Can a chamber orchestra perform a symphony. Types of orchestras and their differences

an orchestra of a small composition, the core of which is an ensemble of performers on strings. instruments (6-8 violins, 2-3 violas, 2-3 cellos, double bass). In to. the harpsichord often enters, which, along with cellos, double bass, and often bassoons, takes part in the performance of the bass general. Sometimes in K. about. the spirit is turned on. tools. In the 17-18 centuries. such orchestras (unlike church or opera ones) were used to perform concerti grossi, concertos with solo instruments, conc. symphony, orc. suites, serenades, divertissements, etc. Then they did not bear the name "K. o." This term came into use only in the 20th century. K. o., as well as large and small, is independent. orchestra type. The revival of K. o. largely due to the growing interest in preclassical. and early classic. music, in particular to the work of J. S. Bach, and with the desire to reproduce its true sound. The basis of the repertoire of the majority of K. o. make up the production A. Corelli, T. Albinoni, A. Vivaldi, G. F. Telemann, J. S. Bach, G. F. Handel, W. A. ​​Mozart, and others. modern composers, due to the desire to find adequate means for the embodiment of the muses. ideas of a "small plan", a reaction to the "super-orchestra" that had grown to gigantic proportions at the beginning of the 20th century. (R. Strauss, G. Mahler, I.F. Stravinsky) and a craving for the economy of music. means, the revival of polyphony. K. o. 20th century characteristic means. freedom, irregularity, as if an accident of the composition, each time determined by one or another art. by design. Under modern K. o. often imply composition, in Krom, as in a chamber ensemble, each instr. the party is represented preim. one soloist. Sometimes K. o. limited to strings only. instruments (J. P. Ryaets, Concerto for chamber orchestra, op. 16, 1964). In cases where the spirit also enters it. tools, its composition can vary from several. soloists (P. Hindemith, Chamber Music No 3, op. 36, for cello obligato and 10 solo instruments, 1925) up to 20-30 performers (A. G. Schnittke, 2nd concerto for violin and chamber orchestra, 1970 ; D. D. Shostakovich, 14th symphony for soprano, bass and chamber orchestra, op. 135, 1971), without reaching, however, the completeness of the composition of the small symphony. orchestra. Borders between K. about. and chamber ensemble are rather vague. In the 20th century for K. o. write essays in the most various genres. Among the modern zarub. orchestras: K. o. under ex. V. Stros (FRG, organized in 1942), Stuttgart Conservatory. under ex. K. Münchinger (Germany, 1946), Vienna Chamber Ensemble early music"Musica anticua" under control. B. Klebel (Austria), "Virtuosos of Rome" under dir. R. Fasano (1947), Chamber Orchestra of Zagreb Radio and Television (1954), Chamber Orchestra "Clarion Concerts" (USA, 1957), Chamber Orchestra conducted by. A. Brotta (Canada) and others. are available in many major cities of the USSR: Moscow K. o. under ex. R. B. Barshaya (1956), K. o. Moscow Conservatory under the control. M. H. Teriana (1961), Leningrad K. o. under ex. L. M. Gozman (1961), Kyiv K. o. under ex. I. I. Blazhkova (1961), K. o. Lithuanian State Philharmonic under the direction S. Sondecki (Kaunas, 1960) and others.

Literature: Ginzburg L., Rabey V., Moscow Chamber Orchestra, in the collection: The skill of a performing musician, vol. 1, M., 1972; Raaben L., Leningrad Chamber Orchestras, in: Music and Life. Music and musicians of Leningrad, L., 1972; Quittard H., L "orchestre des concerts de chambre au XVII-e sícle, "ZIMG", Jahrg. XI, 1909-10; Rrunières H., La musique de la chambre et de l "écurie sous le rigne de François, 1 -er, "L" annie musicale", I, 1911; separate ed., R., 1912; Сuсue1 G., Etudes sur un orchestre au XVIII-e sícle, P., 1913; Wellesz E., Die neue Instrumentation , Bd 1-2, V., 1928-29; Carse A., The orchestra in the XVIIIth century, Camb., 1940, 1950; Rincherle M., L "orchestre de chambre, P., 1949; Paumgartner B., Das instrumentalen Ensemble, Z., 1966.

