Chichikov in the poem "Dead Souls". The image of Chichikov in the poem "Dead Souls": a description of appearance and character with quotes

Chichikov in the poem " Dead Souls"Plan: Character traits. Acquisition and enterprise. Adaptability to life. Resourcefulness and swindle. Caution and prudence. The ability to handle and communicate with people. Persistence in achieving goals. Gogol's skill in depicting Chichikov. Chichikov in the poem is like a living person (his portrait and manners).Contrast is the main device of the image.General author's description.The reasons that determined the character of Chichikov.Conditions for the formation and growth of capitalist relations.Upbringing and education in these conditions.Chchichikov is a type of business owner.

The main theme of Gogol's "Dead Souls" is the theme of the ways historical development Russia. Gogol, with the keen eye of an artist, noticed that in Russian society mid-nineteenth centuries, money begins to play a decisive role: businessmen try to establish themselves in society, become independent, relying on capital, and on the verge of two eras - capitalism and feudalism - such businessmen were a common phenomenon.

Chichikov - central hero of the poem “Dead Souls”, all the action of the poem takes place around him, all of its characters. Gogol himself wrote: “For whatever you say, don’t come to Chichikov’s head with this thought (about buying dead souls), this poem would not have been born *.

In contrast to the images of landlords and officials, the image of Chichikov is given in development: we know about the origin and upbringing of the hero, the beginning of his activities and the subsequent events of his life. Chichikov is a person who differs in many of his features from local nobility. By origin, he is a nobleman, but the estate is not the source of his existence. “The origin of our hero is dark and modest,” writes Gogol and gives a picture of his childhood and teaching. For the rest of his life, Chichikov remembered his father's advice. Most of all, save and save a penny. “You will do everything and break everything in the world with a penny,” his father told him. Chichikov set acquisition as the goal of his life. Already at school, he showed extreme resourcefulness in terms of acquiring a penny: he traded gingerbread and rolls, trained a mouse and sold it profitably. And soon he sews 5 rubles into a bag and begins to save another. Thus began his entrepreneurial life.

Chichikov showed considerable ability in terms of dealing with superiors. At the school, he tried to be a model of obedience and politeness, deftly knew how to gain confidence and evoked commendable reviews with respectfulness and humble behavior.

After graduating from his studies, he enters the state ward, where he pleases the boss in every possible way and even takes care of his daughter. And soon he himself receives the position of an assistant and begins to take bribes.

Chichikov has an exciting effect on the pictures of a wealthy life that he has to face. He is seized by the desire to become the owner of capital, which will bring with it "life in all contentment." Chichikov patiently and persistently overcomes official barriers. “Everything turned out to be in him that is necessary for this world: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business affairs. With such means, he obtained in a short time what is called a grain place, and took advantage of it in an excellent way. Resourcefulness and cheating become his characteristic features. Having become a member of the “commission for the construction of some state-owned, but very capital structure”, he acquires a good cook and an excellent pair of horses, wears thin, Dutch linen shirts, gets out from under the healthy laws of abstinence: the unexpected exposure of a scam with the construction of a government building dispelled Chichikov's blissful state, everything turned out to be irretrievably lost, this upset Chichikov, but did not shake. He decided to restart his career and finds an even more profitable customs service. He takes on very profitable operations: with a herd of Spanish sheep, he performs an operation with Barbant lace and in a short time makes a fortune. The money flows into his hands. “God knows, to what enormous figure the blessed sums would not grow, if some difficult beast did not run across everything.” The newly exposed and exiled Chichikov becomes an attorney, and here the thought of searching for dead souls comes to him. And most importantly, it’s good, he says, - that “the subject will seem incredible to everyone, no one will believe it.”

The writer reveals the image of Chichikov gradually, as stories about his adventures. In each chapter we learn something new about him. He comes to the provincial city to carry out reconnaissance and ensure the success of the planned enterprise. In the city of N, he is extremely cautious and strictly prudent. He asked the tavern servant about the city officials, about the landowners closest to the city, about the state of the region, about epidemic diseases. Not a single day is wasted by the active Pavel Ivanovich. He establishes friendly relations with the dignitaries of the city, makes acquaintance with the landowners and, thanks to his exceptional courtesy, forms a flattering opinion of himself. Even the rude Sobakevich said: "A pleasant man."

