The image of "eternal Sonya" in Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment. The Image of Eternal Sonechka in Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment

I. The theme of self-sacrifice in Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment.

II. Female images of the novel "Crime and Punishment".

1. Sonya Marmeladova.

2. Dunya Raskolnikova.

3. The image of Lizaveta.

III. The role of female characters in the novel.

A special place in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is occupied by female images. Dostoevsky draws the girls of impoverished Petersburg with a deep sense of compassion. “Eternal Sonya” - Raskolnikov called the heroine, referring to those who will sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. In the system of images of the novel, this is Sonya Marmeladova, and Lizaveta, the younger sister of the old pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna, and Dunya, Raskolnikov's sister. “Sonechka, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands” - these words can serve as an epigraph to the story about the fate of girls from poor families in Dostoevsky's novel.

Sonya Marmeladova, daughter of Semyon Marmeladov, a drunkard who lost his job, was the daughter of his first marriage. Tormented by the reproaches of her stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, distraught from poverty and consumption, Sonya is forced to go to the bar to support her father and his family. The author portrays her as naive, bright soul, a weak, helpless child: “She seemed almost a girl, much younger than her age, almost a child…”. But "...despite her eighteen years" Sonya violated the commandment "do not commit adultery." “You also transgressed…. was able to cross. You laid hands on yourself, you ruined your life ... yours, ”says Raskolnikov. But Sonya trades her body, not her soul, she sacrificed herself for the sake of others, and not for herself. Compassion for loved ones, humble faith in the mercy of God never left her. Dostoevsky does not show Sonya as a “thrift,” but nevertheless we know how she earns money to feed the hungry children of Katerina Ivanovna. And this blatant contrast of her pure spiritual appearance and her dirty profession, terrible fate this girl-child is the strongest evidence of the criminality of society. Raskolnikov bows before Sonya and kisses her feet: “I bowed not to you, but to all human suffering.” Sonya is always ready to help. Raskolnikov, breaking off all relations with people, comes to Sonya to learn from her love for people, the ability to accept her fate and “carry her cross”.

Dunya Raskolnikova is a variant of the same Sonya: she won’t sell herself even for her own salvation from death, but she will sell herself for her brother, for her mother. Mother and sister loved Rodion Raskolnikov passionately. To support her brother, Dunya entered the Svidrigailov family as a governess, taking a hundred rubles in advance. She sent seventy of them to Roda.

Svidrigailov encroached on Dunya's innocence, and she was forced to leave her place in disgrace. Her purity and correctness were soon recognized, but practical output she still could not find it: as before, poverty stood at the threshold in front of her and her mother, as before she was not in a position to help her brother in any way. In her hopeless situation, Dunya accepted the offer of Luzhin, who almost openly bought her, and even with humiliating, insulting conditions. But Dunya is ready to go after Luzhin for the sake of her brother, selling her calmness, freedom, conscience, body without hesitation, without grumbling, without a single complaint. Raskolnikov clearly understands this: "...Sonechkin's lot is no worse than the lot with Mr. Luzhin."

In Dun there is no Christian humility inherent in Sonya, she is resolute and desperate (she refused Luzhin, she was ready to shoot at Svidrigailov). And at the same time, her soul is just as full of love for her neighbor, like Sonya's soul.

On the pages of the novel, Lizaveta appears briefly. A student in a tavern talks about her, we see her in the scene of the murder, after the murder Sonya talks about her, Raskolnikov thinks. Gradually, the appearance of a kind, downtrodden creature, meek, similar to a big child, emerges. Lizaveta is a submissive slave of her sister Alena. The author notes: “So quiet, meek, unrequited, consonant, consonant with everything.”

In the mind of Raskolnikov, the image of Lizaveta merges with the image of Sonya. Half delirious, he thinks: “Faithful Lizaveta! Why did she turn up here? Sonya! Poor, meek, with meek eyes…” This feeling of spiritual kinship between Sonia and Lizaveta is especially acute in the confession scene: “He looked at her and suddenly, in her face, he seemed to see the face of Lizaveta.” Lizaveta became “Sonya”, just as kind, sympathetic, who died innocently and senselessly.

