Who worked Ivan Denisovich Shukhov. What qualities of the hero of the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" manifested themselves in the scene of collective work at the construction site? Productions and film adaptations

Solzhenitsyn, in his legendary work, talks about a prisoner with the number Shch-854, a Stalinist post-war camp. There, it was not customary to address prisoners by name, only by number. Although among themselves, or in the brigade, the prisoners had an unspoken rule to call by name, or, in extreme cases, by last name.

Many called Shukhov by his first name and patronymic. Although he was not an outstanding personality, he was respected in his brigade and cell. How did the man differ from the rest of the prisoners? The answer to this question is very simple - the man remained a man throughout the entire period. He always helped others whenever he could, but he never asked anyone for help himself. Shukhov knew that "debt in payment is red," but he did not like to remain in debt.

Before doing anything or going anywhere, the man tried to plan everything in advance. But, nevertheless, Shukhov always acted solely out of circumstances. Even going to the dining room alone could be a "fatal event" if the warden noticed him. Therefore, the man was very careful and fast at the same time.

The lightning-fast reaction of a man often saved him from hunger. If the cook at the distribution “gaps” and does not have time to count how many plates have already been given out, then Shukhov, realizing, will certainly have time to hide two portions, for himself and the foreman.

But mostly self-respect, earned, of course, with his own work. He was well versed in carpentry, construction, sewed slippers for other prisoners and always had money with him, although it was forbidden to have them in the colony.

His wife stopped sending him parcels, as he strictly forbade doing this. Ivan Denisovich understood that he had children at large, and he could not take the last thing from them. The post-war years were the most difficult for everyone. Shukhov, if he wished, could earn for himself both for tobacco and for "increased rations", but he could not help the family in any other way.

What else helped him to remain human? Most likely, just a desire to live like a human being. He acted and treated others the way he wanted to be treated. The man realized that if everything is approached with a certain positive, then life becomes better.

Yes, there are few reasons for joy in captivity, and yet Shukhov tried to find them. He was happy with each of his "small victories" and this also gave strength to his new "achievements".

Shukhov was a very thrifty and thrifty person, so he even divided the ration of bread allotted to him into small portions and consumed it in several doses.

Another man helped his ingenuity. Therefore, when one day he found a piece of iron fittings, he did not throw it away, but risked carrying it into the cell. The man clearly planned how to do it, and he succeeded. From iron, he decided to make a knife. Any piercing and cutting objects are strictly prohibited. But sometimes even a prisoner cannot do without them.

So, with the help of his own dexterity, ingenuity and a normal human attitude, Shukhov was able not only to survive in the camp, but also not to lose his moral qualities.

Ivan Denisovich

IVAN DENISOVICH - the hero of the story-story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" (1959-1962). The image of I.D. as if complicated by the author of two real people. One of them is Ivan Shukhov, already a middle-aged fighter of an artillery battery commanded by Solzhenitsyn during the war. The other is Solzhenitsyn himself, who served time under the notorious Article 58 in 1950-1952. in the camp in Ekibastuz and also worked there as a bricklayer. In 1959, Solzhenitsyn began to write the story "Shch-854" (the camp number of convict Shukhov). Then the story was called "One day of one convict." In the editorial office of the Novy Mir magazine, in which this story was first published (No. 11, 1962), at the suggestion of A.T. Tvardovsyugo, she was given the name “One day of Ivan Denisovich”.

The image of I.D. is of particular importance for Russian literature of the 60s. along with the image of the dora Zhivago and Anna Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". After the publication of the story in the era of the so-called. Khrushchev's thaw, when Stalin's "personality cult" was first condemned, I.D. became for the whole of the then USSR a generalized image of the Soviet convict - a prisoner of Soviet labor camps. Many former convicts under Article 58 recognized” Shv.D. themselves and their destiny.

I. D. Shukhov is a hero from the people, from the peasants, whose fate is broken by the merciless state system. Once in the infernal machine of the camp, grinding, destroying physically and spiritually, Shukhov tries to survive, but at the same time remain a man. Therefore, in the chaotic whirlwind of camp non-existence, he sets a limit for himself, below which he must not fall (do not eat in a hat, do not eat fish eyes floating in the gruel), otherwise death, first spiritual, and then physical. In the camp, in this realm of uninterrupted lies and deception, it is precisely those who perish who betray themselves (lick bowls), betray their bodies (lounging around in the infirmary), betray their own (snitch), - lies and betrayal destroy in the first place precisely those who obeys them.

Particular controversy was caused by the episode of "shock labor" - when the hero and his entire team suddenly, as if forgetting that they are slaves, with some kind of joyful enthusiasm, take up the laying of the wall. L. Kopelev even called the work "a typical production story in the spirit of socialist realism." But this episode has primarily a symbolic meaning, correlated with Dante's Divine Comedy (the transition from the lower circle of hell to purgatory). In this work for the sake of work, creativity for the sake of creativity, I.D. he builds the notorious thermal power plant, he builds himself, remembers himself free - he rises above the camp slave non-existence, experiences catharsis, purification, he even physically overcomes his illness. Immediately after the release of "One Day" in Solzhenitsyn, many saw the new Leo Tolstoy, "Shv.D. - Platon Karataev, although he is “not round, not humble, not calm, does not dissolve in the collective consciousness” (A. Arkhangelsky). In essence, when creating the image of I.D. Solzhenitsyn proceeded from Tolstoy's idea that a peasant's day could be the subject of a volume as voluminous as several centuries of history.

