Presentation on the theme of Erasmus of Rotterdam. Presentation for the lesson great humanists of Europe

Let's start with the definition of the concept

Humanism is a system of views based on the belief that the human personality is inherently valuable.

Humanists focused on human who was interested in sciences, literature, art, knew how to communicate correctly. First of all, he was an educated person. Consequently, a person became a value, and it was he who could change the world around him.

Humanism is...

Humanism is...

Humanism is...

Humanism is...

Renaissance

The time when humanism was born is called the era

5th century BC

An important role in the era of humanism was played by the upbringing and education of children. One of the first to understand

who founded the humanist school in the 15th century

Vittorino de Feltre

"House of Joy"

The school was surrounded by nature, the children were not in dark rooms during the learning process, they were in the open air.

Classes were held in the natural environment.

No physical punishment was used

Children of ordinary people could learn

Diversified human development

Vittorino de Feltre

About decency

children's

manners

wrote a treatise

in which, through questions and answers, he invited children to learn the rules of behavior.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

So, during a conversation with a man, Erasmus of Rotterdam considered it impolite to raise his eyebrows, wrinkle his nose, yawn, shake his head, pick his ears. Agree, these rules are quite valid so far.

Let's get acquainted with Erasmus of Rotterdam and his works in more detail.

1469

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

He made many trips throughout Europe, and everywhere he was waiting for recognition and success.

He died in Basel

One of the most famous works Erasmus of Rotterdam is " Praise of Stupidity", written in 1509.

"Praise of Stupidity"

The next humanist we'll meet

1478

Thomas More

A few years later he joined the Privy Council and received a knighthood.

Became Lord Chancellor in 1525

Disagreements with the king began because of the divorce of Henry VIII and More's rejection of the Anglican Church.

The greatest work Thomas More became

Its main idea is to criticize contemporary society and build a model of an ideal society in an ideal state.

"A golden little book, as useful as it is funny, about the best organization of the state and about the new island of Utopia"

The same

cities

language,

manners and

laws

3 hours to noon

Dinner

2 hours rest

3 hours of work

Dinner

Thomas More imagined absolutely ideal state , which is impossible to construct. And the word "utopia" is still synonymous with

something unrealizable, fantastic.

Another humanist who influenced the development of public consciousness

1494

Francois Rabelais

Throughout his life, he was engaged in literature and believed that only laughter could cure all diseases. All the works of Rabelais were satirical. He ridiculed the vices of society and kings.

In the center of the plot of the book are good giants.

Gargantua

Pantagruel

"Gargantua and Pantagruel"

People are not born, but formed.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Birth of Gerhard (Desiderius Erasmus) Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam was born on October 28, 1469 (according to other versions of 1467), in Gouda (20 km from Rotterdam) in the current Netherlands. Romanization and Greekization, which was common at that time, was subsequently formed by its double pseudonym Desiderius Erasmus, which made him forget his real name.

Death of parents He was 13 years old when his parents died. A new manifestation of some traits of his character is timidity, sometimes bordering on cowardice, a certain amount of secrecy. He understood with such an inheritance he would be inaccessible public career. Therefore, soon, after some hesitation, he decides to retire to a monastery.

Monastery Once in the monastery, he wrote many letters. It follows from them that he did not inwardly feel attracted to monastic life. Moreover, the realities of monastic life caused him deep disgust. He devoted most of his free time to reading his favorite books. classical authors and to improve their knowledge of Latin and Greek.

Recognition The Bishop of Cambrai took him to be his secretary for correspondence in Latin. Bishop Erasmus of Cambrai was able to leave the monastery, give scope to his longstanding inclinations to humanistic science and visit all the main centers of humanism of that time. Then he moved to Paris. Humanism Paris In Paris, Erasmus published his first major work Adagia, a collection of sayings and anecdotes extracted from the writings of various ancient writers. This book made the name of Erasmus famous in some circles throughout Europe.