And Sonya Marmeladova, and Dunya Raskolnikova, and Lizaveta, complementing each other, embody in the novel the idea of ​​love, mercy, compassion, self-sacrifice.

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A special place in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is occupied by female characters. Dostoevsky draws the girls of impoverished Petersburg with a deep sense of compassion. "Eternal Sonya" - called the heroine Raskolnikov, referring to those who will sacrifice themselves for the sake of others. In the system of images of the novel, this is Sonya Marmeladova, and Li-Zaveta, the younger sister of the old usurer Alena Ivanovna, and Dunya, Raskolnikov's sister. "Sonechka, eternal Sonechka, while the world stands" - these words can serve as an epigraph to the story about the fate of girls from poor families in Dostoevsky's novel.

Sonya Marmeladova, daughter of Semyon Marmeladov, a drunkard who lost his job, was the daughter of his first marriage. Tortured by the reproaches of her stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, distraught from poverty and consumption, Sonya is forced to go to the panel to support her father and his family. The author portrays her as a naive, bright-hearted, weak, helpless child: “She seemed almost a girl, much younger than her years, almost a child ...”. But "...despite her eighteen years" Sonya violated the commandment "do not commit adultery." “You also transgressed, ... you were able to cross. You laid hands on yourself, you ruined your life ... your own, ”says Raskolnikov. But Sonya trades her body, not her soul, she sacrificed herself for the sake of others, and not for herself. Compassion for loved ones, humble faith in the mercy of God never left her. Dostoevsky does not show Sonya as "hunting", but nevertheless we know how she earns money to feed the hungry children of Katerina Ivanovna. And this glaring contrast between her pure spiritual appearance and her dirty profession, the terrible fate of this girl-child, is the most weighty proof of the criminality of society. Raskolnikov bows before Sonya and kisses her feet: “I didn’t bow to you, but bowed to all human suffering.” Sonya is always ready to help. Raskolnikov, having broken off all relations with people, comes to Sonya to learn from her love for people, the ability to accept her fate and "carry her cross."

Dunya Raskolnikova is a variant of the same Sonya: she won’t sell herself even to save herself from death, but she will sell herself for her brother, for her mother. Mother and sister loved Rodion Raskolnikov passionately. To support her brother, Dunya entered the Svidrigailov family as a governess, taking a hundred rubles in advance. She sent seventy of them to Roda.

Svidrigailov encroached on Dunya's innocence, and she was forced to leave her place in disgrace. Her purity and correctness were soon recognized, but she still could not find a practical way out: as before, poverty stood at the threshold in front of her and her mother, as before she was not able to help her brother in any way. In her hopeless situation, Dunya accepted the offer of Luzhin, who almost openly bought her, and even with humiliating, insulting conditions. But Dunya is ready to go after Luzhin for the sake of her brother, selling her calmness, freedom, conscience, body without hesitation, without grumbling, without a single complaint. Raskolnikov clearly understands this: "... Sonechkin's lot is no worse than the lot with Mr. Luzhin."

In Dun there is no Christian humility inherent in Sonya, she is resolute and desperate (she refused Luzhin, she was ready to shoot at Svidrigailov). And at the same time, her soul is just as full of love for her neighbor, like Sonya's soul.

On the pages of the novel, Lizaveta appears briefly. A student in a tavern talks about her, we see her in the scene of the murder, after the murder Sonya talks about her, Raskolnikov thinks. Gradually, the appearance of a kind, downtrodden creature, meek, similar to a big child, emerges. Lizaveta is a submissive slave of her sister Alena. The author notes: “So quiet, meek, unrequited, consonant, consonant with everything.”

In the mind of Raskolnikov, the image of Lizaveta merges with the image of Sonya. Half delirious, he thinks: “Faithful Lizaveta! Why did she turn up here? Sonya! Poor, meek, with meek eyes ... "This feeling of spiritual kinship between Sonya and Lizaveta is especially acute in the confession scene: "He looked at her and suddenly, in her face, he seemed to see Lizaveta's face." Lizaveta became "Sonya", just as kind, sympathetic, who died innocently and senselessly.

