Who wrote in the trenches of Stalingrad. V. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad"

The story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" is dedicated to the heroic defense of the city in 1942-1943.

This work was first published in 1946 in the Znamya magazine. But it was immediately banned, since the author showed in it the “real face” of the war with all the defeats and failures. But the most important thing was that in this work, Viktor Nekrasov told at what cost the Russian people achieved the long-awaited Victory!

This story is very easy to read. It is usually written plain language. But this is characteristic of the author.

The story “In the trenches of Stalingrad” is the author’s front-line diary, in which from beginning to end he describes the difficult battles, the difficulties that the soldiers faced during the war.

There is one more feature of this work: if you carefully read it, you can see that it openly opposed the laws of the time when Stalin ruled the state. There are no generals in the story, no political workers, no “leading role of the party”, but only soldiers and their commanders, there is a Stalingrad trench, courage, heroism and patriotism of the Russian people.

The commander and his soldiers are the main characters, all without exception. All of them are different, but united by one goal - to protect the Motherland!

The soldiers who heroically defended Stalingrad are not fictitious people, but frontline comrades the author himself. Therefore, the whole work is permeated with love for them.

Creating the image of Kerzhentsev and other heroes, Viktor Nekrasov is trying to tell us how the war changed the fates, the characters of people, that they will no longer be the way people were before the war.

Viktor Nekrasov sought to convey to readers that only thanks to the patriotism of the Russian people this war was won!

And even if the German troops were more prepared for military operations, even if they had everything necessary for this, but the Victory remained with us! “We will fight to the last soldier. Russians always fight like this”, until the final victory. This thought chain runs through the whole story and is the main idea of ​​this work.

This story has become an invaluable gift that Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov left behind. The goal that he set for himself - to portray the war as it is - was completely fulfilled by him.

In our country with long time ago did not like those who told people the truth. Therefore, his fate was determined, and he had no choice but to go abroad, where he could write his works and give them to people.

The truth of war (according to V. Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad")

The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 opened a new page in history modern literature. Together with it, the theme of patriotism enters the works of writers, literature inspires to fight the enemy, the government often helps to keep the front, common people- survive.

Perhaps one of the most interesting and most significant works about the war is the story of V. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad", which is diary entries young fighter. Descriptions of battles and military life alternate with the hero's reflections during the rest, before the battle, with memories of pre-war life. Before us looms the difficult path of a man in the war, the path from the yellow-mouthed graduate of the institute to an experienced battalion commander.

But more important, perhaps, is how, through the fate of individual people, the writer reveals to us the tragedy of the war, which brought grief to our entire vast country. V. Nekrasov for the first time spoke about this tragedy in truthful, frank words. Of course, this required courage, and Nekrasov was not afraid to say about terrible truth war, which he considers from different points of view.

The author writes about the inhumanity of wars as such. Like Leo Tolstoy, Nekrasov considers war to be an abnormal phenomenon, a state unnatural to man. Together with his hero, the author is shocked by what he saw: “I remember the killed soldier. He lay on his back with his arms outstretched, a cigarette butt stuck to his lip. And it was more terrible than anything I had seen, more terrible than destroyed cities, more terrible than torn off arms and legs. Outstretched arms and a cigarette butt on the lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires. Now it's death."

The writer comprehends the war philosophically, he sees its inhumanity, he sees people who are gradually getting used to this inhumanity. From the point of view of V. Nekrasov, there is nothing more terrible and disastrous than such addiction. War becomes a way of life for people.

There is truth in the story about the heroism of those people who have always been considered only cogs in the huge body of the state machine. Nekrasov mercilessly judges those who calmly send people to death, who shoot for a lost pickaxe or sapper shovel, who keep people in fear. It was a protest not only against the Stalinist methods of warfare, but also against the Stalinist commissars, who carefully observed the words and behavior of a person, and this person was going to his death: “Our regiment is not lucky. We have been fighting for some unfortunate month and a half, but now there are no people, no guns. Two or three machine guns per battalion... Those who had not been fired upon, who first came to the front, were transferred from place to place, put on the defensive, removed, moved, put on the defensive again... We were lost, frightened, frightened others, could not get used to the bombing." V. Nekrasov is against disorder in war: the mediocrity of leadership costs many human lives, people become "cannon fodder".

