Portrait characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon. Kutuzov and Napoleon comparative characteristics of the main
In Tolstoy's epic novel War and Peace, several parallels are drawn among the main characters, one of which is the line of constant comparison of two great commanders: Napoleon and Kutuzov. All characteristics are spelled out for both characters in such a way that the reader involuntarily begins to compare the characters. Why does Tolstoy draw this parallel?
To answer the question, I will try to visually compare the characters. Acquaintance begins with a description of the appearance. In Napoleon, the author focuses on a fat body, smoothly combed hair, well-groomed hands and a constantly indifferent facial expression. In war, Napoleon stands out sharply from the bulk of the people. In the description of Kutuzov, attention is drawn to the only eye, from which good spiritual light pours (Napoleon does not have a description of the eyes at all, but they reflect the soul of a person). It is also known that the Russian commander wears the most ordinary clothes, in war conditions he is on a par with soldiers. Of course, the main thing is to compare the internal qualities of the characters. Napoleon in the novel is presented as a narcissistic and selfish person who watches over his soldiers only out of boredom, while Kutuzov treats the soldiers as if they were his own children. He constantly supports the army, his eyes glow with hope, he himself is ready to go under the bullets for the sake of his country.
In general, we can conclude that the descriptions of the main commanders of the warring countries help to reveal the images of the armies. Perhaps such a cardinal difference in the relationship between ordinary soldiers and the commander-in-chief can partly explain Russia's victory over the stronger French army.
Together with the article “Essay on the topic: Comparative characteristics of Napoleon and Kutuzov in the novel “War and Peace” they read:
Creating his epic novel "War and Peace", Tolstoy introduces real-life historical figures into the work, the central of which are Kutuzov and Napoleon. The author opposes two great commanders to each other.
Russian Field Marshal Kutuzov is an old, sick man with a heavy figure, a scarred face and only one sighted eye, since he lost the second in battle. His gait is heavy and slow, he himself is unhurried. Nevertheless, Kutuzov's wisdom and foresight deserve respect, he always knows the outcome of battles in advance thanks to his rich military experience and the ability to "feel" his army.
With all his might, the great commander keeps the Russian army from useless battles, tries to make human losses minimal. The commander-in-chief takes care of his soldiers, he is not indifferent to the fate of the army and does not need senseless sacrifices. He will never risk the life of a simple soldier for the sake of awards, orders and the favor of the emperor, as he understands all the responsibility that he bears for the Russian army. Kutuzov does not flaunt his merits and does not exalt them, he is simple and understandable in communication, his patriotism and fortitude, intelligence and ability to foresee events, involuntarily bribe the reader.
The French emperor has a small stature and a full build. Nevertheless, Napoleon is much younger than Kutuzov and, unlike the Russian commander in chief, is absolutely healthy, therefore he is full of strength and energy, active and ambitious. His step is decisive and firm, as is his desire to conquer the whole world and proclaim its capital Paris. He is a strong and self-confident leader, ready to follow him, ready to die for him. Napoleon is selfish and full of narcissism, he likes to give long and pathetic speeches to the soldiers, sending them into battle. At the same time, the French emperor is indifferent to the fate of people who go to his death for him. An example of this is his absolute indifference to the Polish lancers while crossing the river, when they drowned right in front of him, wanting to prove to Napoleon their loyalty and willingness to take risks for him. The commander does not care about human losses, he is ready to pay this price for glory and greatness. It gives him pleasure to watch after the battle on the battlefield, strewn with the bodies of soldiers of the enemy army and his soldiers, this amuses his pride. Napoleon sees himself as the ruler of the world, he is accustomed to luxury and wealth. All these qualities repel the reader.
Thus, we can conclude that Kutuzov appears in War and Peace as a positive hero, embodying the ideas of true patriotism and the Russian spirit. Napoleon, on the other hand, acts as an executioner, the destroyer of a large number of people and a negative character in world history.
Library
materials
Lesson (2 hours)
Topic Comparative characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon
in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
lesson type - assimilation of new knowledge.
Goals:
Lesson equipment:
a) a portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
portrait of Kutuzov;
portrait of Napoleon;
video recorder.
Students should know:
Battle of Borodino);
Students should be able to:
speak to an audience;
draw conclusions;
highlight the main points in the text.
Board decoration
Kutuzov
Napoleon
I. General character traits
1) Genius.
2) Fearlessness.
a) modesty and simplicity;
b) sincerity and truthfulness;
understanding their feelings;
the spirit of the Russian army;
f) fidelity to duty and the army.
vanity;
egocentrism;
move correctly;
his armies;
During the classes
Organizing moment: a) communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
The stage of preparing students for active conscious assimilation of knowledge.
Teacher: two personalities of the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries have constantly attracted and will continue to attract the attention of all mankind. Both are talented generals. History brought them together as irreconcilable opponents in a fierce struggle, from which one emerged victorious - Field Marshal Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky - a brilliant Russian commander. He, along with his people, opposed Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France.
Teacher: on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy develops his theory of the people and the individual in history. We have dealt with this issue in previous lessons.
Student: while asserting the determining role of the people, Tolstoy completely denies the role of the individual. He is convinced that "the spontaneous power of the masses excludes any possibility of influencing the course of history by the will of one person." The course of events is predetermined from above and therefore a person is not able to make any significant changes in the process of history - such is the philosophical and historical concept of Tolstoy.
Student: according to Tolstoy, the creator of history, historical events is the people, and not individuals, “that all rationalistically constructed theories, no matter how good they may seem, are nothing before the force that is the mood and spiritual masses of the people.”
Teacher: in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy gives a universal formula for the heroic. He creates two symbolic characters, two (moral) poles of the epic. At one extreme is the classically vain Napoleon, at the other, the classically democratic Kutuzov. These two heroes represent, respectively, the element of individualistic isolation (“war”) and the spiritual values of “peace”, or the unity of people. In the novel, Kutuzov opposes Napoleon both as a character and as a representative of Russian military thought. “The simple, modest and therefore majestic figure of Kutuzov does not fit into that“ deceitful form of a European hero, allegedly controlling people, which history has come up with. The unity of Kutuzov with the Russian army, the people, Russia is the moral origins of military successes, as opposed to the arrogant loneliness of Napoleon, which predetermined his downfall.
Teacher: why did Tolstoy become interested in the personality of Kutuzov ?! In his opinion, Kutuzov is a great man, forgotten by historians and writers. Creating the image of Kutuzov in his novel, Tolstoy makes him the spokesman for his views on the historical process. From beginning to end, the image of the great commander is built in accordance with Tolstoy's conviction that the cause of war was "never coinciding with what people thought up, but proceeding from the essence of mass relations."
III. Stage of assimilation of new knowledge.
Analytical conversation.
Teacher: Kutuzov and Napoleon are generals. Did they share common traits? (Yes, both had common character traits that are necessary for the leader of huge human teams, the commander. This is genius and fearlessness, personal participation in battles).
Teacher: give examples.
Genius: for Kutuzov, the life of a soldier is his life. And in order to save the entire army in 1805, he sends a detachment of Bagration to cover the withdrawal of troops, realizing that a tenth of them will remain alive.
Fearlessness: near Austerlitz, Kutuzov does not pay attention to the whistling bullets, does not notice his wound and the soldier, shocked by the flight, says, pointing to them: “The wound is not here, but where.”
NAPOLEON
Genius: it is known that the genius of Napoleon was recognized by Kutuzov. The French emperor is energetic, full of plans. On the same day, October 14, 1806, in two battles, at Jena and Auerstedt, Napoleon defeated the Russian army
Fearlessness: Napoleon performed a feat on the Arcole Bridge (November 15-17, 1796), when he personally carried away the soldiers and officers, rushing forward to the Austrians with a banner in his hands. He often risked his life. March 11, 1799 visited the plague hospital in Jaffa and shook hands with sick soldiers.