And Sonya Marmeladova, and Dunya Raskolnikova, and Lizaveta, mutually complementing each other, embody in the novel the idea of ​​love, mercy, compassion, self-sacrifice.

The image of Sonechka Marmeladova in the novel Crime and Punishment is for Dostoevsky the embodiment of eternal humility and suffering female soul with her compassion for loved ones, love for people and boundless self-sacrifice. Meek and quiet Sonechka Marmeladova, weak, timid, unrequited, for the sake of saving her family from hunger, her relatives decides on a terrible act for a woman. We understand that her decision is an inevitable, inexorable result of the conditions in which she lives, but at the same time it is an example of active action in the name of saving the perishing. She has nothing but her body, and therefore the only possible way for her to save the little Marmeladovs from starvation is to engage in prostitution. Seventeen-year-old Sonya herself made a choice, she decided herself, she chose the path herself, feeling neither resentment nor evil towards Katerina Ivanovna, whose words were the last push that brought Sonechka to the panel. Therefore, her soul did not harden, did not hate the hostile world, dirt street life did not touch her soul. She is saved by infinite philanthropy. Sonechka's whole life is an eternal sacrifice, a selfless and endless sacrifice. But this for Sonya is the meaning of life, her happiness, her joy, she cannot live otherwise. Her love for people, like an eternal spring, feeds her tormented soul, gives her strength to follow the thorny path that is her whole life. She even thought about suicide to get rid of shame and torment. Raskolnikov also believed that “it would be more fair and reasonable to put your head in the water and do it all at once!” But suicide for Sonya would be too selfish, and she thought about "them" - hungry children, and therefore consciously and humbly accepted the fate prepared for her. Humility, humility, Christian all-forgiving love for people, self-denial - the main thing in Sonya's character.

Raskolnikov believes that Sonya's sacrifice is in vain, that she did not save anyone, but only "ruined" herself. But life refutes these words of Raskolnikov. It is to Sonya that Raskolnikov comes to confess his sin - the murder he committed. It is she who makes Raskolnikov confess to the crime, proving that true meaning a life of repentance and suffering. She believes that no one has the right to take the life of another: “And who made me a judge: who will live, who will die?” Raskolnikov's convictions horrify her, but she does not push him away from her. Great compassion makes her strive to convince, morally cleanse the ruined soul of Raskolnikov. Sonya saves Raskolnikov, her love resurrects him to life.

Love helped Sonya to understand that he was unhappy, that, with all his apparent pride, he needed help and support. Love helped to step over such an obstacle as a double murder in order to try to resurrect and save the killer. Sonya follows Raskolnikov to hard labor. Sonya's love and sacrifice cleanse her of a shameful and sad past. Sacrifice in love is an eternal trait characteristic of Russian women.

Sonya finds salvation for herself and for Raskolnikov in faith in God. Her faith in God is her last self-affirmation, giving her the opportunity to do good in the name of those to whom she sacrifices herself, her argument that her sacrifice will not be useless, that life will soon find its end in universal justice. Hence her inner strength and stamina, helping to go through the "circles of hell" of her bleak and tragic life. A lot can be said about Sony. She can be considered a heroine or an eternal martyr, but one cannot admire her courage, her inner strength, her patience is simply impossible.

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In this development of the lesson, the image of Sonya Marmeladova is revealed, it is shown that it was in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought was discovered, that it was communication with Sonya that made Raskolnikov admit his guilt and confess.

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Development of a lesson in literature

Topic: “Eternal Sonya, while the world stands ...” (The image of Sonya Marmeladova in F.M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment”)
Teacher: Kuular Chimis Eres-oolovna. MBOU secondary school No. 1 of Shagonar

The purpose of the lesson:
- consider the image of Sonya Marmeladova;

Show that it is in this “outcast” girl with a pale and thin face that a great religious thought is discovered, that it is communication with Sonya that will force Raskolnikov to admit his guilt and confess.

