About the symphony orchestra. Symphonic music Muses work for orchestra

Diagnostic work on music for 6 classes

Instruction for students.

Period of diagnostic work 1 lesson.

The work consists of 3 parts, including 14 tasks.

Part 1

Tasks 1-10

Each question has three possible answers, of which only one is correct. Write the correct letter in the answer sheet in accordance with the number of the task.

Part 2

Tasks 11-12

Choosing the correct answer to match the term and its definition, the author of the music and his work.

Write the correct letter in the answer sheet in accordance with the number of the task.

Part 3

Tasks 13-14

13. At the end of the task there are words that need to be inserted into the text according to the meaning. Write these words on the answer sheet.

14. A detailed explanation should be given in the answer sheet.

When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Please note that entries in the draft will not be taken into account when evaluating the work.

Points received by you for all completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the largest number points.

We wish you success!

PartI

1. Literary works, which in ancient times it was customary not to tell, but to sing:

a) riddles

b) fairy tales;

c) epics.

2. A piece of music intended for singing without words:

a) vocalization;

c) romance.

3. Solemn state song:

c) cantata.

4. Work for symphony orchestra and solo instrument:

a) a concert

c) a symphony.

5. Choose the correct definition for the word polyphony:

a) in translation from Greek, this word means polyphony - a type of polyphony, which is based on the simultaneous combination of two or more independent melodies.

b) musical form, consisting of multiple repetitions of the main section - the refrain, with which episodes alternate.

c) a musical form consisting of a theme and its modified repetitions.

a) composer M. I. Glinka and poet W. Goethe

b) composer M.I. Glinka and poet A.S. Pushkin;

c) composer P.I. Tchaikovsky and poet A.S. Pushkin.

7. N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov wrote an opera for the 100th anniversary of A. S. Pushkin:

a) "Sadko";

b) "Snow Maiden";

c) "The Tale of Tsar Saltan".

8. The St. Petersburg Conservatory is named after:

a) M.I. Glinka;

b) N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov;

c) P. I. Tchaikovsky.

9. The State Academic Chapel of St. Petersburg is named after:

a) M.I. Glinka;

b) N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov;

c) P. I. Tchaikovsky.

10. From the listed surnames, select only the surnames of Russian composers known to you:

a) K.I. Chukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Nekrasov;

b) F. Schubert, E. Grieg, L. Beethoven;

c) V.Kikta, V.Gavrilin, S.Rakhmaninov.

PartII

11. Establish a correspondence between the names of means of expression with their definitions:

12. Match the titles of works and composers:

PartIII

Insert the missing words according to the meaning:

In his diary, the artist V. Boris-Musatov writes about the interpenetration of music and painting:

“I sit at home and ask ____________________ to myself alone.

Instead of ______________, they have all the colors. I _______________________________.

My dreams are always ahead. They create whole _________________________ for me.

My thoughts are colors, my colors are __________________.

The words: improvisation, tunes, sounds, concerts, symphonies.

Justify the choice of words-terms.

Symphonic music - musical works intended for performance by a symphony orchestra. Includes large monumental works and small plays. Main genres: symphony, suite, overture, symphonic poem.

The symphony orchestra, a large group of musicians, includes three groups of instruments: wind, percussion, bowed strings.

The classic (double or double) composition of a small symphony orchestra has developed in the work of J. Haydn (brass pairs, timpani and string quintet). A modern small symphony orchestra may have an irregular composition.

In the Big symphony orchestra(from the beginning of the 19th century) the wind and percussion groups were expanded, harps were introduced, sometimes the piano; the group of bowed strings has been numerically increased. The name of the composition of a symphony orchestra is determined by the number of instruments of each wind family (double, triple, etc.).

Symphony(from Greek symphonia - consonance), - musical composition for symphony orchestra, written in sonata cyclic form, highest form instrumental music. Usually consists of 4 parts. Classic type symphonies took shape in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. (J. Haydn, W. A. ​​Mozart, L. V. Beethoven). Romantic composers great importance acquired lyrical symphonies (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn), program symphonies(G. Berlioz, F. Liszt).

An important contribution to the development of symphonies was made by Western European composers of the 19th-20th centuries: I. Brahms, A. Bruckner, G. Mahler, S. Frank, A. Dvorak, J. Sibelius and others. significant place occupied by symphonies in Russian music: A.P. Borodin, P.I. Tchaikovsky, A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Skryabin, S. V. Rakhmaninov, N. Ya. Myaskovsky, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, A .I.Khachaturyan and others.