To a certain extent, Solzhenitsyn contrasts his I.D. "Soviet intelligentsia", "educated", "paying taxes in support of the mandatory ideological lies". The disputes of Caesar and the katoranga about the film "Ivan the Terrible" by I.D. incomprehensible, he turns away from them as from far-fetched, "lordly" conversations, as from a boring ritual. Phenomenon I.D. is associated with the return of Russian literature to populism (but not to nationality), when the writer no longer sees in the people "truth", not "truth", but a comparatively smaller, in comparison with "educated", "feed a lie".

Another feature of the image of I.D. in that he does not answer questions, but rather asks them. In this sense, the dispute of I.D. with Alyoshka the Baptist about his imprisonment as suffering in the name of Christ. (This dispute is directly related to the disputes between Alyosha and Ivan Karamazov - even the names of the characters are the same.) I.D. does not agree with this approach, but reconciles their “cookies”, which I.D. gives to Alyoshka. The simple humanity of the act obscures both Alyoshka's frenziedly exalted "sacrifice" and reproaches to God for "imprisonment" of I.D.

The image of I.D., like the story of Solzhenitsyn itself, is among such phenomena of Russian literature as A.S. War and Peace” (Pierre Bezukhoy in French captivity) and “Resurrection” by Leo Tolstoy. This work became a kind of prelude for the book The Gulag Archipelago. After the publication of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Solzhenitsyn received a huge number of letters from readers, from which he later compiled the anthology Reading Ivan Denisovich.

Lit .: Niva Zh. Solzhenitsyn. M., 1992; Chalmaev V.A. Alexander Solzhenitsyn: life and work. M., 1994; Curtis J.M. Solzhenitsyn's traditional imagination. Athens, 1984; Krasnov V. Solzhenitsyn and Dostoevsky. Athens, 1980.

[in the camp]? [Cm. summary of the story "One day of Ivan Denisovich" .] After all, is it not just the need to survive, not the animal thirst for life? This need alone breeds people like canteens, like cooks. Ivan Denisovich is at the other pole of Good and Evil. That's Shukhov's strength, that with all the inevitable moral losses for a prisoner, he managed to keep his soul alive. Such moral categories as conscience, human dignity, decency determine his life behavior. Eight years of hard labor did not break the body. They didn't break their souls either. So the story about the Soviet camps grows to the scale of the story about the eternal strength of the human spirit.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn. One day of Ivan Denisovich. The author is reading. Fragment

The hero of Solzhenitsyn himself is hardly aware of his spiritual greatness. But the details of his behavior, seemingly insignificant, are fraught with deep meaning.

No matter how hungry Ivan Denisovich was, he ate not greedily, attentively, he tried not to look into other people's bowls. And although his shaved head was freezing, he certainly took off his hat while eating: “no matter how cold, but he could not allow himself is in the hat. Or - another detail. Ivan Denisovich smells the perfumed smoke of a cigarette. “... He was all tense in anticipation, and now this cigarette tail was more desirable to him than, it seems, the will itself, - but he wouldn't hurt himself and, like Fetyukov, he would not look into his mouth.

Deep meaning lies in the words highlighted here. Behind them lies a huge inner work, a struggle with circumstances, with oneself. Shukhov "forged his own soul, year by year", managing to remain a man. "And through that - a particle of his people." With respect and love speaks of him

This explains the attitude of Ivan Denisovich towards other prisoners: respect for those who survived; contempt for those who have lost their human form. So, he despises the goner and jackal Fetyukov because he licks bowls, because he “dropped himself”. This contempt is aggravated, perhaps also because “Fetyukov, you know, in some office he was a big boss. I went by car." And any boss, as already mentioned, is an enemy for Shukhov. And now he does not want this goner to get an extra bowl of gruel, he rejoices when he is beaten. Cruelty? Yes. But one must also understand Ivan Denisovich. It cost him considerable mental effort to preserve human dignity, and he suffered the right to despise those who lost their dignity.

However, Shukhov not only despises, but also feels sorry for Fetyukov: “To figure it out, so sorry for him. He won't live to see his time. He doesn't know how to put himself." Convict Shch-854 knows how to put himself. But his moral victory is expressed not only in this. Having spent many years in hard labor, where the cruel "law-taiga" operates, he managed to save the most valuable asset - mercy, humanity, the ability to understand and pity the other.

All sympathy, all Shukhov's sympathy is on the side of those who survived, who have a strong spirit and mental fortitude.