Revealing the true face of the war, V. Nekrasov does not pass by the people, their role in it, he notes the susceptibility of ordinary soldiers to someone else's misfortune, their openness, their thought about Russia: “The front is retreating. Women stand at the gate - silent, with heavy, rough arms extended along the body. They stand at each house, watching how we pass. Nobody is running after us. Everyone is standing and watching." Hopelessness in the souls of people, despair in the soul of the hero, whose long retreat makes him seriously think about the current situation. Perhaps one of the heroes of the story, an engineer, is right, who believed that one should not be deceived by arguments about patriotism: “Heroism is heroism, and tanks are tanks.”

Indeed, during the Great Patriotic War, Russian people showed miracles of heroism on the entire front, but with the skillful organization of military operations, with timely support, and with concern for human lives, many deaths could have been avoided.

Analyzing the truth of Nekrasov's war, we can confidently say that he was a patriot who wanted to be a "Russian writer" and "live in good conscience."

Reviews

now the Nazis are allowed to read
there is also Och. Truthful word packs
it doesn't say anywhere that Russians are good guys
but peeps ... and where is closer to the topic
after all, many of them spent ten years in prison ..
worked ... like wolves
sorry gave the book ... to someone ..

The action begins in July 1942 with a retreat near Oskol. The Germans approached Voronezh, and the regiment retreated from the newly dug defensive fortifications without firing a shot, and the first battalion, led by battalion commander Shiryaev, remained to cover. The protagonist of the story, Lieutenant Kerzhentsev, also remains to help the battalion commander. After lying down for the prescribed two days, the first battalion is also removed. On the way, they unexpectedly meet a liaison headquarters and a friend of Kerzhentsev, chemist Igor Svidersky, with the news that the regiment has been defeated, it is necessary to change the route and go to connect with it, and the Germans are only ten kilometers away. They walk for another day, until they are located in dilapidated barns. The Germans find them there. The battalion is on the defensive. Lots of losses. Shiryaev with fourteen fighters leaves, and Kerzhentsev with the orderly Valega, Igor, Sedykh and Lazarenko's headquarters liaison officer remain to cover them. Lazarenko is killed, and the rest safely leave the barn and catch up with their own. This is not difficult, since units retreating in disarray stretch along the road. They are trying to look for their own: regiment, division, army, but this is impossible. Retreat. Crossing the Don. So they reach Stalingrad.

In Stalingrad, they stay with Marya Kuzminichna, the sister of Igor's former company commander in the reserve regiment, and live a long-forgotten peaceful life. Conversations with the hostess and her husband Nikolai Nikolaevich, tea with jam, walks with the neighbor girl Lucy, who reminds Yuri Kerzhentsev of his beloved, also Lucy, swimming in the Volga, the library - all this is a real peaceful life. Igor pretends to be a sapper and, together with Kerzhentsev, gets into the reserve, into the group special purpose. Their job is to prepare the industrial facilities of the city for the explosion. But peaceful life is suddenly interrupted by an air raid and a two-hour bombing - the Germans launched an attack on Stalingrad.

Sappers are sent to a tractor plant near Stalingrad. There is a long, painstaking preparation of the plant for the explosion. Several times a day, you have to repair the chain, torn during the next shelling. In between shifts, Igor argues with Georgy Akimovich, an electrical engineer at a thermal power plant. Georgy Akimovich is outraged by the inability of the Russians to fight: “The Germans drove from Berlin to Stalingrad by car, and here we are in the trenches in jackets and overalls with a three-ruler sample of the ninety-first year.” Georgy Akimovich believes that only a miracle can save the Russians. Kerzhentsev recalls a recent conversation between soldiers about their land, “fat as butter, about bread that covers you with your head.” He doesn't know what to call it. Tolstoy called it "the hidden warmth of patriotism." “Perhaps this is the miracle that Georgy Akimovich is waiting for, a miracle stronger than German organization and tanks with black crosses.”

The city has been bombed for ten days now, probably there is nothing left of it, but there is still no order to blow it up. And without waiting for the order to explode, the reserve sappers are sent to a new assignment - to the front headquarters, to the engineering department, on the other side of the Volga. At headquarters, they receive appointments, and Kerzhentsev has to part with Igor. He is sent to the 184th division. He meets his first battalion and crosses with him to the other side. The beach is on fire.

The battalion immediately gets involved in the battle. The battalion commander dies, and Kerzhentsev takes command of the battalion. At his disposal are the fourth and fifth companies and a platoon of foot scouts under the command of foreman Chumak. His position is the Metiz plant. Here they stay for a long time. The day begins with the morning cannonade. Then "sabantuy" or attack. September passes, October begins.

