Scandinavian female name. Scandinavian female names: a list of beautiful names for a girl and their meanings

The most energetic names, unusual for Slavic hearing, were and remain Scandinavian. The Scandinavians named their children based on their culture, beliefs and difficult living conditions. Today women's Scandinavian names in Russian sound more like nicknames. But some of them fit perfectly into our reality. A girl named with a Scandinavian name will definitely not go unnoticed.

The history of the origin of Scandinavian female names

Denmark, Iceland, Norway and Sweden - these countries are located on the site of ancient Scandinavia - northern lands, cold, with harsh living conditions. The tribes of the ancient Germans inhabited these lands in the period of the early Middle Ages - the 5th - 7th centuries AD. Accordingly, almost all the names here are of Germanic origin. The Germans developed own culture, language, life, and all this left an imprint on the names that they gave to their children.

In the names of girls you can often find:

• mentions of totem animals that lived on the land of the Scandinavians - a wolf, a bear, a raven;
• the names of the pagan gods - Thor, As;
• significant events and phenomena - battle, protection, struggle, torch, mystery, god, strength;
• the characteristics of a newborn are beautiful, peaceful, strong, small.

Composing names from such “bricks” is the influence of paganism. According to him, the name given at birth will determine the fate and character of a person. For the first nine days after birth, the girl remained nameless. On the ninth night, her father took her in his arms, sprinkled her with water and called her name, determining future character and purpose of the daughter.

Most of the girls' names can be translated literally. On the mother tongue they sounded typical, although today it seems to us that these are rather nicknames and nicknames.

The root "-hild" is often found in the names, it is translated as "battle". "Gerd" - "protection", "helg" - "holiness", "ing" - "power", "trid" - "strength", "run" - "secret". This is how Norwegian names were formed from one or two words. As a result, such sonorous names were obtained as Rungerda (protected by a secret), Inga (powerful), Gudrun (God's secret).

Danes, Swedes, Norwegians still use some of the names inherited from their ancestors today. Some of them have changed a little over time, as both the way of life and the language have changed. This is a natural process. But we can say for sure: the names have not lost their meanings and bright sound.

Scandinavian names are still vibrant and vibrant.

List of beautiful names for a girl

One of the foundations of paganism is the worship of ancestors, so the father looked for a name for a newborn daughter from the names of relatives. At the same time, he could change something and add a new property, which, according to legend, could protect the girl, give her special skills or define her character.

As a result, we got such names, beautiful, sonorous and energetic:

• Agnia - "edge of the sword";
• Adeline - "noble";
• Alina - "beautiful";
• Astrid - "Ace's strength";
• Victoria - "victory";
• Gerda - "protector";
• Dorothea - "gift of God";
• Inga - "powerful";
• Ingrid - "protection of the king";
• Katrin - "immaculate";
• Christina - "under the protection of Christ";
• Margareta, Margrit - "pearl";
• Matilda - "strength in battle";
• Helga - "holy";
• Sigrun - "the secret of victory";
• Frida - "peaceful";
• Helen - "torch";
• Hilda - "battle";
• Evelina - "hazelnut";
• Esther is a star.

Yes, battles, battles and the struggle for territory stretched like a red thread through the life of the Scandinavians, but there were romantics among these harsh peoples. There was a place among the wars and other, peaceful aspects of life.

Rare female names of Scandinavian origin

Ancient Scandinavian names can be found in chronicles and literary works of that era.

When reading the "Elder Edda" and other texts of the Viking Age, the eye stumbles endlessly over unusual combinations of letters:

• Brunhild - "battle of armor";
• Borghild - "assault on the fortress";
• Ragnfrid - "the power of peace";
• Solveig - "beam of the sun";
• Thorgerd - "protector of Thor";
• Hertrud (Gertrud) - "the power of the sword."

You may find these names familiar:

• Asta - "the beauty of Asa, prosperity";
• Birgitta - "sublime";
• Wilhelm - "under the protection of a helmet";
• Gudrun - "the secret of God";
• Gunhild - "military battle";
• Ingeborg - "under the protection of Ing";
• Ingrid - "protection of the king";
• Sigrun - "the secret of victory";
• Thordis - "Woman of Thor".

All of these Scandinavian female names were once very popular among Germanic speakers. Some have been transformed into a Russian sound, and at first it is even difficult to assume that they have Scandinavian roots.

Modern and popular names and their meaning

• One of the names that is still used today is Inga. Short, sonorous and energetic, it translates as "powerful". Indeed, a girl with that name achieves certain heights both in her career and in her family. More soft version name - Inna, also has Scandinavian roots, and today it is gaining popularity again.
• Another name that has come down to us almost in its original form is Margarita. The Scandinavian version is Margrit. The meaning of the name is "pearl". It is common both here and in modern Denmark and Sweden. Margaritas feel the influence of Scandinavian ancestors: they are distinguished by their firmness of character, stubbornness and some closeness.
• The name Victoria is "victory", not just a popular Scandinavian name for a girl. It literally holds the first lines in the ranking of the most popular names for several years. By answering the question of her name, Victoria will not cause surprised looks from the older generation. But through all his life he will carry fortitude, purposefulness and desire for a home. In abbreviated form, this name in the homeland sounds like Vicky, and in Russia - Vika, Tory.
• Another popular name for a girl is Alina (“beautiful”), it is actively used both in Slavic families as well as in Muslim. It is universal in pronunciation.
• We fell in love with the name Evelina (“hazelnut”) for its unusually gentle sound for Scandinavian names. Eva or Lina - a girl with difficult character, which, perhaps, will prevent her from building family relationships, but it will give real success in business. Evelina enjoys her natural charm, which gives her a Scandinavian name.
• Increasingly, you can meet girls with the name Dorothea - "given by God." It is thanks to this sacred meaning and gentle sounding, this Scandinavian name is becoming popular. The names of girls with such a translation are found in almost all cultures, including the culture of the ancient Germans.
• The name Ingrid, "protection of the king", gives its owner the will and perseverance in achieving goals. In everyday life, Ingrid is often shortened to Inna, Innusi, softening the call of the Scandinavian ancestors and giving Ingrid softness and calmness.
• Karina is possibly a derivative of the Old German Kara (“curly”).
• Erika means "strong". A beautiful name for a girl - Erna, means "skillful." Modern parents can safely choose these names when deciding what to name their daughter.

Despite the fact that the Scandinavian tribes eventually mixed with other nationalities and adopted much from the culture of Christians and Muslims, women can still be found in their homeland, named according to ancient rules.

Suffice it to recall, for example, modern Swedish actresses and models Ingrid Bergman, Greta Garbo, Britt Ekland, Elsa Host, Suzanne Anden, Sigrid Agren and others. In the last century, they have attracted the attention of millions with their luxury and beauty.

Ancient and forgotten names

The Scandinavian tribes left us a legacy of not so many names that can easily be called a daughter. Still, the language of the ancient Germans seems too energetic to the Slavic ear. The names Ragnfrid, Thordis, Brunhild, Gudgerd, and the like, are rarely used even at home.

Perhaps only in Iceland you can meet beauties with the names of Branja, Berglind, Edda, Unnur, Asdis and others. The fact is that in this country they especially honor their culture, which grew out of the heritage of the Vikings. Icelanders are not afraid of complex pronunciations and a confusing procedure for choosing a name for a newborn.

There is a list of names approved by the state committee, and children can only be named in accordance with this list.

There are practically no assumptions in the form of Christian and Muslim names in it, only the real heritage of the ancestors.

It remains for us not to forget that the names Olga, Elena and Ekaterina are the Scandinavian Helga, Helen and Katrin. We adopted many familiar and familiar names from these strong and harsh tribes.

The name was given to a person from birth for a reason. And in the Viking Age, the Scandinavians, and the Russians in the era Kievan Rus(in time, these eras practically coincide) gave names to their children that had a certain meaning, which could affect the character and fate of a person, therefore, they approached the choice of a name for a child with all seriousness, because the matter was important and responsible.

Each name had its own meaning, in Scandinavia during the Viking Age, children were called in their native language and everyone understood what each name meant in meaning and what one could expect from this or that person.

It is quite possible that many peoples of the world originally came up with just such in a simple way names to your children, calling them natural names in honor of the surrounding nature, give the children a name-characteristic (strong, smart, fast, calm), giving the child certain properties that parents would like to see in him (reasonable, wise), giving him a direction in life: warrior, protector, farmer. Each name in the language of a certain people sounds incomprehensible to another people who speak a completely different language. But each name has its own meaning.

Viking names and their meaning

Names could influence the life and fate of a person, the idea of ​​him that developed among those around him.

By the way, what is interesting is not always the name given to the child at birth by the parents was assigned to him for life. Often, due to certain qualities of a person, they began to call him differently, adding a nickname to the name or completely replacing the name given at birth with another one more suitable for him. Also, over time, he could have a nickname, for example, Harald Blue-toothed (where Blue-toothed was a nickname). By the way, Bluetooth technology was named after King Harald Bluetooth.

Old Norse names were in some cases the same for both women and men, and besides, they were spelled the same, unlike modern names (for example, female Evgeniya and male Eugene, female Alexander and male Alexander), but the Vikings had this: Torleif - this name could be called both a boy and a girl. But there were also various names separately for men and separately for women.

Names of warriors and warriors of the Vikings

Often, parents gave a name to a newborn that would represent the qualities that they would like to see when the child grows up and matures. For example, male names for boys who were supposed to become protectors of the family, clan and community. By the way, this custom is still followed today, when parents, before giving a child a name, choose a name that is suitable for its meaning. Also, our parents often call that name, exactly according to the child’s birthday and call him the name of the saint whom the church honors on this day (Angel or Saint’s day).