Teacher: draw a conclusion about the common features of Kutuzov and Napoleon. (We see that Kutuzov and Napoleon were brilliant and fearless commanders.
Teacher: creating the image of Napoleon, Tolstoy entered into an open debate with the traditionally romanticized image of Napoleon, with the attitude towards him as a great man. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "To the Sea" writes:
What to regret? Wherever now
Have I set out on a careless path?
One item in your wilderness
My soul would be struck.
One rock, tomb of glory...
There they fell into a cold sleep
Memories are majestic:
Napoleon died there.
Teacher: there is still an opinion in critical literature that Tolstoy's image of Napoleon "does not correspond to the historical Napoleon. It causes a negative attitude towards itself. How did foreign writers Ernest Hemingway and Maurice Druon react on this issue? (It was believed that the image of the French emperor on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" was written not by Tolstoy the artist, but Tolstoy the officer of the Russian army).
Teacher: however, Tolstoy's coverage of the image of Napoleon rests on a tradition that has developed in Russian literature long before the appearance of the novel "War and Peace". Which of the writers and poets turned to the Napoleonic theme? (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen).
What did Herzen write about Napoleon?
Teacher: in this characteristic it is easy to see the features of Tolstoy's image of Napoleon. Dissatisfaction with Tolstoy's "exposing" of Napoleon in "War and Peace" was also expressed by historians. But Tolstoy boldly launched an open offensive against the subservient attitude towards Napoleon, whom he met in the books of French Bonapartist historians.
Teacher:(Referring to the table.)
a) modesty and simplicity.
Teacher: we are convinced of the modesty and simplicity of Kutuzov by reading an excerpt from the novel “Review of the regiment by Kutuzov near Braunau” (volume 1, part 2, chapter 2, page 139).
Teacher: Why was the Russian army in Austria in 1805? (In 1805, a coalition of European powers against France was recognized. Napoleon was heading to Austria. Alexander I sent two Russian armies to help the Austrian army, one of them was led by Kutuzov. Kutuzov’s main apartment was located near Braunau. A military review was scheduled on the initiative of Kutuzov. Purpose : to demonstrate to the Austrian general the plight of the Russian army, the supply of which was to be taken care of by Austria.)
Teacher: how do soldiers feel about Kutuzov? (And the soldiers pay him warm sympathy and respect:
And then no! Totally crooked.
Teacher: more examples confirming that the army loved and respected Kutuzov. (The appointment of Kutuzov as a field marshal during a difficult period of retreat, in 1812, delighted the army, which loved him for Russian kindness: “They say that everyone is available, thank God, otherwise it’s trouble with sausages! No wonder Yermolov asked to be a German. Now maybe you can speak Russian will be. Otherwise, the devil knows what they did, "says Denisov. And one of the soldiers calls him "Sam", as the head of the family is called in a peasant family).
Teacher: describe the appearance of Kutuzov. (Filling out the table). (Simple, humane, not disregarding the needs of a soldier; calm, good-natured, experienced commander. From Suvorov, he learned wisdom: “To always be a winner, you need to find a way to a soldier’s heart.” He “always seemed to be the simplest and most ordinary person ... "; "Saying a few affectionate words to the officers and soldiers"; "Wishing every good to the captain ...").
Teacher: Napoleon in the novel appears as a narcissistic, arrogant ruler of France, blinded by glory, considering himself the driving force behind the historical process.
Teacher: remarkably pure Tolstoy's conclusion to this scene: "Lazarev looked gloomily at the little man with white hands, who did something to him ..." So, the simplicity of the soldier's perception exposes all the tinsel majesty of Napoleon.
Teacher: Tolstoy knows how to very sharply show that all this majesty is a bluff. Sometimes this is done very subtly. Here is the continuation of the conversation “Know that if you shake Prussia against me, Know that I will erase it from the map of Europe,” he said with a pale, malice-distorted face, striking with an energetic gesture of one small hand on the other. This little man, with his small hands, thinks to destroy countries and peoples! Describe the appearance of Napoleon.
Filling in the table:
Teacher: so let's conclude. How does Napoleon appear to us when he personally rewards a Russian soldier, as well as in the scene when he receives Balashov. (When personally rewarding a Russian soldier, we observe the arrogance of Napoleon. He appears as a narcissistic, arrogant ruler of France. Crazy pride makes him take acting poses, utter pompous phrases. All this is facilitated by the servility surrounding the emperor. Napoleon Tolstoy is a “superman”, for whom he has interest “only what was happening in his soul.” And “everything that was not in him did not matter to him, because everything in the world, as it seemed to him, depended only on his will.” It is no coincidence that the word “I "- Napoleon's favorite word).
Teacher: Let's continue consideration of the image of Kutuzov, his sincerity and truthfulness.
Frame from the film "Austerlitz: Kutuzov and the Tsar"
Teacher: Why was the battle of Austerlitz lost? How does Kutuzov behave during this battle? (Having a superior number of soldiers, an excellent disposition, generals, the same one that he will bring to the Borodino field, Kutuzov melancholy remarks to Prince Andrei: “I think that the battle will be lost, and I said so to Count Tolstoy and asked me to convey this to the sovereign”).
Teacher: let's make a conclusion. (Russian soldiers fought not for their native land, but on foreign territory).
Teacher: Napoleon is inherent in hypocrisy, falsehood and posturing. (Simplicity, goodness and truth), embodied in the soul of Kutuzov, are opposed to the spirit of autocracy and lies that make up the moral image of Napoleon. Twice in the novel Napoleon plays scenes of a sentimental nature:
("Scene with a Portrait of a Son" Volume 3, Part 2, Chapter 26)
Teacher: this scene went well. Napoleon made the impression he wanted on those around him. But another performance, which he was supposed to give on Poklonnaya Hill, turned out to be thwarted.
Poem by A.S. Pushkin:
... Napoleon waited in vain,
Intoxicated with last happiness,
Moscow on bended knee
With the keys of the old Kremlin...
No, my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
Not a holiday, not an accepting gift,
She was preparing a fire
An impatient hero.
Teacher: the performance was thwarted at the very moment when the plans to conquer the world were thwarted. Summing up the activities of Napoleon, Tolstoy wrote: “The last role has been played. The actor is ordered to undress and wash off the antimony and rouge: he will no longer be needed. So, what feature of Napoleon is especially sharply indicated in the scenes considered? (A note in a notebook: such a feature as posturing is very sharply indicated. He behaves like an actor on stage. Before the portrait of his son, he “made an appearance of thoughtful tenderness”, this happens in front of almost the entire army. Such an open manifestation of love seems to Tolstoy an unworthy performance (Carrying with him destruction and death, Napoleon hides behind a completely false ideal of so-called civilization, false chivalry, masking his predatory goals.)
Teacher: just as the simplicity of Kutuzov’s behavior is associated with his historical role as a people’s commander, so Napoleon’s posturing is an inevitable, necessary feature of a person’s behavior, imagining himself the ruler of the world.
Teacher: what does it say about Kutuzov's closeness to the people? (Entry in a notebook: on the eve of Borodin, soldiers and militiamen pray in peace on the eve of Borodin together and on an equal footing with Kutuzov: “Despite the presence of the commander in chief, who attracted the attention of all higher ranks, the militia and soldiers, without looking at him, continued to pray. " )
Teacher:(on Napoleon's indifference to the fate of others) As far as Kutuzov expresses the interests of the people, Napoleon is so shallow in his egocentrism (egocentrism is an extreme form of manifestation of egoism).