Cyclic forms of instrumental music, - musical forms, consisting of several relatively independent parts, revealing in the aggregate a single artistic intent. The sonata cyclic form usually consists of four parts - fast 1st in sonata form, slow lyrical 2nd, fast 3rd (scherzo or minuet) and fast 4th (finale). This form is typical for a symphony, sometimes a sonata, chamber ensemble the abbreviated cyclic form (without scherzo or minuet) is typical for the concerto, sonata. Another type of cyclic form is formed by a suite, sometimes variations (orchestral, piano), in which the number and nature of the parts can be different. There are also vocal cycles (series of songs, romances, ensembles or choirs), united by a plot, words of one author, etc.

Suite(French suite, lit. - row, sequence), an instrumental cyclic piece of music from several contrasting parts. The suite is distinguished from the sonata and symphony by the lack of strict regulation of the number, nature and order of the parts, and by the close connection with the song and dance. Suite 17-18 centuries consisted of allemande, chimes, sarabande, gigi and other dances. In the 19th and 20th centuries orchestral non-dance suites are created (P.I. Tchaikovsky), sometimes program ones (Scheherazade by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov). There are suites made up of music from operas, ballets, as well as music for theatrical productions.

Overture(French ouverture, from Latin apertura - opening, beginning), orchestral introduction to opera, ballet, dramatic performance etc. (often in sonata form), as well as an independent orchestral piece, usually of a program nature.

Symphonic poem - genre of symphonic program music. One-part orchestral work, in accordance with the romantic idea of ​​the synthesis of the arts, allowing for a variety of program sources (literature, painting, less often philosophy or history). The creator of the genre is F. Liszt.

Program music- musical works that the composer provided with a verbal program that concretizes perception. Many program works are associated with plots and images of outstanding literary works.

The word "orchestra" is now familiar to every schoolchild. This is the name of a large group of musicians who jointly perform a piece of music. And meanwhile in Ancient Greece the term "orchestra" (from which the modern word"Orchestra") denoted the area in front of the stage where the choir was located - an indispensable participant ancient Greek tragedy. Later, a group of musicians began to be located on the same site, and it was called the "orchestra".

Centuries have passed. And now the word "orchestra" itself has no definite meaning. Nowadays, there are different orchestras: brass, folk, accordion orchestras, chamber orchestras, pop-jazz, etc. But none of them can compete with the "sound miracle"; so often and, of course, quite rightly called a symphony orchestra.

The possibilities of a symphony orchestra are truly endless. At his disposal are all shades of sonority from barely audible vibrations and rustles to powerful thunderous peals. And it's not even the latitude itself dynamic shades(they are accessible to any orchestra in general), but in that captivating expressiveness that always accompanies the sound of genuine symphonic masterpieces. This is where timbre combinations come to the rescue, as well as powerful wavy rises and falls, and expressive solo replicas, and fused "organ" layers of sounds.

Listen to some examples of symphonic music. Remember the amazing in its penetrating silence fabulous picture famous Russian composer A. Lyadov "Magic Lake". The subject of the image here is nature in its untouched, static state. This is also emphasized by the composer in his statement about the “Magic Lake”: “How picturesque, pure, with stars and mystery in the depths! And most importantly - without people, without their requests and complaints - one dead nature - cold, evil, but fantastic, like in a fairy tale. However, Lyadov's score cannot be called dead or cold. On the contrary, it is warmed by a warm lyrical feeling - quivering, but restrained.

The famous Soviet musicologist B. Asafiev wrote that in this "poetic contemplative musical picture... Lyadov's work takes possession of the sphere of the lyrical symphonic landscape. The colorful palette of the "Magic Lake" consists of veiled, muffled sounds, rustles, rustles, barely noticeable splashes and fluctuations. Fine openwork strokes prevail here. Dynamic buildup is kept to a minimum. All orchestral voices carry an independent visual load. There is no melodic development in the true sense of the word; separate short phrases-motifs glow like flickering highlights... Lyadov, who was able to sensitively "hear the silence", paints with amazing skill a picture of an enchanted lake - a smoky, but inspired picture, full of fabulous aroma and pure, chaste beauty. Such a landscape could only be “drawn” with the help of a symphony orchestra, because no instrument and no other “orchestral organism” is able to depict such a clear picture and find such subtle timbre colors and shades for it.

And here is an example of the opposite type - the finale of the famous "Poem of Ecstasy" by A. Scriabin. The composer shows in this work the diversity of human states and actions in a steady and logically thought-out development; the music consistently conveys inertia, the awakening of the will, the encounter with threatening forces, the struggle with them. Climax follows climax. By the end of the poem, the tension grows, preparing a new, even more grandiose upsurge. The epilogue of the "Poem of Ecstasy" turns into a dazzling picture of colossal scope. On a sparkling, iridescent background (an organ is also connected to a huge orchestra), eight horns and a trumpet joyfully proclaim the main musical theme, the sonority of which by the end reaches superhuman strength. No other ensemble can achieve such power and majesty of sound. Only a symphony orchestra is capable of so richly and at the same time colorfully expressing rapture, ecstasy, a frantic upsurge of feelings.