And what was the protection for the Viking, and for any warrior? First of all, of course, this is his weapon and personal protective equipment, so the names could also mean weapons.

• Hróðgeirr - Hrodgeir (spear of glory),
• Eiríkr - Eirik (very mighty and strong),
• Broddi - Broddy (point),
• Egill - Egil (blade),
• Styrr - Styur (battle),
• Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf), also had the name Ulvi (also meant Wolf),
• Uggi - Uggs (terrible),
• Beinir - Beinir (assistant),
• Skúli - Skuli (defender),
• Leifr - Leif (heir),
• Tryggvi - Tryggvi (loyal, reliable),
• Bruni - Strong (armor)
• Erna - Erna (skillful),
• Hlíf - Khliv (female name, meant shield),
• Björg - Bjorg (rescue, protection),
• Una - Una (girlfriend, contented).
• Einarr - Einar (a lone warrior who always fights alone).
• Hildr - Hild (female name, means battle). Often Hild was an integral part of various female names.
• Gunnar - Battle sword,
• Ari - Ari or Örn - Ern (eagle),
• Birnir and Björn - Birnir and Bjorn (bear),
• Ormr - Orm (serpent),
• Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf),
• Valr - Val (falcon),
• Knutr - Whip (knot),
• Bera or Birna - Bera or Birna (bear),
• Hrefna - Hrevna (crow).

The time in the Viking Age in the Scandinavian countries was not easy, almost every man became, whether he wanted it or not, a real warrior in order to protect his family, his family, clan, community from encroachers on the native lands of strangers. There were few fertile lands in Norway, and everyone needed it, so conflicts and wars periodically arose between the clans. Every boy with early years he studied the military craft in order to be able to protect himself and his loved ones, his land, therefore, the names of the boys (and the girls too, because some of them could become excellent warriors) were often given names that would characterize him as a glorious warrior. In addition, by conducting raids, the Vikings enriched themselves, brought slaves and gold from the raid to the family, after several raids, you can become a merchant and significantly improve the state of affairs of the whole family, because money was needed at all times, and silver Arab coins of dirhams were found in Scandinavia quite a bit of. Therefore, the war was not only defensive. In addition, at all times men have been associated with protection, weapons. The man is a warrior! The militant character and fighting spirit for the boy, and then for the man, were not negative characteristics at that difficult time.

Viking nicknames

Not always a name given to the child at birth, remained with him for life. Very often, the Vikings received more appropriate names and nicknames that were more appropriate for them already in their adulthood. Such nicknames could complement the name, or could completely replace it. Nicknames in adulthood could be given to the Viking in accordance with his character, his occupation, his appearance (by hair or eyes they could give a name at the birth of a child as well), according to his social status and even origin.

Nicknames that could be given by parents at birth or by acquaintances, friends or fellow tribesmen already in adulthood:

• Atli - Atli (rough),
• Flóki - Floki (curly, curly),
• Fróði - Frodi (wise, scholar),
• Hödd - Hödd (a woman with very beautiful hair),
• Höskuldr - Hoskuld (gray-haired),
• Kára - Kara (curly),
• Barði - Bardi (bearded),
• Narfi - Narvi (thin and even skinny),
• Hrappr or Hvati - Hrapp or Grab (fast, ardent),
• Rauðr - Raud (red),
• Erna - Erna (skillful),
• Gestr - Gest (guest),
• Glum - Glum (dark-eyed),
• Sveinn - Svein (youth, guy, boy, servant),

Viking names after gods

The Vikings adhered to the ancient pagan belief of Asatru (loyalty to the Ases), according to which there was a pantheon of gods who were ordinary people, but became gods for their heroism and stamina, thanks to the strength of the physical and spiritual. The Vikings, the ancient Scandinavians took the gods as an example and wanted to be like them, just as brave, strong, beautiful, therefore the names were often associated with the gods, with the names of the main gods. Children in the Viking Age, in those distant pagan times, were called names that were associated with one or another god, thereby entrusting him with the fate of their child.

In Iceland, and in the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), most often their children were dedicated to the god Thor. But they also dedicated to other great gods, for example, Freyr. Children could also be dedicated to all the gods in general. For example, Ragn in translation meant power, gods. Vé - the meaning in translation was as follows: pagan sanctuary, sacred. Both male and female names were formed from these words.

Female and male names in honor of the gods:

• Inga - Inga,
• Heimdallr - in honor of the god Heimdallr
• Freydís - Freydis (dis of Frey or Freya),
• Ingvör (Yngvör) - Ingvör (in charge of Yngvi),
• Torova - Torah (female name, in honor of Thor),
• Þorleif - Torleif (heiress of Thor, left by Thor),
• Þórunn - Thorunn (Thor's favorite),
• Ragn(h)eiðr - Ragneid (female name, meaning: honor of the gods),
• Véfríðr - Vefrid (female name: sacred protection).
• Þorvör - Torver (Knowing (strength) Torah).

• Ingi - Ingi,
• Ingimundr - Ingimund (hand of Yngwie),
• Freysteinn - Freystein (Freyr's stone),
• Ingolfr - Ingolf (wolf Yngwie),
• Thorov - Thorir (male name, in honor of Thor),
• Þorbrandr - Thorbrand (Thor's sword),
• Þorbjörn - Thorbjörn (bear of Thor),
• Þorkell - Thorkel (Thor's helmet),
• Þorleifr - Thorleif (heir of Thor, left by Thor),
• Ragnarr - Ragnar (male name, meaning: army of the gods),
• Þorsteinn - Thorstein (Thor's stone),

Name in honor of glorious ancestors

There were also generic names, one might say, the predecessors of surnames. Children often received names in honor of their deceased ancestors, whose spirit was reborn in a new member of their own kind, with this name the child entered the world of his kind, his family, his clan and tribe. The Scandinavians believed in the transmigration of souls, but this could only happen within one clan, among blood relatives and descendants. The name was given only to those relatives who had already died, otherwise you could bring trouble. Naming a child after an existing, living relative was strictly forbidden, and even now it is very Bad sign: it is believed that someone with the same name may have a very short life for this reason.

Scandinavian female names and their meaning

Modern names of different countries differ in origin, cultural and historical heritage, the influence of various religions. In countries such as Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Iceland, as well as Finland, children are called modern names, but more of these names originates from ancient Scandinavia. Some of which go back to legends and myths, some are a reflection of Germanic and biblical names. The rich history is reflected in the variety of women's and men's Scandinavian names.

Features of Scandinavian group names

The names of the Scandinavian group, like those of other peoples, reflected the characteristics of a person's character, described his remarkable sides. But an interesting fact is that the name was not given to a person for life, but could change throughout life, even more than once. The reason for changing the name could be an act that left an imprint on the attitude towards its bearer, or the emergence of new qualities as a result of growing up.

History has left its mark on Scandinavian female names, which reflect the warlike events of a rich past. It is noteworthy that the interpretation and meaning of female and male names are almost the same. The character traits of the conqueror were passed down from generation to generation, and the strength and courage, bravery and courage revered at all times were embodied in the names of the girls. For example, Vigdis is the “goddess of war”, Goodhild is a “good battle”, Swanhild is a “battle of swans”, Brynhild is a “militant woman”.

It is also noteworthy that two-part Scandinavian female names are used, and their meaning is intended to determine objects and abstract concepts, to reflect distinctive features appearance and character traits: "peaceful ruler" - Fredrik, "battle of the defenders" - Ragnhild.

How was the name given in the Scandinavian family in antiquity?

In naming, the peoples of Scandinavia had their own traditions, followed by everyone without exception.

Only the father gave the name to the girl and the boy. This was equated to the acquisition by the baby of the right to life, because the head of the family could accept or reject a new member. When naming a child, tribute was paid to glorious ancestors who were to be reborn in a new body when choosing a name for a descendant. Scandinavian female names were given to girls in honor of deceased relatives. These names were intended to strengthen the strength of the clan, which came from all the ancestors who bore this name.

Ancient Scandinavian names and modern ones. What is the difference?

The culture of glorious wars and battles left its mark on the names of girls in Scandinavia. There were no special differences in antiquity between the male and female names. Girls were named after military events and battles, patrons of war and battles, peace and victories. Popular in the old days were the names of heroes sung in legends and epic works. It was customary to call girls the names of goddesses and heroines of legends.

In the modern world, the choice is made according to a different principle. They now prefer beautiful Scandinavian female names, which are the embodiment of femininity, tenderness, are distinguished by the beauty of sound and grace, they sing best qualities and virtues of the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity. For example: Ingrid - "beautiful" and Inga - "the only one", Christina - "follower of Christ" and Letizia - "happy", Sonya - "wise" and Henrika - "housekeeper", Eidin - "slender" and Katarina - "clean" .

Mythological roots of Scandinavian names

The mythology of the Angles and Normans, Danes and Saxons, formed before the adoption of Christianity, from the 5th century BC. BC, is reflected in the names of the Scandinavian countries. German-Scandinavian mythology basically represented the worship of the forces of nature, so a number of names corresponded to the names of animals that were especially revered by the Vikings.

Women's names Scandinavian mythology represented by such options as "Bear" - Ulf or "god of fertility" - Freir. The names of sacred ravens were also popular, which were especially revered by the Vikings and personified military luck: “thought, soul” - Huginn and “memory” - Muginn. The forces of nature are reflected in the names: "rock" - Stein, "protected by Thor" - Torborg, "soul" - Hugi.