I. A. Barsova.

Watch value Chamber Orchestra in other dictionaries

Chamber- chamber, chamber. App. to camera in 1 digit watchman.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Orchestra- m. ital. complete collection musicians, for playing together, that in voice music the choir; | fenced off in the theater and generally arranged somewhere for musicians. ow........
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Orchestra M.- 1. A group of musicians who jointly perform a piece of music on various instruments. 2. Ensemble of musical instruments. // Part of the ensemble of musical ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Efremova

Orchestra- orchestra, m. (from the Greek orchestra - a place for dancing in front of the stage). 1. Ensemble of musical instruments. Symphony orchestra concert. Piece for string orchestra. Wind........
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Orchestra- -a; m. [French. orchestra from the Greek. orchēstra - platform in front of the stage in the ancient Greek theater]
1. A group of musicians or a combination of various instruments involved in the performance ........
Explanatory Dictionary of Kuznetsov

Orchestra- This word came into Russian from French, being borrowed from Latin, which also borrowed it from Greece, where orchestra meant "a place for dancing." Romans........
Etymological Dictionary of Krylov

Chamber Corner- see Iris-corneal angle.
Big Medical Dictionary

Big Symphony Orchestra of the State Television and Radio Broadcasting Company- them. P. I. Tchaikovsky, academic, founded in 1930. Conductors headed: A. I. Orlov, N. S. Golovanov, A. V. Gauk, G. N. Rozhdestvensky. Principal Conductor and Artistic Director........

Military Band- see Brass band.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

State Symphony Orchestra- created in 1936 in Moscow. Since 1972 academic. Conductors headed by: A. V. Gauk, N. G. Rakhlin, K. K. Ivanov, since 1965 the chief conductor E. F. Svetlanov.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Brass band- a group of musicians-performers on wind and percussion instruments. A similar composition is typical for military bands.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Chamber- pertaining to the camera; consisting of chambers; equipped with a camera. 2) Intended for a narrow circle of listeners, spectators (eg, chamber art).
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Chamber Ensemble- a group of chamber music performers (trio, quartets, etc.), acting as a single artistic group. 2) A piece of music written for a small number of participants.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Chamber Musical Theater St. Petersburg Opera- created in 1987. Artistic director - Yu. I. Alexandrov (since 1987).
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Chamber Orchestra- a small orchestra, the basis of which is a string group, supplemented by a harpsichord, spiritual, now also percussion. The repertoire is predominantly music of the 17th-18th centuries. (concerts........
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Chamber Theater- Moscow - founded in 1914 by director A. Ya. Tairov, since 1920 - academic. Having proclaimed the aesthetic independence of the theater as an art form, striving for a synthetic.....
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Moscow Chamber Musical Theater- opened in 1972. Organizer and artistic director - B. A. Pokrovsky, among the conductors - G. N. Rozhdestvensky. Mainly chamber operas are staged: "Director of the Theater", ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Orchestra- (from the orchestra) - a group of musicians (12 people or more) who play various instruments and jointly perform musical works. The term "orchestra" in the 17th-18th centuries.........
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Horn Orchestra- (horn music) - the orchestra was created in Russia in the middle. 18th century Consisted of improved hunting horns. Each instrument produced 1 sound of a chromatic scale.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Russian National Symphony Orchestra— was founded in 1991 in Moscow. The main conductor is M. V. Pletnev.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

Symphony Orchestra- a large group of musicians performing symphonic musical works. includes 3 groups of instruments: wind, percussion, bowed strings. Classic (double, ........
Big encyclopedic dictionary

String Orchestra- string orchestra bowed instruments- violins, violas, cellos, double basses, as well as folk instruments.
Big encyclopedic dictionary

chamber charge- (a. room charge; n. Kammerladung, Kammermine; f. charge de chambre; and. cargo de camara) - a concentrated charge of explosives of large mass (up to several million kg), placed in a special mine working ..... ...
Mountain Encyclopedia

Chamber- - intended for a narrow circle, small. Camera related.
Historical dictionary

Orchestra- a group of musicians. Replaced in the XVII-XVIII centuries. common in Europe, the term "chapel". O. string, wind, symphonic, etc., pop, jazz, military.
Historical dictionary

Horn Orchestra- - horn music - an orchestra created in Russia in mid-eighteenth in. Consisted of improved hunting horns. Each instrument produced one sound of the chromatic scale.
Historical dictionary

Russian Folk Orchestra named after N.p. Osipova- created in 1919 on the initiative of B.S. Troyanovsky and P.I. Alekseev (art director until 1939) as the First Moscow Great Russian Orchestra; from 1936 - State Band folk........
Historical dictionary