Like a fairy-tale hero, Ivan Denisovich imagines brigadier Tyurin: “... the brigadier has a steel chest /... / it’s scary to interrupt his high thought /... / Stands against the wind - he won’t wince, the skin on his face is like oak bark" (34) . The prisoner Yu-81 is the same. "... He sits in the camps and in prisons innumerable, how much Soviet power costs ..." The portrait of this man matches the portrait of Tyurin. Both of them evoke images of heroes, like Mikula Selyaninovich: “Of all the hunched camp backs, his back was excellently straight /... / His face was all exhausted, but not to the weakness of a disabled wick, but to a hewn, dark stone” (102).

This is how “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” reveals “human fate” – the fate of people placed in inhuman conditions. The writer believes in the unlimited spiritual powers of man, in his ability to withstand the threat of bestiality.

Rereading Solzhenitsyn's story now, one involuntarily compares it with " Kolyma stories» V. Shalamova. The author of this terrible book draws the ninth circle of hell, where suffering reached such an extent that, with rare exceptions, people could no longer retain their human appearance.

“Shalamov’s camp experience was bitter and longer than mine,” writes A. Solzhenitsyn in The Gulag Archipelago, “and I respectfully admit that it was he, and not me, who got to touch that bottom of brutality and despair, to which the whole camp life was pulling us ". But paying tribute to this mournful book, Solzhenitsyn disagrees with its author in his views on man.

Addressing Shalamov, Solzhenitsyn says: “Perhaps anger is not the most durable feeling after all? With your personality and your poems, do you refute your own conception? According to the author of The Archipelago, “... even in the camp (and everywhere in life) there is no corruption without ascent. They are close".

Noting the fortitude and fortitude of Ivan Denisovich, many critics, however, spoke of the poverty and earthiness of his spiritual world. So, L. Rzhevsky believes that Shukhov's horizons are limited by "one bread". Another critic argues that Solzhenitsyn's hero "suffers as a person and a family man, but to a lesser extent from the humiliation of his personal and civic dignity"

In Solzhenitsyn's story, the curtain is lifted on what is happening in Stalin's camps. The fate of thousands of soldiers after being taken prisoner is forever ruined and mangled in their own homeland. All of them were declared traitors to their homeland, and almost every second one ended up here because of cruel injustice, choosing between a “wooden jacket” and death.

Ivan Denisovich Shukhov became such a "good soldier" who recognized himself as a "traitor" after long tortures. The author clarifies that the hero is about forty years old, eight of which he spent in "places not so remote." Meanwhile, a man, even in this position, has not ceased to be a man. He did not follow the easy path of an informer and at the same time did not break under the yoke of circumstances. The man honestly earned “his bread” with all the possibilities and was respected by his cellmates.

From morning to evening, the man analyzed the situation and acted whenever possible. On the one hand, this could be an insignificant action, for example, on time and by chance, take a place in the queue for someone who should receive a parcel or sew slippers. Everything in the camp had its price. In addition, every step must be thought out, because there were sentries all around on the towers, who, at the slightest pretext, could be sent to a punishment cell.

Shukhov never avoided physical work either. He was a master of all trades and was well versed in both construction and any other field. Therefore, in the brigade, he got mainly the work of a bricklayer. Prudent Shukhov, in this case, hid a good trowel. Even in this matter, he was prudent and frugal to the maximum.

Life forced him to be in constant fuss. He never asked for anything from others, nor did he speak frankly. Although there was a large brigade here, Shukhov nevertheless tried to keep to himself. At the same time, he was not an outcast. This position allowed a man to be responsible only for himself and his actions.

The man was not only a diligent hard worker, but also tried not to disturb the order, and always got up strictly on the “rise”, so as not to provoke the guards once again and not to tempt an already difficult fate. After all, a punishment cell is not just complete isolation from society, it is an irretrievable loss of "acquired", as well as one's own health.

Is it necessary to say that Shukhov was very thrifty?! He always tried to stock up on bread, and then, in case of severe hunger, to eat it and prolong his existence. He hid it in his mattress, sewing up the "solder" each time.

The man kept the threads and the needle as carefully as the knife he made with his own hands. Shukhov constantly hid these "most valuable" things, since they were also banned. Although he lived one day, he still managed to think over and even build clear plans for the coming day.

Ivan Denisovich in captivity lived the same way as in ordinary life. He did not expect that after the end of the term he would be released, because he knew that with his article, they could extend the conclusion. However, the man never gave a look, but on the contrary, he was pleased that the inmates were jealous of his "small" two-year remaining term.

The idea of ​​the story came to the mind of the writer when he was serving time in the Ekibastuz concentration camp. Shukhov - the main character of "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", is a collective image. He embodies the features of the prisoners who were with the writer in the camp. This is the first published work of the author, which brought Solzhenitsyn worldwide fame. In his narrative, which has a realistic direction, the writer touches on the topic of the relationship of people deprived of their freedom, their understanding of honor and dignity in inhuman conditions of survival.

Characteristics of the heroes of "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"

main characters

Minor characters

This was an incomplete description of the heroes of the story, the list of which is much larger in the work “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich” itself. This table of characteristics can be used to answer questions in literature lessons.

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