Rare Russian folk instruments. Project "Folk Musical Instruments of Russia

Krylov Boris Petrovich (1891-1977) Harmonist. 1931

The Russian people have always surrounded their lives with songs and music flowing from folk instruments. From an early age, everyone had the skills to make simple instruments, and knew how to play it. So a whistle or an ocarina can be made from a piece of clay, and a ratchet from a plank.

In ancient times, people were closer to nature and learned from it, so folk instruments were created on the basis of the sounds of nature and were made from natural materials. After all, nowhere is beauty and harmony felt so much as when playing a folk musical instrument, and nothing is closer to a person than the sounds of a familiar instrument from childhood.

For a Russian person in the 21st century, the accordion is such a native instrument, but what about everyone else ... Stop the young man now and ask him to name at least a few folk instruments known to him, this list will be very small, not to mention playing them. But this is a huge layer of Russian culture, which is almost forgotten.

Why have we lost this tradition? Why don't we know our folk instruments and don't hear their beautiful sounds?

It is difficult to answer this question, time passed, something was forgotten, something was forbidden, for example, medieval Christian Russia more than once took up arms against folk musicians. Peasants and city dwellers, under the threat of a fine, were forbidden to keep folk instruments, especially to play them.

“So that they (peasants) don’t play demonic games in snuffles and harps and horns and domras and don’t keep them in their houses ... And who, having forgotten the fear of God and the hour of death, will instruct to play and keep all sorts of games at home - to correct penalties five rubles per person.(From legal acts of the 17th century.)

With the advent of electronic instruments and musical records on records and disks, a person generally forgot how to play independently and, moreover, make musical instruments.

Perhaps the case is different, and everything can be more than attributed to the ruthlessness of time, but the disappearance, and the mass one, began a long time ago and is rapidly progressing. We are losing our traditions, originality - we are keeping up with the times, we have adapted, we caress our ears with “waves and frequencies” ...

So, the rarest Russian folk musical instruments, or those that may simply disappear very soon. Perhaps very soon, most of them will gather dust on the shelves of museums, as silent rare exhibits, although they were originally created for more festive events ...

1. Gusli

Nikolai Zagorsky David plays the harp in front of Saul. 1873

Gusli is a stringed musical instrument, most common in Russia. It is the most ancient Russian string plucked musical instrument.

There are pterygoid and helmet-shaped gusli. The first, in later samples, have a triangular shape and from 5 to 14 strings tuned in steps of the diatonic scale, helmet-shaped - 10-30 strings of the same tuning.

Musicians who play the harp are called harpists.

History of the harp

The gusli is a musical instrument, a variety of which is the harp. Also, the ancient Greek cithara is similar to the harp (there is a hypothesis that it is she who is the ancestor of the harp), the Armenian canon and the Iranian santur.

The first reliable references to the use of Russian gusli are found in Byzantine sources of the 5th century. The heroes of the epic played the harp: Sadko, Dobrynya Nikitich, Boyan. In the great monument of ancient Russian literature, "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (XI - XII centuries), the image of the guslar-narrator is poetically sung:

“Boyan, brethren, not 10 falcons for a herd of swans more densely, but his own things and fingers on live strings in full; they themselves are the prince of the glory of the rumble.

2. Pipe

Heinrich Semiradsky Shepherd playing the flute.

Svirel - Russian double-barreled wind instrument; a kind of double-barreled longitudinal flute. One of the trunks usually has a length of 300-350 mm, the second - 450-470 mm. At the top end of the barrel there is a whistle device, at the bottom there are 3 side holes for changing the pitch of sounds.

In everyday language, a pipe is often called wind instruments such as single-barreled or double-barreled flutes.

It is made from a tree with a soft core, elder, willow, bird cherry.

It is assumed that the flute migrated to Russia from Ancient Greece. In ancient times, the flute was a musical wind instrument consisting of seven reed tubes of different lengths connected to each other. According to ancient Greek mythology, Hermes invented it to have fun when he was tending cows. This musical instrument is still very much loved by the shepherds of Greece.

3. Balalaika

Some attribute the Tatar origin to the word "balalaika". The Tatars have the word "bala" meaning "child". It may have served as the source of the origin of the words "balakat", "balabonit", etc. containing the concept of unreasonable, as if childish chatter.

There are very few references to the balalaika even in the 17th - 18th century. In some cases, there are indeed hints that in Russia there was an instrument of the same type with the balalaika, but most likely it mentions domra, the ancestor of the balalaika.

Under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, domrachi players were attached to the palace amusing chamber. Under Alexei Mikhailovich, instruments were persecuted. By this time, i.e. the 2nd half of the 17th century probably refers to the renaming of domra into balalaika.

For the first time, the name "balalaika" is found in written monuments from the time of Peter the Great. In 1715, during the celebration of a comic wedding arranged by order of the king, balalaikas were mentioned among the instruments that appeared in the hands of the dressed participants in the ceremony. Moreover, these instruments were given into the hands of a group of Kalmyks dressed up.