Episode "Napoleon during the meeting of the Russian diplomat Balashov" (volume 3, part 1, chapter 6).
Teacher: What is the essence of Napoleon? (The right to shed blood, to dispose of the life and death of other people at your discretion, the feeling of belonging to a higher caste than mere mortals - this is the essence of Napoleon.
Teacher: How does Napoleon appear before us? (Entry in a notebook: a person is false, hypocritical, he is deeply indifferent to the fate of others, egocentric to the marrow of his bones. For Napoleon, the main thing is himself, his unique personality. He is characterized by megalomania, he is convinced of his own infallibility. His speech is pompous, it is false rhetoric.)
Teacher: let's talk about Kutuzov, about the manifestation of the wisdom and talent of the commander in supporting the moral spirit of the Russian army. In 1805, Kutuzov saves the Russian army from death. What was the military genius of Kutuzov manifested in? (Abandoned deep into Europe with a 50,000-strong army, Kutuzov, with the help of scouts, established that the position of the ally was far from safe and therefore had to be critical and cautious about all the proposals of the Austrian command. Kutuzov’s forecast was justified. General Mack soon appeared without an army. This strengthened Kutuzov's decision not to obey extravagant orders, but to take measures to save the army. Kutuzov decides to join the second army coming to Austria from Russia. The French army coming from Vienna could interfere. And then Kutuzov's army is doomed to death.)
How does Kutuzov behave during the Battle of Borodino? (Kutuzov does not make any orders on the Borodino field, he only agrees or disagrees. He is focused and calm. One understands everything and knows that at the end of the battle, the beast received a mortal wound. But it takes time for him to die.)
A frame from the film "Kutuzov's Conversation with Wolzogen".
Teacher: Does that mean Kutuzov is passive? (It only seems that Kutuzov during the Battle of Borodino is a passive person. Yes, Kutuzov dozes off at military councils, and during the Battle of Borodino he approves or disapproves of what is done without his participation. But in all these cases, Kutuzov's external passivity is a form of manifestation his wise human activity.)
Why does Kutuzov claim, while alone confidently, that the Russians defeated the French in the Battle of Borodino? (Kutuzov made everyone understand that “the battle is won.” “A moral victory ...” on “Napoleonic France ... near Borodino the hand of the strongest enemy in spirit was laid ...”.)
(Kutuzov is guided by an unmistakable hunting instinct. This instinct tells him that the French army at Borodino received a terrible blow, an incurable wound. And the mortally wounded beast, having run even in front and lying down in shelter, by the instinct of self-preservation goes home to die in its lair.)
Teacher: pitying his soldiers, his army drained of blood in the battle of Borodino, Kutuzov decides to cede Moscow. He alone decides. But the question arises: what about Tolstoy's point of view on the role of the individual in history? How does Kutuzov, with his sole power, make such a hugely important historic decision? Does this fit with his general appearance in the novel? No, Kutuzov did not single-handedly decide this issue. And in this case, he was with his people. But here, at the military council, he was surrounded by people who were far from the people. He was alone among them, but only among them. The little peasant girl Malasha, sitting on the stove and not understanding anything from the conversations of the generals, with her folk instinct "kept the side of her grandfather," as she called Kutuzova to herself. This peasant child, in the atmosphere of a military council, as it were, represents the soul of the people - the guiding star of Kutuzov in his activities.
Shot from the film "Military Council in Fili".
Teacher: What was the military genius of Kutuzov and his patriotic deed at the military council in Fili? (Kutuzov understands that it is necessary to give up Moscow to save the army and save Russia, that in Moscow the French troops will morally decompose, turn into marauders, lose discipline: “It is not difficult to take a fortress, it is difficult to win a campaign. There is no stronger than those two warriors - patience and time ".)
Teacher: leaving Moscow, Kutuzov wins the war. After leaving Moscow, old Kutuzov spends nights without sleep, waiting for the death of the French, not allowing himself to believe his own hopes and again and again coming to the conclusion that Russia will win. This person is calm, but not indifferent, weak in body, but not in spirit. And understanding the real complexity of life warns him against mistakes and he does not take hasty actions and hasty decisions. He waited and waited for his triumph.
Frame from the film "Announcement of Napoleon's departure from Moscow".
Teacher: what is the greatness and genius of Kutuzov as a commander, according to Tolstoy, during the Patriotic War of 1812? (Kutuzov did not claim the role of an omnipotent and omniscient commander, but strove for the main thing (from Tolstoy’s point of view) - to lead the “spirit of the army”, on which the outcome of events depended. And he succeeded, because all his actions stemmed “from a feeling that lay in the soul of the commander-in-chief, just as in the soul of every Russian soldier.")
(Kutuzov understood that only the joint actions of the people and the army would lead to the defeat of the Napoleonic troops. Therefore, he supported the partisan movement. He correctly weighs the balance of forces of the belligerents at each stage of the struggle, does not constrain the initiative of his subordinates, maintains a clear mind and composure even when Moscow is surrendered and to him All the people help! And they win. And Napoleon could only rely on his own genius, on the marauding goals of his soldiers.)
Teacher: so, how do we see Kutuzov during the Battle of Borodino? (Entry in a notebook: during the Battle of Borodino we see a calm commander. Kutuzov, with his calmness, gives rise to confidence in victory among others. “He did not make any orders, but only agreed.” The general expression on his face was concentrated. He foresaw the course of events. Walzogen's panicked statement he abruptly interrupted with the order to “attack the enemy!” The meaning of the words was reported everywhere, since what he said stemmed from a feeling that lay in the soul of the commander in chief, as well as in the soul of any Russian person. "Kutuzov is a man and Kutuzov is commander, are inseparable in the novel, and this has a deep meaning: in the human simplicity of Kutuzov, the very nationality that played a decisive role in his military activity is manifested.)
Teacher: For Napoleon, war is a game, and people are pawns, which should only be correctly placed and moved correctly.
How did Napoleon come to power? How? (This man was nominated by the struggle of the party in France. His victories in Europe - "the surrender of corps without battles and fortresses without siege" - is the result of the weakness of European states, and, first of all, German ones, in a word, all the so-called greatness of Napoleon was the result of a combination of a number of historical circumstances and lasted only until the people of Russia stood up against him.).
Why did the Russians at Austerlitz lose the battle to Napoleon? (Tolstoy in the novel does not at all seek to belittle Napoleon's abilities. Depicting the battle of Austerlitz, he directly admits that in this case Napoleon was strategically stronger than his opponents. “His assumptions turned out to be correct.” He understood that he could successfully attack. At the same time, Tolstoy shows that in conditions when the Russian soldiers were not vitally interested in this war, and the Austrian command was busy with intrigues. All this played a role and Napoleon turned out to be a skilled strategist in this situation. But nothing could save Napoleon from defeat at Borodino, although here his abilities were manifested and Tolstoy emphasizes them in every possible way.)
How does Tolstoy debunk Napoleon as the leader of the French army during the Battle of Borodino? Prove this with the text of the novel (volume 3, part 2, chapter 28, last paragraph).
(“Napoleon in the battle of Borodino did his job as an executor of power just as well and even better than in other battles. He did nothing harmful to the course of the battle; he leaned towards more prudent opinions; he did not confuse, did not contradict himself, was not afraid and did not run away from the battlefield, but, with his great tact and experience of the war, calmly and dignifiedly fulfilled his role of seeming command.")
Teacher:... adequately played the role of apparent bossing.