Simple and complex names among the Scandinavians

Scandinavian names are divided into two main groups: one- and two-part. If the first group includes descriptions of character traits or belonging to a certain tribe and clan: “spiritualized” - Aud, “strong” - Gerda, “foreigner” - Barbro, then two-part Scandinavian female names and their meaning have their own characteristics.

In two-syllable and two-part names, the components of the names of two parents or the qualities that they want to endow the baby are reflected: “stone, protect” - Steinbjorg, “battle of the alves” - Alvhild, “divine runes” - Gudrun.

Absorbing the culture of neighboring peoples who professed the Lutheran and Catholic faith, they began to give the child two names at baptism, which are designed to protect him throughout his life. In everyday life, only one name is used, and they try to keep the second in the shadows. And in difficult life situations related to health, it is customary to turn to the second name and actively use it instead of the first, believing that protective forces can change fate for the better.

Nicknames that became names

Initially, for the most part, ancient Scandinavian names, including female ones, were mixed with a wide variety of nicknames, and it was difficult to distinguish between them. Some names contained both a nickname and a proper name. For example, the name Alv incorporates the nickname "elf". Nicknames perfectly reflected the individual characteristics of a person: Raquel - "sheep", Tord Horsehead - a woman of Thor.

The nicknames of famous witches and sorcerers also reflect Scandinavian female names: Kolfinna - "dark, black Finn", Kolgrima - "black mask". Over time, the boundaries between the name and the nickname are erased and become indistinguishable.

viking heritage

The brave conquerors of antiquity - the Vikings - passed through the centuries and gradually turned into modern Scandinavians, and their culture is reflected in glorious names. Warring tribes treated the choice of name responsibly. It was believed that the name is capable of shaking the universe and influencing the entire fate of its bearer. Naming the child, they believed that they were giving it under the protection of the gods and the forces of nature. Some of the names reflecting the rituals of priests and sorcerers have gone forever, and those praising the achievements of a warrior or hunter continue to exist to this day. And among these: Valborg - "saving those who die in battle", Bodil - "battle-vengeance", Borgilda - "fighting, useful maiden."

How did Christianity influence the name?

With the adoption of Christianity, new names began to appear, but their distribution was ambiguously perceived by the Scandinavian peoples.

Christian names given to children at baptism remained secret. They used the second name, which was traditional and understandable for the Scandinavian people. A special rejection of new names was in the families of the military elite, where it was accepted Christian names name only illegitimate children. But gradually new ones joined the Scandinavian female names. They are actively used by modern parents who choose them for their daughters: Christina and Stina - "follower of Christ", Elizabeth - "God-confirmed", Evelina - "little Eve", Annelise - "gracious, useful, confirmed by God".

Adamina - red, earth.
Adeline, Adeline - noble, noble.
Agnetha - saint, chaste.
Alina is decent.
Anitra, Annie - useful, grace.
Asta, Astrid, Ase - divine beauty.
Aud - spiritualized.

Barbro is a stranger, a foreigner.
Birgit, Birgitta, Birte - sublime.
Brita is sublime.
Brunnhilde is a female warrior dressed in armor.
Wendla is a traveler.
Vigdis is the goddess of battles and war.
Victoria - a sensation, a victory.
Wilma, Wilhelm - militant, protected by a helmet.
Vivien, Vivi - mobile, alive.
Gerda, Gerd - powerful, strong.
Gunnel, Gunhild, Gunhild - military battle.
Gunvor is a vigilant female warrior.
Dagny, Dagney - the birth of a new day.
Dorta, Dorte, Dorothea - God's gift.
Ida is diligent and hardworking.
Ilva is a wolf woman.
Inga is unique, one, only.
Ingeborg, Ingegerd - protected by Ing.
Ingrid is beautiful, incomparable.
Jorun, Jorunn - lover of horses.
Katrin, Katharina - innocent, pure.
Carolina is strong, courageous.
Kaya is the mistress, mistress.
Clara - immaculate, pure, dazzling.
Kristin, Kristina, Stina - a follower of the teachings of Christ.
Letizia - glowing with happiness.
Lisbeth - God-confirmed.
Liv, Liva - giving life.
Maya is a mother-nurse.
Margareta, Margrit - a precious pearl.
Marthe is a housekeeping lady.
Matilda, Matilda, Mektilda - strong in battle.
Ragnhild - the battle of the warrior-defenders.
Rune - dedicated to secret knowledge.
Sana, Susanna - lily flower.
Sarah is a noble lady, a charming princess.
Sigrid, Sigrun, Siri - a beautiful victory.
Simone is understanding.
Sonya, Ragna - wise, wise.
Swanhilda - the battle of the swans.
Tekla - Divine glorification.
Thora, Tyra is the warrior of Thor.
Torborg - taken under the protection of Thor.
Tord, Thordis is Thor's beloved.
Thorhild - the battle of Thor.
Tove - thundering.
Trin - immaculate, pure.
Turid is the beauty of God Thor.
Ulla, Ulrika - power and prosperity.
Frida is peaceful.
Hedwig - the battle of rivals.
Helen, Elin - flame, torch.
Henrika is a housekeeper.
Hilda, Hilde - battle.
Hulda - guarding a secret, hidden.
Eidin - graceful, slender.
Elizabeth is confirmed by God.
Erica is the ruler.
Esther is a shining star.
Evelina, Evelyn - progenitor, little Eve.

Viking names. Old Norse names

The era of the Normans can be called the middle of the 9th - the beginning of the 11th century, which was characterized by expansion and invasion of various countries for the purpose of easy money. The main type of fishing of the ancient Scandinavians was the incessant raids on a number of European countries and ancient Russian lands. Despite this, they were good shipbuilders, successful traders and experienced sailors. The culture of these peoples had a significant impact on further development a number of countries of modern Europe and Ancient Russia. Many Old Norse names are just as popular today as they were many centuries ago.

A little about the life history of the ancient Normans

The vast majority of Vikings were free pagan peasants of Norwegian, Danish and Swedish origin. The geographical location of Scandinavia with harsh climatic conditions did not allow the development agriculture in sufficient measure. Therefore, the main type of trade of these peoples was hunting and fishing. It was the sea that was the source of food for the Vikings. Already by the beginning of the VIII century, sea voyages for the ancient Scandinavians had become a way of life. Shipbuilding and navigation gradually developed, thanks to which the Vikings made long sea voyages. By that time, trade began to develop actively in Europe. At the same time, merchants from different countries began to import their goods from distant places, including by sea.

The ships, bursting at the seams from various goods and riches, did not go unnoticed by the Vikings, and they very quickly began to rob various merchants at sea. By the beginning of the 9th century, the Varangians began to raid a number of countries Western Europe. The history of the Vikings as seaborne conquerors dates back to the 790s AD. e., when the first Norman ships approached the English coast. This was one of the first major invasions for the purpose of robbery and robbery. Subsequently, raids for the Vikings became a way of life. Moreover, they settled many islands in the northern seas, which served as bases for recreation and division of the loot. Armed attacks by the Vikings were carried out from sailing boats, which were most Norman fleet. At the same time, several thousand robbers could take part in the attacks.

What were the ancient Scandinavians like?

The history of the Vikings is shrouded in many myths and legends, thanks to which a strong opinion has been formed about them. For example, in the view of contemporaries, all are Normans - huge people with white long hair, besides they are wild and bloodthirsty. In fact, it was rare when a Viking's height exceeded 170 cm, and as for hair, we can say that there were quite a lot of fair-haired Varangians, but among them there were a considerable number of dark-haired people, and even redheads. Few people know, but the Varangians were hospitable people, because they believed that the guest in the house is God in the house.

In addition, many foreigners joined their tribes, so later among them there were many people from various countries.

The Normans were excellent gunsmiths, and they used various technologies to make military weapons. It is safe to say that the Viking sword was no worse than a Damascus steel blade in terms of strength and sharpness. The history of many peoples is somehow intertwined with the Scandinavian pagans, since later the Normans began to settle all over the world. Their roots can be found on the territory of modern Russia, and North America and even Africa.

The Scandinavian warriors had one feature, which was the complete destruction of everything that was not connected with their religion. They destroyed the churches and temples of "dissidents" to the ground, while not feeling pity for either the holy fathers or the parishioners. This largely explains the reason why the ancient inhabitants experienced animal horror at the sight of the Varangians, whom they called merciless and cruel killers.

Norman culture

As we have already said, the Vikings were excellent shipbuilders and sailors, skilled gunsmiths, warriors and hunters. Development various areas economic activity these peoples kept pace with the times. However, due to their belonging to the pagans, their writing was extremely poorly developed, so everything that happened was passed from mouth to mouth. This is how the famous Scandinavian sagas appeared, from which you can learn a lot about the history of the ancient Normans.

Only by the beginning of the 11th century did the Vikings begin to develop writing and the first historical records, which were recorded using the well-known runic script. Runes were used as written symbols, and were also actively used in applied magic. They were carved on stones and carved on tablets, and they were also used to make protective amulets and divinations. Runic writings are often found in the history of the Romano-Germanic and Slavic peoples. With their help, they subsequently began to record the names of the Vikings, the origin and meaning of which we will consider later.

Origin of Scandinavian names

Scandinavian names have their own origin and rich history. Let's start with the fact that they were given by the father of the family to a newborn child. He also had the right to accept this baby or refuse him altogether. The born children were called names that had a direct connection with the ancestors of the family. It was common for the Normans to mix common nouns with nicknames. For example, the meaning of the name Ingrid is "beautiful", it indicates the presence of the god of fertility in him. Sigrid is a name that confirms that a person has talent and giftedness. People with this name have a non-standard type of thinking and are non-trivial.