To develop the ability of students to analyze the episode in the context of the whole work;

Develop the ability of independent research work;

Prepare students for home writing

Epigraph: "Man deserves his happiness, and always by suffering"
F.M.Dostoevsky

During the classes:
I Organizing moment.
II Repetition of the topic covered. (...)
III Explanation of the new topic

Radion Raskolnikov said to Sonya: "... I chose you ...". Why did he choose her? Why? What role does Sonya Marmeladova play in the life of the protagonist Rodion Raskolnikov? These are the questions we must answer in today's lesson.

Teacher:
So, Raskolnikov committed a crime that led him to a dead end. Sonya at that time received a yellow ticket. The lines of their lives intersected at the most critical point for them: at the very moment when it was necessary to decide once and for all how to live on. Raskolnikov's old faith has been shaken, but he has not yet found a new one. Doom and involuntary thirst for death as a way out of the impasse took possession of him
Porfiry Petrovich, during a conversation with Raskolnikov, advises him“Become the sun, everyone will see you. The sun must first be the sun.”, that is, not only to shine, but also to warm. Let's continue his thought.
But not Raskolnikov, but Sonya in the novel becomes such a warm light, although at first glance, she seems to be far from this moral height.

Guys, I asked you to prepare thin and thick questions about the heroin at home, let's start with thin questions.
Subtle questions are questions that require a short and quick answer. You can answer in one word.
Thick questions are questions that require a detailed full answer.
Choose who you ask the question.

2. Verbal portrait of Sonya.
- What kind of Sonya do you represent? Describe her, please.
How does Dostoevsky describe it? (read by one student)

3. Working with portraits of Sonya taken different artists. Slideshow.

Illustrations by D.A. will help us to reveal the author’s intention. Shmarinov to the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". On one of them, the artist captured Sonya Marmeladova with a candle. Looking at her pale face, one cannot help but feel Sonya's "inexpressible excitement", trembling, some kind of inner burning. Her portrait is perceived as a symbol of conscience, suffering and deep compassion, as a symbol of the duty that she awakens in Raskolnikov, leading him to a moral rebirth. Sonya is holding a candle, with which she is lit from the side and from below, which makes her face light up. The light becomes constant epithet» in the description of Sonya and in other drawings of the artist.
- What do you think, did the artists manage to convey the image of Sonya?

It is also interesting to trace the reasons for the author's choice of the last name and first name of Sonya Marmeladova.What does the name Sonya, Sophia mean? Why did Dostoevsky call her by that name? (slide).
Student message. “Sofia, Sophia, Sonya is one of Dostoevsky's favorite names. This name means "wisdom", "reasonableness". And, indeed, in the soul of Sonya Marmeladova - this is the image of all women, mothers, sisters. Sophia is also the biblical name of the mother of the three martyrs Faith, Hope and Love.