Traveling around the countries Bust of Erasmus After several years in France, he traveled to England, where he was greeted with cordial hospitality and honor., Then Erasmus got the opportunity to visit Italy, where he had long been attracted. in Turin, in Bologna, in Florence, in Venice, in Padua, in Rome, for the third time he went to England, where he was urgently invited by his friends there, and where his great admirer, Henry VIII, had recently assumed the throne. Italy Turin Bologna FlorenceVenice PaduaRome England

Teaching at Cambridge During the trip, according to Erasmus himself, he wrote the famous satire "Praise of stupidity." Oxford and Cambridge Universities offered him professorships. Praise of Folly Oxford Cambridge Universities In 1511, Erasmus was honored to become Lady Margaret Professor of Theology at Cambridge University. Erasmus went to Germany. 1513 Germany But soon he was drawn to England, where he went again in 1515. 1515

This time, Erasmus found himself a powerful philanthropist in the person of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles of Spain (future Emperor Charles V). traveled to Brussels, Lebanon, Antwerp, Freiburg, Basel. Brussels Lebanon Antwerp Freiburg Basel

Erasmus, along with Johann Reuchlin, was called by contemporaries "the two eyes of Germany." Johann Reuchlin Of particular importance is the “Praise of Stupidity” (Moriæ-Encomium, sive Stultitiæ Laus) Praise of Stupidity Basic ideas. People are not born, but are made through education; Reason makes a man a man; Man has free will, and only therefore is his moral and legal responsibility possible; He opposed all violence and wars; A child must be properly educated from birth. It's better if the parents do it. If they cannot do it themselves, then they must pick good teacher; The child must be given a religious, intellectual and moral education; Important physical development. Erasmus' ideas

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

REVIVAL AND HUMANISM Culture and outlook of Europeans in XV-XVII centuries.

New human ideal: Energetic; Independent; Active; Educated, broad-minded and rich life experience; Connoisseur and connoisseur of art.

The main goal of human life. Middle Ages New time (Renaissance) Salvation of the soul. For this, it is necessary to believe in God, to observe church rites and not to sin. Success. Become famous in the arts, science, trade, business, travel, etc. But be sure to help people!

Humanism. Humanus (man), humanoid, humane, humanitarian, humanism; Man is like God, he is beautiful and harmonious: educated, physically developed, fond of art and philosophy; Basic virtues: honesty, valor, creativity, patriotism!

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) Dante is the forerunner Italian Renaissance, at the center of his main work " Divine Comedy» the fate of the people whose souls he meets during his imaginary journey through Hell, Purgatory and Paradise.

Petrarch Francesco (1304-1374) Lyric of Petrarch presents new stage in the development of Italian and European poetry. The image of the beloved woman became concrete and vital for him, and love experiences are shown in all their inconsistency and variability. Petrarch not only updated the content of poetry, but created a perfect poetic form, his verse is musical, the images are elegant, stylistic devices(antithesis and rhetorical question), reflecting the confused state of his soul and giving drama to the sonnets, do not violate the smoothness of the verse and the harmony of the nature of his poetry. Lyrica P. rendered a huge impact on the development of European poetry (the so-called Petrarchism). Along with Dante and G. Boccaccio P. is the creator of the Italian literary language.

Artists, scientists, patrons… Poetry, science, art have become highly valued the mighty of the world this. Many rulers not only acted as customers of works of art, but were themselves subtle connoisseurs of it.

Which statement best reflects the views of humanists on human nature? The Lord created man from the dust of the earth, which is more insignificant than other elements, as confirmed in the Bible; If the beauty of the world is considered so wonderful and great, then what beauty and grace should be endowed with a person for whose sake the most beautiful and most decorated world was created.

Features of the Northern Renaissance: Appeal not only to the heritage of Antiquity, but also to their own medieval history; sharp criticism of catholic church and its control in science and art - "The essence of faith lies not in the petty observance of rites, but in the true adherence to the spirit of the teachings and the moral precepts of Christ!"

Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) Dutch humanist, writer, philologist, theologian, prominent representative Northern Renaissance. Lived in France, England, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, enjoyed pan-European recognition. He wrote in Latin. Of the vast legacy of E. R., the most famous are Praise of Stupidity (1509) and Easy Conversations (1519-30). The first work is a philosophical satire, the second is mostly domestic. Madam Stupidity, singing her own praise, easily turns into wisdom, self-satisfied nobility - stupid baseness, unlimited power - the worst slavery, therefore the call "nothing beyond measure" becomes the most precious rule of life!

Thomas More (1478-1535). English humanist, statesman and writer. The son of a judge. In 1504, More was nominated to Parliament from the London merchants, in 1510 he became assistant sheriff of London, in 1518 he joined the Royal Council, in 1525-1529 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, in 1529-32 chancellor of England. More refused to take the oath to the king as the "supreme head" of the English church, after which he was imprisoned in the Tower (1534), accused of treason and executed.