The names of the Vikings, received by the father at birth, did not differ in constancy. They could be replaced during the life of another, when a person had already formed a character and a number of distinctive features. The names of the Vikings, the list of which is quite large, can be divided into one-part and two-part.

One-component can indicate human qualities or his character (Vagni ─ calm, Gyarvi ─ bold, Magni ─ strong, Sverre ─ heavy, Tryggvi ─ faithful). Other names of the Vikings speak of the external signs of a person (Bruni ─ strong, Raud ─ red, Lodinn ─ covered with hair). There are also many names that denote animals (Bersi ─ bear cub, Bjorn ─ bear, Orm ─ snake, Ulv ─ wolf), inanimate objects or phenomena (Brand ─ sword, Koll ─ coal, Skjeld ─ shield, Frost ─ frost, Una ─ wave ).

Two-part Scandinavian names have a complex structure. They can contain the names of gods, conceal a mythological meaning or characterize a warrior (Audun ─ a rich wave, Asgeir ─ a spear of aces, Grinolf ─ green wolf, Sigurd ─ protected by victory, Steinulv ─ stone wolf, Thorbrand ─ Thor’s sword).

Names of Old Norse Gods

Consider the names of some of the Viking gods, since they are most directly related to the formation of the names of the ancient Scandinavians and their culture. The supreme god of all pagan Vikings was Odin ─ Wotan, the owner of the Asdgard palace of Valhalla and everything that happens on earth and the universe. He patronized artisans and farmers, warriors and sailors, and also revealed the secrets of runic art and knowledge of the world.

Among the highest aces gods, Tiu-Tyr, the god of justice and law, who patronized justice, was also highly revered by the Vikings. God Thor the Thunderer was for the Vikings the all-powerful protector of all people and many gods. Thor-Tunar is the son of Odin and the Earth Goddess Erda. Thor wielded Mjöllnir, a magical hammer that can hit absolutely anything and return after being thrown into its owner's hand. The Vikings worshiped Thor with particular zeal, and his divine presence could often be found in their names.

The wife of the Thunderer Thor was the golden-haired goddess Sif. Their three children, the goddess Labor and her brothers Modi and Magni, were also revered by the Vikings. The goddess Frigg (Fria) patronized the hearth and order in the house. Also among the gods, the ancient Scandinavians revered Freya ─ the goddess of eros, physical well-being and magic; Freyr, who patronized material well-being, peace and prosperity; Njord, father of Freya and Freyr, to whom they obeyed sea ​​elements and wind. He also influenced the well-being and prosperity of all people.

Religious roots of the origin of Old Norse names

Often the meaning of the name is belonging to various deities and religious origin. As a rule, these are names consisting of two or more parts, one of which is somehow connected with pagan gods. For example, let's take Yngvar ─ a name that literally means "warrior of the god Yngvi", where Yngvi is one of Freyr's divine names.

Viking Religious Names Women's Following : Asne - God's news; Astrid - God's power; Asveig - God's road; Gudrun - divine secret; Thorgerd - divine protection (protection of the god Thor); Thorhild - divine battle (Torah).

Religious Viking male names are listed below. Aswald's name literally means "divine authority". Names in which the name of the god Thor is the main thing: Thorstein, Thorbjorn, Torvar, Tormod, Thorgisl, Thorbrand, Torfred, Thorarinn mean "stone", "bear", "army", "courage", "hostage", "sword", "world", "hearth" respectively. The names Freygeir and Freyvar are the "spear" and "army" of the goddess Freya.

About some famous Vikings

The Old Norse Viking king Harald the Beautiful-Haired (as the monarch was called by the custom of the Varangians) managed to unite the small Norman tribes into a single state. In the battle of Stavangereg in 885, he was seriously wounded, but after long years held power over the Varangians.

The famous Vikings, whose names are Olaf and Haakon, were the kings of the Norman lands - the beginning of Christianity in the Norwegian state is associated with them. Haakon the Good is considered the first Norwegian king, during which the Vikings began to forget their pagan roots and became Christians. Although it is believed that it was Olaf I Trygvesson (995-1000 years of reign) and Saint Olaf (1015-1028), in whose honor many churches of the Norwegian state were built, established the Christian faith.

How did the Christian faith influence the change of Scandinavian names

After Christianity appeared in a number of Scandinavian countries, the names of the Vikings remained for a long time. However, thanks to a decree issued by the church clergy, the Scandinavians had to name their children according to the Christian calendar, which included the names of saints. Thus, the descendants of the Varangians began to be called ancient Greek, Jewish and Roman names that were inherent in Christians and eventually acquired harmony, becoming completely “native” to the Scandinavian peoples.

As for surnames, they are derived from names, but with the addition of particles. Therefore, the Scandinavians wear such original surnames like Larsen, Amudsen, Hansen, Johansen, Nielsen, Christiansen, Carlsen and a number of others.

Male Old Norse Names

We have already said that the ancient names of the Vikings, received at birth, subsequently changed to others that corresponded to the human essence. Since the children did not show themselves at birth, they could be called as follows:

• Beinir or Bergir - names that meant "helper in everything"; Yoddur, Skuli ─ "defender of the clan"; Leif ─ "heir"; Oblaud ─ "dared man"; Ofeig - "long-liver, not doomed to death, living happily"; Thrain ─ "stubborn"; Tryggvi ─ "faithful, devoted."

Of course, the parents could have assumed that the born son would be a brave warrior and protector, however, a person could choose a different path, becoming, for example, a merchant or a hunter, then he would receive a different name:

• Frodi ─ "peaceful or kind"; Helgi, which literally meant "holy, sinless"; Kollbjorn ─ "black, coal-colored bear"; Alv ─ "elf"; Vestein ─ "holy stone"; Webrand ─ "holy weapon"; Vardi ─ "friend"; Gest ─ "welcome guest" and others.

Warriors and defenders were given formidable and sonorous names, since the Vikings believed that the warriors, in the event of death on the battlefield, would definitely end up in Asgard and be faithful servants of Odin:

• Brand ─ "sharp sword"; Vegeir ─ "spear of the saints"; Webrand ─ "holy sword"; Gunnar ─ "fighting sword"; Dyarvi ─ "brave"; Rorik ─ "mighty glory"; Sigvald ─ "victorious power"; Hyarti ─ "lord of the sword"; Einar ─ "warrior of happiness."

Female names of the ancient Scandinavians

The names of the Vikings for women at the birth of daughters were also chosen by the father. Girls were supposed to be useful to the family. The feminine principle was honored by the ancient Scandinavians. Newborn girls could be named as follows:

• Erna - "craftswoman, skillful"; Bjerg ─ "guardian, protector"; Una ─ "pleased"; Bot ─ "helper"; Guda ─ "good, kind"; Gerd - "home protector". However, a too militant father could give his daughter the name Hild, which meant "battle."

Of course, none of the parents of Viking girls dreamed that the grown-up beauty would become a warrior and raid for the purpose of robbery. Therefore, female names carried a completely different meaning. They could denote parental hope for a happy life for their child, or they were simply selected beautiful and harmonious:

• Frida - "beautiful, beloved"; Yolver ─ "happy"; Osk ─ "desired"; Eidr ─ "glorious"; Dalla, Birta ─ "bright"; Lyot - "bright".

Often, the female names of the Vikings could be directly related to the animals, which, as they believed, were their patrons:

• Ryupa ─ "mountain partridge"; Bera, Byrna ─ "bear"; Hrefna ─ "crow"; Meva means "seagull".

Quite often, newborn girls were given names that are associated with the god Freyr:

• The name Inga, which has come down to our times, is “winter”, which is popular with many Slavic peoples; Freydis ─ "dis of Freya"; Ingileif meant "heiress"; Ingimudr - literally "the hand of the goddess Freya"; Ingver - "who knows the gods" and others.
• The names of women were also popular: Aud, which meant “rich, wealthy”, Gudgerd ─ “well-protected”, Rannveig ─ “swift, fast, running”, Rind ─ “defender of the weak, hearth”, Solveig ─ “sunbeam”, Svanveig ─ "swan road", Una ─ "sea wave", Helga meant "holy". The name Helga later acquired the form "Olga" from the Slavs.

Correspondence of some male names of the Vikings to modern

• Manahegni, Manaedur ─ Alexander. The name comes from two words: "manna" ─ man and "edur" ─ "protection, protect."
• Skuli, Hegni ─ Alexey, which means "protector".
• Resquie ─ Valery, "cheerful."
• Konunglegur ─ "royal", corresponds to the meaning of the name "Basil".
• Tiedwald consists of the words "own" and "people" ─ Vladimir.
• Siungur, Vakkin ─ Gregory.
• Ragnademul ─ "god" and "judged" ─ Daniel.
• Bondur ─ "farmer" ─ Egor.
• Hakon ─ "of high origin" ─ Sergey.
• Soknheid corresponds to the name Yaroslav.

In conclusion, we note that the Vikings attached great importance to the naming of children, especially for newborn boys. As a rule, each clan had a number of names, which were called children in the same way as their ancestors. The boy received the name of the deceased senior member of the family or the elder brother who died in battles, as well as his father. The Varangians believed that with the birth of boys, the dead soldiers were reborn in them. If there were several male children in the family, then the eldest of them certainly became the heir, in addition, he received the name of the most famous and brave deceased relative in the male line.