Symphony Orchestra- - a large group of musicians performing symphonic musical works. Includes 3 groups of instruments: wind, percussion, bowed strings.
Historical dictionary

String Orchestra- - an orchestra consisting of stringed bowed musical instruments - violins, violas, cellos, double basses, as well as folk instruments.
Historical dictionary

Brass band- see orchestra.
Music dictionary

The symphony orchestra consists of three groups of musical instruments: strings (violins, violas, cellos, double basses), winds (brass and wood) and a group of percussion instruments. The number of musicians in groups may vary depending on the piece being performed. Often the composition of a symphony orchestra is expanded, additional and atypical for it are introduced musical instruments: harp, celesta, saxophone, etc. The number of musicians of a symphony orchestra in some cases can exceed 200 musicians!

Depending on the number of musicians in groups, a small and a large symphony orchestra are distinguished; among the varieties of small, there are theater orchestras participating in musical accompaniment operas and ballets.

Chamber

Such an orchestra differs from a symphony by a significantly smaller composition of musicians and a smaller variety of groups of instruments. In the chamber orchestra, the number of wind and percussion instruments has also been reduced.

String

This orchestra consists only of stringed bowed instruments - violin, viola, cello, double bass.

Wind

The composition of the brass band includes a variety of wind instruments - wood and brass, as well as a group of percussion instruments. The brass band includes, along with musical instruments characteristic of a symphony orchestra (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon, saxophone, trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba), and specific instruments (wind alto, tenor, baritone, euphonium, flugelhorn, sousaphone and etc.), which are not found in other types of orchestras.

The military is very popular in our country. brass bands performing, along with pop and jazz compositions, special applied military music: fanfares, marches, hymns and the so-called garden and park repertoire - waltzes and old marches. Brass bands are much more mobile than symphony and chamber bands, they can play music while moving. There is a special genre of performance - an orchestral defile, in which the performance of music by a brass band is combined with the simultaneous performance of complex choreographic performances by musicians.

AT major theaters opera and ballet, you can meet special brass bands - theatrical bands. Gangs participate directly in the stage production, where, according to the plot, the musicians are acting characters.

Pop

As a rule, this is a special composition of a small symphony orchestra (pop-symphony orchestra), which includes, among other things, a group of saxophones, specific keyboards, electronic instruments (synthesizer, electric guitar, etc.) and a pop rhythm section.

Jazz

A jazz orchestra (band) consists, as a rule, of a wind group, which includes groups of trumpets, trombones and saxophones expanded compared to other orchestras, a group of strings, represented by violins and double bass, as well as a jazz rhythm section.

Orchestra of Folk Instruments

One of the variants of the folk ensemble is the orchestra of Russian folk instruments. It consists of groups of balalaikas and domras, includes gusli, button accordions, special Russian wind instruments- horns and pity. Such orchestras often include instruments typical of a symphony orchestra - flutes, oboe, horns and percussion instruments. The idea of ​​creating such an orchestra was proposed by the balalaika player Vasily Andreev in late XIX century.

Orchestra of Russian folk instruments is not the only kind folk ensembles. There are, for example, orchestras Scottish pipers, Mexican wedding orchestras, in which there is a group of various guitars, trumpets, ethnic percussion, etc.

orchestra Moriah fields, Glenn Miller Orchestra
Orchestra(from Greek ορχήστρα) - a large group of instrumental musicians. unlike chamber ensembles, in an orchestra some of its musicians form groups playing in unison.

• 1 Historical outline
• 2 Symphony Orchestra
• 3 Brass band
• 4 String orchestra
• 5 Orchestra of Folk Instruments
• 6 Variety Orchestra
• 7 Jazz Band
• 8 Military Band
• 9 History of military music
• 10 School Orchestra
• 11 Notes

Historical outline

The very idea of ​​simultaneously playing music by a group of performers-instrumentalists goes into deep antiquity: also in Ancient Egypt small bands of musicians played together at various celebrations and funerals. An early example of orchestration is the score of Orpheus by Monteverdi, written for forty instruments: that is how many musicians served at the court of the Duke of Mantua. During the 17th century, ensembles consisted, as a rule, of related instruments, and only in exceptional cases was the union of dissimilar instruments practiced. To early XVIII century, an orchestra was formed on the basis of string instruments: first and second violins, violas, cellos and double basses. Such a composition of strings made it possible to use a full-sounding four-part harmony with an octave doubling of the bass. The leader of the orchestra simultaneously performed the part of the general bass on the harpsichord (in secular music-making) or on the organ (in church music). later, oboes, flutes and bassoons entered the orchestra, and often the same performers played flutes and oboes, and these instruments could not sound simultaneously. In the second half of the 18th century, clarinets, trumpets and percussion instruments (drums or timpani) joined the orchestra.