"Utopia". Mora was best known for his dialogue "Utopia" (1516), which contains a description of the ideal structure of the fantastic island of Utopia (Greek, literally - "Nowhere", a place that does not exist; this word invented by M. later became a household word). Here More for the first time in the history of mankind depicted a society where private (and even personal) property has been eliminated and not only consumption equality has been introduced (as in early Christian communities), but production and life have been socialized. Work in Utopia is the duty of all citizens, distribution occurs according to need, the working day is reduced to 6 hours; the hardest work is done by criminals. The political system of Utopia is based on the principles of election and seniority.

Conclusions: The Renaissance originated in Italy, but spread throughout Western Europe; The basis of the Renaissance is the philosophy of humanism; main idea humanism: "Man is the master of his own destiny."

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) The most famous scientist, artist, poet of the Renaissance is Leonardo da Vinci. It can be safely called the embodied ideal of the personality of the new time.

The Last Supper

portraits

Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) Sculptor, artist, poet, architect, possessed a violent disposition, in his works "ahead of the time."

Sculpture

frescoes Last Judgment. In this fresco, a lot is inspired by the spirit of Dante's "Divine Comedy", for a long time this painting was considered heretical.

Creation of Adam

Raphael Santi (1483-1520). The most "Renaissance" of the Renaissance artists is considered Raphael Santi. His works are harmonious in composition and perfect in color, the plots are considered classic.

Painting

Albrecht Durer (1471-1528). German artist, the author of a series of self-portraits in which he was able to show the formation of a personality, the inventor of easel oil painting.

Hieronymus Bosch (1460-1516) The Garden of Earthly Delights.

Last Judgment

Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569)

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam

slide 2

Birth of Gergard (Desiderius Erasmus)

Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam was born on October 28, 1469 (according to other versions of 1467), in Gouda (20 km from Rotterdam) in what is now the Netherlands.

Parents gave the name Gergard (that is, desired) - the name from which, by means of the usual Latinization and Greekization at that time, his double literary pseudonym Desiderius Erasmus was subsequently formed, which made him forget his real name.

slide 3

Education

He received his primary education first at the local elementary school; from there he moved to Deventer, where he entered one of the small schools, the programs of which included the study of the ancient classics.

slide 4

Death of parents

He was 13 years old when his parents died.

A new manifestation of some of his character traits is timidity, sometimes bordering on cowardice, a certain amount of secrecy.

He understood that with such an inheritance, a public career would be inaccessible to him. Therefore, soon, after some hesitation, he decides to retire to a monastery.

Slide 5

Monastery

Once in the monastery, he wrote many letters. It follows from them that he did not inwardly feel attracted to monastic life. Moreover, the realities of monastic life caused him deep disgust.

He devoted most of his free time to reading his favorite classical authors and to improving his knowledge of Latin and Greek.

slide 6

Confession

The Bishop of Cambrai took him to be his secretary for correspondence in Latin.

Erasmus was able to leave the monastery, give scope to his long-standing attraction to humanistic science and visit all the main centers of humanism of that time. Then he moved to Paris.

In Paris, Erasmus published his first major work - Adagia, a collection of sayings and anecdotes extracted from the writings of various ancient writers. This book made the name of Erasmus famous in some circles throughout Europe.

Slide 7

Country travel

Bust of Erasmus

After several years in France, he traveled to England, where he was greeted with cordial hospitality and honor. Then Erasmus got the opportunity to visit Italy, where he had long been attracted.

After two years of traveling in Italy, he successively visited Turin, Bologna, Florence, Venice, Padua, Rome, went to England for the third time, where his friends there urged him, and where shortly before he ascended the throne his great admirer, Henry VIII.

Slide 8

Teaching in Cambridge

During the trip, according to Erasmus himself, he wrote the famous satire "Praise of stupidity." Oxford and Cambridge universities offered him professorships.

In 1511, Erasmus was honored to be Lady Margaret Professor of Theology at Cambridge University.

Two years later, citing the inhospitable and unhealthy climate of England, in 1513 Erasmus traveled to Germany.

But soon he was drawn to England, where he went again in 1515.

Slide 9

At the court of Charles V

This time, Erasmus found himself a powerful patron in the person of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, Charles of Spain (future Emperor Charles V).

The emperor granted him the rank of "royal adviser".

The new appointment, however, did not force Erasmus to abandon his restlessness - he visited Brussels, Lebanon, Antwerp, Freiburg, and Basel.

slide 10

Death of Erasmus

Only in last years his life, he finally approved his settlement in Basel, where he ended his days; he died on the night of 11/12 July 1536.