Lyadov's "Magic Lake" and the epilogue of "The Poem of Ecstasy" are, so to speak, the extreme sound and dynamic poles in the richest sound palette of a symphony orchestra.

Now let's look at another kind of example. The second part of the Eleventh Symphony by D. Shostakovich has a subtitle - "January 9th". In it, the composer tells about the terrible events of "Bloody Sunday". And at that moment, when the cries and groans of the crowd, the volleys of rifles, the iron rhythm of the soldier’s step merge into a sound picture of amazing strength and power, the deafening squall suddenly breaks off ... And in the ensuing silence, in the “whistling” whisper string instruments the quiet and mournful singing of the choir is clearly heard. According to the apt definition of the musicologist G. Orlov, one gets the impression that “as if the air of the Palace Square groaned with grief at the sight of the accomplished atrocity”. Possessing an exceptional sense of timbre and a brilliant mastery of instrumental writing, D. Shostakovich managed to create the illusion of a choral sound using purely orchestral means. There were even cases when, at the first performances of the Eleventh Symphony, the listeners kept rising from their seats, thinking that there was a choir on the stage behind the orchestra...

The symphony orchestra is also capable of transmitting a wide variety of naturalistic effects. Yes, outstanding German composer Richard Strauss in his symphonic poem Don Quixote, illustrating a well-known episode from Cervantes' novel, surprisingly "visually" depicted the bleating of a flock of sheep in the orchestra. in suite French composer C. Saint-Saens' "Carnival of the Animals" wittily conveyed the cries of donkeys, and the clumsy gait of an elephant, and the restless roll call of hens with roosters. The Frenchman Paul Dukas in the symphonic scherzo "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (it was written based on the water element(in the absence of the old wizard, the student decides to turn the pomelo into a servant: he makes him carry water, which gradually floods the whole house). Needless to say, how many onomatopoeic effects are scattered in opera and ballet music; here they are also conveyed by means of a symphony orchestra, but prompted by the immediate stage situation, and not literary program as in symphonic compositions. Suffice it to recall such operas as The Tale of Tsar Saltan and The Snow Maiden by N. Rimsky-Korsakov, I. Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka, and others. Excerpts or suites from these works are often performed in symphony concerts.

And how many magnificent, almost visual pictures sea ​​element can be found in symphonic music! N. Rimsky-Korsakov's suite "Scheherazade", "The Sea" by C. Debussy, the overture "Sea Silence and Happy Swimming" by F. Mendelssohn, symphonic fantasies "The Tempest" by P. Tchaikovsky and "The Sea" by A. Glazunov - the list of such works is very large . Many works have been written for the symphony orchestra, depicting pictures of nature or containing well-aimed landscape sketches. Let's name at least the Sixth ("Pastoral") symphony of L. Beethoven with a picture of a sudden thunderstorm, striking in its power of image, symphonic picture A. Borodin "In Central Asia", A. Glazunov's symphonic fantasy "Forest", "a scene in the fields" from G. Berlioz's Fantastic Symphony. However, in all these works, the image of nature is always associated with emotional world the composer himself, as well as the idea that determines the nature of the composition as a whole. In general, descriptive, naturalistic, onomatopoeic moments occupy a very small share in symphonic canvases. Moreover, the actual program music, that is, music that consistently transmits some literary plot, also does not occupy a leading place among symphonic genres. The main thing that a symphony orchestra can be proud of is a rich palette of various means of expression, these are colossal, still not exhausted possibilities of various combinations and combinations of instruments, these are the richest timbre resources of all the groups that make up the orchestra.

A symphony orchestra differs sharply from other instrumental groups in that its composition is always strictly defined. Take, for example, numerous pop-jazz ensembles that now exist in abundance in almost all corners of the world. the globe. They are not at all similar to each other: the number of instruments (from 3-4 to two dozen or more) and the number of participants can also be different. But most importantly, these orchestras are not similar in their sound. Some are dominated by strings, while others are dominated by saxophones and brass. wind instruments; in some ensembles, the leading role is played by the piano (supported by drums and double bass); in pop orchestras various countries are included national instruments etc. Thus, in almost every variety orchestra or jazz do not adhere to a strictly defined instrumental composition, but freely use combinations of various instruments. Therefore, the same work sounds differently in different pop-jazz groups: each of them offers its own specific processing. And this is understandable: after all, jazz is an art, basically improvisational.

