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Few from modern people, not related to the world of art, such a literary term as constant epithets is familiar, examples of such expressions are rarely found in colloquial speech of people.

However, such special epithets exist, and this gives us the opportunity to talk about them. Consider the issues of the emergence of these expressions, their existence and scientific study.

Phenomenon definition

First, let's define this literary phenomenon. If we ask ourselves what are epithets, definition and examples this term, then we learn that the epithet is one of the means of creating imagery artistic text. Therefore, it is called figurative comparison.

Permanent epithet is stable and manifests itself in traditional imagery.

Therefore, this group finds its vivid embodiment primarily in the folklore texts of various peoples living on earth.

Scientific understanding of the problem

It is proved that permanent epithets are most characteristic of oral folk art. Their main difference from other types of epithets is their stable character.

This tradition has been continued in literary creativity closely associated with folklore material, which, for example, is the experience fiction people. Initially, the culture did not have a wide variety of colors. The understanding of the world and man among the people was based on two colors - white and black. The constant epithets "white" and "black" used by prose writers reflected the symbolic component of the people's worldview. In mythological representation traditional peoples White color refers to the deities of the Upper World, while black refers to the deities of the Lower World. According to mythology, good creatures live in the Upper World, and evil ones live in the Lower World. Therefore, each of them needs a different color.

This gives rise to permanent epithets, examples of which we will give below.

Thus, white means kind, divine, and therefore protective. In the literature, images with the epithet "black" are most often associated with dynamics - eventful or descriptive. Similar meaning The epithet "black" is also observed in Russian classics. "Black faces" - the archetype of grief, grief. "Bright face" - an image of joy.

Permanent epithet: examples, types, definition, use in literature

Epithets have different specific content. However, in relation to each other, they are in an antonymous relationship, like the adjectives "white" and "black".

Consider other meanings of the epithet "white" that are not related to the idea of pagan pantheon. In E. Aipin's story “At the Fading Hearth”, the image of the White Tsar is given: “I vividly imagined the White Tsar. He has a white-golden, like the Sun before winter weather, a crown-cap on his head. White, probably from gray hair. White beard. White coat as if made of skins white deer. White mittens made of white skins. White high fur boots are also made of white skins. The white king in all white. That's why he's White. And white is the color of life.

How do the constant epithets, examples of which we have just seen in the text, manifest themselves in this text?

In this case, the white color is the embodiment of life, natural energy, life-giving forces. It is in this sense that red is opposed to white in E. Aipin's story "God's Message", which deals with Lipetsk, who fought on the side of the whites. He does not admit his guilt and says: “No, people will remain. But not red ones, but just people with faith, people with God will remain ... "

Epithets with negative and positive semantic meaning

Constant epithets, examples of which we see in this work, often include color characteristics as the most archetypal way of knowing the world.

The red color for the works of folklore of the peoples of the north (for example, the Khanty) cannot bring life, the beginning of any positive movement, it is always the beginning of the end. In this context, the question that Iosif Sardakov asks in E. Aipin's story "The Russian Doctor" is understandable: "If a red man with a rifle, with a machine gun, with a cannon comes to my land, to my house, what should I do?"

As you can see, the epithet "red" has a negative connotation, and it is used in relation to unkind, evil people.

On the contrary, in the works of Russian folklore "red" is a constant epithet with a positive semantic meaning.

The results of the study of epithets with a constant meaning

What conclusion can be drawn by studying such a phenomenon as a constant epithet, examples of which are easy to find in the works of oral folk art?

The conclusion is as follows: the archetypal constant epithets (“black”, “red”, “white”, etc.) in the works of folklore do not reflect social belonging at all, but actions and intentions in relation to others. So, constant epithets in literature, as well as in folklore, carry the qualitative features that endow the people with certain objects and objects, they become generally recognized archetypes.

This is how a permanent epithet is born, examples of which we have considered in this article.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. This article is devoted to one of the most common techniques in literature, which makes any text more vivid and interesting. It's about epithets.

Today you will find answers to the following questions:

- what it is
What parts of speech can act as epithets
- What types are they?
- and, of course, you will see just a sea of examples of epithets from literature and poetry.

What is an epithet - examples and definition

It's always worth starting with a definition of a term, in my opinion:

But to better explain what it is, it is best to immediately give an example. Here famous poem Athanasius Feta:

In the evening so GOLDEN and CLEAR,
In this breath of the ALL-VICTORIOUS spring
Do not remember me, O my BEAUTIFUL friend,
You are about our love timid and poor.