The word "orchestra" ("orchestra") comes from the name of the round platform in front of the stage in the ancient Greek theater, which housed the ancient Greek choir, a participant in any tragedy or comedy. Renaissance and further in the XVII century the orchestra was transformed into orchestra pit and, accordingly, gave the name to the collective of musicians located in it.

Symphony Orchestra

A symphony is an orchestra composed of several heterogeneous groups of instruments - a family of strings, winds and percussion. The principle of such unification took shape in Europe in the 18th century. Initially, the symphony orchestra included groups of bowed instruments, woodwinds and brass instruments, which were joined by a few percussion instruments. Subsequently, the composition of each of these groups expanded and diversified. Currently, among a number of varieties of symphony orchestras, it is customary to distinguish between a small and a large symphony orchestra. The Small Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra of predominantly classical composition (playing music from the end of the 18th - early XIX century, or modern stylizations). it consists of 2 flutes (rarely a small flute), 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 (rarely 4) horns, sometimes 2 trumpets and timpani, a string group of no more than 20 instruments (5 first and 4 second violins, 4 violas, 3 cello, 2 basses). A large symphony orchestra (BSO) includes trombones with a tuba in the copper group and can have any composition. The number of woodwind instruments (flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons) can reach up to 5 instruments of each family (sometimes more clarinets) and include their varieties (pick and alto flutes, oboe d "amour and English horn, small, alto and bass- clarinets, contrabassoon).The copper group can include up to 8 horns (including Wagner (horn) tubas), 5 trumpets (including small, alto, bass), 3-5 trombones (tenor and bass) and tuba. Saxophones are sometimes used (all 4 types, see jazz orchestra) String group reaches 60 or more instruments A huge variety of percussion instruments is possible (the basis of the percussion group is timpani, small and big drum s, cymbals, triangle, tom-toms and bells). Often used harp, piano, harpsichord, organ.

Brass band

A brass band is an orchestra consisting exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. Brass instruments form the basis of the brass band, the leading role in the brass band among brass wind instruments is played by wide-scale brass instruments of the flugelhorn group - soprano-flugelhorns, cornets, altohorns, tenorhorns, baritone-euphoniums, bass and contrabass tubas, (note in the symphony orchestra only one contrabass tuba is used). Parts of narrow-scaled brass instruments, trumpets, horns, trombones, are superimposed on their basis. Also in brass bands, woodwind instruments are used: flutes, clarinets, saxophones, in large ensembles - oboes and bassoons. large brass bands wooden tools are doubled many times (like strings in a symphony orchestra), varieties are used (especially small flutes and clarinets, English oboe, viola and bass clarinet, sometimes contrabass clarinet and contrabassoon, alto flute and amurgoboe are used quite rarely). The wooden group is divided into two subgroups, similar to the two subgroups of brass: clarinet-saxophone (single-reed instruments are bright in sound - there are a little more of them in number) and a group of flutes, oboes and bassoons (weaker in sound than clarinets, double-reed and whistle instruments) . The group of French horns, trumpets and trombones is often divided into ensembles, specific trumpets (small, rarely alto and bass) and trombones (bass) are used. such orchestras have a large group of percussions, the basis of which is all the same timpani and the "Janissary group" small, cylindrical and large drums, cymbals, a triangle, as well as a tambourine, castanets and tam-tam. Possible keyboard instruments- piano, harpsichord, synthesizer (or organ) and harps. A large brass band can play not only marches and waltzes, but also overtures, concertos, opera arias and even symphonies. The giant combined brass bands in the parades are actually based on doubling all the instruments and their composition is very poor. These are just multiply enlarged small brass bands without oboes, bassoons and with a small number of saxophones. A brass band is distinguished by its powerful, bright sonority and therefore is often used not indoors, but outdoors (for example, accompanying a procession). For a brass band, it is typical to perform military music, as well as popular dances of European origin (the so-called garden music) - waltzes, polkas, mazurkas. recent times brass bands of garden music change their line-up, merging with orchestras of other genres. So, when performing Creole dances - tango, foxtrot, blues jive, rumba, salsa, jazz elements are involved: instead of the Janissary percussion group, a jazz drum kit (1 performer) and a number of Afro-Creole instruments (see jazz orchestra). In such cases, keyboard instruments (piano, organ) and harp are increasingly used.

string orchestra

A string orchestra is essentially a group of bowed string instruments of a symphony orchestra. The string orchestra includes two groups of violins (first violins and second violins), as well as violas, cellos and double basses. This type of orchestra has been known since the 16th-17th centuries.