During the XVIII century. The balalaika spread widely among the Great Russian people, becoming so popular that it was recognized as the oldest instrument, and even assigned Slavic origin to it.

Russian origin can only be attributed to the triangular shape of the body or the body of the balalaika, which replaced the round shape of the domra. The shape of the balalaika of the 18th century differed from the modern one. The neck of the balalaika was very long, about 4 times longer than the body. The tool body was narrower. In addition, the balalaikas found in old popular prints are equipped with only 2 strings. The third string was a rare exception. The strings of the balalaika are metal, which gives the sound a specific shade - the sonority of the timbre.

In the middle of the XX century. a new hypothesis was put forward that the balalaika existed long before it was mentioned in written sources, i.e. existed next to the domra. Some researchers believe that the domra was a professional instrument of buffoons and with their disappearance lost a wide musical practice.

The balalaika is a purely folk instrument and, therefore, more resilient.

At first, the balalaika spread mainly in the northern and eastern provinces of Russia, usually accompanying folk dance songs. But already in the middle of the 19th century, the balalaika was very popular in many places in Russia. It was played not only by village boys, but also by serious court musicians, such as Ivan Khandoshkin, I.F. Yablochkin, N.V. Lavrov. However, by the middle of the 19th century, an harmonica was found almost everywhere next to it, which gradually replaced the balalaika.

4. Bayan

Bayan is one of the most perfect chromatic harmonics existing at the present time. For the first time the name "button accordion" is found in posters and advertisements since 1891. Until that time, such an instrument was called a harmonica.

The harmonica originated from an Asian instrument called the shen. Shen was known in Russia for a very long time, in the X-XIII centuries during the period of the Tatar-Mongol rule. Some researchers argue that the shen traveled from Asia to Russia, and then to Europe, where it was improved and became a widespread, truly popular musical instrument throughout Europe - the harmonica.

In Russia, a certain impetus to the spread of the instrument was the purchase by Ivan Sizov at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair in 1830 of a hand harmonica, after which he decided to open a harmonica workshop. By the forties of the 19th century, the first factory of Timofey Vorontsov appeared in Tula, which produced 10,000 harmonicas a year. This contributed to the widest distribution of the instrument, and by the middle of the 19th century. the harmonica becomes a symbol of a new folk musical instrument. She is an obligatory participant in all folk festivals and festivities.

If in Europe the harmonica was made by musical masters, then in Russia, on the contrary, the harmonica was created from craftsmen by craftsmen. Therefore, in Russia, as in no other country, there is such a wealth of purely national harmonica constructions, which differ not only in form, but also in the variety of the scale. The repertoire, for example, of the Saratov harmonica cannot be performed on livenka, the repertoire of livenka on Bologoevka, etc. The name of the harmonica was determined by the place where it was made.

Tula handicraftsmen were the first in Russia to make harmonicas. Their first TULA harmonicas had only one row of buttons on the right and left hand (single row). On the same basis, models of very small concert harmonicas - TURTLES began to develop. Very sonorous and vociferous they made an impression on the audience, although it was a more eccentric number than the music.

The Saratov harmonicas that appeared after the Tula harmonicas were structurally no different from the first ones, but the Saratov masters were able to find an unusual sounding timbre by adding bells to the design. These harmonicas have gained great popularity among the people.

Vyatka handicraftsmen expanded the sound range of harmonicas (they added buttons to the left and right hands). The version of the instrument they invented was called the VYATSKAYA accordion.

All of these instruments had a feature - the same button for opening and closing the bellows made different sounds. These accordions had one common name - TALIANKI. Talyanki could be with the Russian or German system. When playing such harmonicas, it was necessary, first of all, to master the technique of playing with bellows in order to correctly deduce the melody.

The problem was solved by LIVENSKIE handicraftsmen. On the accordions of the Liven masters, the sound did not change when the fur was changed. Harmonicas did not have straps that were thrown over the shoulder. On the right and left sides, short straps clasped the hands. The Liven harmonica had incredibly long furs. Such an accordion could literally be wrapped around itself, because. when the fur was fully stretched, its length reached two meters.

Absolute world accordion champions Sergei Voitenko and Dmitry Khramkov. The duet has already managed to conquer a huge number of listeners with their artistry.

The next stage in the development of accordions were double-row harmonicas, the design of which came to Russia from Europe. A two-row accordion could also be called a “two-row” accordion, because. a certain scale was assigned to each row of buttons in the right hand. Such harmonicas are called RUSSIAN WREATHS.

Currently, all the harmonicas listed above are a rarity.

Bayan owes its appearance to a talented Russian master - designer Peter Sterligov. From 1905 to 1915, Sterligov's chromatic harmonicas (later button accordions) improved so rapidly that even today factory instruments are made according to their latest samples.

This instrument was made popular by an outstanding musician - accordionist Yakov Fedorovich Orlansky-Titarenko. The master and virtuoso named the instrument in honor of the legendary Russian musician, storyteller and singer Boyan - "button accordion". It was in 1907. Since that time, the button accordion has existed in Russia - the instrument is now so popular that there is no need to talk about how it looks.