See the six highlighted words? Now imagine what the same quatrain would look like, but without them:

In the evening like this
In this breath of spring
Do not remember me, my friend,
You are about our love.

The essence of the message has not changed much. All the same, the author is sad about past feelings. But the feeling, you see, we already have others. And the picture as a whole is not so bright, and the depth of feelings is not the same. And all because those same epithets were removed from the text.

It is the epithets make each image more complete:

the evening is GOLDEN AND CLEAR - a picture of a sunset immediately appears before your eyes, and there is not a cloud in the sky;
spring ALL-VICTORIOUS - the beginning of something new, a change for the better, a sign that old disappointments will soon be in the past;
friend PERFECT – emphasizing that the author has kept good relations to the one to whom the message is addressed;
love is timid and POOR - the understanding that feelings were initially doomed to failure due to some reason, and this makes the relationship even sadder.

And now, after such an analysis, I hope the definition of "epithet" will sound more clear.

An epithet is a word that has ancient Greek roots, which literally translates as "application". Its purpose is to emphasize the words adjacent to it, to give them an emotional coloring, reinforce their meaning, emphasize figurativeness. But the most important thing is to make the offer more beautiful.

Constructions of epithets

Most often, adjectives act as epithets. used to decorate a noun. Here are the simplest examples:

dead night - not just night, but very dark, impenetrable;
black melancholy - the most sad state;
sugar lips - lips that are impossible not to kiss;
hot kiss - a kiss full of passion;
nerves of steel - a person cannot be unbalanced.

By the way, some mistakenly believe that any adjective can be considered an epithet. This is not true! It all depends on what context and what noun they refer to, and whether they perform main function- enhancement of the image.

Judge for yourself - the difference between the expressions "warm home" and "warm attitude". In the first case, it is simply a statement of the fact that there is heating in the room, and in the second case, it is an underline that there are good relations between people.

Or compare "red felt-tip pen" and "red sunrise". In both cases, it is about color. But in the first - it's just a statement of fact, and in the second, the beauty of the moment of sunrise is more vividly conveyed.

However, not only adjectives, but also other parts of speech can act as epithets. For example, adverbs:

Grass bloomed FUN. (Turgenev)
And BITTERLY complain, and BITTERLY shed tears. (Pushkin)

Or nouns. Example:

A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a GIANT cliff (Lermontov)
SPRING of honor, our idol. (Pushkin)
As if the Volga-MATUSHKA ran backwards. (Tolstoy)

Or pronouns, with which you can give words an excellent form. For example:

Do you remember the fights? Yes, they say, WHAT MORE! (Lermontov)

Or and participial phrases. Example:

What if I, bewitched, BROKEN THE THREAD OF CONSCIOUSNESS ... (Block)
A leaf RINGING AND DANCING IN THE SILENCE OF THE AGES. (Krasko)

PLAYING Hide and Seek, the sky descends from the attic. (Parsnip)
As if PLAYING AND PLAYING, it rumbles in the blue sky. (Tyutchev)

See epithets can be absolutely any part of the sentence except, perhaps, only for verbs. But they all serve the same purpose - to make the text more figurative and rich.

Types of epithets - decorating, permanent, copyright

Despite the common goals, all epithets can be divided into several categories:

decorating (they are also called common language);
permanent (folk poetic);
copyright (individual).

Decorating epithets- this is the most large group. This includes any combination that describes the characteristics of something. Many of the expressions can be found not only in literary works, we regularly use them in everyday life:

Deathly silence, TENDERING sea, LEAD clouds, piercing wind, Crackling frost, GENIUS solution, FUN colors and many others.

Category constant epithets include phrases that after long years firmly entrenched in the minds of the people. They even became part of our speech, and individually the words are no longer pronounced (or extremely rarely):

GOOD fellow, RED maiden, CLEAN field, CLEAR month, Gold autumn, WHITE hands, Dense forest, INCREDIBLE riches and so on.

By the way, if you noticed, many of the constant epithets immediately - or with songs. That is why their second name is folk-poetic.