Orchestra of Folk Instruments

AT various countries Orchestras made up of folk instruments became widespread, performing both transcriptions of works written for other compositions and original compositions. An example is the orchestra of Russian folk instruments, which includes instruments of the domra and balalaika families, as well as psaltery, button accordions, zhaleika, rattles, whistles and other instruments. The idea to create such an orchestra was proposed at the end of the 19th century by the balalaika player Vasily Andreev. in a number of cases, such an orchestra additionally introduces instruments that are actually not related to folk: flutes, oboes, various bells and many percussion instruments.

Variety Orchestra

Variety orchestra - a group of musicians performing variety and jazz music. The variety orchestra consists of strings, wind instruments (including saxophones, which are usually not represented in the wind groups of symphony orchestras), keyboards, percussion and electric musical instruments.

Variety Symphony Orchestra - a large instrumental composition capable of combining performing principles various kinds musical art. The pop part is represented in such compositions by a rhythm group ( drum kit, percussion, piano, synthesizer, guitar, bass guitar) and a full big band (groups of trumpets, trombones and saxophones); symphonic - big group stringed bowed instruments, woodwind group, timpani, harp and others.

The forerunner of the variety symphony orchestra was symphonic jazz, which arose in the USA in the 1920s. and created a concert style of popular entertainment and dance-jazz music. Symphonic jazz was performed by the domestic orchestras of L. Teplitsky (“Concert Jazz Band”, 1927), the State Jazz Orchestra under the direction of V. Knushevitsky (1937). The term "Variety Symphony Orchestra" appeared in 1954. This was the name of the Variety Orchestra of the All-Union Radio and Television under the direction of Y. Silantyev, created in 1945. In 1983, after the death of Silantyev, it was directed by A. Petukhov, then M. Kazhlaev. The variety symphony orchestras also included the orchestras of the Moscow Hermitage Theatre, the Moscow and Leningrad Variety Theatres, the Blue Screen Orchestra (headed by B. Karamyshev), the Leningrad Concert Orchestra (headed by A. Badkhen), the State Variety Orchestra of the Latvian SSR conducted by Raymond Pauls, the State Variety Symphony Orchestra of Ukraine, the Presidential Orchestra of Ukraine, etc.

Most often, pop-symphony orchestras are used during song gala performances, television competitions, less often for the performance of instrumental music. Studio work (recording music for the radio and film fund, on sound media, creating phonograms) prevails over concert work. Variety symphony orchestras have become a kind of laboratory for domestic, light and jazz music.

jazz orchestra

The jazz orchestra is one of the most interesting and peculiar phenomena contemporary music. Arising later than all other orchestras, it began to influence other forms of music - chamber, symphony, music of brass bands. Jazz uses many of the instruments of a symphony orchestra, but has a quality that is radically different from all other forms of orchestral music.

The main quality that distinguishes jazz from European music- this is a greater role of rhythm (much greater than in a military march or waltz). connection with this in any jazz orchestra is special group instruments - rhythm section. A jazz orchestra has another feature - the prevailing role of jazz improvisation leads to a noticeable variability in its composition. However, there are several types of jazz orchestras (approximately 7-8): chamber combo (although this is the area of ​​​​the ensemble, but it must be indicated, since it is the essence of the action of the rhythm section), dixieland chamber ensemble, small jazz orchestra - big band of small composition , large jazz orchestra without strings - big band, large jazz orchestra with strings (not symphonic type) - extended big band, symphonic jazz orchestra.