Perhaps the only tool that does not pretend to premature disappearance and "decommissioning to the shelf" within the framework of this article. But it would also be wrong not to talk about it. Let's go further...

5. Xylophone

Xylophone (from the Greek xylon - wood, wood and phone - sound) is a percussion instrument with a certain pitch, the design of which consists of a set of wooden blocks (plates) of various sizes.

Xylophones come in 2-row and 4-row xylophones.

A four-row xylophone is played with two curved spoon-shaped sticks with a thickening at the ends, which the musician holds in front of him at an angle parallel to the plane of the instrument. at a distance of 5-7 cm from plates. The two-row xylophone is played with three and four sticks. The basic principle of playing the xylophone is the exact alternation of strokes of both hands.

The xylophone has an ancient origin - the simplest instruments of this type have been and are still found among various peoples of Russia, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America. In Europe, the first mention of the xylophone dates back to the beginning of the 16th century.

Russian folk instruments also include: horn, tambourine, jew's harp, domra, zhaleyka, kalyuka, kugikly, spoons, ocarina, flute, ratchet and many others.

I would like to believe that the Great Country will be able to revive folk traditions, folk festivals, festivities, national costumes, songs, dances ... to the sounds of real primordially Russian musical instruments.

And I will end the article on an optimistic note - watch the video to the end - good mood everyone!

In my hands is the soul of Russia,
a piece of Russian antiquity,
When they asked to sell the accordion,
I answered: "She has no price."

Priceless music of the people,
that lives in the songs of the Motherland,
Her melody is nature,
how that balm pours on the heart.

Not enough gold and money
to buy my accordion,
And the one whose ear it touches,
can't live without her.

Play, accordion without a break,
and wiping his sweaty forehead,
I will give you boy
I'll put a friend on the coffin!

Russian folk instruments occupy a special place in the musical culture of our country.

They are distinguished by their timbre diversity and expressiveness: here there is a flute sadness, and dancing balalaika tunes, and noisy fun of spoons and rattles, and the dreary shrillness of a pity, and, of course, the richest bayan palette, absorbing all the shades of the musical portrait of the Russian people.

To the question of classification

The well-known classification, developed at the beginning of the 20th century by K. Sachs and E. Hornbostel, is based on the source of sound and the method of sound extraction. According to this system, Russian folk instruments can also be divided into four groups:

1. idiophones(self-sounding): almost all drums - rattles, rubel, spoons, firewood (a kind of xylophone);
2. membranophones(sound source - stretched membrane): tambourine, gander;
3. chordophones(strings): domra, balalaika, harp, seven-string guitar;
4. aerophones(wind and other instruments where the sound source is an air column): horn, flute, nozzle, pyzhatka, pipe, zhaleyka, kugikly (kuvikly); this also includes free aerophones - harmonica and button accordion.

How was it at first?

Numerous nameless musicians have entertained the people at fairs, festivities, and weddings since time immemorial. The skill of the gusliar was attributed to such annalistic and epic characters as Boyan, Sadko, Nightingale Budimirovich (Sadko and Nightingale Budimirovich are heroes), Dobrynya Nikitich (a hero-hero from). Russian folk instruments were also an indispensable attribute in buffoon performances, which were accompanied by svirts, guslyars, and horns.

In the 19th century, the first manuals for learning to play folk instruments appeared. Virtuoso performers are becoming popular: balalaika players I.E. Khandoshkin, N.V. Lavrov, V.I. Radivilov, B.S. Troyanovsky, bayan players Ya.F. Orlansky-Titarenko, P.E. Nevsky.

There were folk instruments, they became orchestral!

By the end of the 19th century, the idea of ​​​​creating (on the model of a symphony) an orchestra of Russian folk instruments had already taken shape. And it all started in 1888 with the “Mug of Balalaika Fans”, organized by the brilliant balalaika player Vasily Vasilyevich Andreev. Instruments of different sizes and timbres were specially made for the ensemble. On the basis of this team, supplemented by the gusli and the domra group, in 1896 the first full-fledged Great Russian Orchestra was created.

Others followed him. In 1919, already in Soviet Russia, B.S. Troyanovsky and P.I. Alekseev created the future orchestra named after Osipov.

The instrumental composition also varied and gradually expanded. Now the orchestra of Russian instruments includes a group of balalaikas, a group of domras, button accordions, gusli, percussion, and wind instruments (this sometimes includes oboe, flute and clarinet close in order to folk, and sometimes other instruments of a classical symphony orchestra).

The repertoire of a folk instrument orchestra usually consists of Russian folk melodies, works written specifically for such an orchestra, as well as arrangements of classical pieces. Of the folk melodies, the people are very fond of “The Moon Shines”. Listen to you too! Here:

In our time, music is becoming more and more non-national, but in Russia there is still interest in folk music and Russian instruments, performing traditions are supported and developed.

For dessert, today we have prepared another musical gift for you - the famous hit of the Beatles performed, as you may have guessed, of course, by the orchestra of Russian folk instruments.