The battalion is transferred to more fireable positions between the "Metiz" and the end of the ravine on Mamaev. The regiment commander, Major Borodin, enlists Kerzhentsev for sapper work and the construction of a dugout to help his sapper, Lieutenant Lisagor. There are only thirty-six men in the battalion instead of four hundred, and the area, small for a normal battalion, presents a serious problem. Soldiers begin to dig trenches, sappers lay mines. But it immediately turns out that positions need to be changed: a colonel, a divisional commander, comes to the command post and orders to occupy the hill, where the enemy machine guns are located. They will give scouts to help, and Chuikov promised "maize". The time before the attack drags on slowly. Kerzhentsev puts out political detachments from the CP who came with a check and, unexpectedly for himself, goes on the attack.

They took the hill, and it turned out to be not very difficult: twelve of the fourteen fighters remained alive. They are sitting in a German dugout with the commander Karnaukhov and the commander of the scouts Chumak, a recent opponent of Kerzhentsev, and discuss the battle. But then it turns out that they are cut off from the battalion. They take up defensive positions. Unexpectedly, the orderly Kerzhentseva Valega appears in the dugout, who remained at the command post, since three days before the attack he sprained his leg. He brings stew and a note from senior adjutant Kharlamov: the attack should be at 4.00.

The attack fails. All more people dies - from wounds and a direct hit. There is no hope of survival, but their own still break through to them. Kerzhentsev is attacked by Shiryaev, who was appointed battalion commander instead of Kerzhentsev. Kerzhentsev surrenders the battalion and moves to Lisagor. At first they are idle, go to visit Chumak, Shiryaev, Karnaukhov. For the first time in a month and a half of their acquaintance, Kerzhentsev talks about life with the commander of his former battalion, Farber. This is the type of an intellectual in the war, an intellectual who is not very good at commanding a company entrusted to him, but feels responsible for everything that he did not learn to do in time.

On the nineteenth of November, Kerzhentsev has a name day. A holiday is planned, but is disrupted due to a general offensive along the entire front. Having prepared the command post for Major Borodin, Kerzhentsev releases the sappers with Lisagor to the shore, and on the orders of the major he goes to his former battalion. Shiryaev figured out how to take the communication moves, and the major agrees with a military trick that will save people. But the chief of staff, Captain Abrosimov, insists on a frontal attack. He appears at Shiryaev's command post following Kerzhentsev and sends the battalion on the attack, not listening to arguments.

Kerzhentsev goes on the attack along with the soldiers. They immediately fall under the bullets and lie in the funnels. After nine hours spent in the funnel, Kerzhentsev manages to get to his own. The battalion lost twenty-six men, almost half. Karnaukhov died. Wounded, he ends up in the medical battalion Shiryaev. Farber takes command of the battalion. He was the only one of the commanders who did not take part in the attack. Abrosimov kept it to himself.

The next day, the trial of Abrosimov took place. Major Borodin says in court that he trusted his chief of staff, but he deceived the regiment commander, "he exceeded power, and people died." Then a few more people speak. Abrosimov believes that he was right, only a massive attack could take the tanks. “Combats take care of people, so they don’t like attacks. Bucky could only be taken by attack. And it’s not his fault that people reacted unscrupulously to this, they chickened out.” And then Farber rises. He cannot speak, but he knows that those who died in this attack did not flinch. "Courage is not about bare chested go to the machine gun "... The order was "not to attack, but to take possession." The technique invented by Shiryaev would have saved people, but now they are gone ...

Abrosimov was demoted to a penal battalion, and he leaves without saying goodbye to anyone. And for Farber, Kerzhentsev is now calm. At night, the long-awaited tanks arrive. Kerzhentsev is trying to make up for the lost name day, but again the offensive. Shiryaev, now chief of staff, who escaped from the medical battalion, comes running, the battle begins. In this battle, Kerzhentsev is wounded, and he ends up in the medical battalion. From the medical battalion, he returns to Stalingrad, “home”, meets Sedykh, finds out that Igor is alive, is going to him in the evening and again does not have time: they are transferred to fight with the Northern group. There is an offensive.