The ability to deal with people and skillful conversation are Chichikov's tried and tested means in all fraudulent operations. He knows who to talk to. He talks to Manilov in a sugary-polite tone, saying that "a pleasant conversation is better than a great meal." Without difficulty, he obtains dead souls from him for free, and even leaves the costs of registration of the deed to the owner. He does not stand on ceremony at all in a conversation with the club-headed Korobochka, intimidates with shouts and gives only 15 rubles for all the dead, lying that he will come for flour, cereals and other food.

He carries on a casual, cheeky conversation with the broken little Nozdryov and deftly extricates himself from all offers of exchange. Chichikov cautiously talks to the kulak landowner Sobakevich, calls the dead peasants non-existent and forces Sobakevich to greatly reduce the price he asked.

Respectfully polite Chichikov with Plyushkin, he says that he decided to help him and show his personal respect. He deftly pretended to be a compassionate person and received from him 78 souls for only 32 kopecks each.

Meetings with the landowners show Chichikov's exceptional perseverance in achieving his goal, the ease of reincarnation, unusual resourcefulness and energy, hiding the prudence of a predatory nature behind external softness and grace.

And now Chichikov is again among the city officials. He charms everyone with "the pleasantness of secular treatment", "some kind of compliment, very decent, to the governor's wife." All the ladies of the city are crazy about him. However, Nozdrev destroys all his plans. “Well, come on,” he thought to himself, “there is nothing more to delay, you need to get out of here as soon as possible.”

So, “our hero is all there. What is he like!” - concludes Gogol. Chichikov appears before the readers alive. We see both the appearance and the inner world of Chichikov. At first glance, there is something indefinite in him, this is “the gentleman is not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young.” We see a sedate, courteous, well-dressed man, always neat and clean, shaved and smoothed, but in what a blatant contradiction is his appearance with his inner world! Gogol masterfully, in one sentence, gives him complete description: "It is most fair to call him the owner-acquirer," and then the author speaks of him simply and sharply: "Scoundrel."

Such a character, like that of Chichikov, could arise only in the conditions of the formation of capitalist relations, when entrepreneurs, for the sake of profit and enrichment, put everything at stake. Chichikov is a type of bourgeois businessman-purchaser who does not disdain any means for his enrichment.

Even Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky noted the broad typicality of Chichikov. “The same Chichikovs,” he wrote, “only in a different dress: in France and England they do not buy dead souls, but bribe living souls in free parliamentary elections!”

Terrible, disgusting is this knight of the “money bag”, who builds his well-being on misfortunes a large number people: mass epidemics, natural disasters, wars, - everything that sows death and death, all this plays into the hands of Chichikov.

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The image of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov is perhaps the most successful of Gogol's caricatures. The life story of only this character playing leading role in the poem "Dead Souls", revealed by the author in great detail. To engage in such an artistic and comprehensive study of the writer was forced by the novelty of the character, for which he undertook.

Many features of the landowners of that time are combined by Pavel Ivanovich of the hero would not be complete without a description in the eleventh chapter of the conditions in which his formation took place.

As a legacy from an impoverished nobleman, Pavel Ivanovich inherited some copper and instructions to study well and please everyone, and save and save money. The absence of lofty words about debt in the will, he took literally. And life itself soon confirmed that these concepts do not lead to anything good (in his understanding). At the school, Pavlusha's knowledge, behavior, and respect caused only approval and praise from the teachers, who set the boy as an example to other students. Having entered the state chamber after studying, he continues to please his boss, to show signs of attention to his daughter. The same behavior is typical for him in any situation. Chichikov quickly realized: in order to please a person, you need to talk with him about his interests, about topics close to him. Such behavior helps him to remain his own person in any society. Gradually, Pavel Ivanovich drowns out more living soul, tries not to hear the quiet voice of conscience, builds his happiness on someone else's misfortune. And all this for their own benefit. The tools that Chichikov skillfully and actively uses are fraud and deceit, theft from the treasury, insult, bribery. Constant accumulation, acquisition become the meaning of life for the protagonist. And at the same time, Chichikov needs money not for their own sake. They serve as a means to achieve a good, prosperous life for his family. The image of Chichikov differs sharply from other characters in his determination and strength of character. He achieves his goal by any means, while showing extraordinary resourcefulness, resourcefulness, and perseverance.