A gift is also in store for rest after dessert - for those who are inquisitive and who like to solve crossword puzzles -

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

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Russian folk instruments Prepared by: student of the 4th "A" class of GBOU School No. 633 Nikitina Alisa Teacher: Kirillova O.A. MOSCOW 2016

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Russian folk instruments occupy a special place in the musical culture of our country. They are distinguished by their timbre diversity and expressiveness: here there is a flute sadness, and dancing balalaika tunes, and noisy fun of spoons and rattles, and the dreary shrillness of a pity, and, of course, the richest bayan palette, absorbing all the shades of the musical portrait of the Russian people. Russian folk instruments can be classified under the generally accepted division system: stringed (domra, gusli, balalaika, beep); reed (accordion, accordion); wind instruments (horns, zhaleyka, flute, kugikly, jew's harp, whistle); percussion (spoons, tambourine, rattles, firewood, mallet). Let's get acquainted with some of them. Classification of Russian folk musical instruments

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Stringed musical instruments: harp Under the harp, sonorous tunes Young men and maidens fell in love. At weddings, the psaltery sang And the young people were blessed. To the strumming of magic strings Everyone had fun - old and young, Guslyar was known as an important person, He was the soul of the people. The harp got its name thanks to its strings, which seemed to be buzzing when the strings were plucked. But in ancient times, any musical sound of a stringed instrument was called a buzz. Unlike wind or percussion musical instruments, any stringed plucked instrument was called nothing more than a gusli. The ancient Russian harp was usually played, giving them a horizontal position. The number of strings in the harp was not a fixed value, that is, they could be installed in any required number. Metal strings give the harp a special, characteristic sound. That is why the psaltery got its recognizable epithet "voiced". Experienced talented harpists have always plucked the harp strings with their own fingers and have never used picks or plectrums. In the old days, the sonorous harp could be heard in any farmstead: whether it was the household of a simple farmer or rich princely houses. The Vedun-gusliar was the custodian of the Russian ancient traditions, and it is thanks to them that today we have the opportunity to look into the infinite depths of our Great Past.

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String musical instruments: domra Domra is an ancient folk stringed plucked musical instrument, known in Russia since ancient times. In its usual form, domra has three strings, which are played with a pick. It is believed that domra is a prototype or descendant of the first Russian balalaika. The three-string domra is found in several forms: piccolo (the smallest), small, alto and bass. The body of the domra and its neck are made of wood. The neck, like all stringed instruments, consists of two parts: the head and the neck. Sometimes, however, the neck is performed in one piece, in the form of one piece. Domra pegs, which are used to tune the instrument, should be scrolled manually. The body of the domra is preferably made from maple or rosewood. It is clear that for the manufacture of the neck, hardwoods are taken. Pegs in modern times are made of metal, and in the past they were also made of hardwood. The strings are made from steel wire of various thicknesses. Domra is the most important instrument Beautiful, with the most tender voice. When you touch the strings with your hand, you will be transported to the ancient world! It has sensitivity, joy, kindness And beauty of all harmonies! Then he will be sad, then he will laugh! All the charm of sounds is given to her And she gives us a miracle!

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String musical instruments: balalaika Balalaika is a Russian folk three-stringed plucked musical instrument with a triangular, slightly curved wooden body. This is one of the instruments that have become the musical symbol of the Russian people. The very name of the instrument is typically folk, with the sound of syllables, conveying the nature of playing on it. The root of the words "balalaika", or, as it was also called, "balabayka", has long attracted the attention of researchers by its kinship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, joker, which means to talk about something insignificant, to chat, to get along, to empty calls , scribbling. All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - an instrument of light, funny, "strumming", not very serious. The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings On the neck of a modern balalaika there are 16-31 metal frets (until the end of the 19th century - 5-7 forced frets). In a modern orchestra of Russian folk instruments, five varieties of balalaikas are used: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. Of these, only the prima (600-700 mm) is a solo, virtuoso instrument, while the rest are assigned purely orchestral functions: the second and viola implement chord accompaniment, and the bass and double bass (up to 1.7 meters long) - the bass function. The sound is loud but soft. The most common techniques for extracting sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, fractions, guitar tricks.

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Stringed Musical Instruments: Gudok Gudok (another name is smyk) belongs to the ancient stringed Russian folk musical instruments. The wooden body of the whistle is hollowed out by craftsmen to give it an oval or pear shape. The horn neck is relatively short, without frets, and with a straight or curved head. Three strings are installed and fixed on the fretboard. A resonator hole was made on the flat deck of the horn. The length of this musical instrument does not exceed one meter. Its maximum dimensions are 30-80 centimeters. The arched shape of the bow at the horn is shaped like a bow. The musician, when playing the whistle, touches all the strings with the bow at once. However, only one (first) string is used to extract the main melody. The remaining two strings are called bourdon and they sound in the same key without changing their sound. The constant, non-stop buzzing of the lower strings is a characteristic feature of the horn, and indeed of all other ancient plucked musical instruments. INTERESTING TO KNOW: In Dahl's dictionary, the meaning of the word "beep" is interpreted as a kind of violin without recesses on the sides with a flat bottom and a tire, in three strings. Unlike the same gusli, the beep is not mentioned in ancient Russian writings until the middle of the 17th century. Instead of it, in various chronicles of the 16th century, the “smik” instrument is mentioned. The horn was not particularly encouraged by the church. For example, in the lists of the Pilot's Book - a code of laws, the Orthodox Church - it is said that it is impossible to "buzz with a beamer".