There are also different brass bands. Some are exclusively copper tools(with the obligatory inclusion of drums). And most of them can not do without woodwinds - flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons. Distinguished among themselves and orchestras folk instruments: the Russian folk orchestra is not similar to the Kyrgyz one, and the Italian one is not folk orchestras Scandinavian countries. And only a symphony orchestra - the largest musical organism - has a long-established, strictly defined composition. Therefore, a symphonic work written in one country can be performed by any symphony group in another country. Therefore, the language of symphonic music is truly international language. They have been in use for over two centuries. And he doesn't age. Moreover, nowhere are there as many interesting "internal" changes as there are in a modern symphony orchestra. On the one hand, often replenished with new timbre colors, the orchestra becomes richer every year, on the other hand, its main frame, which was formed back in the 18th century, is becoming more and more distinct. And sometimes the composers of our time, turning to such an “old-fashioned” composition, once again prove how great its expressive possibilities are ...

Perhaps none of musical groups so much wonderful music has not been created! In the brilliant galaxy of symphonic composers, the names of Haydn and Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann, Berlioz and Brahms, Liszt and Wagner, Grieg and Dvorak, Glinka and Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov and Scriabin, Glazunov and Taneyev shine, Mahler and Bruckner, Debussy and Ravel, Sibelius and R. Strauss, Stravinsky and Bartok, Prokofiev and Shostakovich. In addition, the symphony orchestra, as you know, is an indispensable member of opera and ballet performances. And therefore, to hundreds of symphonic works, one should add those fragments from operas and ballets in which it is the orchestra (and not soloists, choir or just stage action) that plays the primary role. But that's not all. We watch hundreds of films and most of them are "voiced" by a symphony orchestra.

Radio, television, CDs, and through them, symphonic music have firmly entered our lives. In many cinemas, small symphony orchestras play before screenings. Such orchestras are also created in amateur performances. In other words, from the vast, almost boundless ocean of music that surrounds us, a good half is somehow connected with symphonic sound. Symphonies and oratorios, operas and ballets, instrumental concertos and suites, music for theater and cinema - all these (and many other) genres simply cannot do without a symphony orchestra.

However, it would be wrong to assume that any musical composition can be performed in an orchestra. After all, it would seem that knowing the principles and laws of instrumentation, every competent musician can orchestrate a piano or some other work, that is, dress it in a bright symphonic outfit. However, in practice this is relatively rare. It is no coincidence that N. Rimsky-Korsakov said that instrumentation is "one of the sides of the soul of the composition itself." Therefore, already considering the idea, the composer is counting on a certain instrumental composition. Therefore, both light, unpretentious pieces and grandiose, large-scale canvases can be written for a symphony orchestra.

True, there are cases when a work gets a second life in a new, symphonic version. This is what happened to genius. piano cycle M. Mussorgsky's "Pictures at an Exhibition": it was masterfully orchestrated by M. Ravel. (There were other, less successful attempts to orchestrate Pictures at an Exhibition.) The scores of M. Mussorgsky's operas Boris Godunov and Khovanshchina came to life anew under the hand of D. Shostakovich, who carried out their new orchestral version. Sometimes in creative heritage composer peacefully coexist two versions of the same work - solo-instrumental and symphonic. There are few such examples, but they are quite interesting. Ravel's "Pavane" exists both in the piano and in the orchestral version, and both live an equal concert life. Prokofiev orchestrated the slow part of his Fourth Piano Sonata, making it an independent, purely symphonic work. Leningrad composer S. Slonimsky wrote vocal cycle"Songs of the Freemen" on folk texts; this essay also has two equivalent in its artistic value variant: one goes with piano accompaniment, the other with orchestral accompaniment. However, most often the composer, when starting to work, has a good idea not only of the idea of ​​the composition, but also of its timbre embodiment. And genres like the symphony, instrumental concert, symphonic poem, suite, rhapsody, etc., are always closely connected with the sound of a symphony orchestra, one might even say, are inseparable from it.

Genre(fr. genre) - this is general concept, which surrounds the most essential properties and connections of the phenomena of the world of art, the totality of the formal and content features of the work. All existing works reflect certain conditions, while participating in the creation of the definition of the concept of genre.

Arioso- a small aria with a melodious declamatory or song character.

Aria- a completed episode in an opera, operetta, oratorio or cantata, performed by a soloist accompanied by an orchestra.

Ballad- solo vocal compositions using the texts of poetic works and preserving their main features; instrumental compositions.

Ballet- view performing arts, the content of which is revealed in dance and musical images.