Slide 11

Erasmus' ideas

Erasmus, along with Johann Reuchlin, was called by contemporaries "the two eyes of Germany."

Of particular importance is the "Praise of Stupidity" (Moriæ-Encomium, siveStultitiæLaus)

Basic ideas. People are born, but are made through education; Reason makes a man a man; Man has free will, and only therefore is his moral and legal responsibility possible; He opposed all violence and wars; A child must be properly educated from birth. It's better if the parents do it. If they cannot do it themselves, they must find a good teacher; The child must be given a religious, intellectual and moral education; Physical development is important.

To the 500th anniversary of the first edition of the book

In 2011, under the auspices of UNESCO, the 500th anniversary of the first edition of Erasmus of Rotterdam's book "In Praise of Stupidity" is celebrated.

This is a good occasion to Classroom hour dedicated world day books and copyright celebrated on April 23, or, for example, to coincide with the April Fool's Day event on April 1, also called April Fool's Day or All Fool's Day in many countries.

Praise of stupidity (or Eulogy Nonsense, lat. Moriae Encomium, sive Stultitiae Laus) is a satire by Erasmus of Rotterdam. One of his central works. Written in 1509.

The most famous of satirical works Erasmus of Rotterdam, thanks to which his scientific and literary activity received wide public importance and determined its prominent place not only in the history of literature, but also in world history. it short essay according to the author, it was written from nothing to do - during a long, with the then communications, his move from Italy to England in 1509.

Satire was written in the genre of ironic panegyric, which was due to a combination of two trends characteristic of the Renaissance: an appeal to ancient authors (therefore panegyric) and the spirit of criticism social order life (therefore ironic).

The European Union marked the importance of "Praise of Stupidity" by issuing commemorative coins in 2009 and 2011, timed to coincide with the 500th anniversary of the book's writing (1509) and its publication (1511).

The 500th anniversary of the first edition of the book is celebrated in the world under the auspices of UNESCO.

Erasmus himself looked at this work of his as a literary trinket - but he owes his literary celebrity and his place in history to this trinket, at least not in lesser degree than his multi-volume scholarly works. Most of the latter, having served in their time, have long since rested in book depositories, under a thick layer of century dust, while the "Praise of Stupidity" continues to be read to this day, by relatively few in the Latin original, but, one might say, by all in the translations currently available for all European languages(including in Russian), and thousands educated people continue to read this ingenious joke of the most witty of scientists and the most learned of witty people.

Since the advent of the printing press, this was the first truly colossal success of a printed work. Published for the first time in 1511, the satire of Erasmus of Rotterdam withstood in a few months up to seven editions; in total, during the life of the author, it was reprinted in different places at least 40 times. Published in 1898 by the Directorate of the University Library in Ghent (Belgium), a preliminary and therefore subject to addition list of editions of the works of Erasmus of Rotterdam has more than two hundred editions (including translations) for the Praise of Stupidity.

Erasmus of Rotterdam

Erasmus of Rotterdam(Erasmus Roterodamus), Desiderius (October 28, 1469, Rotterdam, - July 12, 1536, Basel), Dutch humanist, writer, philologist, theologian, the most prominent representative of the Northern Renaissance.

(In various sources, you can find other options for the year of his birth - 1467 or 1465).

Educated at the University of Paris (1495-99). Lived in France, England, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, enjoyed pan-European recognition. He wrote in Latin, the universal language of educated Europe at that time.

Decisive for the formation creative personality Erasmus were Dutch mysticism and humanistic education, as well as the influence of the circle of the so-called. Oxford reformers (J. Colet and others), who called for a new, in-depth, science-based reading of the sacred texts of Christianity. E. Rotterdam carried out the first printed edition of the Greek original of the New Testament with his extensive comments (1517) and his own latin translation(in ed. 1519). He created a coherent system of a new theology, which he called "the philosophy of Christ." In this system, the main attention is focused on man in his relation to God, on man's moral obligations to God; the problems of speculative theology (the creation of the world, original sin, the trinity of the deity, etc.) are treated by Erasmus as having no vital important and fundamentally unsolvable.

Of the vast legacy of Erasmus Rotterdam, the most famous are "Praise of Stupidity" (1509, Russian translation 1960) and "Conversations easily" (1519-35, Russian translation 1969). The first work is philosophical satire, the second is mostly everyday, but both are built on a common foundation: conviction in the inconsistency of everything that exists and the fragility of the boundary between opposites. Madam Stupidity, singing her own praises, easily turns into wisdom, self-satisfied nobility - stupid baseness, unlimited power - the worst slavery, therefore the most precious rule of life becomes the call "nothing beyond measure!". This conviction is the essence of the ideological position of Erasmus, which is also found in his other works.