JUMMY mood. (Chekhov)
CLEAR flattery NECKLACES, GOLDEN ROSARY of wisdom. (Pushkin)
The face of the THOUSAND-EYED Trust. (Mayakovsky)
STUNNING indifference. (Pisarev)

The meaning of epithets for literature and language in general

None literary work cannot do without epithets (and). If they are not, then the text will be dry and lifeless, and he certainly will not be able to captivate the reader. Therefore, the more the author uses them, the better.

But in our daily speech, we should not forget about such techniques. For example, by exchanging SMS or messages on social networks. After all, the simple question “How are you?” you can simply answer “Fine”, or you can also “Fine, it was a hot day, but tired like a dog.”

In the first case, it will be just dry information, and in the second case, the interlocutor will also find out your emotional state, which is much more important.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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Meaning of CONSTANT EPITHET in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

PERMANENT EPITHET

Type of trail: a definition that is stably combined with the word being defined and, in combination with it, forms a figurative and poetic expression: "blue sea", " good fellow"," red girl "," red-hot arrow "," sugar lips "," burning tears "," wide steppe "," white snow "," dark night", "long road", etc. P. e. - a means of artistic expression, mainly in oral folk poetry.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

See what a "permanent epithet" is in other dictionaries:

permanent epithet- noun, number of synonyms: 1 epithet (4) ASIS synonym dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

Permanent epithet- one of the tropes of folk poetry: the word definition, stably combined with one or another defined word and denoting in the subject some kind of characteristic, always present generic feature (pole track, red girl, well done ... ... Pedagogical speech science

permanent epithet- PERMANENT EPI´THET see epithet ... Poetic dictionary

permanent epithet- s. In lexical style: an epithet that is stably associated with a noun or verb and indicates a normative sign of an object or action in a given picture of the world; found mostly in folklore texts. * The winds are violent, the sea ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

permanent epithet- kind of trail: a definition that is steadily combined with the word being defined and, in combination with it, forms a figuratively poetic expression: blue sea, good fellow, red maiden, red-hot arrow, sugar lips, burning tears, wide steppe, white ... Dictionary of literary terms

epithet- Cm … Synonym dictionary

epithet- a, m. epithete f. gr. epithetos attached. simplest form poetic trope, which is a definition that characterizes what l. property, feature of an object, concept, phenomenon. ALS 1. Often from a change, omission, or ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

epithet- EPI'TET (Greek ἐπίθετον application) in the proper sense, figurative characteristic any person, phenomenon or object by means of an expressive metaphorical adjective. How artistic detail E. must not be confused with determinatives ... ... Poetic dictionary

Epithet- (from the Greek epitheton application) an artistic, figurative definition of an object, that is, one that does not simply indicate any of its quality, but creates a picture, an image based on the transfer of meaning. So, in Pushkin's lines: "On the winter road ... Pedagogical speech science

epithet- a, m. 1) lit. A word that defines an object or phenomenon and emphasizes what l. its properties, qualities or attributes. Pushkin meant by the name of the mob approximately the same as we do. He often added a secular epithet to this noun, ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

one of the tropes of folk poetry: a word-definition, which is stably combined with one or another defined word and denoting in the subject some characteristic, always present generic sign (pole track, red girl, good fellow, blue sea, clear field, black clouds) . Such P. e. (see epithet) were a means of typing. Moreover, the word used with P. e. acquires a new quality, a meaning that differs in meaning from each of the words separately. The combination of a red maiden means " beautiful girl, nothing special from the others does not differ: neither more beautiful, nor smarter, nor richer than others. If the ancient storyteller, the singer needed to characterize the special properties of his characters, he was looking for an epithet of an individualizing character. Prince Vladimir, who has planned to marry, wants to find a bride worthy of his princely title, and creates the image of an ideal girl, from his point of view: white snow...

P.'s role e. in folklore is huge. They are one of the main means of artistic expression of epics and songs, tales and legends. One P. e. are widely used in all types of folklore: a good fellow, a clean field, a blue sea, dark forests, green meadows. Others are found mainly in certain genres of folk poetry, while performing specific ideological and artistic functions. For example, in fairy tales, P. e. fantastic character: golden palace, crystal bridge, underworld, firebird, flying carpet. In the epics of P. e. serve as an important tool in creating images of heroes, describing their armor and battle conditions: mighty hero, good horse, kalena arrow, damask club. In contrast to the epic genres of folklore, where P. e. perform mainly a descriptive and pictorial role; in folk lyrics, the function of P. e. predominantly expressive, emotional-evaluative. For example, in traditional lyrical songs, such emotional and evaluative E. are often found: dear mother, dear father, dear friend, soul-maiden, poor little head, tears are burning. Are specific P. e. ditties: a cheerful talyanka, expensive fun, a cute jerk, a desperate little head.