In ancient Viking families, everything was decided by the father. Therefore, an illegitimate child could receive the name of a famous ancestor in the family of his father, even if there were stepbrothers ─ the legitimate children of the head of the family. In the times of the pagan faith, the head of the family had practically no division into legitimate and illegitimate children. But with the advent of Christianity in the Scandinavian countries, only those who were born in an official marriage approved by the church were considered native children.

Scandinavian names

Scandinavian names are used in Denmark, Sweden, Iceland and Norway, as well as in Finland (due to the large number of Scandinavian Swedes living in the country). The vast majority of Scandinavian names are of Germanic or Biblical origin, as well as other names of the West (including Russian), but there are also quite a few native Northern European names. Most of the names come from ancient Germanic roots dedicated to animal totems: for example, “olv” (“ulv”) means “wolf”, “bjorn” (“björn”) - “bear”, etc.

The ancient Scandinavians, like many peoples in the early stages of development, did not actually feel the difference between a nickname and a full-fledged name. Thus, composing a name for a newborn was a fairly simple procedure. The name could change over the course of life: instead of the old one given at birth, a new one was given, as a rule, corresponding to certain signs and qualities of a person, and in this case the border between a name and a nickname becomes almost indistinguishable.

Until about the beginning of the 20th century, most Scandinavians did not have a surname. Until now, for example, in Iceland, the surname is a rarity. The Scandinavians used patronymics, for example, André Johansson means "André, son of Johan". Women could also add the mother's name - Halla Gudrunsdottir, "Halla, daughter of Gudrun."

Among the representatives of the ruling dynasty, the names of the heirs were chosen especially carefully. Future rulers were never given Christian names, often the children of kings were named after their pagan ancestors. The most popular names for future kings were Magnus, Olaf (Olaf), Harald, Eystein and Sigurd. In the XI-XII centuries. At least 6 kings named Magnus, four Olafs and three Sigurds visited the Norwegian throne.

Scandinavian names and their meanings

Scandinavia is a land of mysteries, magic and sorcery. Starting from the 12th century BC, the territories of Northern Europe began to be settled by hunters who, together with some animals, moved here after the ice age. Today, the history of Scandinavia is directly connected with the legends of the Vikings - a warlike people and capable of trading. Starting from the 8th century AD, they took a direct part in the development of new lands, where they formed colonies. They believed in the gods, the strength of the warrior and honored the animals. It is generally accepted that the Scandinavian peoples are Danes, Swedes, Norwegians. Some historians also include Finland and Iceland in Scandinavia.

The language of the Scandinavians until a certain period of stratification and the conquest of its territories was one. This, of course, influenced Scandinavian names, their formation and meaning. In turn, there were dialects, however common language thought to be Old Norse. Subsequently, the alphabet, initially numbering 24 runes, was simplified in some territories, reduced to 16. Nevertheless, just like among the Slavs, among the Scandinavians, the name was directly related to the status, characteristics, and family craft of a person.

Basically, Scandinavian male names did not differ from female ones. The basis of any name can be distinguished by the following features:

1. The name is derived from the name of the deity. Most often - this is the god of fertility, military abilities, thunder (Frey, Tyr, Thor). For example, Bergborr or Freybjorn is Thor's helper and Frey's bear. In this case, the Scandinavian female names differed by the postfix dis (say, Geirdis or Gunndis - from the names of the goddess of the spear and the goddess of battles).

2. Name - derived from the name of the animal. They took revered animals, which were considered sacred, as a basis. The most common is the bear (Bjon). This beast was revered as the most powerful and dangerous, symbolizing courage and strength. He was one of the essences of the main Scandinavian god Odin. In the female original version, this name sounded like Bera or Birna. Also popular were the Scandinavian names, which contained the name of the wolf, raven, eagle and wild boar. The last name Jöfurr (boar) was given to people of the upper class, investing in it the concept of a ruler or leader. The eagle (derivatives of ari, örn) acted as a protector, a good warrior. Raven (hrafn) - Rafnhildr (raven of battle) is the soul, memory and good luck.

3. The name associated with military operations, the protection of the people. Given the variety of military paraphernalia, Scandinavian names associated with military affairs are the most common basis. Here the main concepts were such as battle or battle (gunnr, hildr, leikr), which were connected with certain areas (sea, land, professional); war (víg), was linked mainly with such concepts as desired, great, glorious; military paraphernalia: a helmet, a spear and a sword (gríma, geirr, brandr) were combined with the concepts of valor, courage, and the level of a warrior's abilities.

4. Scandinavian names - ethnonyms (determining belonging to certain people). These included Finns (Finnr), Danes (Danr), Goths (Gautr) and Flemings (Flaemingr).

The names of the ancient Scandinavians are found in different nations and today. And they all include certain concepts and have meanings confirmed by rich Scandinavian history.

The most interesting nicknames of antiquity and the names of the Scandinavians

The champions by the strange nicknames of their rulers are, of course, the ancient Scandinavians. Severe Vikings gave each other nicknames that "stuck" for life and served as a kind of label by which they recognized a person. Interestingly, this tradition also applied to the rulers.

Take, for example, at least Ragnar Lothbrok, known to many on the television series "Vikings". "Lothbrok" ​​translates to "hairy pants", which alludes to the piece of clothing that Ragnar always wore before battle "for good luck". These pants were made of coarse wool, so they looked very shaggy. True, there is an opinion that it is more correct to translate “Lothbrok” as “hairy ass”, but it would be unlikely that even among the brave Vikings there would be a madman who would dare to call the ferocious king that way.

Sons of Ragnar bore no less curious nicknames: Sigurd the Serpent-in-the-eye (so-called for his piercing "serpentine" look), Bjorn Ironside (received a nickname for his insensitivity to pain and the solid chain mail he wore) and Ivar the Boneless (distinguished by incredible flexibility and dexterity ).

Norwegian king Elvir Detolyub got his nickname not for his perverted addictions, as you might think, but for an incredible act of humanism by the standards of the Vikings: he forbade his warriors ... to string children on spears for fun!

Harald I, king of Denmark and Norway, was nicknamed "Bluetooth" by his subjects. He got such a strange nickname because he liked to feast on blueberries. However, the version sounds more plausible that Harald was nicknamed not Blatand (“Blue-toothed”), but Bletand (“Dark-haired”). FROM Harald Sinezuby a very interesting fact is connected: it is in his honor that the Bluetooth technology, created just by the Danish-Norwegian group of developers, is named.

Rollon Pedestrian- Viking Hrolf, who managed to conquer part of France and become the ancestor of the dynasty of the Dukes of Normandy. He received the nickname "Pedestrian" because he was so tall and heavy that not a single horse could withstand him as a rider for a long time. So Rollo had to walk.

King of Norway Eric I Bloodaxe earned such a terrifying prefix to his name for consistently slaughtering his relatives who could become his rivals in the struggle for the throne. Interestingly, Eric still could not get to one of his brothers, Hakon, who overthrew him. Obviously, compared to Eric, even the stern Hakon looked like a real charmer and, by contrast, received the nickname "Kind".

Few people know the following interesting fact: the English king William I during his lifetime was more often called Wilhelm the Bastard(behind the eyes, of course) than the Conqueror (as they say in school textbooks). The fact is that he was the illegitimate son of the Norman Duke Robert. By the way, Wilhelm's dad also had a very eloquent nickname - the Devil. There were rumors about Robert the Devil that even before his birth, his soul was promised to Satan.

Byzantine emperor Constantine V bore a very dissonant nickname "Copronym" ("Dermon-named") for the fact that, as a baby, during his baptism he shat right in the font.

Emperor of Byzantium Vasily II, in 1014 he defeated the Bulgarian army at the battle of Strymon. 15 thousand Bulgarians were taken prisoner, whose eyes were gouged out by order of the Byzantine ruler. For every hundred blinded, a single “lucky” guide was left (only one eye was gouged out). For his sadistic cruelty towards the prisoners, Vasily II received the nickname “Bulgarian Fighter”.

The Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod earned the nickname "Big Nest" for being the father of 12 children: 8 sons and 4 daughters.

King of England John (John) Plantagenet because of his short-sighted policy, he lost all his possessions in France and authority among the English chivalry. For this he was given a mocking nickname - "Landless". Also because of the constant defeats of the king teased "Softsword" – "Soft Sword". It is interesting that in medieval England they called the impotent. However, in the case of John the Landless, such an interpretation of the nickname is groundless - the king had 2 legitimate sons and 9 bastards, as well as 6 daughters - 3 legitimate and 3 illegitimate. Gossips it was said that making children is the only thing the monarch does well. The authority of John was so low that not a single English ruler called his heirs by this name anymore.

King of Bohemia and Hungary Ladislav was nicknamed "Coffin" for being born 4 months after sudden death his father from dysentery.

In the XVII-beginning. 18th century ruler of Japan Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, popularly nicknamed the "Dog Shogun". Tsunayoshi forbade the killing of stray dogs and ordered that they be fed at public expense. Interestingly, the diet of the dog under this shogun was much richer than the diet of the peasant. By order of the governor, contact street dogs was supposed to be exclusively "noble lord", violators were beaten with sticks. True, after the death of the shogun, his “dog lobby” ceased to operate.

french king Louis Philippe d'Orleans received the nickname "Pear" for the fact that over the years his figure began to resemble this particular fruit. In addition, at French word"lapoire" ("pear") is also the second meaning - "moron". In general, it is easy to guess how much the French loved this king of theirs.

What do we know about the names that the Vikings gave their children?

