity to put his principles into practice. He mercilessly dismissed bribe-takers and thieves from service, abolished corporal punishment and sentences that he considered unfair, and also initiated court cases against landowners who violated the laws. The result of Saltykov's activities were numerous complaints. He was fired for health reasons.

After leaving the service, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov moved to St. Petersburg, where he tried to publish his own journal Russkaya Pravda. But soon he suffers a financial collapse, two years later he returns to the service and leaves the capital.

The new appointment of Saltykov, apparently, was also dictated by the desire to remove him from active journalistic activity. After the "Provincial Essays" he releases a new cycle - "Innocent Stories", as well as the play "The Death of Pazukhin". The last straw that overflowed the patience of the authorities was the cycle of satirical sketches “Pompadours and Pompadours”, in which Saltykov caustically ridicules those who sought to hide their emptiness behind beautiful words.

He was transferred as head of the Treasury to Ryazan, six months later he was transferred to Tula, and less than a year later to Penza. Frequent travel made it difficult to focus on literary creativity. Nevertheless, Mikhail Saltykov did not stop sending satirical essays to St. Petersburg, which regularly appeared in the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. Finally, in 1868, by decision of the chief of the gendarmes, Count Shuvalov, he was finally dismissed with the rank of real state councilor.

In December 1874, Saltykov's mother dies, and he receives a long-awaited inheritance, which allows him to settle down to live in St. Petersburg. There he becomes one of the main contributors to the journal Domestic Notes. After the death of Nekrasov in 1877, Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov became the executive editor of this publication. On its pages, he prints all his new works.

Over the next twenty years, Saltykov-Shchedrin created a kind of satirical encyclopedia of Russian life. Along with the series of essays "Letters about the provinces", "Signs of the times", "Letters to an aunt" and "Diary of a provincial in St. Petersburg", it also includes large-scale works, primarily "The History of a City". Saltykov created the first fantastic grotesque novel in Russian literature. The image of the city of Glupov became a household name and determined the whole direction of the subsequent development of Russian literature.

In the depths of the essays, the idea of ​​the novel "Lord Golovlev" gradually took shape. Shchedrin tells scary story the death of an entire family. The image of Arina Petrovna is inspired by communication with his own mother. After all, he took his pseudonym to distinguish him from the cruel landowner, nicknamed Saltychikha. Very colorful main character novel - Porfiry Golovlev, nicknamed Judas. Shchedrin shows how greed is gradually destroying him, crowding out everything human.

The last decades of Mikhail Saltykov's life are spent in a constant struggle with a serious illness - tuberculosis. At the insistence of doctors, the writer repeatedly traveled to France, Switzerland and Italy for treatment. But even there he did not let go of the pen. Saltykov worked on the novel "Modern Idyll" and new essays on life in European countries.

After repeated warnings in the spring of 1884, the authorities closed the journal Otechestvennye Zapiski. But the writer did not reconcile himself to the fact that he was deprived of the main podium for speeches. He continues to be published in Russkiye Vedomosti, Vestnik Evropy and other publications. To lull the vigilance of the censors, the writer resumes work on a cycle of fairy tales. They were a kind of outcome of his life. The writer dressed them in a fable-parable form, but the attentive reader immediately understood who the author means by minnows, wolves, eagles-philanthropists.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov was an extremely vulnerable person. When a hail of negative reviews hit him in 1882, he wanted to stop writing. But the popularity of the writer and the friendly support of friends, including, for example, Ivan Turgenev, helped to overcome depression.

Shortly before his death, Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote in a letter to his son: “Most of all, love native literature and prefer the title of a writer to any other.

Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin was born on January 15 (27), 1826 in the village of Spas-Ugol, Tver province, into an old noble family. Elementary education the future writer received at home - a serf painter, a sister, a priest, a governess worked with him. In 1836, Saltykov-Shchedrin studied at the Moscow Noble Institute, from 1838 - at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum.

Military service. Link to Vyatka

In 1845, Mikhail Evgrafovich graduated from the Lyceum and entered the military office. At this time, the writer is fond of the French socialists and George Sand, creates a number of notes, stories ("Contradiction", "A Tangled Case").

In 1848, in a brief biography of Saltykov-Shchedrin, a long period of exile begins - he was sent to Vyatka for free-thinking. The writer lived there for eight years, at first he served as a clerk, and after that he was appointed an adviser to the provincial government. Mikhail Evgrafovich often went on business trips, during which he collected information about provincial life for his works.

State activity. Mature creativity

Returning from exile in 1855, Saltykov-Shchedrin joined the Ministry of the Interior. In 1856-1857 his "Provincial Essays" were published. In 1858, Mikhail Evgrafovich was appointed vice-governor of Ryazan, and then Tver. At the same time, the writer was published in the journals Russky Vestnik, Sovremennik, and Library for Reading.

In 1862, Saltykov-Shchedrin, whose biography was previously associated more with a career than with creativity, leaves the public service. Having stopped in St. Petersburg, the writer gets a job as an editor in the Sovremennik magazine. Soon his collections "Innocent Stories", "Satires in Prose" are published.

In 1864, Saltykov-Shchedrin returned to the service, taking the post of manager of the state chamber in Penza, and then in Tula and Ryazan.

The last years of the writer's life

Since 1868, Mikhail Evgrafovich retired, actively engaged in literary activity. In the same year, the writer became one of the editors of Otechestvennye Zapiski, and after the death of Nikolai Nekrasov, he took up the post of executive editor of the journal. In 1869 - 1870, Saltykov-Shchedrin created one of his most famous works - "The History of a City" (summary), in which he raises the topic of relations between the people and power. Soon the collections "Signs of the Times", "Letters from the Province", the novel "Gentlemen Golovlevs" were published.

In 1884, Otechestvennye Zapiski were closed, and the writer began to publish in the Vestnik Evropy magazine.

In recent years, the work of Saltykov-Shchedrin culminates in the grotesque. The writer publishes collections "Tales" (1882 - 1886), "Little Things in Life" (1886 - 1887), "Peshekhonskaya Antiquity" (1887 - 1889).

Mikhail Evgrafovich died on May 10 (April 28), 1889 in St. Petersburg, was buried at the Volkovskoye cemetery.

Chronological table

Other biography options

• While studying at the Lyceum, Saltykov-Shchedrin published his first poems, but quickly became disillusioned with poetry and left this occupation forever.
• Mikhail Evgrafovich made popular literary genre socio-satirical tale aimed at exposing human vices.
• The exile to Vyatka was a turning point in the personal life of Saltykov-Shchedrin - there he met his future wife E. A. Boltina, with whom he lived for 33 years.
• While in exile in Vyatka, the writer translated the works of Tocqueville, Vivien, Cheruel, and made notes on Beccari's book.
• As requested in his will, Saltykov-Shchedrin was buried next to the grave of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Biography test

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