Chichikov in the poem "Dead Souls" is not like everyone else in his activity, activity, enterprise. He is not characterized by the wandering in the clouds of Manilov and the naivete of Korobochka. He cannot be compared with the miser Plyushkin, but the careless waste of Nozdryov is also not for him. The enterprise of this hero is far from the efficiency of Sobakevich. All these qualities testify to the clear superiority of Pavel Ivanovich over other characters in the poem.

The image of Chichikov is incredibly multifaceted. It is very difficult to immediately unravel people like him, to understand what they really are. Chichikov managed to please most of the inhabitants of the city as soon as he appeared in it. He managed to present himself as a secular, developed and decent person. During the conversation, he finds an individual key to everyone in whom he is interested. His ostentatious benevolence is only a means to profitably use the high location the right people. It costs nothing for Chichikov to reincarnate, change his behavior and at the same time not forget about his own goals. His ability to adapt to everyone is simply amazing. When Pavel Ivanovich bargains with Manilov, he shows delicacy, sensitivity and courtesy. But with Korobochka, on the contrary, he behaves assertively, rudely, impatiently. He understands that it is very easy to persuade Plyushkin, that it is necessary to speak with Sobakevich in a businesslike manner. The energy of the protagonist is tireless, but it is directed to low deeds.

The image of Chichikov is an example of a merchant and an entrepreneur, a man of a new type, whom Gogol defined as a vile, vile, "dead soul."

A short essay-reasoning on the topic “The image of Chichikov in poem Dead souls with quotes" for grade 9. Characteristics of Chichikov's personality. Why is a penny knight a dead soul? Is he capable of moral revival?

Not all people understand the true greatness of Dead Souls. Many believe that this is “a book that was asked to read at school” and nothing more. In fact, Gogol's poem is not just a boring part school curriculum, these are images, characters, portraits that have been alive from the 19th century to our time, and, unfortunately, will never disappear. Dead souls here are not only landowners, but also partly the main character, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov. Whether he is a living soul or a dead one is a moot point. So let's try to understand the image of one of the first swindlers in Russian literature.

Many say that Gogol treated his hero rather positively, because initially his idea was to “re-educate” Chichikov for the third planned volume, but only one has come down to us, and therefore we can only refer to him. In the first part, Chichikov is a dead soul, albeit not comparable in "vulgarity" with the landowners. Gogol himself thinks almost the same: "A virtuous person is still not taken as a hero."

You can even call him "a hero of his and our time", because Chichikov is a man with petty passions. How many young people are now obsessed with greed, how many swindlers hide behind the honorary name of "businessman"? Chichikov is exactly like that, moreover, from childhood: then he misunderstood the notorious father's "take care of a penny." The vulgarity of Chichikov's soul is blamed on his father, who allegedly taught him bad things. But it is not so. It is quite remarkable that Gogol writes: "He was born simply, as the proverb says: neither in mother, nor in father, but in a passing young fellow." That is, the writer draws a dividing line between the son and the parents. After all, Chichikov, by nature, is closer to philistinism than to his noble roots.

Although his father was poor, he taught his son the "science of wise avarice" and not the frantic search for profit by any means. Chichikov Sr. himself "occupied all positions in the house." That is, he is not so much striving for profit as simply saving. And he taught his son morality and practicality, and not bad things: "Do not lie, obey your elders and carry virtue in your heart." The only thing that can be blamed on the father is his monologue about terrible greed and thrift. But he did not follow it as vehemently as his son did. Pavlusha, apparently, had this vile trait from birth.

Chichikov's estate

And Chichikov began to quickly turn into what he, it seems, was destined to become from the very beginning. Butting on teachers, a cynical attitude towards friendship, hypocrisy and greed - all this only progressed in him. Gogol writes: “It is impossible, however, to say that the nature of our hero was so severe and callous, and his feelings were so dulled that he knew neither pity nor compassion; he felt both, he would even want to help, but only so that it does not consist in a significant amount, so as not to touch the money that was supposed to be left untouched.

As it seems to us last words the author is written with irony. For the hero, everything depends on money, he dreams of beautiful life and saves in order to multiply and then not need anything. These are quite sound thoughts, and Chichikov also clearly has a talent for doing business, but he is so cynical that these are no longer dreams, but mania. Go over the heads, indifferently play on feelings - everything is allowed in order to live in clover. His entire biography is a slippery slope from one scam to another.