The rhythm section of all types of jazz orchestra usually includes percussion, stringed plucked and keyboard instruments. This is a jazz drum kit (1 player) consisting of several rhythm cymbals, several accent cymbals, several tom-toms (either Chinese or African), pedal cymbals, a snare drum and a special kind of bass drum of African origin - the “Ethiopian (Kenyan) kick drum ” (its sound is much softer than the Turkish bass drum). Many styles of southern jazz and Latin American music (rumba, salsa, tango, samba, cha-cha-cha, etc.) use additional percussion: a set of congo-bongo drums, maracas (chocalo, cabasa), bells, wooden boxes, Senegalese bells (agogo), clave, etc. Other instruments of the rhythm section that already hold a melodic-harmonic pulse: piano, guitar or banjo ( special kind North African guitar), acoustic bass guitar or double bass (played only by plucking). large orchestras sometimes have several guitars, a guitar along with a banjo, both types of basses. The rarely used tuba is a wind bass instrument in the rhythm section. large orchestras (big bands of all 3 types and symphonic jazz) often use vibraphone, marimba, flexatone, ukulele, blues guitar (both of the latter are slightly electrified, along with bass), but these instruments are no longer included in the rhythm section.

Other groups of a jazz orchestra depend on its type. combo usually 1-2 soloists (saxophone, trumpet or bowed soloist: violin or viola). Examples: ModernJazzQuartet, JazzMessenjers.

Dixieland has 1-2 trumpets, 1 trombone, clarinet or soprano saxophone, sometimes alto or tenor saxophone, 1-2 violins. the Dixieland banjo rhythm section is used more frequently than the guitar. Examples: Armstrong Ensemble (USA), Tsfasman Ensemble (USSR).

In a small big band there can be 3 trumpets, 1-2 trombones, 3-4 saxophones (soprano = tenor, alto, baritone, everyone also plays clarinets), 3-4 violins, sometimes a cello. Examples: Ellington's First Orchestra 29-35 (USA), Bratislava Hot Serenaders (Slovakia).

A large big band usually has 4 trumpets (1-2 high soprano parts play at the level of small ones with special mouthpieces), 3-4 trombones (4 trombones tenor-contrabass or tenor-bass, sometimes 3), 5 saxophones (2 altos, 2 tenors = soprano, baritone).

In an extended big band there can be up to 5 pipes (with specific pipes), up to 5 trombones, additional saxophones and clarinets (5-7 common saxophones and clarinets), bowed strings (no more than 4 - 6 violins, 2 violas, 3 cellos) , sometimes horn, flute, small flute (only in the USSR). Similar experiments in jazz were carried out in the USA by Duke Ellington, Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, Stanley Kenton, Count Basie, in Cuba by Paquito d'Rivera, Arturo Sandoval, in the USSR by Eddie Rosner, Leonid Utyosov.

The symphonic jazz orchestra includes a large string group(40-60 performers), and bow double basses are possible (in a big band there can only be bow cellos, the double bass is a member of the rhythm section). But the main thing is the use of flutes rare for jazz (in all types from small to bass), oboes (all 3-4 types), horns and bassoons (and contrabassoon) that are not at all typical for jazz. Clarinets are complemented by bass, alto, small clarinet. Such an orchestra can perform symphonies, concertos specially written for it, participate in operas (Gershwin). Its feature is a pronounced rhythmic pulse, which is not found in an ordinary symphony orchestra. A symphonic jazz orchestra should be distinguished from its complete aesthetic opposite - a variety orchestra based not on jazz, but on beat music.

Special types of jazz bands - brass jazz band (brass band with a jazz rhythm section, including a guitar group and with a reduced role of flugelhorns), a church jazz band ( exists only in countries Latin America , includes organ, choir, church bells, the entire rhythm section, drums without bells and agogo, saxophones, clarinets, trumpets, trombones, bowed strings), a jazz-rock style ensemble (Miles Davis' team, from the Soviet ones - Arsenal, etc.).

military band

military band- a special full-time military unit designed to perform military music, that is, musical works during drill training of troops, during the performance of military rituals, solemn ceremonies, as well as for concert activities.

Central Band of the Czech Army

There are homogeneous military bands, consisting of brass and percussion instruments, and mixed ones, which also include a group of woodwind instruments. The military orchestra is led by a military conductor. The use of musical instruments (wind and percussion) in war was already known to the ancient peoples. The chronicles of the 14th century already point to the use of instruments in the Russian troops: “and the voices of the military trumpets began to blow, and the jew’s harps teput (sound), and the banners roar unwavering.”