Publicistic most of pedagogical, moral and instructive, theological writings of Erasmus of Rotterdam .: the anti-Lutherian treatise "On Free Will" (1524), "On the worthy upbringing of children from the first years of life" (1529), etc.

The surviving extensive correspondence of Erasmus shines with aphorisms.

• Politeness breeds and evokes politeness
• To have many friends is to have none
• Only a few, whose vile well-being depends on the people's grief, make wars
• Love is the only way with which we can help another person
• Humans are not born, but raised
• A habit can only be defeated by another habit.
• Victory goes to those who are not taken seriously
• In the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

The book "In Praise of Stupidity" is associated with the names of two more famous people of his time - Thomas More and Hans Holbein the Younger.

English humanist and political figure, 1478-1535. Since 1504, a member of the opposition in Parliament, 1529 Lord Chancellor, after the break of Henry VIII with Rome in 1532 resigned his title. In 1535, for refusing to recognize the ecclesiastical supremacy of the king, he was beheaded. In his famous political novel Utopia (1516), he writes a sharp satire on England during the time of Henry VIII, outlines a reform plan social order and education in the spirit of the humane ideas of the Renaissance.

Holy Catholic Church.

Erasmus of Rotterdam "Praise of Stupidity" dedicated to his friend Thomas More

(Holbein, Hans der Jungere)

Born in the winter of 1497-1498, Augsburg - died 1543, London.

German painter and graphic artist of the Renaissance. He studied with his father, the painter Hans Holbein the Elder. In 1515-1517, together with his brother Ambrosius, he was an apprentice with the painter G. Gerbster in Basel. In 1518-1519, apparently, he made a trip to Northern Italy (Lombardy, Milan). From 1519 he joined the guild of painters and started his own workshop in Basel, where he remained until 1526. In late 1523 - early 1524, a trip to a number of cities in France (Lyon, Avignon, Amboise, etc.). In 1526-1528 and from 1532 until the end of his life he worked in London. Since 1536 - the court painter of the English King Henry VIII.

The brilliant portrait painter and draftsman Holbein began his creative way a series of free, somewhat grotesque pen drawings in the margins of a printed copy of the treatise Erasmus of Rotterdam Praise of Stupidity(1515, Basel, Cabinet of engravings)

"In Praise of Stupidity"

Stupidity says:

“It was always especially pleasant for me to say what came into my head.”

“There is no pretense in me, and I do not try to portray on my forehead what is not in my heart. Always and everywhere I am unchanging, so that even those who do their best to appropriate the mask and title of wisdom cannot hide me ... "

“According to the definition of the Stoics, being wise is nothing more than following the dictates of reason, and stupid is nothing more than suggestion of feelings, and so that the existence of people would not be dull and sad in the end, Jupiter endowed them with feeling to a much greater extent than reason ... Beyond moreover, he imprisoned the mind in a cramped corner of the skull, and doomed the rest of the body to the excitement of passions ... "

On friendship and love:

“To indulge the weaknesses of your friends, close your eyes to their shortcomings, admire their vices as if they were virtues - what can be closer to stupidity? When a lover kisses his girlfriend's birthmark, when Balbin admires his Agna's wart, when a father speaks of a cross-eyed son as if he had roguish eyes - what is it but the purest water stupidity? Yes, of course, three times, four times stupidity! - but she is alone

connects friends and keeps friendship invariably.

“.. how many divorces would be everywhere, or something else worse, if husbands and wives did not brighten up and make home life easier with the help of flattery, jokes, frivolity, delusion, pretense, and my other companions.”

Stupidity quotes Sophocles: "Blessed is life while you live without thoughts."

Companions and confidantes of Stupidity:

Intoxication - Mete

Bad manners - Apedia

Flattery - Kolakia

Oblivion - Summer

Sloth - Misoponia

Pleasure - Gedone

Madness - Anoia

Gluttony - Trifay

The gods, mixed up in a girl's round dance:

Rampant - Komos

Deep Sleep - Negretos Hypnos

“With the help of these faithful servants, I bring the entire human race under my control, I give orders to the emperors themselves,” says Stupidity.

Andrei Konchalovsky "It is worth remembering"

“One doubter sometimes does more good than a hundred dogmatists who believe”