How Gogol sees his heroes

For some reason, Gogol saw in Chichikov a person capable of re-education, but later burned the second volume due to the lack of "life truth" and did not proceed to the third. Perhaps partly because the Chichikovs will never be re-educated? The author himself contradicts himself in expressions. He begins to describe Chichikov's biography with the following words: “No, it's time to finally hide the scoundrel. So let's harness the scoundrel!" And later he softens the expression: “It is most fair to call him: the owner, the acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of him things were done, to which the light gives the name of not very clean.

Drawing this controversial image, Gogol wanted to show his contemporaries what is wrong with unprincipled businessmen who were not brought up on moral ideals but on the thirst for wealth and luxury. Whether the writer gave such people a chance to repent and return to a righteous life is a debatable issue. Perhaps, in the continuation of the poem, the vector of development of the spiritual qualities of the hero would have changed dramatically, but Pavlusha remained frozen in history as a practical cynic, repeating his “Take care of the penny” like “Our Father”. The Chichikovs are Russia's trouble.

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Chichikov in the poem "Dead Souls"

Plan:

1. Character traits.

2. Acquisition and enterprise.

3. Adaptability to life.

4. Resourcefulness and cheating.

5. Caution and prudence.

6. Ability to handle and communicate with people.

7. Perseverance in achieving the goal. Gogol's skill in portraying Chichikov.

1. Chichikov in the poem is like a living person (his portrait and manners).

2. Contrast is the main image technique.

8. The reasons for the character of Chichikov.

1. Conditions for the formation and growth of capitalist relations.

2. Upbringing and education in these conditions.

3. Chichikov - the type of business owner.

The main theme of Gogol's "Dead Souls" is the theme of the paths of Russia's historical development. Gogol, with the keen eye of an artist, noticed that money was beginning to play a decisive role in Russian society in the middle of the 19th century: businessmen were trying to establish themselves in society, to become independent, relying on capital, and on the verge of two eras - capitalism and feudalism - such businessmen were a common phenomenon.

Chichikov is the central character of the poem “Dead Souls”, the whole action of the poem takes place around him, all its characters are connected with him. Gogol himself wrote: “For whatever you say, if this thought (of buying dead souls) had not occurred to Chichikov, this poem would not have come into being *.

In contrast to the images of landlords and officials, the image of Chichikov is given in development: we know about the origin and upbringing of the hero, the beginning of his activities and the subsequent events of his life. Chichikov is a person who differs in many of his features from the local nobility. By origin, he is a nobleman, but the estate is not the source of his existence. “The origin of our hero is dark and modest,” writes Gogol and gives a picture of his childhood and teaching. For the rest of his life, Chichikov remembered his father's advice. Most of all, save and save a penny. “You will do everything and break everything in the world with a penny,” his father told him. Chichikov set acquisition as the goal of his life. Already at school, he showed extreme resourcefulness in terms of acquiring a penny: he traded gingerbread and rolls, trained a mouse and sold it profitably. And soon he sews 5 rubles into a bag and begins to save another. Thus began his entrepreneurial life.

Chichikov showed considerable ability in terms of dealing with superiors. At the school, he tried to be a model of obedience and politeness, deftly knew how to gain confidence and evoked commendable reviews with respectfulness and humble behavior.

After graduating from his studies, he enters the state ward, where he pleases the boss in every possible way and even takes care of his daughter. And soon he himself receives the position of an assistant and begins to take bribes.

Chichikov has an exciting effect on the pictures of a wealthy life that he has to face. He is seized by the desire to become the owner of capital, which will bring with it "life in all contentment." Chichikov patiently and persistently overcomes official barriers. “Everything turned out to be in him that is necessary for this world: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business affairs. With such means, he obtained in a short time what is called a grain place, and took advantage of it in an excellent way. Resourcefulness and swindle become its characteristic features. Having become a member of the “commission for the construction of some kind of state-owned, but very capital structure”, he acquires a good cook and an excellent pair of horses, wears thin, Dutch linen shirts, gets out from under the healthy laws of abstinence: the unexpected exposure of the scam with the construction of a state-owned building dispelled the blissful Chichikov's condition, everything turned out to be irretrievably lost, this upset Chichikov, but did not shake him. He decided to restart his career and finds an even more profitable customs service. He takes on very profitable operations: with a herd of Spanish sheep, he performs an operation with Barbant lace and in a short time makes a fortune. The money flows into his hands. “God knows, to what enormous figure the blessed sums would not grow, if some difficult beast did not run across everything.” The newly exposed and exiled Chichikov becomes an attorney, and here the thought of searching for dead souls comes to him. And most importantly, it’s good, he says, - that “the subject will seem incredible to everyone, no one will believe it.”