Admiralty Band of the Leningrad Naval Base

Some princes with thirty banners or regiments had 140 trumpets and a tambourine. The old Russian combat instruments include timpani, which were used under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in the Reiter cavalry regiments, and nakras, now known as a tambourine. in the old days, tambourines were small copper bowls covered with leather on top, which were hit with sticks. They were imposed in front of the rider at the saddle. Sometimes tambourines reached extraordinary sizes; they were carried by several horses, they were hit by eight people. These tambourines were known to our ancestors under the name of tympanums.

In the XIV century. alarms, that is, drums, are already known. Surna, or antimony, was also used in the old days.

In the West, the arrangement of more or less organized military bands belongs to the 17th century. At Louis XIV the orchestra consisted of pipes, oboes, bassoons, trumpets, timpani, drums. All these instruments were divided into three groups, rarely joined together.

In the 18th century, the clarinet was introduced into the military orchestra, and military music acquired a melodic meaning. Until the beginning of the 19th century, military bands in both France and Germany included, in addition to the above-mentioned instruments, horns, serpents, trombones and Turkish music, that is, a bass drum, cymbals, a triangle. The invention of pistons for brass instruments(1816) had a great influence on the development of the military orchestra: trumpets, cornets, bugelhorns, ophicleides with pistons, tubas, saxophones appeared. Mention should also be made of an orchestra consisting only of brass instruments (fanfare). Such an orchestra is used in cavalry regiments. New organization military bands from the West passed to Russia.

In the foreground is the orchestra of the Czechoslovak Corps, 1918 (g.).

History of military music

Military band at the parade in Pereslavl-Zalessky

Peter I took care of improving military music; were discharged from Germany knowledgeable people for training soldiers who played from 11 to 12 noon on the Admiralty tower. the reign of Anna Ioannovna and later at the opera court performances the orchestra was strengthened the best musicians from the Guards.

To military music should also include the choirs of regimental songwriters.

This article was written using material from encyclopedic dictionary Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907)

school orchestra

A team of musicians consisting of school students, usually headed by a primary school teacher music education. For musicians, it is often the starting point of their further musical career.

Notes

1. Kendall
2. VARIETY ORCHESTRA

Glenn Miller Orchestra, James Last Orchestra, Kovel Orchestra, Kurmangazy Orchestra, Field Moria Orchestra, Silantiev Orchestra, Smig Orchestra, Wikipedia Orchestra, Eddie Rosner Orchestra, Jani Concerto Orchestra

Orchestra Information About

Music is, first of all, sounds. They can be loud and quiet, fast and slow, rhythmic and not so…

But each of them, each sounding note in a certain way affects the consciousness of a person listening to music, his state of mind. And if this orchestral music, then she certainly will not be able to leave anyone indifferent!

Orchestra. Types of orchestras

An orchestra is a group of musicians who play musical instruments, works that are designed specifically for these instruments.

And from what this composition is, the orchestra has different musical possibilities: by timbre, dynamics, expressiveness.

What types of orchestras are there? The main ones are:

• symphonic;
• instrumental;
• orchestra of folk instruments;
• wind;
• jazz;
• pop.

There is also a military band (performing military songs), a school band (which includes schoolchildren), and so on.

Symphony Orchestra

This type of orchestra contains string, wind and percussion instruments.

There is a small symphony orchestra and a large one.

Small is the one that plays the music of composers late XVIII- start 19th century. His repertoire may include modern variations. A large symphony orchestra differs from a small one by adding more instruments to its composition.

The composition of the small necessarily contains:

• violins;
• alto;
• cellos;
• double basses;
• bassoons;
• horns;
• pipes;
• timpani;
• flutes;
• clarinet;
• oboe.

The big one includes the following tools:

• flutes;
• oboes;
• clarinets;
• contrabassoons.

By the way, it can include up to 5 instruments of each family. And also in large orchestra are present:

• horns;
• pipes (bass, small, alto);
• trombones (tenor, tenorbass);
• tube.

And, of course, percussion instruments:

• timpani;
• bells;
• small and big drum;
• triangle;
• plate;
• Indian tom-tom;
• harp;
• piano;
• harpsichord.

A feature of a small orchestra is that there are about 20 string instruments in it, while in a large one there are about 60.

The conductor directs the symphony orchestra. He artistically interprets the work performed by the orchestra with the help of the score - a complete musical notation of all parts of each instrument of the orchestra.