P. e. found in epic poetry different peoples. Thus, Homer's Iliad is characterized by P.e.

Lit .: Epithet in Russian folk art. - M., 1980; Lazutin S.G. Poetics of Russian folklore. - M., 1981; see also lit. to the article Epithet.

"Permanent epithet" in books

Permanent gardener

by DeFelice Jim

Permanent gardener Our sister platoon was in the eastern part of the city, helping the army to establish a strong point there. And to the north Marines did its job, occupying the territory and clearing it of militants. For several days we worked together with the Marines, when

Constant

From the book American Sniper by DeFelice Jim

Permanent We had a memorial service for Mark Lee at Camp Ramadi. They arrived at her " seals from all over Iraq. And I believe that all the army units with which we worked together also saw him off. They were very worried about us; it was unbelievable. It's strong

Regular customer

From book The big Book store manager 2.0. New technologies the author Krok Gulfira

Permanent route

From the book Methodology early development Glen Doman. 0 to 4 years author Straube E. A.

Regular Route When you first start running, respect your child's desire to explore everything you pass. Each stop is an opportunity to teach him something, and then be sure to return to running. Sooner or later the child will learn the whole route and

Constantine (lat. "permanent")

From the book The Secret male name author Khigir Boris Yurievich

Konstantin (lat. “permanent”) Growing up as a fearful, anxious child. Kindergarten, especially in the early days - a problem, a new teacher - tears, entering a dark room - for nothing ... Having matured, he skillfully hides his fears, choosing a playfully ironic tone for this

Epithet

From book encyclopedic Dictionary(X-Z) author Brockhaus F. A.

Epithet Epithet (Greek epiJetoV - superimposed, attached) is a term of literary theory: a definition attached to a word that affects its expressiveness. The content of this term is not sufficiently stable and clear, despite its usage. Rapprochement of literary history

Capital is permanent

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(KA) author TSB

permanent neutrality

TSB

D.C

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PO) of the author TSB

permanent magnet

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MA) of the author TSB

Epithet

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (EP) of the author TSB

V. Verb - noun - epithet

From the book The Poetic Art of Mandelstam author Bushman Irina Nikolaevna

V. Verb - noun - epithet A syntactic analysis of the sentences that make up Mandelstam's poems shows that they contain few adverbial adverbial words. This is not a random occurrence. In the article "Notes on Chenier" Mandelstam writes:

Permanent Parent

author Makarov Viktor Viktorovich

Permanent Parent A person who acts primarily from the position of a Parent often perceives others as unintelligent little children. There are two most striking variants of the permanent Parent. One dominated by the Punishing Parent, the other by the Rewarding

Standing Adult

From the book Transactional Analysis - Eastern Version author Makarov Viktor Viktorovich

Permanent Adult The behavior of a person with a permanent Adult ego-state is characterized by impartiality, focus on facts and logic. "Breadcrumbs, robot, terminator" - such epithets are awarded to the Permanent Adult, because he produces

Standing Child

From the book Transactional Analysis - Eastern Version author Makarov Viktor Viktorovich

The Persistent Child A person who prefers the Child ego state is a perpetual boy or girl, like Peter Pan who didn't want to grow up. The Permanent Child takes no responsibility for his own actions. Feels no remorse and

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What is an epithet in literature? Examples. Permanent epithets: examples, history, use

Phenomenon definition

Scientific understanding of the problem

Permanent epithet: examples, types, definition, use in literature

Epithets with negative and positive semantic meaning

The results of the study of epithets with a constant meaning

What is an epithet - examples and definition

Constructions of epithets

Types of epithets - decorating, permanent, copyright

The meaning of epithets for literature and language in general

Meaning of CONSTANT EPITHET in the Dictionary of Literary Terms

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is a PERMANENT EPITHETH in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

See what a "permanent epithet" is in other dictionaries:

"Permanent epithet" in books

Permanent gardener

Constant

Regular customer

Permanent route

Constantine (lat. "permanent")

Epithet

Capital is permanent

permanent neutrality

D.C

permanent magnet

Epithet

V. Verb - noun - epithet

Permanent Parent

Standing Adult

Standing Child