Blues- a jazz song of sad, lyrical content.

Bylina- Russian folk epic song-tale.

Vaudeville- cheerful theatrical play With musical numbers. 1) a type of sitcom with couplet songs, romances, dances; 2) the final couplet song in the vaudeville play.

Hymn- solemn song

Jazz- a kind of improvisational, dance music.

Disco — musical style with a simplified melody and a hard rhythm.

Invention- a short piece of music, in which any original find in the field of melodic development, shaping is essential.

Sideshow- a piece of music played between parts of a piece.

Intermezzo- a small free-form play, as well as an independent episode in an opera or other piece of music.

Cantata- a large vocal and instrumental work of a solemn nature, usually for soloists, choir and orchestra.

Cantilena- melodious, smooth melody.

chamber music - (literally "room music"). chamber works are either pieces for solo instruments: songs without words, variations, sonatas, suites, preludes, impromptu, musical moments, nocturnes, or various instrumental ensembles: trio, quartet, quintet, etc., where three, four, five instruments, respectively, and all parties are equally important, require careful finishing from the performers and the composer.

capriccio- a virtuoso instrumental piece of an improvisational warehouse with an unexpected change of images, moods.

Concert- a work for one or (rarely) several solo instruments and an orchestra, as well as a public performance of musical works.

Madrigal- a small musical and poetic work of love and lyrical content in the 14th-16th centuries.

March- a piece of music with a measured tempo, a clear rhythm, usually accompanying a collective procession.

Musical- a piece of music that combines elements of opera, operetta; ballet, pop music.

Nocturne— in xviii — early xix in. multipart instrumental piece, for the most part for wind instruments, usually performed outdoors in the evening or at night, from the 19th century. a small lyrical instrumental piece.

Oh yeah- a solemn piece of music dedicated to some significant event or person.

Opera- a musical and dramatic work based on the synthesis of the word, stage action and music.

Operetta- a musical stage comedy work, including vocal and dance scenes, orchestral accompaniment and conversational episodes.

Oratorio- a work for soloists, choir and orchestra, intended for concert performance.

house is style and movement in electronic music. house is a descendant dance styles early post-disco era (electro, high energy, soul, funk, etc.) the main difference between house music is a repeated rhythm beat, usually in 4/4 time, and sampling - work with sound inserts that are repeated from time to time in music, partially coinciding with its rhythm. one of the most important contemporary sub-styles of house is progressive house.

choir - a work for a large singing group. choral compositions are divided into two large groups- with or without instrumental (or orchestral) accompaniment (a cappella).

Song- a piece of poetry meant to be sung. its musical form is usually couplet or strophic.

potpourri- a play composed of excerpts from several popular melodies.

Play- a finished musical work of small size.

Rhapsody- a musical (instrumental) work on themes folk songs and epic tales, as if reproducing the performance of the rhapsod.

Requiem- mourning choral work (funeral mass).

Romance — lyrical work for voice with musical accompaniment.

R&B (Rhythm-N-Blues, English Rhythm & Blues)- This is a musical style of song and dance genre. originally, a generalized name for mass music based on blues and jazz styles 1930-1940s. currently the abbreviation for rhythm and blues (English r&b) is used to refer to modern rhythm and blues.

Rondo- a piece of music in which the main part is repeated several times.

Serenade — lyric song to the accompaniment of a lute, mandolin or guitar, performed in honor of the beloved.

Symphony- a piece of music for orchestra, written in cyclic sonata form, the highest form of instrumental music.

Symphonic Music- unlike the chamber one, it is performed in large rooms and is intended for a symphony orchestra. symphonic works are characterized by depth and versatility of content, often grandiosity of scale and, at the same time, accessibility of the musical language.

Consonance- a combination in the simultaneous sounding of several sounds of different heights.

Sonata- a musical work of three or four parts of different tempo and character.

Sonatina- little sonata

Suite- a work for one or two instruments from several heterogeneous pieces connected by a common idea.

Symphonic Poem- a genre of symphonic music expressing the romantic idea of ​​the synthesis of arts. a symphonic poem is a one-part orchestral work that allows for various program sources (literature and painting, less often philosophy or history; pictures of nature).

Toccata- a virtuoso piece of music for keyboard instrument at a fast pace and at a fast pace.

Tone- a sound of a certain pitch.

tush- a short musical greeting.

Overture is an orchestral piece designed to serve as an introduction to opera, ballet, drama. in their imagery and form, many classical overtures are close to the first movements of symphonies.

Fantasy is a free-form piece of music.

Elegy- a piece of music of a sad nature.

Etude- a piece of music based on virtuoso passages.