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Reed musical instruments: accordion What kind of bears - Little guys! Together with my mother they perform, they play on the gormoshechka! The loudest harmonica With Mishkin's palm! Accordion, or harmonica is a reed musical instrument with a keyboard-pneumatic mechanism. There are two keyboards on the sides of the instrument: the melody is played on the right, the left is for accompaniment. Under the harmonica understand a number of musical instruments, both manual and mouthpieces. The sound in these instruments is achieved by vibrating the reed (metal bar) under the influence of air flow. In manual models, as in an accordion, air is pumped with the help of a special reservoir - fur. The true origin of such a musical instrument as the accordion has not yet been precisely established. Some sources claim that the accordion was invented in Germany, others - that in Russia. According to one version, the accordion was invented by Frantisek Kirsnik, a Czech master of organ art, in 1783. According to Academician Mirek, the action took place in St. Petersburg. The main design that we can observe in the modern accordion was given to the instrument in 1829 by the Russian master, who lived in Vienna, Demianov. He owns the idea of ​​creating a case and two keyboards. It had 7 keys on the right side and 2 keys on the left side of the accordion. Already in 1830 mass production of accordions was organized. They were made by the Tula master Ivan Sizov. Literally in one decade, the instrument has spread throughout all Russian provinces. The accordion has become a national instrument for all classes. The wide range, loud expressive sound of the harmonica fit perfectly into the Russian flavor. Russian accordion is of two types. In the first, when the bellows are stretched or compressed, each button produces a sound of the same pitch. In harmonies of the second type, the pitch of the sound when the button is pressed depends on the direction of movement of the bellows. Another division of harmonies is carried out by the number of rows of buttons. There are one-, two- and three-row accordions.

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Wind instruments: horn Usually, the horn is made of maple, juniper or birch wood. Often the horn takes its name from the area where it was produced and gained the highest popularity. The horn is widely used in the arsenal of shepherds, warriors and watchmen. The sound of a horn has always riveted the attention and hearing of a person and served as a kind of signal for his relatives about the attack of some dashing. In addition to signaling, the horn could serve to play song and dance melodies. The repertoire of horn players is represented quite widely. The device of the horn is not complicated either: a conical straight wooden tube, with five playing holes on top and one hole on the bottom. On opposite sides of the horn are a bell and a mouthpiece adapted to extract sound. The bell was made from the horn of a domestic animal or from wood (for example, birch bark). The sound of the horn is quite sharp and resonant, at the same time it has a hidden strength and softness. The sound range reaches a dozen notes, from which millions of different melodies and compositions are born. The shepherd will go out into the field, He will play his horn.

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Wind musical instruments: zhaleyka The characteristic sound of zhaleyka is given by a special squeaker (tongue). The role of the bell-resonator is performed either by a natural ox (cow) horn, or a wooden (birch) funnel. Thanks to such nozzles, in some areas of modern Russia, a zhaleyka is mistakenly called a horn. The dimensions of the zhaleyka (usually about fifteen centimeters) directly affect the height of its system. A special mouthpiece, in which the beeper is located, is inserted into the tube, which makes it very easy, if necessary, to replace it with a new one. On the surface of the tube, to expand the sound range, several holes were made. These holes are arranged according to the same principle and in exactly the same order as on the flute. The age of the pity was lost in the bottomless depths of millennia. The Russian folk wind musical instrument is not at all accidentally called a pity. After all, the root of the name of this instrument contains such words as “regret”, “pity”. At the sounds of pity, a person hears a clear pity for someone. The sharp, weeping sound of the pity is due to the unique abilities of this instrument. The usual material for making a zhaleyka is reed and wood (willow, elderberry). However, in today's time, the zhaleyka tube is increasingly made of plastic or metal.

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Wind musical instruments: flute Various sources give the flute a variety of names: sniffles; tarsal. The flute has a lot in common with the device of the longitudinal flute. The flute can often be seen in various documentaries and feature films, where it acts as a musical instrument played by shepherds and young men in love. The most ancient pipe sample that has survived to this day was discovered on the territory of the modern Smolensk region. The usual, classical form of the pipe is given to the flute in music workshops, where today it is made of metal or wood. True, the flute made of wood is still the most popular. The classical flute has six playing holes on its surface. In addition to the ordinary flute, there is also the so-called double flute, which allows the musician to significantly expand his musical capabilities and his repertoire. Here is a dry and resonant reed .. Good Pan! tie it up Carefully with a thin thread And fold it into a flute!