In 1946, the first part of the novel "Stalingrad" by Viktor Platonovich Nekrasov was published in the double issue 8-9 of the Znamya magazine. The author, little known so far, “an intelligent city dweller, who labored on the stage without much success and wrote stories that no one needed,” as he described himself. “A simple officer, a front-line soldier, has never heard of what socialist realism is ... Be sure to read it!” - recommended the manuscript to Tvardovsky famous critic V. B. Alexandrov. “A book about the war, about Stalingrad, written not by a professional, but by an ordinary officer. Not a word about the party, three lines about Stalin ... "- Nekrasov recalled in the essay "Forty years later ... (Something instead of an afterword)".

The book really stood out military prose contemporaries. Among the most famous and worthy are “The Immortal People” by V. Grossman (1942), “Days and Nights” by K. Simonov (1943–1944), “Star” by E. Kazakevich (1946), not to mention many other works written by less talented writers. The main plot and the main pathos of books about the war in the first post-war years was the heroism of the party fighters, devotion to the communist idea, the wisdom of the Supreme Commander and his strategic decisions, hysterical sentimentality or, on the contrary, romantic heroics (the Soviet “lieutenant’s prose”, which made the soldier’s truth the ideological center of works about the war, appeared a decade later - from the second half of the 1950s)

Nekrasov's novel was truly outstanding for its time: this is a look at the war of a lieutenant who tells day by day about what he saw, heard, experienced before Battle of Stalingrad and during it. Main character Igor Kerzhentsev, in many ways the author's alter ego, retreats east with his colleagues to the Don and Stalingrad. The soldiers do not know what is happening at the front, there are no newspapers, no maps larger than "two-verst". Communication with fellow soldiers was lost, many were killed, and oncoming recruits and locals know no more than them. The heroes (the characters are numerous and often change, which fully reflects the confusion and heavy losses that reigned during the retreat) arrive in Stalingrad on the eve of the German attack and participate in the entire lengthy defense and battle.

This is an extremely laconic, sincere, transparent autobiographical prose, more reminiscent of diary entries than piece of art(the impression is all the stronger because the narration is in the present tense). Due to a certain detachment of the author, the absence of "ideological load", the story is more like documentary literature.

However, Nekrasov claimed that he did not keep daily records during the war - he tried it, but soon got bored. And he wrote the whole story “on fresh tracks and in one breath” in just six months during treatment in Poland, in 1944. The doctor allegedly advised to accustom a wounded hand with an injured nerve to small movements and write letters to “beloved girl”. There was no girl, and Nekrasov began to write about Stalingrad.

Nekrasov's book was distinguished by its main actors: this is simple people with a different pre-war past, for whom the war, which radically changed their worldview, the hierarchy of values ​​and relationships, bringing their true qualities and abilities to the surface, became a daily life. For them, a feat is not an abstract concept from someone else's dictionary, but daily hard to exhaustion work, and there is only one dream - to relax and sleep, and the details of a heroic deed are sometimes unsightly, but they go for it consciously - and to the end.

There is not a hint of falsehood in the descriptions: the author does not lean towards either sentimentality or spectacular horror and bloody details war, nor to heroic pathos with a ritual bow to the authorities. He chooses, if not emotionally reduced, then neutral vocabulary and speech turns.

So, for example, the German attack is described: “The shelling lasts about twenty minutes. It's very tiring. Then we pull the machine gun onto the platform and wait.

Chumak waves his hand. I see only his head and hand.

“Two leftists got hit,” he shouts.

We are left with three machine guns.

Repel another attack. I have a machine gun. It's German and I don't understand it well. I shout to Chumak.

He runs down the trench. Lame. The shard hit him soft part body. The peakless cap above the right ear was pierced.

“Killed those two,” he says, pulling out the bolt. - Only rags left.

<…>I don't remember how many times the Germans show up. One, two, ten, twelve. Buzzing in my head. Or maybe the planes overhead? Chumak is shouting something. I can't make out anything. Valega delivers ribbons one after another. How quickly they empty. Shell casings all around, nowhere to step.

The removal of external heroic pathos according to Nekrasov is mandatory: a book about the war (like a film) cannot go “all on high note. From the beginning to the end. She is like a sculpture of Mukhina, who suddenly came to life and went forward with a victorious pace. And we are following her. Two hours…” he wrote in a later essay.

The simple idea that war turns the world inside out leads to a kind of " professional deformation". And again, the simple language is emphasized, without the author's analytical or pathetic comments, which in itself becomes a strong literary device: it is unpleasant to look at a wedge of cranes (for which "there is no war"), because they fly like "Junkers"; the protagonist, sitting with a girl on the banks of the Volga and looking at the opposite bank, habitually thinks out points for placing machine guns.