The writer reveals the image of Chichikov gradually, as stories about his adventures. In each chapter we learn something new about him. He comes to the provincial city to carry out reconnaissance and ensure the success of the planned enterprise. In the city of N, he is extremely cautious and strictly prudent. He asked the tavern servant about the city officials, about the landowners closest to the city, about the state of the region, about epidemic diseases. Not a single day is wasted by the active Pavel Ivanovich. He establishes friendly relations with the dignitaries of the city, makes acquaintance with the landowners and, thanks to his exceptional courtesy, forms a flattering opinion of himself. Even the rude Sobakevich said: "A pleasant man."

The ability to deal with people and skillful conversation are Chichikov's tried and tested means in all fraudulent operations. He knows who to talk to. He talks to Manilov in a sugary-polite tone, saying that "a pleasant conversation is better than a great meal." Without difficulty, he obtains dead souls from him for free, and even leaves the costs of registration of the deed to the owner. He does not stand on ceremony at all in a conversation with the club-headed Korobochka, intimidates with shouts and gives only 15 rubles for all the dead, lying that he will come for flour, cereals and other food.

He carries on a casual, cheeky conversation with the broken little Nozdryov and deftly extricates himself from all offers of exchange. Chichikov cautiously talks to the kulak landowner Sobakevich, calls the dead peasants non-existent and forces Sobakevich to greatly reduce the price he asked.

Respectfully polite Chichikov with Plyushkin, he says that he decided to help him and show his personal respect. He deftly pretended to be a compassionate person and received from him 78 souls for only 32 kopecks each.

Meetings with the landowners show Chichikov's exceptional perseverance in achieving his goal, the ease of reincarnation, unusual resourcefulness and energy, hiding the prudence of a predatory nature behind external softness and grace.

And now Chichikov is again among the city officials. He charms everyone with "the pleasantness of secular treatment", "some kind of compliment, very decent, to the governor's wife." All the ladies of the city are crazy about him. However, Nozdrev destroys all his plans. “Well, come on,” he thought to himself, “there is nothing more to delay, you need to get out of here as soon as possible.”

So, “our hero is all there. What is he like!” - concludes Gogol. Chichikov appears before the readers alive. We see both the appearance and the inner world of Chichikov. At first glance, there is something indefinite in him, this is “the gentleman is not handsome, but not bad-looking, not too fat, not too thin; one cannot say that he is old, but it is not so that he is too young.” We see a sedate, courteous, well-dressed, always neat and clean, shaved and smoothed man, but in what a blatant contradiction is his appearance with his inner world! Gogol masterfully, in one phrase, gives him a complete description: “It is most fair to call him the owner-acquirer,” and then the author speaks of him simply and sharply: “Scoundrel.”

Such a character, like that of Chichikov, could arise only in the conditions of the formation of capitalist relations, when entrepreneurs, for the sake of profit and enrichment, put everything at stake. Chichikov is a type of bourgeois businessman-purchaser who does not disdain any means for his enrichment.

Even Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky noted the broad typicality of Chichikov. “The same Chichikovs,” he wrote, “only in a different dress: in France and England they do not buy dead souls, but bribe living souls in free parliamentary elections!”

Terrible, disgusting is this knight of the “money bag”, who builds his well-being on the misfortunes of a large number of people: mass epidemics, natural disasters, wars - everything that sows death and death, all this plays into the hands of Chichikov.

Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov - the main character of the poem "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol.

Chichikov in a poem of middle age. Was born in poor family. Parents did not want such a life for their son, so they raised him, instilling the ability to get money. Sending his son to study, the father punished Pavel to please the teachers, save every penny and deny himself in many ways. Don't make friends, right. as there is no sense in them, but to be friends only with the rich, from whom it will be useful.

Pavel Ivanovich did just that and finished his studies with good advice from teachers. He was cunning with classmates: he made them share with him, and then he sold these things to them. Chichikov was a very capable young man, intelligent. Once he made a wax figurine and sold it, started a mouse, started training it and also sold it for good money. He knew how to quickly calculate arithmetic in his head, had a penchant for mathematical sciences.