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Wind musical instruments: kugikly The lower ends-trunks of the tubes are closed, and the upper ones are adapted for playing. The barrels can be moved from one place to another (depending on the need), since they do not have a fixed connection. The upper ends of the tubes-stems lie in the same plane and lined up in one horizontal line, which adds to the convenience when playing. Trunks can be adjusted: by inserting movable plugs into them; filling trunks with wax or sandbags; drilling new holes in their walls; shortening or lengthening the tubes. Kugikls (kuvikly, quotation marks) belong to the family of multi-barreled flutes, for the manufacture of which stems are hollow stems of reeds or kugi. That is what the reed was called before. In order to make kugikly, you can take some other types of plants: elderberry, the branches of which have a soft core; umbrella species of grasses, the stems of which have a hollow core; bamboo plants. Kugicles are made from three to five tubes of the same diameter, but of different lengths (approximately 100-160 mm).

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Wind musical instruments: jew's harp However, some enthusiastic researchers of the past suggest that the direct predecessor, the ancestor of the jew's harp is an ordinary hunting or military bow. It was enough for a man to fix one end of the bow in the ground, and rest the other end against his palate or teeth, as a deadly weapon immediately transformed, turning into a musical instrument of a distinctive look and sound. Over time, a lamellar, wooden or bone, jew's harp appeared, which much later began to be made of metal. In this form, the vargan exists to this day. The harp is played in the following way: · a metal frame-arc is applied to the lips; The musician pushes and draws air through it; · at the same time, the musician sets in motion a small steel strip-tongue with his finger. In the twentieth century, the jew's harp was banned as a "harmful relic of the past", however, human memory has preserved and brought to us information about this exotic and vibrant musical instrument. Today, the sounds of the jew's harp delight their adherents with the mysterious and enigmatic sounds of the musical instrument of our distant ancestors. Vargan is the oldest musical instrument, widespread in the territory of Ancient Russia and modern Russia. Over many millennia of its history, the harp has not significantly changed either its sound or its shape. Vargan is a reed self-sounding musical instrument. Playing on it contributes to the harmonization of all body functions, the purification of consciousness and the strengthening of vitality. The time of the origin of the jew's harp is hidden behind the deep veils of the past millennia.

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Wind musical instruments: whistle A whistle can be simple, geometric in shape, and sometimes it is given a figured shape in the form of some animal or bird. It is not possible to establish the exact age of the whistle, since clay objects are not subject to long-term use and storage. Surely, the first whistle has long turned into a simple lump of clay. However, in the foreseeable past, we can easily meet the remains of a whistle. The device of this musical instrument-toy is simply ingenious: in a small clay chamber, by blowing it, turbulences and air vibrations are created, making whistling and subtle sounds. In former times, our ancestors used the whistle as a magical instrument designed to communicate with the Gods Stribog and Perun. At present, the whistle has turned from a magical instrument into an original musical instrument or an ordinary children's toy. - The waxwing bird, Ringing handicraft! Come on, come on, tell me what's inside you? - Believe it or not, my dear, And inside something - nothing, Except for two dry peas And your breath.

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Percussion musical instruments: firewood It was on this path that our ancient and wise inventors-ancestors decided to go. They invented the prototype of the modern concert xylophone, only it was much more interesting and curious. The wood xylophone, in its original form, was an ordinary bundle of firewood, however, the musical abilities of this instrument exceeded the level achieved by its modern counterpart. The wood-xylophone is tuned according to the same principle as its modern counterpart: to lower or raise the tone of the sound, you need to increase or decrease the volume (length, thickness) of the key of this musical instrument. The ancient, exotic Russian folk percussion musical instrument drovo originated in deep, hoary antiquity. It is made of wood, which is a characteristic material for the manufacture of many other musical instruments. People have known for a long time that wood makes sound when it comes into physical contact. To do this, it is enough to design a musical instrument that produces sound according to the principle of an ordinary xylophone.

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Percussion musical instruments: spoons Spoons are not just cutlery for everyday use, but also an original Russian folk musical instrument. It is difficult to find an older and more tested device for reproducing rhythmic musical sound. It is obvious that spoons, as a musical instrument, are as old as this most common cutlery. You can even put forward the assumption that it is spoons that are the very first and most common percussion instrument on Earth. Antique wooden spoons were made by hand, without the use of modern high-precision machines and equipment, so they turned out to be thicker-walled, much stronger and had a lower and better sound. Many spoon players hang all kinds of bells and bells from their spoons, which, no doubt, diversify and enhance their sound. Playing on spoons is recognizable by its rhythmic pattern and openwork polyphony, which, of course, adds popular love and popularity to spoons. Spoons are different, And they are sometimes played with. Beat the rhythm like this. Anyone will immediately dance. Spoons - let not the piano. But they have their own piano. There is forte, even trills, Like cello strings.