Then what is it? (But the thing is that the people fought for their freedom here, and, whatever the military qualities of Napoleon were, he could not do anything because the battle "went independently of him, by the will of hundreds of thousands of people participating in the common cause" .)
- "Napoleon's Camp". What will we see? (excerpt from the novel, volume 3, part 2, chapter 34).
(This time we see the horror of the irresistible death of the "almighty" commander, who was convinced of his powerlessness in the face of an invincible enemy.)
Teacher: conclusion. Writing in a notebook: depicting the military activity of Napoleon, Tolstoy first of all opposes the cult of personality in history. And the criticism of Napoleon in War and Peace is based on the author's deep conviction that history is made by the masses. "He was like a child who, holding on to the ribbons tied inside the carriage, imagines that he rules." Tolstoy was able to show, and quite rightly, that it was not Napoleon who made history, but history made Napoleon. On the Borodino field, Napoleon is nervous. He is powerless to influence the course of the battle. The troops sent by him return in the form of frightened and upset crowds. Napoleon shudders for the first time in his life at the sight of a battlefield covered with the bodies of the wounded and killed. In this chapter, the writer pronounces the final verdict, calling the French emperor "the executioner of the peoples.")
Teacher: consider Kutuzov's humane attitude towards the vanquished.
A frame from the film "Kutuzov's Speech to the Preobrazhensky Regiment".
What was the activity of Kutuzov after Borodin? (Kutuzov's activities after Borodin were aimed at saving the lives of soldiers. When the French troops retreat from Moscow, he keeps the ambitious from "intercepting the enemy" who do not understand the popular nature of the war.)
Teacher: and the soldiers understand the futility of pursuing the enemy. The people's war is gradually fading away. It will be replaced by another war, where generals who are far from the people will compete in ambition. Kutuzov does not want to participate in such a war and will not. What determines the moral qualities of Kutuzov?
Writing in a notebook: popular feeling also determines the moral qualities of Kutuzov, "that highest human height from which he, the commander in chief, directs all his strength not to kill and exterminate people, to save and pity them." This proves the speech before the Preobrazhensky Regiment. This is the humanism of his military vocation: "Do not kill people, but pity and save them." In this we see the moral impeccability of Tolstoy's conception of the greatness of man.
Teacher: give facts from the cruelty of Napoleon and his army that are known to history (Napoleon ordered the execution of four thousand voluntarily surrendered soldiers of the Jaffa garrison during the French campaign in Syria in 1799. The terms of surrender provided for the preservation of the life of the garrison. Such actions corrupt the troops.)
(The heroic defense of Smolensk made an ominous impression on Napoleon. He ordered the city to be burned with artillery fire, since he could not take it by attack.)
(Napoleon assured the king that he did not want war, but "given new orders at each station, with the aim of hastening the movement of the army from west to east.")
Teacher: entry in a notebook: Napoleon in "War and Peace" is, first of all, an aggressor claiming world domination. From this point of view, his personality and his actions are given in the novel. In Russia, French soldiers showed themselves to be marauders and robbers. This is explained by the goal set by Napoleon for the troops. Napoleon's wars are aggressive.)
Teacher: what is the loyalty of Kutuzov to duty and the army? (Kutuzov refuses Napoleon to make peace.)
Shot from the film "Yes, I will be cursed by descendants ..."
Teacher: entry in a notebook: the most important feature of Kutuzov is patriotism. He is a Russian person and suffers deeply, seeing the difficult situation of his homeland, he considers saving it the goal of his life.
Teacher: what is the betrayal of Napoleon in relation to his army? (Napoleon, under the name of Prince of Wissensky, left his army and left for Paris.)
IV. Stage of consolidation of new knowledge.
Teacher: let's sum up. As you can see, in the light of the Patriotic War of 1812, which the Russian people waged as a liberation war, the characteristics of Napoleon as an aggressor and "executioner of peoples" and Kutuzov as a "representative of the people's war", as a "representative of the Russian people" look contrasting. Consider again the table on the board (students read Kutuzov's characterization and Napoleon's characterization, written in notebooks).
V. Summing up the lesson.
- Why do we call Kutuzov the commander of the people's war, the embodiment of folk wisdom and patriotic feeling?
Why is Napoleon the commander of an army of robbers, marauders and murderers, "the most insignificant instrument of history", "a man with a darkened conscience"?
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Lesson (2 hours)
Topic Comparative characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon
in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
The type of lesson is the assimilation of new knowledge.
Goals:
a) educational: give a comparative characteristic - Kutuzov and Napoleon; compare, analyze episodes, scenes of the work, at the same time systematize the material for preparing for an essay on this topic, making notes in a notebook;
b) educational: to cultivate interest in the work of Leo Tolstoy, the heroic past of his country, be proud of him, feel a sense of pride for the Russian people, for the great commander - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov; to form a responsible attitude to learning (preparation for writing an essay);
c) developing: by asking questions, activate the mental activity of students, the ability to correctly answer the questions posed by the teacher, develop the monologue speech of schoolchildren, develop the ability to listen to the teacher, while making notes in a notebook, the ability to speak to an audience.
The range of issues under consideration:LN Tolstoy's point of view on the role of personality in history; common character traits of Kutuzov and Napoleon and their difference - appearance, attitude towards soldiers, character traits, behavior during battles, attitude towards their own army.
Lesson equipment:
a) a portrait of Leo Tolstoy.
Portrait of Kutuzov;
Portrait of Napoleon;
The text of the novel by Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace";
Table (comparative characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon);
Illustrations for Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace".
b) technical means of education: TV;
Video recorder.
Students should know: content of Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace";
The historical past of their homeland (in what year and where did
Battle of Borodino);
Episodes from the life and work of Kutuzov and Napoleon.
Students should be able to: correctly answer the questions posed by the teacher;
Speak in front of an audience;
Be able to compare artistic images, details;
draw conclusions;
Prove your point of view;
Summarize and systematize educational material;
Highlight the main points in the text.
Board decoration
Napoleon
I. General character traits
1) Genius.
2) Fearlessness.
II. The commander of the people's war, the embodiment of folk wisdom and patriotic feelings.
Full subordination to the interests of Russia and the people:
a) modesty and simplicity;
b) sincerity and truthfulness;
c) proximity to ordinary people, knowledge and
understanding their feelings;
d) manifestation of wisdom and talent
commander in support of moral
the spirit of the Russian army;
e) humane treatment of the defeated;
f) fidelity to duty and the army.
II. The commander of an army of robbers, marauders and murderers, "the most insignificant tool of history", "a man with a darkened conscience."
a) selfishness, arrogance,
vanity;
b) hypocrisy, falsehood, posturing;
c) indifference to the fate of others,
egocentrism;
d) war is a game, and people are pawns whom
just needs to be set up correctly
move correctly;
e) cruelty and treachery of Napoleon and
his armies;
e) betrayal of one's own
During the classes
I. Organizing moment: a) communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson.
II. The stage of preparing students for active conscious assimilation of knowledge.
Teacher: two personalities at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries have constantly attracted and will continue to attract the attention of all mankind. Both are talented generals. History brought them together as irreconcilable opponents in a fierce struggle, from which one emerged victorious - Field Marshal Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich, His Serene Highness Prince Smolensky - a brilliant Russian commander. He, along with his people, opposed Napoleon Bonaparte, Emperor of France.
Teacher: on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy develops his theory about the people and the individual in history. We have dealt with this issue in previous lessons.
What is Tolstoy's point of view on the historical process?
Disciple: while asserting the defining role of the people, Tolstoy completely denies the role of the individual. He is convinced that "the spontaneous power of the masses excludes any possibility of influencing the course of history by the will of one person." The course of events is predetermined from above and therefore a person is not able to make any significant changes in the process of history - such is the philosophical and historical concept of Tolstoy.