Nekrasov builds a panorama of events and psychological condition heroes through local and insignificant details, which in fact go far beyond the review of the "trench" (the most common reproach from critics is the narrowness of the writer's "trench truth"). The multi-day bombing of Stalingrad becomes a routine, and the gaze accustomed to it, ceasing to perceive it as a turning point battle in the Great Patriotic War starts noticing the little things.

“The whole day the Messers ring in the air, scouring the shore in pairs. They shoot from cannons. Sometimes they drop four small neat bombs, two from under each wing, or long cigar-like boxes with rattles, anti-personnel grenades. The grenades crumble, and the case somersaults in the air for a long time, and then we wash the linen in it - two halves, just like a trough.

These plastically authentic details make the work cinematic to the limit. It is no coincidence that Sergei Eisenstein, who, according to acquaintances, considered him one of best books about the war, devoted a whole lecture to him. In it, in particular, the master noted: “There are details that are remembered for a lifetime ... Small, as if insignificant, they eat into, somehow soak into you, begin to germinate, grow into something big, significant, absorb the whole essence of what is happening."

The author's speech sometimes reminds literary device detached surprise, still loved by L. N. Tolstoy: to demonstrate a phenomenon, show it as if it were seen for the first time, as if no one had written about war, death, courage and hard everyday life before Nekrasov.

The novel is so obviously written outside the main literary “paradigm” of that time that it could not go unnoticed or be favorably received by “knowledgeable” critics, as well as politically and opportunistically more conscious writers.

There are almost no mentions of Stalin in Nekrasov's book - and this despite the fact that in the 10th issue of Znamya, where the second part of Stalingrad was published, a program article about Soviet poetry was posted: “... Its general theme is the theme of the leader . Anyone who passes by this topic will never realize the true nature of our art ... ”After arguments and persuasion, Nekrasov nevertheless inserted a line about Stalin, and later, after the 20th Congress, he refused to remove it: in the book it was too obvious that it was not the leader.

It is curious that the change in the political "microclimate" occurred at the stage of the journal publication of the novel. If the 8-9th issue of the "Banner" was completely penetrated high hopes first post-war year, the expectation of “a new life, the kingdom of justice, freedom that the people earned by hardships and sacrifices of the war years”, then the next, 10th, began with the Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 14, 1946 “On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad ”” and the report of Comrade Zhdanov, consonant with him. They defame Mikhail Zoshchenko (“he specialized for a long time in writing empty, meaningless and vulgar things, in preaching rotten lack of ideas, vulgarity and apoliticality”), Anna Akhmatova (representative of the “unprincipled reactionary literary swamp”), and later, in an editorial article, many other writers . In such an environment and context, the punishment for the political unconsciousness and lack of ideas of the work was not long in coming.

First of all, the novel was translated into a story, and the title was replaced with “In the trenches of Stalingrad”: “The great battle seen from some one hole, from one trench” cannot claim either the scale of the novel or the name of the city that has become a household name.

“The literary community was confused,” Nekrasov rightly noted. Critics scolded the novel-story for "remarqueism", narrowness of view, for the fact that "it describes events in a protocol, showing little interest in issues of worldview, politics, morality." However, the manuscript was still published in the authoritative "Znamya": the editor-in-chief V.V. Tvardovsky gave it to Vishnevsky.

However, reproaches against the author appeared in the reviews until the presentation to Nekrasov on June 6, 1947. Stalin Prize II degree. There were oddities in the awarding of the prize, explained, as often happens with a lack of reliable evidence, by a legend. Later, Nekrasov recalled: his name was crossed out Secretary General and Chairman of the Board of the Union of Writers A. Fadeev from the list of nominees for the award on the night before publication. However, “the next morning, the stupefied author saw his own image in Pravda and Izvestia.” In the strictest confidence, Vishnevsky told the writer that only "himself", "no one else" could put his name on the list again.

One way or another, in addition to a cash bonus of 50 thousand rubles (which he gave to buy wheelchairs front-line soldiers), Nekrasov for some time received immunity from the attacks of criticism. “In the trenches of Stalingrad” was reprinted several times before being banned from printing and being withdrawn from libraries ( general circulation over 4 million copies) and has been translated into 36 languages.