Rays of warmth emanating from Sonya's soul reach Raskolnikov. He resists them, but still, in the end, he kneels before her. This is confirmed by the hero's encounters with her.
It was Sonechka, the defenseless victim of a cruel world, who brought to repentance the murderer who rebelled against injustice and inhumanity, who wished to remake the world like Napoleon. She saved Raskolnikov's soul
Why does a fallen woman save Raskolnikov's soul?
(Sonya transgressed through herself for others. She lives according to the laws of love for people, committed a crime against herself, sacrificed herself in the name of the people she loved.)
What features does Dostoevsky emphasize in it?
(Dostoevsky constantly emphasizes her timidity, shyness, even intimidation.)
Tell us about Sony's life.
(Sonia's stepmother, Katerina Ivanovna, dooms her to life on a yellow ticket. The children, exhausted by hunger, survived thanks to Sonya. Her sacrifice penetrates people's souls with warmth. She gives Marmeladov the last "sinful pennies" for his obscene drunkenness in a tavern ... After the death of his father, death stepmother, it is she, Sonya, who has fallen, who sees the meaning of her life in caring for orphaned young children.Even the people around her, such an act seems truly Christian, and her fall into sin in this case seems holy.)
5. Sonya and Raskolnikov
Tell me, please, how does Raskolnikov look at life and what laws does Sonya Marmeladova live by?
(Raskolnikov does not want to accept life as it is, he protests against injustice. His theory pushes on the path of violence against others for the sake of his well-being. He is ready to step over the corpses of others, seeks to create conditions for himself first of all, in order to then change life, seeks to rise above this "anthill". Raskolnikov's idea and crime give rise to a conflict in his soul, lead to separation from people, make the hero despise himself most of all for humanity and sensitivity to the suffering of others. Sonya goes the other way. Her life is built according to the laws of self-sacrifice. In shame and humiliation, in conditions that seemed to exclude all purity (moral), she retained a sensitive and sympathetic soul.)
So, Raskolnikov goes to Sonya. How does he explain his first visit to Sonya? What does he expect from him?
(He is looking for a soul mate, because Sonya also transgressed. At first, Raskolnikov does not see the difference between his crime and Sonya's crime. He sees in her a kind of ally in crime.)
How can one explain the behavior of Raskolnikov, who unceremoniously examines the room? Who did he expect to see?
(He wants to understand how she lives as a criminal, what she breathes, what supports her, in the name of which she has transgressed. But, looking at her, he softens, his voice becomes quiet.
Raskolnikov expected to see a man focused on his troubles, tormented, doomed, ready to seize on the slightest hope, but he saw something else that gave rise to the question: “Why could she remain in this position for so long and did not go crazy, if she was not able to was to throw herself into the water.")
How does Raskolnikov imagine the girl's future?
(“Throw yourself into a ditch, fall into a lunatic asylum, or throw yourself into debauchery.”)
Three roads and all fatal. Why didn't she do it? What is the reason?
(Faith, deep, capable of working miracles. Strength. In Sonya I saw the strength that allows her to live. Her source is in caring for other people's children and their unfortunate mother. She trusts in God and waits for deliverance.)
Through acquaintance with Sonya, Raskolnikov opens up the world of people living according to other laws, the laws of human brotherhood. Not indifference, hatred and rigidity, but open spiritual communication, sensitivity, love, compassion live in her.
What book did Raskolnikov notice in Sonya's room?
The book that Raskolnikov noticed on the chest of drawers in Sonya's room turned out to be the New Testament in Russian translation. The gospel belonged to Lizaveta. The innocent victim accepts death silently, but will "speak" God's word. Raskolnikov asks to read to him about the Resurrection of Lazarus.
Why was this episode from the Gospel chosen?
(Raskolnikov walks among living people, talks to them, laughs, is indignant, but does not recognize himself as alive - he recognizes himself as dead, he is Lazarus, who has been in a coffin for 4 days. But, like the dim light of that candle stub that illuminated in “this beggarly the room of a murderer and a harlot, strangely meeting while reading eternal book”, the light of faith flickered in the soul of the criminal in a possible resurrection for himself.)
Work with text.
Read the episode of Sonya reading a passage from the Gospel, follow Sonya's condition. Why does she feel like this? (The music “Ave Maria” sounds. Sonya’s hands trembled, her voice was not enough, she did not pronounce the first words, but from the 3rd word her voice rang and broke through, like stretched string. And suddenly everything changed.
Sonya reads, wishing that he, blinded and unbelieving, would believe in God. And she trembled with joyful expectation of a miracle. Raskolnikov looked at her, listened and understood how Jesus loves those who suffer. “Jesus shed tears,” at this time Raskolnikov turned around and saw that “Sonya was trembling with a fever.” He expected this.)
She wanted Raskolnikov to accept faith in Christ and through it he could go to rebirth through suffering.
Why is the Gospel read by a criminal and a harlot? (The gospel shows the way to rebirth, they felt the union of souls.)
Dostoevsky singled out the words "I am the Resurrection and the life." Why?
(Soul awakens.)
What is your impression of Sonya Raskolnikov leaving?
(Raskolnikov, listening to Sonya's stories about Katerina Ivanovna, her penetrating reading of the Gospel, changed his mind about her. Sonya loves people with Christian love. Raskolnikov, who does not believe in God, dreams of power over all trembling creatures, understood Sonya's truth, her sacrificial purity. )
Leaving Sonya, he said that he would tell who killed. “I know and I’ll tell you… I’ll tell you alone! I chose you."
In the novel, it is important not only to whom Raskolnikov comes with a confession, but also where it happens - in the apartment of the tailor Kapernaumov, where Sonya rents a room. Kapernaumov is a significant surname.