Disciple: according to Tolstoy, the creator of history, historical events is the people, and not individuals, “that all rationalistically constructed theories, no matter how good they may seem, are nothing before the force that is the mood and spiritual masses of the people.”
Teacher: in the novel "War and Peace" Tolstoy gives a universal formula for the heroic. He creates two symbolic characters, two (moral) poles of the epic. At one extreme is the classically vain Napoleon, at the other, the classically democratic Kutuzov. These two heroes represent, respectively, the element of individualistic isolation (“war”) and the spiritual values of “peace”, or the unity of people. In the novel, Kutuzov opposes Napoleon both as a character and as a representative of Russian military thought. “The simple, modest and therefore majestic figure of Kutuzov does not fit into that“ deceitful form of a European hero, allegedly controlling people, which history has come up with. The unity of Kutuzov with the Russian army, the people, Russia is the moral origins of military successes, as opposed to the arrogant loneliness of Napoleon, which predetermined his downfall.
Teacher: why did Tolstoy become interested in the personality of Kutuzov?! In his opinion, Kutuzov is a great man, forgotten by historians and writers. Creating the image of Kutuzov in his novel, Tolstoy makes him the spokesman for his views on the historical process. From beginning to end, the image of the great commander is built in accordance with Tolstoy's conviction that the cause of war was "never coinciding with what people thought up, but proceeding from the essence of mass relations."
III. Stage of assimilation of new knowledge.
Analytical conversation.
Teacher: Kutuzov and Napoleon are commanders. Did they share common traits? (Yes, both had common character traits that are necessary for the leader of huge human teams, the commander. This is genius and fearlessness, personal participation in battles).
Teacher: give examples.
Genius: for Kutuzov, the life of a soldier is his life. And in order to save the entire army in 1805, he sends a detachment of Bagration to cover the withdrawal of troops, realizing that a tenth of them will remain alive.
Fearlessness: near Austerlitz, Kutuzov does not pay attention to the whistling bullets, does not notice his wound and the soldier, shocked by the flight, says, pointing to them: “The wound is not here, but where.”
NAPOLEON
Genius: it is known that Kutuzov recognized the genius of Napoleon. The French emperor is energetic, full of plans. On the same day, October 14, 1806, in two battles, at Jena and Auerstedt, Napoleon defeated the Russian army
Fearlessness: Napoleon performed a feat on the Arcole Bridge (November 15-17, 1796), when he personally carried away soldiers and officers, rushing forward against the Austrians with a banner in his hands. He often risked his life. March 11, 1799 visited the plague hospital in Jaffa and shook hands with sick soldiers.
Teacher: draw a conclusion about the common features of Kutuzov and Napoleon. (We see that Kutuzov and Napoleon were brilliant and fearless commanders.
Teacher: creating the image of Napoleon, Tolstoy entered into an open debate with the traditionally romanticized image of Napoleon, with the attitude towards him as a great man. A.S. Pushkin in the poem "To the Sea" writes:
What to regret? Wherever now
Have I set out on a careless path?
One item in your wilderness
My soul would be struck.
One rock, tomb of glory...
There they fell into a cold sleep
Memories are majestic:
Napoleon died there.
Teacher: in critical literature there is still an opinion that Tolstoy’s image of Napoleon “does not correspond to the historical Napoleon. It causes a negative attitude towards itself. How did foreign writers Ernest Hemingway and Maurice Druon react on this issue? (It was believed that the image of the French emperor on the pages of the novel "War and Peace" was written not by Tolstoy the artist, but Tolstoy the officer of the Russian army).
Teacher: However, the coverage of the image of Napoleon by Tolstoy rests on a tradition that has developed in Russian literature long before the appearance of the novel "War and Peace". Which of the writers and poets turned to the Napoleonic theme? (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen).
What did Herzen write about Napoleon?
(“He didn’t have any system,” Herzen wrote about Napoleon, “he did not wish good to people and did not promise. He wished good for himself alone, and by good he meant power.”)
Teacher: in this description it is easy to see the features of Tolstoy's image of Napoleon. Dissatisfaction with Tolstoy's "exposing" of Napoleon in "War and Peace" was also expressed by historians. But Tolstoy boldly launched an open offensive against the subservient attitude towards Napoleon, whom he met in the books of French Bonapartist historians.
Teacher: (Referring to the table.)
A plan is presented where we see what individual character traits Kutuzov and Napoleon had.
II. Kutuzov - the commander of the people's war.
a) modesty and simplicity.
II. Napoleon is the commander of an army of robbers.
a) narcissism, arrogance, vanity.
Teacher: we are convinced of Kutuzov’s modesty and simplicity by reading an excerpt from the novel “Review of the Regiment by Kutuzov near Braunau” (volume 1, part 2, chapter 2, page 139).
Teacher: why was the Russian army in Austria in 1805? (In 1805, a coalition of European powers against France was recognized. Napoleon was heading to Austria. Alexander I sent two Russian armies to help the Austrian army, one of them was led by Kutuzov. Kutuzov’s main apartment was located near Braunau. A military review was scheduled on the initiative of Kutuzov. Purpose : to demonstrate to the Austrian general the plight of the Russian army, the supply of which was to be taken care of by Austria.)
Teacher: how do soldiers feel about Kutuzov? (And the soldiers pay him warm sympathy and respect:
How did they say, Kutuzov crooked, about one eye?
And then no! Totally crooked.
Not ... brother, more big-eyed than you ... Boots and ankle boots - looked around everything ...
Teacher: more examples confirming that the army loved and respected Kutuzov. (The appointment of Kutuzov as a field marshal during a difficult period of retreat, in 1812, delighted the army, which loved him for Russian kindness: “They say that everyone is available, thank God, otherwise it’s trouble with sausages! No wonder Yermolov asked to be a German. Now maybe you can speak Russian will be. Otherwise, the devil knows what they did, "says Denisov. And one of the soldiers calls him "Sam", as the head of the family is called in a peasant family).
Teacher: Describe Kutuzov's appearance. (Filling out the table). (Simple, humane, not disregarding the needs of a soldier; calm, good-natured, experienced commander. From Suvorov, he learned wisdom: “To always be a winner, you need to find a way to a soldier’s heart.” He “always seemed to be the simplest and most ordinary person ... "; "Saying a few affectionate words to the officers and soldiers"; "Wishing every good to the captain ...").
Teacher: Napoleon in the novel appears as a narcissistic, arrogant ruler of France, blinded by glory, considering himself the driving force behind the historical process.
In what scenes is Napoleon's false majesty sharply exposed? (In Tilsit scenes - volume 2, part 2, chapter 21). Prove it. (Napoleon decided to award the best Russian soldier with the Order of the Legion of Honor. The choice fell on Lazarev. “As if Napoleon knew that in order to be forever happy, rewarded and clothed by everyone in the world, it was only necessary that Napoleon’s hand honored him to touch chest of a soldier. Napoleon only put a cross on Lazarev's chest and, lowering his hand, turned to Alexander, as if he knew that the cross should stick to Lazarev's chest. The cross really stuck. "The obliging hands of those around him attached him to the soldier's uniform).
Teacher: the purely Tolstoyan completion of this scene is wonderful: “Lazarev looked gloomily at the little man with white hands, who did something to him ...” So, the simplicity of the soldier’s perception exposes all the tinsel majesty of Napoleon.
The megalomania is especially noticeable in the episode of the novel "Napoleon receives the Russian diplomat Balashov in Vilna" (the student reads volume 3, part 1, chapter 6).