The names of the defenders of the Scandinavians

Often, parents gave a name to a newborn that would represent the qualities that they would like to see when the child grows up and matures. For example, male names for boys who were supposed to become protectors of the family, clan and community:

• Beinir - Beinir (assistant),
• Skúli - Skuli (defender),
• Högni - Högni (defender),
• Birgir - Birgir (assistant),
• Jöðurr - Yodur (defender),
• Uni - Uni (friend, satisfied).
• Eiðr - Eid (oath),
• Leifr - Leif (heir),
• Tryggvi - Tryggvi (loyal, reliable),
• Óblauðr - Oblaud (bold and brave),
• Ófeigr - Ofeyg (not doomed to death, you can say happy),
• Trausti - Trausti (one who is trustworthy, reliable),
• Þráinn - Thrain (stubborn),

Women's names for girls, who also personified the future protectors and helpers of the family and the whole family:

• Bót - Bot (help, help),
• Erna - Erna (skillful),
• Björg - Bjorg (rescue, protection),
• Una - Una (girlfriend, contented).

Of course, the popular names for boys were names that meant physical and spiritual strength, courage, fortitude, endurance, that is, the qualities of a real man, a real warrior. And the owner of such a name must confirm it and have the same quality as his name meant.

Male names:

• Gnúpr - Gnup (steep mountain),
• Halli - Halli (stone, pebble),
• Kleppr - Klepp (mountain, rock),
• Steinn - Stein (stone),
• Múli - Muli (cape),
• Knjúkr - Knjuk (top),
• Tindr - Tind (top),
• Knutr - Whip (knot).

Female name: Hallótta - Hallotta (rocky). After all, girls could also be not only skilled housewives, but also excellent warriors.

When choosing, inventing a name for the baby, parents were guided by various principles and desires of future children. characteristic features his child, his destiny. For example, wishing a child love and good luck, a high position in society, they named their baby or baby accordingly. For example, happy parents could name their daughter like this:

• Ljót - Ljot (bright and light),
• Birta - Birta (bright),
• Dalla - Dalla (brightness),
• Fríðr - Fried (beautiful and beloved),
• Fríða - Frida (beautiful),
• Ósk - Osk (desire, desired),
• Ölvör - Elver (happy),
• Heiðr - Heid (glory).

The boys were named:

• Dagr - Dag (day),
• Teitr - Tate (cheerful),
• Dýri - Dyuri (dear and beloved),
• Ölvir - Elvir (happy),
• Harri - Harry (ruler),
• Sindri - Sindri (spark),
• Bjartr - Bjart (bright).

Such names were not just like that, wishing happiness to their child and giving him an appropriate name, the parents, as it were, directed the child on the path of happiness and good luck, and the happy life of even one member of the family clan could promise good luck to the whole family as a whole.

The time in the Viking Age in the Scandinavian countries was not easy, almost every man became, whether he wanted it or not, a real warrior in order to protect his family, his family, clan, community from encroachers on the native lands of strangers. There were few fertile lands in Norway, and everyone needed it, so conflicts and wars periodically arose between the clans.

Each boy from an early age learned the military craft in order to be able to protect himself and his loved ones, his land, therefore the names of the boys (and the girls too, because some of them could become excellent warriors) were often given names that would characterize him as a glorious warrior.

In addition, by conducting raids, the Vikings enriched themselves, brought slaves and gold from the raid to the family, after several raids, you can become a merchant and significantly improve the state of affairs of the whole family, because money was needed at all times, and silver Arab coins of dirhams were found in Scandinavia quite a bit of. Therefore, the war was not only defensive. In addition, at all times men have been associated with protection, weapons. The man is a warrior! A bellicose character and fighting spirit for a boy, and then for a man, were not negative characteristics at that difficult time.

Names of warriors and warriors of the Vikings

For example, there were such male names on the theme of a strong and courageous, glorious warrior:

• Hróðgeirr - Hrodgeir (spear of glory),
• Hróðketill - Hrodketil (helmet of glory),
• Bogi - Gods (bow),
• Hróðmarr - Hrodmar (fame of fame),
• Hróðný - Hrodnyu (youth of glory),
• Hróðolfr - Hrodolph (wolf of glory, maybe a glorious wolf),
• Hróðgerðr - Hrodgerd (fence of glory),
• Brandr - Brand (sword),
• Hróðvaldr - Hrodwald (power of glory),
• Geirr - Geir (spear),
• Eiríkr - Eirik (very mighty and strong),
• Darri - Darri (javelin),
• Broddi - Broddy (point),
• Egill - Egil (blade),
• Gellir - Gellir (loud or sword),
• Gyrðir - Gürdir (girded with a sword),
• Klœngr - Klöng (claw),
• Naddr - Nadd (point or spear),
• Oddi - Oddi (point) or Oddr - Odd (also point),
• Vigi - Vigi (fighter),
• Óspakr - Ospak (not peaceful, warlike),
• Vigfúss - Vigfus (belligerent, eager to fight and kill),
• Ósvífr - Osvivr (ruthless),
• Styrmir - Styurmir (terrible, even stormy),
• Sörli - Sorli (in armor),
• Þiðrandi - Tidrandi (looking, observing),
• Styrr - Styur (battle),
• Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
• Uggi - Uggs (terrible),
• Agnarr - Agnar (diligent or formidable warrior),
• Einarr - Einar (a lone warrior who always fights alone).
• Öndóttr - Andott (terrible).
• Hildr - Hild (female name, means battle). Often Hild was an integral part of various female names.

Names that symbolize protection:

• Hjalmr - Hjalm (helmet),
• Ketill - Ketil (helmet),
• Hjalti - Hjalti (sword hilt),
• Skapti - Skafti (weapon handle),
• Skjöldr - Skjöld (shield), Ørlygr - Erlug (shield),
• Hlíf - Khliv (female name, meant shield),
• Brynja - Brunya (female name, meant chain mail).

Sig- and Sigr - meant victory or battle. With this component there were quite a few compound names, both male and female:

• Sigarr - Sigar (warrior of victory or battle, battle),
• Sigbjörn - Sigbjorn (battle bear),
• Sigfúss - Sigfus (ardent bright battle),
• Sigfinnr - Sigfinn (Finn of battle, warlike Finn),
• Sigvaldi - Sigvaldi (ruler or lord of victory),
• Siggeirr - Siggeir (spear of victory),
• Sigsteinn - Sigstein (stone of victory),
• Sigtryggr - Sigtrygg (victory is sure),
• Sighvatr - Sigvat (victory of the brave),
• Sigurðr - Sigurd (guardian of victory, maybe guardian of battle),
• Sigmundr - Sigmund (hand of victory),
• Signý - Signy (female name, meant a new victory),
• Sigrfljóð - Sigrflöd (female name, meaning: girl of victory),
• Sigþrúðr - Sigtrud (also a female name, meaning: the power of battle),
• Sigrún - Sigrun (female name, meaning: rune or secret of battle or victory).

Name - amulet

Very often, both in Scandinavia of the Viking Age and in Kievan Rus, children were called amulets in order to protect the child from evil forces. Quite numerous in those difficult times were names denoting certain animals and birds. Some named children after an animal, so that its property would pass from it to the child, for example, speed of reaction, dexterity, grace, and others. In this case, this animal, the bird, even became a talisman and a guardian of the child from evil forces and twists of fate for life. Pagan beliefs spoke of the close relationship between man and all living things, wildlife was in harmony with man for a very long time, people drew strength from plants and animals. There was such a symbolic connection between a person and an animal, whose name he bears.

Male names-amulets of animals:

• Ari - Ari or Örn - Ern (eagle),
• Birnir and Björn - Birnir and Bjorn (bear),
• Bjarki - Bjarki (bear cub),
• Ormr - Orm (serpent),
• Gaukr - Gauk (cuckoo),
• Brúsi - Brusi (goat),
• Hjörtr - Hjort (deer),
• Hreinn - Hrein (reindeer),
• Haukr - Hauk (hawk),
• Hrútr - Hrut (ram),
• Mörðr - Murd (marten),
• Hrafn - Hrafn, Hrafn (raven),
• Ígull - Igul (hedgehog),
• Svanr - Svan (swan),
• Ulf - Ulf or Wulf (wolf)
• Refr - Rev (fox),
• Hundi - Hundi (dog),
• Starri - Starry (starling),
• Valr - Val (falcon),
• Uxi - Uxi (bull),
• Ýr - Ir (Turkish).

Female names-amulets of animals:

• Bera or Birna - Bera or Birna (bear),
• Rjúpa - Ryupa (rock partridge),
• Erla - Erla (wagtail),
• Mæva - Meva (sea gull),
• Hrefna - Hrevna (crow),
• Svana - Svana (swan).

A birch tree is also considered a strong amulet name, therefore both men and women were called the name of a birch: Birkir or Björk - Birkir or Björk (birch). And in Russian beliefs, it was also believed that a birch can be not only female, but there was also a male: birch.

Names-amulets were also such:

• Heimir - Heimir (who has a house),
• Ófeigr - Ofeig (who is not doomed to death).

Viking nicknames

Not always the name given to the child at birth remained with him for life. Very often, the Vikings received more appropriate names and nicknames that were more appropriate for them already in their adulthood. Such nicknames could complement the name, or could completely replace it. Nicknames in adulthood could be given to the Viking in accordance with his character, his occupation, his appearance (by hair or eyes they could give a name at the birth of a child as well), according to his social status and even origin.