Outwardly, Chichikov was attractive. A little full, but in moderation. He really liked his face, especially his chin.

Pavel Ivanovich really wanted to get rich. But he did not want wealth just to have it. He wanted from the bottom of his heart to enjoy these benefits and live a luxurious life. He wanted to provide for his future children and leave them an inheritance. After graduation, he entered the service. In every possible way he pleased the authorities, which disposed them to him. Having got used to it, he began to take bribes, which they learned about, and Chichikov had to leave the service. He managed to save a lot of money, but nothing came of it either.

But even after that, Chichikov did not give up and decided on a new adventure: to buy dead souls, and then sell them for good money, like they were alive. He had well developed psychological qualities. Because of the ability to please people, Pavel Ivanovich learned the psychology of people and knew how to find an approach to everyone. He carefully studied the habits of gentlemen from high society and learned to apply them to myself. He also knew how to skillfully hypocrite in order to achieve his own benefit, posing as an honest and noble person. What Chichikov from common people betrayed only by his ignorance of French.

Despite his qualities, inherent only to vile people, Pavel Ivanovich also had ordinary ones. He was a compassionate person, always giving coin to the poor. He did not hang out with women, because he knew that this would not lead to good. Chichikov completely lacked romantic inclinations. The thought, except that a woman is beautiful, did not develop further with him.

If you look closely at the poem, you can see that Chichikov has the same qualities as the people from whom he bought souls. This explains the fact that he quickly found a common language with them.

Composition about Chichikov

The famous poem of the writer belongs to those unforgettable things of art, which are a generalization in the form of artistic scales, aimed at solving the problems of human life. The emptiness in the spiritual worldview of people is hidden not only in the conditions of society, but also in the characteristics of the personality.

In a special way, the author of one of these representatives, Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, vividly showed. The lack of interest in the life of this character is emphasized by the fact that there are no changes in his spiritual deeds, he is all in some kind of fuss. His britzka does not leave some kind of vicious circle for a long time. All life is subordinated to one goal - enrichment for the sake of achieving good conditions. This simple dream fuels his energy. Main character does not forget his father's advice about the need to save every coin. Chichikov ceases to sympathize with people. This is evident from his life. He abandons the teacher, who is completely drunk, commits a betrayal against the head of the service, indulges in the joy of the high mortality of the peasants, but he can please everyone, especially high-ranking officials.

Studying at the school, Chichikov, thanks to his neatness and diligence, becomes one of his favorite students. In the service, he also seeks recognition from his superiors. Arriving in NN City, he also continues to speak flattering words to local officials. From each conversation, Pavel Ivanovich takes some benefit for himself. Even Gogol, depicting his image, emphasizes some uncertainty in his appearance. So, talking with Manilov, he appears before us as a young man, endlessly delighting with everything, and in a conversation with Plyushkin, an important gentleman sits, who has seen a lot in his life. Straightforwardness is alien to Chichikov. He is only happy that he makes a good deal. Chichikov even sings after he successfully acquired dead souls from Plyushkin. We see that even speech is filled with vulgar words, this is especially presented in a conversation with Nozdryov about beautiful blonde. Chichikov was forced to flee the city, but this time he achieved his goal, approached one more step towards his happy moments and nothing else matters to him.

Detailed analysis of the hero

Chichikov is considered mainly around which the plot of the poem is placed. This can be understood from the first pages, when the author begins to describe the character of the hero and his environment. Gogol himself was not sure that readers would like Chichikov. Such a statement seems absurd only until Pavel Ivanovich shows his true nature.

Initially, Gogol shows positive sides Chichikov: his ability to conduct a conversation, direct it in the right direction, the ability to stop in time or, on the contrary, to notice many details with just one well-aimed word. This all shows the experience, good breeding, noble behavior and mind of the character. Everyone with whom the hero spoke notes different positive traits his character. This suggests that Pavel Ivanovich skillfully knew how to select the keys to communication with absolutely different people both in terms of age and status.

Gogol considers it important to show a biography in the image of a hero, in the course of which he notes why the character has become what it is now. The construction of the existing appearance of Chichikov began in childhood, when his father explained little boy simple truths, like the fact that every penny should be saved. As a result, this led to the fact that Pavel Ivanovich learned to find benefits in many ways. There are even words that Chichikov traded in the creation and sale of wax and beautifully painted bullfinches.