Teacher: Tolstoy knows how to very sharply show that all this majesty is a bluff. Sometimes this is done very subtly. Here is the continuation of the conversation “Know that if you shake Prussia against me, Know that I will erase it from the map of Europe,” he said with a pale, malice-distorted face, striking with an energetic gesture of one small hand on the other. This little man, with his small hands, thinks to destroy countries and peoples! Describe the appearance of Napoleon.
Filling in the table:
Teacher: So, let's conclude. How does Napoleon appear to us when he personally rewards a Russian soldier, as well as in the scene when he receives Balashov. (When personally rewarding a Russian soldier, we observe the arrogance of Napoleon. He appears as a narcissistic, arrogant ruler of France. Crazy pride makes him take acting poses, utter pompous phrases. All this is facilitated by the servility surrounding the emperor. Napoleon Tolstoy is a “superman”, for whom he has interest “only what was happening in his soul.” And “everything that was not in him did not matter to him, because everything in the world, as it seemed to him, depended only on his will.” It is no coincidence that the word “I "- Napoleon's favorite word).
Teacher: let's continue to consider the image of Kutuzov, his sincerity and truthfulness.
Frame from the film "Austerlitz: Kutuzov and the Tsar"
Teacher: why was the battle of Austerlitz lost? How does Kutuzov behave during this battle? (Having a superior number of soldiers, an excellent disposition, generals, the same one that he will bring to the Borodino field, Kutuzov melancholy remarks to Prince Andrei: “I think that the battle will be lost, and I said so to Count Tolstoy and asked me to convey this to the sovereign”).
Teacher: let's conclude. (Russian soldiers fought not for their native land, but on foreign territory).
Teacher: Napoleon is inherent in hypocrisy, falsehood and posturing. (Simplicity, goodness and truth), embodied in the soul of Kutuzov, are opposed to the spirit of autocracy and lies that make up the moral image of Napoleon. Twice in the novel Napoleon plays scenes of a sentimental nature:
("Scene with a Portrait of a Son" Volume 3, Part 2, Chapter 26)
(Before the Battle of Borodino, on the occasion of the birthday of the emperor’s son, Napoleon was brought a portrait of a boy as a gift. The child was depicted playing a globe in a bilbock. The presentation of the gift should have been arranged solemnly, and Napoleon skillfully helps this. He knows very well that de Bosse is something he does it in the corner with a gift, but he doesn’t turn around in this corner until the portrait is completed. And then he led the performance further: "With the ability of Italians to change arbitrarily facial expressions, he approached the portrait and pretended to be thoughtful tenderness. He felt that what he would say and do now was history. And it seemed to him that the best what he can do now is that he, with his greatness, as a result of which his son in bilbock played with the globe, what would he show, in the opposite of this greatness, the simplest paternal tenderness. His eyes dimmed, he moved, looked around at the chair (the chair jumped under him) and sat down on it opposite the portrait. One gesture from him, and everyone went out on tiptoe, leaving the great man to himself and his feeling.")
Teacher: This scene worked out quite well. Napoleon made the impression he wanted on those around him. But another performance, which he was supposed to give on Poklonnaya Hill, turned out to be thwarted.
Reading the episode "Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill" (volume 3, part 3, chapter 19).
A scene from the film "Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill".
Poem by A.S. Pushkin:
... Napoleon waited in vain,
Intoxicated with last happiness,
Moscow on bended knee
With the keys of the old Kremlin...
No, my Moscow did not go
To him with a guilty head.
Not a holiday, not an accepting gift,
She was preparing a fire
An impatient hero.
Teacher: The performance was thwarted at the very moment when the plans to conquer the world were thwarted. Summing up the activities of Napoleon, Tolstoy wrote: “The last role has been played. The actor is ordered to undress and wash off the antimony and rouge: he will no longer be needed. So, what feature of Napoleon is especially sharply indicated in the scenes considered? (A note in a notebook: such a feature as posturing is very sharply indicated. He behaves like an actor on stage. Before the portrait of his son, he “made an appearance of thoughtful tenderness”, this happens in front of almost the entire army. Such an open manifestation of love seems to Tolstoy an unworthy performance (Carrying with him destruction and death, Napoleon hides behind a completely false ideal of so-called civilization, false chivalry, masking his predatory goals.)
Teacher: just as the simplicity of Kutuzov's behavior is associated with his historical role as a people's commander, so Napoleon's posturing is an inevitable, necessary feature of a person's behavior, imagining himself the ruler of the world.
When is Kutuzov especially close to ordinary people, does he understand their feelings? (Before the Battle of Borodino, as a faithful son of his people, he, along with the soldiers, worships the miraculous icon of Our Lady of Smolensk, listening to the words of the deacons: “Save your servant from troubles, Mother of God!” And bows to the ground, and kisses the people’s shrine. just like everyone else. It is no coincidence that only the highest ranks pay attention to him, while the militia and soldiers, without looking at him, continue to pray.)
Teacher: what does it say about Kutuzov's closeness to the people? (Entry in a notebook: on the eve of Borodin, soldiers and militiamen pray in peace on the eve of Borodin together and on an equal footing with Kutuzov: “Despite the presence of the commander in chief, who attracted the attention of all higher ranks, the militia and soldiers, without looking at him, continued to pray. " )
Teacher: (about Napoleon's indifference to the fate of others) As far as Kutuzov expresses the interests of the people, Napoleon is so shallow in his egocentrism (egocentrism is an extreme form of manifestation of egoism).
Episode "Napoleon during the meeting of the Russian diplomat Balashov" (volume 3, part 1, chapter 6).
Teacher: what is the essence of Napoleon? (The right to shed blood, to dispose of the life and death of other people at your discretion, the feeling of belonging to a higher caste than mere mortals - this is the essence of Napoleon.
Episode "Napoleon on Poklonnaya Hill" (volume 3, part 3, chapter 19).
Teacher: How does Napoleon appear before us? (Entry in a notebook: a person is false, hypocritical, he is deeply indifferent to the fate of others, egocentric to the marrow of his bones. For Napoleon, the main thing is himself, his unique personality. He is characterized by megalomania, he is convinced of his own infallibility. His speech is pompous, it is false rhetoric.)
Teacher: let's talk about Kutuzov, about the manifestation of the wisdom and talent of the commander in supporting the morale of the Russian army. In 1805, Kutuzov saves the Russian army from death. What was the military genius of Kutuzov manifested in? (Abandoned deep into Europe with a 50,000-strong army, Kutuzov, with the help of scouts, established that the position of the ally was far from safe and therefore had to be critical and cautious about all the proposals of the Austrian command. Kutuzov’s forecast was justified. General Mack soon appeared without an army. This strengthened Kutuzov's decision not to obey extravagant orders, but to take measures to save the army. Kutuzov decides to join the second army coming to Austria from Russia. The French army coming from Vienna could interfere. And then Kutuzov's army is doomed to death.)
What task did Kutuzov set for General Bagration? (Bagration, with four thousand hungry, exhausted soldiers, had to hold the entire enemy army for 24 hours. This time was necessary for Kutuzov in order to withdraw the army burdened with convoys from the blow of three superior French forces. Bagration coped with the task.)
Leave your comment
To ask questions.
The wise Litrecon has prepared for you not only a short essay-reasoning on the comparative characteristics of Kutuzov and Napoleon, but also a table where such evaluation criteria as appearance, character traits, behavior, goals and other important aspects are indicated.