Nicknames that could be given by parents at birth or by acquaintances, friends or fellow tribesmen already in adulthood:

• Atli - Atli (rough),
• Kjötvi - Kyotvi (fleshy),
• Flóki - Floki (curly, curly),
• Kolli - Collie (bald),
• Fróði - Frodi (wise, scholar),
• Greipr - Grape (one with big and strong hands),
• Forni - Forni (ancient, old),
• Hödd - Hödd (a woman with very beautiful hair),
• Grani - Facets (whiskered),
• Höskuldr - Hoskuld (gray-haired),
• Hösvir - Khösvir (gray-haired),
• Kára - Kara (curly),
• Barði - Bardi (bearded),
• Narfi - Narvi (thin and even skinny),
• Krumr - Krum (stooped),
• Skeggi - Skeggi (bearded man),
• Loðinn - Lodin (hairy),
• Hrappr or Hvati - Hrapp or Grab (fast, ardent),
• Rauðr - Raud (red),
• Reistr - Reist (straight and high),
• Lúta - Luta (stooped),
• Skarfr - Scarv (greedy),
• Gestr - Gest (guest),
• Sölvi - Sölvi (pale),
• Glum - Glum (dark-eyed),
• Hörðr - Hörd (a man from Hørdaland in Norway),
• Snerrir - Snerrir (difficult, difficult),
• Sturla - Sturla (impatient, emotional, restless).
• Gauti or Gautr - Gauti or Gaut (Gaut, Swede),
• Hálfdan - Halfdan (half-dan),
• Höðr - Höd (a man from Hadaland in Norway),
• Smiðr - Smid (blacksmith),
• Skíði - Skidi (skier),
• Sveinn - Svein (youth, guy, boy, servant),
• Gríma - Grima (mask, helmet, night, possibly a name for a witch, sorceress or healer),
• Gróa (Gró) - Gro (plant, healer, healer, woman who worked with herbs),
• Huld, Hulda - Huld, Hulda (mystery, veil, or even an elven maiden).

Names for sorcerers, magicians, witches they also gave peculiar ones, based on the type of their occupation.

• Kol - in translation means black and even coal.
• Finna or finnr - translated means Finn or Finn (in ancient times they were considered good magicians, sorcerers, witches and sorcerers).
• Gríma - translated means mask, night.

In ancient times, the Vikings gave names and nicknames to those who were engaged in witchcraft and magic, which in various ways combined the above parts, for example, female names: Kolfinna and Kolgríma - Kolfinna and Kolgrim or male names: Kolfinnr or Kolgrímr - Kolfinn or Kolgrim.

Viking names after gods

The Vikings adhered to the ancient pagan faith Asatru (fidelity to the Ases), according to which there was a pantheon of gods who were ordinary people, but became gods for their heroism and stamina, thanks to physical and spiritual strength. The Vikings, the ancient Scandinavians took the gods as an example and wanted to be like them, just as brave, strong, beautiful, therefore the names were often associated with the gods, with the names of the main gods. Children in the Viking Age, in those distant pagan times, were called names that were associated with one or another god, thereby entrusting him with the fate of their child.
The following female names were dedicated to God Yngwie-Freyr:

• Inga - Inga,
• Freydís - Freydis (dis of Frey or Freya),
• Ingunn - Ingunn (pleased, Yngwie's friend),
• Ingileif - Ingileif (heiress of Yngwie),
• Ingigerðr - Ingigerd (protection of Yngwie),
• Ingvör (Yngvör) - Ingvör (in charge of Yngvi),
• Yngvildr - Ingvild (battle of Yngvi).

Male names in honor of the gods:

• Ingi - Ingi,
• Ingimundr - Ingimund (hand of Yngwie),
• Freysteinn - Freystein (Freyr's stone),
• Ingimarr - Ingimar (glorious Yngwie - in instrumental case),
• Ingjaldr - Ingjald (ruler with the help of Yngwie),
• Ingolfr - Ingolf (wolf Yngwie),
• Ingvarr (Yngvarr) - Ingvar (warrior Yngwie).

In Iceland, and in the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), most often their children were dedicated to the god Thor.

Male names in honor of the god Thor:

• Thorov - Thorir (male name, in honor of Thor),
• Þóralfr (Þórolfr) - Thoralv or Thorolf (Thor's wolf),
• Þorbrandr - Thorbrand (Thor's sword),
• Þorbergr - Thorberg (rock of the god Thor),
• Þorbjörn - Thorbjörn (bear of Thor),
• Þorkell - Thorkel (Thor's helmet),
• Þorfinnr - Thorfinn (Thor Finn),
• Þórðr - Tord (protected by Thor),
• Þórhaddr - Torhadd (the hair of the god Thor),
• Þorgeirr - Thorgeir (Thor's spear),
• Þórarinn - Thorarin (hearth of the god Thor),
• Þorleifr - Thorleif (heir of Thor),
• Þorsteinn - Thorstein (Thor's stone),
• Þóroddr - Thorodd (thor's point),
• Þormóðr - Tormod (the courage of the god Thor),
• Þorviðr - Torvid (Thor's tree),
• Þórormr - Thororm (serpent of the god Thor),
• Þorvarðr - Torvard (Guardian of the Thors).

Female names in honor of Thor:

• Torova - Torah (female name, in honor of Thor),
• Þorleif - Torleif (heiress of Thor),
• Þordís, Þórdís - Thordis (disa of the god Thor),
• Þórodda - Torodda (Tor's point),
• Þórarna - Torarna (the eagle of the god Thor),
• Þórhildr - Thorhild (Thor's battle),
• Þórný - Tornyu (young, dedicated to Thor),
• Þórey - Torey (luck of the god Thor),
• Þorljót - Torljot (light of Thor),
• Þorvé, Þórvé - Torve (sacred wall of Thor),
• Þórunn - Thorunn (Thor's favorite),
• Þórelfr - Torrelv (river of the god Thor),
• Þorvör - Torver (Knowing (strength) Torah).

Children could also be dedicated to all the gods in general. For example, Ragn in translation meant power, gods. Vé - the meaning in translation was as follows: pagan sanctuary, sacred. Both male and female names were formed from these words:

• Ragnarr - Ragnar (male name, meaning: army of the gods),
• Ragn(h)eiðr - Ragneid (female name, meaning: honor of the gods),
• Végeirr - Vegeir (sacred point),
• Véleifr - Véleif (heir to a sacred place),
• Végestr - Vegest (sacred guest),
• Ragnhildr - Ragnhild (female name, meaning: battle of the gods),
• Vébjörn - Vebjorn ( sacred bear or bear sanctuary),
• Reginleif - Reginleif (female name, meaning: heiress of the gods),
• Vésteinn - Vestein (sacred stone),
• Vébrandr - Vebrand (sword shrine),
• Védís - Vedis (female name: sacred disa),
• Véfríðr - Vefrid (female name: sacred protection),
• Véný - Venu (female name: sacred and young).

Name in honor of glorious ancestors

There were also generic names, one might say, the predecessors of surnames. Children often received names in honor of their deceased ancestors, whose spirit was reborn in a new member of their own kind, with this name the child entered the world of his kind, his family, his clan and tribe. The Scandinavians believed in the transmigration of souls, but this could only happen within one clan, among blood relatives and descendants. The name was given only to those relatives who had already died, otherwise you could bring trouble. Naming a child after an existing, living relative was strictly forbidden.

The name in the Scandinavian world in the Viking Age, and not only at that time, was given to the child by the father. The father also decided whether the child would live or not. Naming a child by name gave him the right to life. Names could be given in honor of glorious and powerful relatives (deceased) both from the side of the father and from the side of the mother of the child. The names could be chosen in honor of the father's friends and sworn brothers.

Scandinavian mythology

Scandinavian symbols

Viking religion

Runes

Viking weapons

viking holidays

Scandinavian games

Interest in the culture and life of the inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries early medieval is constantly growing. This is due to the passion for antiquities, paganism, sagas), as well as the stable release of films and computer games about the Vikings. No less interesting are the names of the Vikings. They are harmonious, not devoid of meaning and are great for pseudonyms and nicknames within a certain circle of people.

Who are the Vikings, where do they come from?

Vikings are usually called Scandinavian sailors (VIII - XI centuries). They became famous for their sea voyages, which stretched to the very North Africa. The Vikings were ordinary inhabitants of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, who sought to leave their native shores and go in search of a new a better life. Swedish settlers in ancient Russian chronicles are referred to as Varangians, and Danish and Norwegian Vikings were nicknamed Normans, based on Latin sources. Most complete description these sailors, however, are given by the Scandinavian sagas, from which, for the most part, we learned the names of the Vikings, features from life and manners. In addition, the researchers learned much about the names from the inscriptions on the runic stones.

Noble stone, famous wolf, bear: the names of the Vikings

The male nicknames of the inhabitants of Scandinavia have long been known to researchers. They are found in chronicles, annals, vaults. So, "The Tale of Bygone Years" introduces us to the first Varangian in Russia - Rurik, who became the founder. This nickname can be translated as "glorious king." Other male Viking names found in the annals are no less pretentious. Recall at least the rulers of Dir ("beast") and Askold ("golden voice").

However, as mentioned above, the bulk of the names were taken from the inscriptions on runic stones, as well as Scandinavian sagas and legends. Here is a list of some common nicknames at the time:

• Ragnar - warrior of the Gods;
• Athelstan is a noble stone;
• Bjorn is a bear;
• Arne - an eagle;
• Thorstein - Thor's stone;
• Leif is the heir.

Names containing part the name of the god Thor: Torquil, Thorstein. It was also considered a good sign to name a person after an animal. This is how the nicknames Bjorn, Arne, Ulf (“wolf”), Ulfbjorn, Vebjorn (“holy bear”) arose.