Instrumental orchestra

This type of orchestra differs in its form in that it does not have a clear number of musical instruments of certain groups. And also he can perform any music (unlike a symphony orchestra, which performs exclusively classical).

There are no specific types of instrumental orchestras, but conventionally they include a variety orchestra, as well as an orchestra performing classics in modern processing.

According to historical reference, instrumental music began to actively develop in Russia only under Peter the Great. She, of course, had Western influence on herself, but she was no longer under such a ban as in earlier times. And before it came to such a point that it was forbidden not only to play, but to burn musical instruments. The Church believed that they had neither soul nor heart, and therefore they could not glorify God. And therefore instrumental music developed mainly among the common people.

They play in an instrumental orchestra on a flute, lyre, cithara, flute, trumpet, oboe, tambourine, trombone, pipe, nozzle and other musical instruments.

The most popular instrumental orchestra of the 20th century is the Paul Mauriat Orchestra.

He was its conductor, leader, arranger. His orchestra played a lot of popular musical works of the 20th century, as well as his own composition.

Folk Orchestra

In such an orchestra, the main instruments are folk.

For example, for the Russian folk orchestra, the most typical are: domras, balalaikas, psaltery, button accordions, harmonicas, zhaleika, flutes, Vladimir horns, tambourines. Also, additional musical instruments for such an orchestra are a flute and an oboe.

A folk orchestra first appeared at the end of the 19th century, organized by V.V. Andreev. This orchestra toured a lot and gained wide popularity in Russia and abroad. And at the beginning of the 20th century folk orchestras began to appear everywhere: in clubs, at the palaces of culture and so on.

Brass band

This type of orchestra suggests that it includes various wind and percussion instruments. It comes in small, medium and large.

jazz orchestra

Another orchestra of this type was called a jazz band.

It consists of such musical instruments: saxophone, piano, banjo, guitar, percussion, trumpets, trombones, double bass, clarinets.

In general, jazz is a direction in music that has developed under the influence of African rhythms and folklore, as well as European harmony.

Jazz first appeared in the southern United States at the beginning of the 20th century. And soon spread to all countries of the world. At home it Musical direction developed and added new characteristic features that appeared in one region or another.

At one time in America, the terms "jazz" and " popular music' had the same semantic meaning.

Jazz orchestras began to actively form in the 1920s. And they remained so until the 40s.

In these music bands participants acted, as a rule, even in adolescence, performing their specific part - memorized or from notes.

The 1930s are considered the peak of glory for jazz orchestras. The leaders of the most famous jazz orchestras at that time were: Artie Shaw, Glenn Miller, and others. Their musical works sounded everywhere at that time: on the radio, in dance clubs and so on.

Currently also very popular jazz orchestras and melodies written in the style of "jazz".

And although the species musical orchestras there are more, the article discusses the main ones.

Oratorios by George Frideric Handel and others). Beginning in the 17th century, chamber orchestras were often found in the courts of dukes and other nobles who could afford to keep a small orchestra. So, for example, Johann Sebastian Bach from 1703 was a violinist in the chamber orchestra of Duke Johann Ernst III.

Works for chamber orchestra in the 20th century were written by Arnold Schoenberg (Chamber Symphony No. 1), Alan Hovaness (Anahid, Fantasy for chamber orchestra, Symphony No. 6 for chamber orchestra), Alfred Schnittke (Concerto No. 3 for violin and orchestra), etc. .

Among the well-known chamber orchestras of the 20th century are the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields (of the leaders, Neville Marriner is the most famous), the Lithuanian Chamber Orchestra (among the leaders - Saulius Sondeckis), the Moscow Virtuosos (conducted by Vladimir Spivakov), the Kazan State Chamber Orchestra La Primavera (conducted by Rustam Abyazov)

see also

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Between the two black awnings one could see a clear starry sky. “Thank God that this is no more,” thought Pierre, again closing himself with his head. “Oh, how terrible fear is, and how shamefully I gave myself up to it! And they…they were firm, calm all the time, to the very end…” he thought. In Pierre's understanding, they were soldiers - those who were on the battery, and those who fed him, and those who prayed to the icon. They - these strange, hitherto unknown to him, they were clearly and sharply separated in his thoughts from all other people. “To be a soldier, just a soldier! thought Pierre, falling asleep. – Enter this common life with your whole being, imbue with what makes them so. But how to throw off all this superfluous, diabolical, all the burden of this external person? One time I could be it. I could run away from my father as I wished. 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