(367 words) L.N. Tolstoy in the epic novel "War and Peace" revealed the image of the people. This concept included both nobles, and peasants, and soldiers, and the greatest generals. In the work, the author not only creates an exciting plot, showing the behavior of the people at a turning point, but also gives his assessment of historical events. So, comparing two generals - Kutuzov and Napoleon, the author leads the reader to the reasons for the victory of the Russians over the "Great" French army during the Patriotic War of 1812.
L.N. Tolstoy compares Napoleon with a child. For him, war is a game. The commander is concerned not so much with the fate of his army as with his own greatness. All actions of the hero are unnatural, he is characterized by "theatrical behavior". He believes that he has the right to play with people's lives, because, in his opinion, it is he who creates history. This phenomenal self-confidence initially attracted Prince Andrei. Napoleon was his idol. However, after the meeting near Austerlitz, the hero saw in him only a little man, and not the great arbiter of other people's destinies. Andrei realized how insignificant the aspirations of this commander were. Napoleon lives in posturing, pretense, he seems to be playing for posterity. The author has a negative attitude towards this historical figure. Tolstoy could never accept the cruelty and selfishness of the emperor, who went to power over people's heads.
Kutuzov, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army, appears completely different. This is a true commander. He worries not about how history will remember him, but about the main value - the life of soldiers. That is why he took responsibility for the decision to leave Moscow to the enemy during the Patriotic War of 1812. Kutuzov understood that it was not the commanders who made history, but the common people. During the battle, he "did not make any orders", but only observed the condition of his troops. He treats his soldiers with kindness and tenderness. Also, Kutuzov shows a special attitude to Andrei Bolkonsky: after the death of the old prince, he affectionately tells him: "... Remember, my friend, that I am your father, another father ...". The commander does not seek glory for himself in the war, he only cares about the happiness and peace of the Russian people.
Kutuzov, unlike Napoleon, understood that the outcome of the battle is not decided by weapons, not by the number of soldiers, not by location, but by the feeling that every soldier has inside. This is the spirit of the army. It is he who decides how the battle will end. It is impossible to lead alone hundreds of thousands of people who go to their death. The main tasks of the commander-in-chief are to maintain the morale of the army, to take care of the life of every soldier. Therefore, it was the spirit of the army that became one of the reasons for the victory of the Russians in the Patriotic War of 1812.
| evaluation criterion | kutuzov | Napoleon |
| appearance | a fat old man with a mocking and affectionate look and a slow gait. looks untidy, does not try to impress, even sleeps in meetings and cries during speeches. lost an eye in one of the battles and walks with a bandage. | a short and stout middle-aged man with small hands, a fussy gait and a theatrical expression. dressed to the nines, carefully groomed, always striving to make an impact, even when looking at a portrait of his son. |
| character | a kind, sympathetic and sincere person, not without weaknesses (likes to eat and take a nap, stares at women), but indifferent to fame. a true patriot and a wise commander who advanced by talent and intelligence, and not by court intrigues. | a self-righteous and pompous upstart who takes revenge on the emperors for giving them power by lineage, not conquest. a vain and selfish commander who values glory more than human lives. indifferent to the family, because, despite one marriage, he entered into a second one, without breaking ties with his wife. |
| behavior | always stands close to the battle, despite his old age. encourages and pities the soldiers to tears. feels personally responsible for the army and the fatherland and blames himself for the surrender of Moscow. | is at a decent distance from the battle, before the battle likes to produce a dramatic effect and make pathetic speeches. the soldier considers clay from which he sculpts history, therefore he is not particularly interested in their fate. |
| mission | save the motherland | take over Europe and make yourself its master. |
| role in history | believes that he does not have a special role, so he almost does not interfere in the course of events. | considers himself the center of the world and the arbiter of destinies, therefore he constantly makes orders, which, however, are not executed. |
| relation to soldiers | sincerely pities them in Europe and opposes the armed conflict in Austerlitz. ardently sympathizes with them in Russia and takes their losses hard. | drives his soldiers across all of Europe, exposing fellow citizens to countless dangers and not sparing them. |
| conclusion | Kutuzov is a patriotic and wise commander who had enough experience and knowledge of life to get Russia out of a difficult situation. | Napoleon is a lover of power and an adventurer, not devoid of talent and intelligence. however, he played too much in the emperor and forgot what his duty to the people was. he led the country to countless losses, not to prosperity. |
(based on the novel by L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace")
Speaking about the role of the individual in history, Tolstoy writes: “A person consciously lives for himself, but serves as an unconscious tool for achieving historical, universal goals ... The higher a person stands on the social ladder, the more people he is connected with, the more power he has over others people, the more obvious is the predestination and inevitability of each of his actions. Thus, Tolstoy holds the idea that the closer a person is to natural life, the more it depends on it, the further, the less.
| Kutuzov | Napoleon |
| Portrait | |
| A decrepit, physically weak old man, but strong in spirit and strong in mind. | The person is in the prime of life, but his appearance is reduced by such details as small stature, fat body, etc. |
| demeanor | |
| Naturalness in everything (sleeps during the war council, eats chicken during the battle). | Everything is said and done for history (the episode with the portrait of the son). |
| Attitude towards soldiers | |
| Fatherly care, the desire to save the lives of soldiers (view in Braunau). | Soldiers are a means to achieve glory and power (the death of the Polish uhlans while crossing the Neman). |
| Activity goals | |
| Defense of the Fatherland | Glory to power. |
| Combat tactics. | |
| Supports the spirit of the troops. | By imperious orders he tries to lead the battle. |
| Author's attitude | |
| "People's commander", "savior of the fatherland". | A person whose mind and conscience are darkened |
| Conclusion: "There is no greatness where there is no simplicity, goodness and truth" |
Answer the questions:
Analyze the behavior of Kutuzov and the behavior of Napoleon during military events. Explain why Kutuzov can be called a servant of the people, and Napoleon - the leader of the crowd.
- Do the images of Kutuzov and Napoleon in the novel correspond to real historical figures?
- Show the difference in the author's assessment of the appearance of Kutuzov and Napoleon?
- To whom are these characters opposed and to whom are they similar in the novel?
- Why does Tolstoy have a negative attitude towards Napoleon and with love towards Kutuzov?
- Does Kutuzov claim to be a hero in history? And Napoleon?
Conclusion: Tolstoy, comparing Kutuzov and Napoleon, shows that Kutuzov is a people's commander, close to the soldiers, carrying naturalness, true love, patriotism, the ability to think about the army, and not about himself. There is greatness, simplicity, goodness and truth in it.
Napoleon is distinguished by hypocrisy, selfishness, artificiality, theatricality, inability to think about others.
All this brings Napoleon closer to the high society of Russia (compare the evening with A.P. Scherer - the same theatricality).
"THE PEOPLE'S THOUGHT IN THE NOVEL" WAR AND PEACE "
In the first lesson on the novel "War and Peace" we set ourselves the task of understanding what life Tolstoy affirms and what he denies. At each lesson, partial answers were received: when getting acquainted with the salon of A. Scherer, when studying the war of 1805 and the Patriotic War of 1812. We have understood the criterion of Tolstoy's evaluation of life: everything is judged by its proximity to the living life of nature and proximity to the spirit of the people. Everything that is incomprehensible to the people's soul and is not accepted by it, is not accepted by Tolstoy either. That which is torn off from national folk roots is condemned by Tolstoy, for example, an aristocratic society. Strength in the people, united by a single goal, is the main idea of the novel.
The "folk thought", which Tolstoy loved, is revealed in the novel in two aspects:
In historical and philosophical terms, in the assertion that the people are the leading force in history;
In moral and psychological terms - in the assertion that the people are the bearer of the best human qualities.
Both of these plans, intertwined, form the criterion for assessing life by Tolstoy: the writer judges his heroes by proximity to the people, to their fate and to their spirit.