Beautiful, sowing confusion: female names of the Vikings

The Viking Age also gave rise to special female nicknames, which often exist to this day in the Scandinavian countries. Among these are the following:

• Sigrid is a beautiful victory;
• Ingrid - beautiful;
• Ragnhild - adviser in battle;
• Gunnhild - battle of battles;
• Tuve - thunder;
• Helga - blessed;
• Siggy is the shield of victory.

If many male names of the Vikings were associated with the name of the god Thor, then the female names gravitated towards the nicknames of the Valkyries - mythological warrior maidens who accompanied the souls of dead warriors to Valhalla. The most famous of the names of the Valkyries are as follows:

• Randgrid - breaking shields;
• Hild is a warrior;
• Gel - calling;
• Mist - foggy;
• Company - sowing confusion.

Modern names of different countries differ in origin, cultural and historical heritage, the influence of various religions. In countries such as Denmark and Norway, Sweden and Iceland, as well as Finland, it is customary to call children by modern names, but most of these names originate from ancient Scandinavia. Some of which go back to legends and myths, some are a reflection of Germanic and biblical names. The rich history is reflected in the variety of women's and men's Scandinavian names.

Features of Scandinavian group names

The names of the Scandinavian group, like those of other peoples, reflected the characteristics of a person's character, described his remarkable sides. But an interesting fact is that the name was not given to a person for life, but could change throughout life, even more than once. The reason for changing the name could be an act that left an imprint on the attitude towards its bearer, or the emergence of new qualities as a result of growing up.

History has left its mark on Scandinavian female names, which reflect the warlike events of a rich past. It is noteworthy that the interpretation and meaning of female and male names are almost the same. The character traits of the conqueror were passed down from generation to generation, and the strength and courage, bravery and courage revered at all times were embodied in the names of the girls. For example, Vigdis is the “goddess of war”, Goodhild is a “good battle”, Swanhild is a “battle of swans”, Brynhild is a “militant woman”.

It is also noteworthy that two-part Scandinavian female names are used, and their meaning is intended to define objects and abstract concepts, reflect the distinctive features of appearance and character traits: “peaceful ruler” - Fredrik, “battle of defenders” - Ragnhild.

How was the name given in the Scandinavian family in antiquity?

In naming, the peoples of Scandinavia had their own traditions, followed by everyone without exception.

Only the father gave the name to the girl and the boy. This was equated to the acquisition by the baby of the right to life, because the head of the family could accept or reject a new member. When naming a child, tribute was paid to glorious ancestors who were to be reborn in a new body when choosing a name for a descendant. Scandinavian female names were given to girls in honor of deceased relatives. These names were intended to strengthen the strength of the clan, which came from all the ancestors who bore this name.

Ancient Scandinavian names and modern ones. What is the difference?

The culture of glorious wars and battles left its mark on the names of girls in Scandinavia. There were no special differences in antiquity between the male and female names. Girls were named after military events and battles, patrons of war and battles, peace and victories. Popular in the old days were the names of heroes sung in legends and epic works. It was customary to call girls the names of goddesses and heroines of legends.

In the modern world, the choice is made according to a different principle. They now prefer beautiful Scandinavian female names, which are the embodiment of femininity, tenderness, are distinguished by the beauty of sound and grace, sing the best qualities and virtues of the representatives of the beautiful half of humanity. For example: Ingrid - "beautiful" and Inga - "the only one", Christina - "follower of Christ" and Letizia - "happy", Sonya - "wise" and Henrika - "housekeeper", Eidin - "slender" and Katarina - "clean" .

Mythological roots of Scandinavian names

The mythology of the Angles and Normans, Danes and Saxons, formed before the adoption of Christianity, from the 5th century BC. BC, is reflected in the names of the Scandinavian countries. German-Scandinavian mythology basically represented the worship of the forces of nature, so a number of names corresponded to the names of animals that were especially revered by the Vikings.

The female names of Scandinavian mythology are represented by such options as "Bear" - Ulf or "god of fertility" - Freir. The names of sacred ravens were also popular, which were especially revered by the Vikings and personified military luck: “thought, soul” - Huginn and “memory” - Muginn. The forces of nature are reflected in the names: "rock" - Stein, "protected by Thor" - Torborg, "soul" - Hugi.

Simple and complex names among the Scandinavians

Scandinavian names are divided into two main groups: one- and two-part. If the first group includes descriptions of character traits or belonging to a certain tribe and clan: “spiritualized” - Aud, “strong” - Gerda, “foreigner” - Barbro, then two-part Scandinavian female names and their meaning have their own characteristics.

In two-syllable and two-part names, the components of the names of two parents or the qualities that they want to endow the baby are reflected: “stone, protect” - Steinbjorg, “battle of the alves” - Alvhild, “divine runes” - Gudrun.

Absorbing the culture of neighboring peoples who professed the Lutheran and Catholic faith, they began to give the child two names at baptism, which are designed to protect him throughout his life. In everyday life, only one name is used, and they try to keep the second in the shadows. And in difficult life situations related to health, it is customary to turn to the second name and actively use it instead of the first, believing that protective forces can change fate for the better.

Nicknames that became names

Initially, for the most part, ancient Scandinavian names, including female ones, were mixed with a wide variety of nicknames, and it was difficult to distinguish between them. Some names contained both a nickname and a proper name. For example, the name Alv incorporates the nickname "elf". The nicknames reflected the individual characteristics of a person in the best possible way: Raquel - "sheep", Tord Horsehead - a woman of Thor.

The nicknames of famous witches and sorcerers also reflect Scandinavian female names: Kolfinna - "dark, black Finn", Kolgrima - "black mask". Over time, the boundaries between the name and the nickname are erased and become indistinguishable.

viking heritage

The brave conquerors of antiquity - the Vikings - passed through the centuries and gradually turned into modern Scandinavians, and their culture is reflected in glorious names. Warring tribes treated the choice of name responsibly. It was believed that the name is capable of shaking the universe and influencing the entire fate of its bearer. Naming the child, they believed that they were giving it under the protection of the gods and the forces of nature. Some of the names reflecting the rituals of priests and sorcerers have gone forever, and those praising the achievements of a warrior or hunter continue to exist to this day. And among these: Valborg - "saving those who die in battle", Bodil - "battle-vengeance", Borgilda - "fighting, useful maiden."

How did Christianity influence the name?

With the adoption of Christianity, new names began to appear, but their distribution was ambiguously perceived by the Scandinavian peoples.

Christian names given to children at baptism remained secret. They used the second name, which was traditional and understandable for the Scandinavian people. There was a special rejection of new names in the families of the military elite, where it was customary to name only illegitimate children with Christian names. But gradually new ones joined the Scandinavian female names. They are actively used by modern parents who choose them for their daughters: Christina and Stina - "follower of Christ", Elizabeth - "God-confirmed", Evelina - "little Eve", Annelise - "gracious, useful, confirmed by God".

Adamina - red, earth.
Adeline, Adeline - noble, noble.
Agnetha - saint, chaste.
Alina is decent.
Anitra, Annie - useful, grace.
Asta, Astrid, Asya - divine beauty.
Aud - spiritualized.

Barbro is a stranger, a foreigner.
Birgit, Birgitta, Birte - sublime.
Brita is sublime.
Brunnhilde is a female warrior dressed in armor.
Wendla is a traveler.
Vigdis is the goddess of battles, war.
Victoria - a furore, a victory.
Wilma, Wilhelm - militant, protected by a helmet.
Vivien, Vivi - mobile, alive.
Gerda, Gerd - powerful, strong.
Gunnel, Gunhild, Gunhild - military battle.
Gunvor is a vigilant female warrior.
Dagney, Dagney - the birth of a new day.
Dorta, Dorte, Dorothea - God's gift.
Ida is diligent and hardworking.
Ilva is a wolf woman.
Inga is unique, one, only.
Ingeborg, Ingegerd - protected by Ing.
Ingrid is beautiful, incomparable.
Jorun, Jorunn is a lover of horses.
Katrin, Katarina - innocent, pure.
Carolina is strong, courageous.
Kaya is the mistress, mistress.
Clara - immaculate, pure, dazzling.
Kristin, Kristina, Stina - a follower of the teachings of Christ.
Letizia - glowing with happiness.
Lisbeth - God confirmed.
Liv, Liva - giving life.
Maya is a mother-nurse.
Margareta, Margrit - a precious pearl.
Marthe is a housekeeping lady.
Matilda, Matilda, Mektilda - strong in battle.
Ragnhilda - the battle of warriors-defenders.
Rune - dedicated to secret knowledge.
Sana, Susanna - lily flower.
Sarah is a noble lady, a charming princess.
Sigrid, Sigrun, Siri - a beautiful victory.
Simone is understanding.
Sonya, Ragna - wise, wise.
Swanhilda - the battle of the swans.
Tekla - Divine glorification.
Thora, Tyra is the warrior of Thor.
Torborg - taken under the protection of Thor.
Tord, Thordis is Thor's beloved.
Thorhild - the battle of Thor.
Tove - thundering.
Trin - immaculate, pure.
Turid is the beauty of God Thor.
Ulla, Ulrika - power and prosperity.
Frida is peaceful.
Hedwig - battle of rivals.
Helen, Elin - flame, torch.
Henrika is the housekeeper.
Hilda, Hilde - battle.
Hulda - guarding a secret, hidden.
Eidin - graceful, slender.
Elizabeth is confirmed by God.
Erica is the ruler.
Esther is a shining star.
Evelina, Evelyn - progenitor, little Eve.