Sonya - the embodiment of pure goodness - finds something in common in Raskolnikov, as it were, the embodiment of pure evil, and vice versa, Raskolnikov sees his own reflection in the depths of Sonya's soul, knows that they once go "along the same road", that they have "one goal".

Two truths: truth, Raskolnikov and, truth, Sonya. But one is true, the other is false. To understand where the truth is, you need to compare these heroes, whose fate has a lot in common, but they differ in the main.

What is the strength of Sonya?
(In the ability to love, compassion, in self-sacrifice in the name of love.)

Sonya, with her love, pity and compassion, her endless patience and self-sacrifice, her faith in God, saves Raskolnikov. Living with his inhuman idea, not believing in God, he changes only in the epilogue of the novel, having accepted faith in his soul. “To find Christ means to find one's own soul” - this is the conclusion that Dostoevsky comes to.
I would like you, just like Sonya, to love people as they are, to be able to forgive and give the light that comes from your soul to other people.
7. Homework. Composition "I chose you ..."

I did not bow to you, I bowed to everything

bowed down to human suffering.

F. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment

F. M. Dostoevsky describes Sonya warmly and cordially: “It was modest and even poor dressed girl, still very young, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat frightened face. She was wearing a very simple house dress, on her head was an old hat of the same style.

Like all the poor in St. Petersburg, the Marmeladov family lives in terrible poverty: both eternally drunk, resigned to a humiliating and unfair life, the degraded Marmeladov, and consumptive Katerina Ivanovna, and small helpless children. Seventeen-year-old Sonya finds the only way to save her family from starvation - she goes out into the street to sell her own body. For a deeply religious girl, such an act is a terrible sin, because, violating Christian commandments, she destroys her soul, dooming her to torment during her lifetime and to eternal suffering after death. And yet she sacrifices herself for the sake of her father's children, for the sake of her stepmother. The merciful, selfless Sonia finds the strength not to become hardened, not to fall into the dirt surrounding her in street life, to maintain infinite philanthropy and faith in the strength of the human person, despite the fact that she causes irreparable harm to her soul and conscience.

That is why Raskolnikov, who has broken all ties with people close to him, comes to Sonya in the most difficult moments for him, brings her his pain, his crime. According to Rodion, Sonya committed a crime no less serious than he, and perhaps even more terrible, since she sacrifices not someone, but herself, and this sacrifice is in vain. The girl is well aware of the guilt that lies on her conscience, because she even thought about suicide, which could save her from shame and torment in this life. But the thought of poor and helpless hungry children made her humble, forget about her suffering.

Considering that Sonya actually did not save anyone, but only “ruined” herself, Raskolnikov tries to convert her to his “faith” and asks her an insidious question: what is better - a scoundrel “to live and do abominations” or an honest person to die? And he receives an exhaustive answer from Sonya: “But I can’t know God’s providence ... And who put me here as a judge: who will live and who won’t live?” Rodion Raskolnikov never managed to convince the girl who was firmly convinced that sacrificing herself for the good of loved ones is one thing, and depriving others of the life in the name of this good is a completely different matter. Therefore, all the efforts of Sonya are aimed at destroying the inhuman theory of Raskolnikov, who is "terribly, infinitely unhappy."

Defenseless, but strong in her humility, capable of self-denial, the “eternal Sonya” is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of others, therefore, in her actions, life itself blurs the boundaries between good and evil. Not sparing herself, the girl saved the Marmeladov family, just as selflessly she rushes to save Raskolnikov, feeling that he needs him. According to Sonya, the way out lies in humility and the adoption of basic Christian norms, which help not only to repent of one’s sins, but also to cleanse oneself of everything evil and destructive for human soul. It is religion that helps the girl survive in this scary world and gives hope for the future.

Thanks to Sonya, Raskolnikov understands and recognizes the unviability and inhumanity of his theory, opening his heart to new feelings, and his mind to new thoughts that only love for people and faith in them can save a person. It is with this that the moral revival of the hero begins, who, thanks to the strength of Sonya's love and her ability to endure any torment, overcomes himself and takes his first step towards resurrection.

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