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Percussion musical instruments: ratchet Classical ratchet is a set of wooden rectangular plates, one end strung on a strong cord. When shaking the ratchet, sharp crackling sounds are made. In order to make a ratchet, you need to stock up on twenty smooth, even, identical plates of equal size (about 6x20 centimeters). These musical records are cut from strong and dry wood (preferably oak). Between each regular plate, a wooden spacer is inserted, having a thickness of about five millimeters, which makes it possible to achieve a louder and more sonorous sound. On one edge of the plates, at the same distance from each other, two identical holes are drilled (about 6-7 mm). A strong cord is pulled through these holes. The ends of the cord, remaining free, should be tied into a knot. You should get a free and strong ring, which allows you to achieve a more convenient and simple ratchet game. - What a crack for the whole district? - We are cracking with a friend! - Oh, rattles are good, Just a feast for the soul!

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Percussion musical instruments: tambourine The tambourine has been known in Russia since time immemorial. It is not possible to establish his exact age today. The tambourine is a round wooden base-shell, on one side of which a strong leather membrane is stretched, which is the main source of sound. At the request of the musician, bells or bells can be hung from the shell. The side walls of the shell can be cut through, and ringing and rattling metal plates are installed there. In former times, any musical percussion instruments were called tambourine in Russia, which, much later, began to receive new, their own names: timpani; xylophone; drum and so on. No less famous in ancient times were the so-called military tambourines: tulumbas, alarm. Their dimensions were so large that at least four horses were required to transport them. Military (military) tambourines were used in the Russian Army (in infantry and cavalry). The thunder of military tambourines, along with the piercing sounds of trumpets and pipes, was so terrible that the enemy troops took to flight without starting the battle. The sounds of modern tambourines are extracted with the fingers or palm. The tambourine itself is slightly shaken and tapped. As the bear went to dance, Sing and hit the tambourine: - Boom! Boom! Tram - ra - ry! Fly away, mosquitoes!

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Percussion instruments: mallet The mallet is a very ancient Russian folk percussion musical instrument. At first, it was intended for guards and watchmen who walked the night streets of cities and villages, tapping a mallet at regular intervals. These sounds scared away night robbers and thieves, and served as a signal to ordinary people that everything was in order around. Over time, this musical instrument was firmly entrenched in Russian folk ensembles. A rare holiday did without the measured sound of a beater. It turned out that the beater beats the musical rhythm of the melody. The mallet looks like a kind of wooden frame-box or some kind of simple drum covered with leather. As a rule, a small wooden ball or piece of wood was tied to the upper end of the mallet. The swinging movements of the mallet caused the ball to spin and hit the surface of the frame or membrane. At the same time, clear, knocking sounds were heard. The knock-knock-knock beater, The spider animal sleeps, The cow sleeps, The fly sleeps, The moon hangs above the earth. Above the ground is a large bowl of overturned water. Sleeping plant Potato. Sleep soon and you!

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Russian musical instruments have great technical and artistic capabilities. They are able to perform a variety of works - from simple, ingenuous chants, tunes and dances to complex original musical compositions. Many of the considered musical instruments are in development, their design and sound quality are being improved. This process directly depends on the achievements of the leading concert performers. Thanks to their close cooperation with composers, a highly artistic original folk repertoire is being created. The range of musical images transmitted by folk instruments is expanding, the very aesthetics of their sound becomes different. The development of Russian folk musical instruments at the present stage The current state of the instrumental folk musical tradition inspires certain hopes for its preservation and further fruitful development. Russian folk musical instruments are an original phenomenon in the world musical culture. Inextricably linked in their development with the spiritual life, practical activities, everyday life, aesthetic and moral foundations of the broad strata of the Russian people, they express the richness of its inner world, inexhaustible optimism, intelligence, depth of feelings, special specific features of the nation.

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National Academic Orchestra of Folk Instruments of Russia. N.P. Osipova Only he can fit the Russian field into the concert hall. The epic chimes of the harp, the morning flute, the expanse sound of the horn and the wheat ripeness of the balalaikas sound music. She gives us Russia. The orchestra of Russian folk instruments has become a unique phenomenon not only in the domestic, but also in the entire world musical culture. It is a special synthesis of Russian folklore and European academic art, and at the same time has a unique characteristic timbre, which has become, to a certain extent, a musical symbol of Russian national culture.

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To cultivate love for the motherland, it is necessary to know and understand folk traditions. Revealing the origins of the creation of folk instruments, developing an emotionally holistic attitude to life through musical folklore, we all learn to understand, respect and not destroy the cultural heritage of our ancestors. Conclusion

A Russian folk musical instrument is an object with which musicians extract any, including non-musical, unorganized sounds.

Existing ordinary musical instruments are divided into several groups: plucked strings, bowed strings, brass, reed winds, woodwinds, and percussion. Keyboard instruments can be singled out as a separate group, although the methods of sound extraction in them are often different.

The physical basis of a musical instrument that produces musical sounds (with the exception of digital electrical devices) is a resonator. It can be a string, a column of air in a certain volume, an oscillatory circuit, or another object that can store the supplied energy in the form of vibrations. The resonant frequency of the resonator determines the fundamental tone (first overtone) of the sound produced. An instrument can produce as many sounds at the same time as there are resonators in it. The sound begins at the moment of input of energy into the resonator. The resonant frequencies of the resonators of some instruments can often be changed smoothly or discretely as the instrument is played.