The biography of the author himself is no less interesting: before the publication in the Banner of Nekrasov, a demobilized captain Soviet army, with medals (among them - "For Courage", "For the Defense of Stalingrad") and the Order of the Red Star who returned from the front to his native Kyiv, almost no one knew.

He was born in 1911, parents - "from the former": mother with noble roots- a doctor, father - a bank employee. We got acquainted with Paris, where Zinaida Nikolaevna worked in a military hospital. An older brother was also born there. His father died early, his brother "survived his father for a short time - he died in Mirgorod in 1919 under the ramrods of the Reds," Nekrasov wrote down his family history.

In Paris, the family lived in the same house with the future People's Commissar Lunacharsky, and the first language of Viktor Nekrasov was French. The Nekrasovs returned in 1915, and after the revolution of 1917 they did not emigrate: they tried to get used to the new system. Victor was sent to study at a labor school, and then at a railway vocational school. After he graduated from the Kyiv Construction Institute (Department of Architecture) and at the same time - theater studio at Kiev Theater Russian drama: “In turn, I wanted to be Corbusier, then Stanislavsky, at worst, Mikhail Chekhov.” By the way, he managed to communicate with a living architectural legend: Nekrasov considered unfair the decision of the jury that rejected the project of the Palace of Soviets by Corbusier, and wrote a letter in French full of sympathy and admiration - in response he received a postcard.

Numerous memoir sketches of the writer are similar to his prose in their documentary conciseness and clarity of style. Despite the habit of reading newspapers since childhood, in his youth he was “apolitical” and was neither a pioneer nor a Komsomol member. "During the years civil war“rooted” for Denikin, Kolchak, Wrangel. In 1924, as a thirteen-year-old boy, he froze his ears, trampling on Khreshchatyk under the mourning horns of factories - Lenin died. To the great bewilderment of his parents, he hung a huge portrait of the leader in the dining room ... ˂ ...> The thirty-seventh years miraculously did not hurt. - Viktor Platonovich recalled, - A riddle. ... The fearless aunt Sonya wrote letters to Krupskaya, Nogin, Bonch-Bruevich about unjust arrests. He worked in the theater - “trampling, leftist, semi-legal. Traveled all the holes in Kyiv, Zhytomyr, Vinnitsa regions”, “wrote something in the evenings. Sent to magazines. They returned. Fortunately ... ", - Nekrasov noted in a kind of autobiographical commentary on his famous story.

He was taken to the war from the Red Army Theater and where he worked at the time. At the front, he became a regimental engineer and deputy commander of a sapper battalion. He received two serious wounds in the war, after which he was demobilized, wrote his autobiographical novel-story (deceptively simple, "pre-revolutionary", that is, humane, not spoiled by Sovietisms and clichés language) and from 1945 to 1947 worked as a journalist in a Kyiv newspaper " Soviet art". Then, for eight years, Nekrasov published only a few military stories and newspaper articles, in 1954 his story “In hometown"- a chronological and logical continuation of the debut, and in 1961 - the story "Kira Georgievna". Both were coldly received by critics.

During these years, Nekrasov was not so much a writer as a publicist and public figure: he speaks at a rally in Babi Yar and writes articles about the need for a monument on the site of a ravine, where in 1941 tens of thousands of Jews were shot by the Nazis. In 1966, he signed a letter from 25 cultural and scientific figures to the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU, L. I. Brezhnev, against the rehabilitation of Stalin.

In 1957 and 1962 Nekrasov traveled around Europe, writing down his impressions of what he saw in his travel essays, for which he was immediately accused of "serving the West." The “immunity” acquired thanks to the Stalin Prize began to melt: criticism of N. S. Khrushchev in 1963 (Nekrasov “mired in his ideological errors and was reborn”) gave carte blanche to expel him from the party. During a search of his house in January 1974, all manuscripts and illegal literature were confiscated from him. At the same time, Nekrasov was also expelled from the Writers' Union, and even earlier, since 1972, they stopped publishing new and reprinting old books, while removing them from libraries. In 1974, the writer emigrated to France, worked in the Paris bureau of Radio Liberty. True, he spoke ironically about the service: “Getting up from the table in a cafe, he usually told his friends, looking at his watch: “I have to go to work, I’ll go, I’ll slander.”