As he gets older, the character learns to understand people. Having learned his institute bosses well, he can easily find ways to communicate. As a result, he was given a good certificate with a mark of proper behavior. Thinking about what would happen to him next, it was easiest for Chichikov to imagine himself in the role of a rich and accomplished person.

The bad character of the hero is especially evident at the moments of his service in various organizations. Through bribery and fraud, the character quickly becomes rich. But misbehavior is noticed, it is quickly exposed, and the result of all cases is a complete failure. After several failures, Chichikov decides: he needs to acquire dead souls.

Chichikov knew that the audit and the taxes paid by the landlords during its implementation hurt the owners of souls in the wallet. It's much cheaper if you consider those who died during the break between revisions alive.

That is why the hero is in the provincial town. His target is dead souls. As soon as he was in the city, he had to act. He intensively attended city events, visited officials, got acquainted with them and flattered them. Chichikov tried to find out who could provide him with dead souls. This suggests that in the image there is a place for cold-blooded prudence.

It was not difficult for Chichikov to make friends here. He skillfully built the connections he needed, even with such personalities, with whose quirks it is not easy to come to terms and understand them. Showing his qualities as a dreamer, Pavel Ivanovich received free Manilova dead souls, he also received them from Sobakevich and from Korobochka.
"Scoundrel" - that's what its author says about Chichikov.

And indeed, no matter how lively and interesting was added to the image of Pavel Ivanovich, his negative qualities do not remain aloof. This "bad" side of him completely covers all the good that one could observe. Egoism, unwillingness to take someone else's side, the desire to obtain a high income and non-participation in public affairs - this is what Gogol's hero Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov mainly combines in himself. And the existing manifestations of a condescending attitude and understanding in rare cases, the ability to have fun are only qualities that show a living person.

Gogol very skillfully emphasized the uncertainty in the image of Chichikov, outwardly his character is neither fat nor thin, neither handsome nor ugly. The nature of the character is not quite simple, it is sometimes difficult to understand him. Gogol, carefully examining the actions and thoughts of the hero, suggests to the reader that there is some justice in Chichikov's reasoning, but at the same time calls him a scoundrel.

The main focus in Dead souls"became a new type of "owner, acquirer" in Russian literature. The purpose of the image of this hero is “to fix him with a searching look, to explore him to the original causes” and to remove the plaque of external decency:

Everything that is needed for this world was reflected in him: both pleasantness in turns and actions, and glibness in business affairs ...

The visitor somehow knew how to find himself in everything and showed himself an experienced socialite. Whatever the conversation was, he always knew how to support it ... He argued, but somehow extremely skillfully, so that everyone saw that he was arguing, but meanwhile he was arguing pleasantly. He never said: “you went”, but “you deigned to go”, “I had the honor to cover your deuce”, and the like. He spoke neither loudly nor softly, but exactly as he should. In a word, wherever you turn, he was a very decent person.

But not only the ability to hide his vices under the mask of virtue distinguishes Chichikov from other heroes. “We must do justice to the irresistible strength of his character,” writes Gogol. Energy, enterprise, business acumen, as it were, lift Chichikov above the frozen world of "dead souls". It was with the image of Chichikov that Gogol's plans for the spiritual resurrection and rebirth of man were connected. Echoes of these ideas are already heard in the first volume, although Gogol wrote it on the model of Dante's Divine Comedy, and Chichikov plays the role of Virgil, a guide to the "hell" of "dead souls".

"Alive" and "dead" are closely intertwined in Chichikovo. The hero needs money not as an end, but as a means. And although Gogol ironically over Chichikov's concern for non-existent descendants, nevertheless, dreams of a home, a family are deeply significant for the author as well. And if Plyushkin destroys his family with his stinginess, then Chichikov, as soon as he has funds, starts a house and begins to look after the hostess. striving for family happiness due to the attention to the governor's daughter. Chichikov's reflections on the fate of the girl echo the author's thoughts about the "initial causes", about the conditions for the formation of characters:

She is now like a child, everything in her is simple, she will say what she pleases, laugh where she wants to laugh. Everything can be done from it, it can be a miracle, or it can turn out to be rubbish, and rubbish will come out. you have to say how to look at whom, at any moment she will be afraid not to say more than necessary, she will finally get confused herself, and will end up lying at last all her life, and it will come out just the devil knows what!