In musical instruments that produce non-musical sounds, such as drums, the presence of a resonator is not essential.

Russian musical instruments

Balalaika

Balalaika is a Russian folk three-stringed plucked musical instrument with a triangular, slightly curved wooden body. This is one of the instruments that have become the musical symbol of the Russian people.

The very name of the instrument is typically folk, with the sound of syllables, conveying the nature of playing on it. The root of the words "balalaika", or, as it was also called, "balabayka", has long attracted the attention of researchers by its kinship with such Russian words as balakat, balabonit, balabolit, joker, which means to talk about something insignificant, to chat, to get along, to empty calls , scribbling. All these concepts, complementing each other, convey the essence of the balalaika - an instrument of light, funny, "strumming", not very serious.

The body is glued from separate (6-7) segments, the head of the long neck is slightly bent back. Metal strings (In the 18th century, two of them were veined; modern balalaikas have nylon or carbon strings). On the fingerboard of a modern balalaika there are 16-31 metal frets (until the end of the 19th century - 5-7 forced frets).

In a modern orchestra of Russian folk instruments, five varieties of balalaikas are used: prima, second, viola, bass and double bass. Of these, only the prima (600-700 mm) is a solo, virtuoso instrument, while the rest are assigned purely orchestral functions: the second and viola implement chord accompaniment, and the bass and double bass (up to 1.7 meters long) - the bass function.

The sound is loud but soft. The most common techniques for extracting sound: rattling, pizzicato, double pizzicato, single pizzicato, vibrato, tremolo, fractions, guitar tricks.

It is believed that the balalaika has been spreading since the end of the 17th century. Perhaps it comes from the Asian dombra. Improved thanks to V. Andreev together with the masters Paserbsky and Nalimov. A family of modernized balalaikas has been created: piccolo, prima, second, viola, bass, double bass. The balalaika is used as a solo concert, ensemble and orchestral instrument.

Kugikly

Kugikly (kuvikly) or tsevnitsa is a wind musical instrument, a Russian variety of a multi-barreled flute. Kugicles are a set of hollow tubes (3-5 tubes) of various lengths (from 100 to 160 mm) and diameters. Pipes are made from stalks of kugi (marsh reeds), reeds, bamboo, tree branches and bushes with a core. The tubes of the instrument are not fastened together, which allows them to be changed depending on the required tuning. The upper open ends are located at the same level, the lower one is closed by the trunk knot. Modern cugicles can be made of metal, plastic or ebonite.

Bringing the upper ends of the tubes to the mouth and moving them (or the head) from side to side, they blow on the edges of the sections, extracting, as a rule, short, jerky sounds.

The sound of the kugikla is quiet, gentle, whistling. It goes well with other folk instruments - a pipe, a horn, a pity, a flute, a folk violin. Mostly women play the kugikles, the ensemble of kugikals consists of 3-4 performers, one or two play and simultaneously make sounds similar to the sound of pipes, the rest play along the same melodies in a syncopated rhythm.

Rubel

Percussion and noise instruments are among the most ancient musical instruments. Our ancestors made them from the material that they had at hand - wood, leather, bone, clay, and later metal. They were credited with magical powers.

Percussion instruments that do not have a scale have great expressive possibilities and are widely used in folk music.

Rubel (rebrak, pralnik) is a household item that in the old days Russian women used to iron clothes after washing. Hand-wrung linen was wound on a roller or rolling pin and rolled out with a rubel, so much so that even poorly washed linen became snow-white, as if all the “juices” had been squeezed out of it. Hence the proverb: "Not by washing, but by rolling."

The rubel was a plate of hardwood with a handle at one end. On one side of the plate, transverse rounded scars were cut, the second remained smooth, and sometimes was decorated with intricate carvings. In different regions of our country, rubles could differ either in shape features or in a peculiar decor. So, in the Vladimir province, the rubel, decorated with geometric carving, was distinguished by its extraordinary length, on the Mezen River, the rubel became wide, slightly expanding towards the end, and in the Yaroslavl province, in addition to the geometric carving, the rubel was sometimes decorated with three-dimensional sculpture, which, protruding above the carved surface, served in the same time and very comfortable second handle. Sometimes the handle of the rubel was made hollow and peas or other small objects were placed inside so that they rattled when rolled out.

For rubels, hardwood is used: oak, mountain ash, beech, maple, birch. In work, you can use waste wood boards, processing them manually or on a machine. The ends of the rubels are evenly filed, the sharp corners on the edges are rounded off with a file. A handle is also cut from the same blank. An additional operation is cutting rollers on the lower surface of the rubels. In the next stage of work, the resulting sharp edges are smoothed, giving them a round shape. The resonator slot in the housing is drilled and processed from one of the side end sides, and not through.

Literature:

1. Bezhkovich A.S. etc. Economy and life of Russian peasants. - M.: Soviet Russia, 1959.

2. Bychkov VN Musical instruments. - M.: AST-PRESS, 2000.