- Why is the people the leading force of history?
In the philosophy of history, the writer claims that any historical event occurs only when the interests and actions of people coincide. (The scenes of leaving Moscow, the widespread opposition to the French, the Battle of Borodino and the victory in the war stemmed from the unity of interests of the Russian people, who did not want to be "servants of Bonaparte"). The cudgel of a people's war is the formidable force of the people united in the struggle against the enemy. The soldier with a bandaged cheek and Tikhon Shcherbaty, the gunners on Raevsky's battery and the militia men, the merchant Ferapontov, the housekeeper Mavra Kuzminichna, and others - all feel and act the same. In the fight against the “world leaders”, they show heroism, endure any difficulties and hardships in the name of the life and independence of the Fatherland.
What Tolstoy means in the novel by the concept of people is, rather, a nation. In a single fight against the enemy, the interests and behavior of Natasha Rostova, her brothers Petya and Nikolai, Pierre Bezukhov, the Bolkonsky family, Kutuzov and Bagration, Dolokhov and Denisov, the “young officer” and the Saratov landowner, who left Moscow with her tricksters without orders from Rostopchin, coincide. All of them, according to Tolstoy, are no less heroes of history than the elder Vasilisa or Tikhon Shcherbaty. All of them are included in "Roy" people who make history. The basis of national unity is the common people, and the best part of the nobility strives for it. The heroes of Tolstoy only find their happiness when they do not separate themselves from the people. In closeness with the people, Tolstoy evaluates his positive heroes.
- Why are the heroes of the novel so eager for the people? Why does Pierre want to be a "soldier, a simple soldier"?
The people are the bearer of the best human qualities. “... They are always firm and calm to the end ... They don’t speak, but they do,” Pierre thinks.
This is the ability to make sacrifices and hardships in the name of the Motherland, heroism, "hidden warmth of patriotism", the ability to do everything, unpretentiousness, cheerfulness, peacefulness and hatred of the "world leaders". We see all these qualities in the soldiers, in Tikhon Shcherbat, in the lackey of Prince Andrei Petre and others. However, Tolstoy considers positive other qualities that are most characteristic of Platon Karataev in the novel, it was he who at one time revived in Pierre faith in the justice of life.
- What effect did he have on Pierre? Does he look like other men?
In Karataev, as in other men, there are positive qualities: simplicity, calmness, the ability to adapt to live in any circumstances, faith in life, concern for Moscow, goodwill, he is a jack of all trades. But there is something else in him: kindness becomes forgiveness in him (and to enemies too), unpretentiousness - the absence of all sorts of requirements for life (everywhere he feels good), faith in the reasonableness of the natural course of events in life - humility before fate ("rock is looking for a head" ), the intuitiveness of behavior - the absolute absence of reason ("not with your mind - by God's judgment"). How to evaluate such a person? Its qualities, both positive and negative, are inherent in the Russian peasantry. Tolstoy considers Karataev "the personification of everything Russian, kind and round" (vol. 4, part 1, ch. 13). There is naivete, spontaneity, and obedience to circumstances in other peasants, in the same Tikhon Shcherbat, Bogucharovtsy, but in the images of other peasants, active principles are the main ones. The novel as a whole shows “resistance to evil”, struggle, and in Karataev, the main thing is forgiveness, adaptability to life, and it is for these qualities that Tolstoy idealizes him, makes him a measure of vitality for Pierre, his beloved hero.
CONCLUSION: Leo Tolstoy admitted that in the novel "War and Peace" he "tried to write the history of the people" defined the genre of "War and Peace" - an epic novel.
Tolstoy wanted to show: a people-hero; people who influence history.
The main task of the writer could be solved precisely in the epic novel, since the epic embodies: the fate of the people; the historical process itself; a broad, multifaceted, even comprehensive picture of the world; reflections on the fate of the world and people.
The novel "War and Peace" is a folk-heroic epic, the main idea of which is: the people are the bearer of morality.
1. The people are the embodiment of moral ideals.
2. War is a test of the depth of patriotism and fortitude.
3. The driving force of history is the people.
4. Only a person close to the people can influence events.
5. Man, People, History - Tolstoy's measures of the world.
TOPIC: “TO BE COMPLETELY GOOD…” PRINCE ANDREI BOLKONSKY’S SEARCH WAY
How do you understand the theoretical formula of “real life”: “Life meanwhile, the real life of people with their essential interests of health, illness, work, rest, with their own interests of thought, science, poetry, music, love, friendship, hatred, passions, went , as always, independently and beyond political proximity or enmity with Napoleon Bonaparte and beyond all possible transformations"
Real life is the realization of natural human interests.
- Do you agree that real life should go beyond politics?
How does Tolstoy see human nature? Human nature, according to Tolstoy, is multifaceted, in most people there is good and bad, human development depends on the struggle of these two principles, and character is determined by what is in the foreground.
- Give examples of the versatility of human nature.
Calculating Dolokhov is a gentle and loving son. Pierre is smart, but inexperienced in everyday affairs, quick-tempered to rage, but kind, etc.
Tolstoy sees the same person “either as a villain, or as an angel, or as a sage, or as an idiot, or as a strong man, or as a powerless being” (from Tolstoy’s diary). His heroes make mistakes and are tormented by this, they know impulses upward and obey the dictates of low passions. With all the contradictions, positive characters always remain dissatisfied with themselves, lack of complacency, continuous search for the meaning of life. This is Tolstoy's understanding of the unity of character. “... To live honestly, you have to tear, get confused, fight, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, and always fight and lose. And peace is spiritual meanness ”(from a letter from L.N. Tolstoy dated October 18, 1857). The best heroes of Tolstoy repeat his moral code, therefore one of the principles of depicting positive heroes is their depiction in spiritual complexity (“dialectics of the soul”) and “fluidity”, in a continuous search for truth.
Today, one of Tolstoy's favorite heroes, Prince Andrei Bolkonsky, falls into our field of vision.
- What attracts you to Andrei Bolkonsky?
He is smart, understands life, understands politics. And most importantly, not a careerist, not a coward, not looking for a "cozy place."
- With what details does Tolstoy emphasize that Prince Andrei is uncomfortable in the cabin
A. Sherer?
- When Pierre Bezukhov asked Bolkonsky why he goes to war, which cannot be
call it fair ... What does Prince Andrei answer him?
Read the passage "For what? I dont know. So it is necessary ... - I'm going because this life that I lead here is not for me.
- What conclusion can we draw?
- Do you think fame is the most important thing that a person needs?
Probably not. After all, glory is only for yourself. Prince Andrei wants to earn fame by a feat, a real deed. Such purposefulness can fill a life. Suvorov said: “The soldier who does not dream of becoming a general is bad.”
But you can want to be a general in different ways. One is promoted through his strengths and abilities, and sees the ultimate goal in the fullest realization of himself. Well, if you delve deeper into Suvorov's statement, then you need to understand this: every person should strive to achieve perfection in his work.
- The wiser the person, the less vanity in his dream. When did Prince Andrei understand this?
After the battle of Austerlitz. His dreams of glory seemed to him insignificant.
Bolkonsky after the war of 1805-1807. returns home, lives in his estate. His state of mind is grave. Prince Andrei is a deep man. He suffers from a lack of meaning in life. Decides to take up public affairs, participates in the work of the commission for the drafting of new laws, but then Om realizes that they are out of touch with life. He goes to war. Before the battle of Borodino, he is overwhelmed with feelings, because he is participating in a common patriotic cause.
- Death interrupts the quest of Prince Andrei. But if he had not died and his search continued, where would they have led Bolkonsky?
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