Chichikov is the only hero whose life appears not as separate episodes, but sequentially, step by step. True, in the poem itself Chichikov appears and acts as an already established character, but in the exposition (Chapter 11) his formation is shown.

Analyzing chapter 11, pay attention to how Chichikov mastered the " science of life", Highlight the main stages of character development:

Origin (“The origin of our hero is dark and modest. His parents were nobles, but pillar or personal - God knows”);

Childhood ("Life at the beginning looked at him somehow sourly and uncomfortably., No friend, no comrade in childhood!");

Father’s instructions (“Look, Pavlusha, study, don’t be a fool and don’t hang out, but most of all please teachers and bosses .. Don’t get along with your comrades, they won’t teach you good; and if it comes to that, then get along with those who are richer so that on occasion they can be useful to you ... and most of all, take care and save a penny, this thing is more reliable than anything in the world ... a penny will not give out, no matter what trouble you are in ”);

Studying at the school (“He suddenly realized and understood the matter and behaved in relation to his comrades in exactly the way that they treated him, and he not only never, but even sometimes, hiding the received treat, then sold them to them”);

Service in the Treasury;

Work at customs;

The idea of ​​​​buying up “dead souls” (“Yes, I buy all these who have died out, while they have not yet filed new revision tales, acquire them, let’s say a thousand, yes, let’s say, the board of trustees will give two hundred rubles per head: that’s two hundred thousand capital1")

Supplement the suggested examples with the analysis of Chapter 11.

Is it typical of the psychology of Chichikov - the "acquirer"? Compare his statements with the reasoning of officials in The Inspector General:

Who is yawning now in office? - everyone buys. I did not make anyone unhappy: I did not rob the widow, I did not let anyone into the world, I used from the excess, I took where anyone would take; If I didn't use it, others would.

What side of Chichikov's character is revealed in the episode with the governor's daughter? Refer to the text of chapter 8, consider the behavior of the hero at the ball. Why is Chichikov deviating from his role " to please all people without exception", because he " very skillfully knew how to flatter everyone"?

Pay attention to the details (speech, forms of behavior), which not only prove Chichikov's ability to "flatter everyone", but show the reincarnation of the hero, the ability to speak with everyone in his language:

Farewell to Manilov:

“Here,” he put his hand on his heart, “yes, here will be the pleasantness of the time spent with you. And believe me, there would be no greater bliss for me than to live with you, if not in the same house, then at least in the immediate neighborhood ... Oh, it would be a heavenly life! Farewell, dearest friend!"

Conversation with Sobakevich:

Please only receipt.

Okay, give me some money!

What's the money for? I have them in my hand! As soon as you write a receipt, you will take them at the same moment.

Excuse me, how can I write a receipt? First you need to see the money!

About the conversation with Korobochka:

Here Chichikov went completely beyond the limits of any patience, slammed his chair on the floor in his heart and promised the devil to her.

What episodes of the poem does Gogol refer the reader to in explaining the character of the hero? Does Chichikov have anything in common with such "purchasers" as Korobochka and Sobakevich? Does the author lay the blame for the hero - the "scoundrel" only on the "environment"? Compare reflections on human passions with reasoning about the path of man, about youth and old age, remember what Gogol calls young people to. What features of Chichikov can be the key to a possible resurrection? How do the environment, man, “heaven” correlate in Gogol’s world) Answer the questions based on the analysis of Chichikov’s image:

It is most fair to call him: the owner, the acquirer. Acquisition is the fault of everything; because of him, deeds were born, to which the world gives the name of not very pure ... Countless, like the sands of the sea, human passions, and all do not resemble one another, and all of them, low and beautiful, are all at first submissive to man, and then already become terrible masters of it ... And, perhaps, in this very Chichikov, the passion that attracts him is no longer from him, and in his cold existence lies something that will later plunge a person to dust and knees before the wisdom of heaven.

"What a huge original plot! What a varied bunch! All Russia will appear in it!” - Gogol wrote to Zhukovsky. To what extent the writer succeeded in completing the task) To what extent “all Russia” appeared in “Dead Souls”) Compare the image of Russia in the epic narrative and lyrical digressions.

And nameless suffering.

Health is key concept this proverb, which has been “walking” among the people for so long. Right now, she's extremely hot-tempered.