Narrative Feature The story is written on behalf of a young lieutenant, a twenty-eight-year-old military engineer, Yuri Kerzhentsev. This is a detailed, almost daily, story about the mass retreat of Soviet troops from Oskol to the Volga, about the weeks of life in Stalingrad, first peaceful, interrupted by fierce enemy bombardments, then military - during the period of fierce fighting for Mamayev Kurgan and approaches to the city. At the same time, as analysis shows, "In the trenches of Stalingrad" (the story) does not contain voluminous descriptions of the battles and heroic deeds of Soviet soldiers. All the pictures are extremely capacious and truthful - silence, according to Nekrasov, in the story is no more than 1%. This is explained simply. The author wanted to show the real defenders of the country through the eyes of a warrior like them, who experienced natural human feelings: longing for a peaceful life and relatives, pride in their comrades, shame for retreats and failures, fear of explosions and incessant fire in the trenches of Stalingrad. The analysis of the work seems to take the reader to the battlefield, and he, following the main character, tries to rethink what happened, to understand at what cost the victory was given to the people.

Role digressions and reflections of the hero Descriptions of reality are often interrupted by a retrospective into the past. In the first part there are more of them, in the second, where the series of events develops faster, there are not so many. During a painful retreat, these are Kerzhentsev's memories of his beloved Kyiv, where they stayed native home and family. The hero is in constant pain from the fact that the Nazis are now in charge there.

A few peaceful days in Stalingrad remind me of my beloved girl, pre-war activities and hobbies that will never be the same again. Conversations at the factory, which is being prepared for the explosion, evoke memories of Sevastopol Tales. In them, L. Tolstoy talks about the "hidden patriotism" of the Russian people. This is what the main character sees next to him now, Nekrasov emphasizes. In the trenches of Stalingrad (analysis contrasting paintings enhances the impression of reading) Yuri pays attention to the nature around him. Description autumn landscape, calm and majestic, against which terrible events are unfolding, helps to more acutely feel the tragic scale of what is happening. This perception of the world turns Kerzhentsev into a person trying to solve eternal problem life and death, heroism and meanness, sincerity and hypocrisy.

Depiction of war Analysis "In the trenches of Stalingrad" (Nekrasov's stories) leads the reader to main idea. In each line, the author painfully talks about how fleeting life is: a minute ago a person spoke, breathed, and now he lies with an extinct look and a mutilated body. At the same time, everything happens everyday, and the description of the various faces of death and human suffering allows us to understand the true scale of the national tragedy. Incredibly realistic Nekrasov describes the death of Lazarenko wounded in the stomach and a very young machine gunner. As the most terrible manifestation of death, he recalls a dead soldier, in whose lips a cigarette butt is smoldering. Episodes telling, for example, about the defense of sheds or the capture of a hill, when a small handful of poorly armed Soviet soldiers heroically resisted an enemy detachment with tanks and machine guns, also have an incredible impact.

The image of the protagonist Analysis of the story "In the trenches of Stalingrad" by Nekrasov is impossible without referring to the personality of Yuri Kerzhentsev. This is an educated, intelligent person who absorbs everything that he sees and hears around. He understands that war is not at all like peaceful life: nothing can be predicted in it. And yet what is happening: the retreat, the plight of the army, the mute reproaches in the views of the inhabitants of the abandoned villages - makes the hero and his colleagues look for an answer to eternal question about who is to blame. The lieutenant himself repeatedly catches himself thinking that in war the heart hardens, and human values become completely different. However, he is very self-critical and demanding of himself. A taciturn, sometimes quick-tempered hero at the right moment is able to support and accept the right decision. He sincerely experiences the death of each of his comrades. In crucial moments, it turns out to be next to the fighters, just like them, it does not hide from bullets. The war became for him a responsible matter, which should be carried out conscientiously. -

The author does not idealize his hero, which is confirmed by Kerzhentsev's actions and their analysis. "In the trenches of Stalingrad" - an example of how he behaves in a war a common person. When bullets fly past during a conversation with Chumak, Yuri involuntarily ducks down. He, the commander, sometimes does not know what to do, and feels guilty before others. He does not refuse milk or lemon obtained by Valega. But its merit lies in the fact that it lacks false heroism, arrogance. Thus, the main character is an ordinary person who, at the cost of his life, defended Stalingrad and the whole country. The image of Valega In his story, Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"), an analysis of the content of which confirms this, pays special attention to Kerzhentsev's orderly - Valega. This is a simple uneducated eighteen-year-old guy, infinitely devoted to his lieutenant and his homeland. His work, at first glance, is invisible, but Kerzhentsev was more than once surprised at how deftly Valega managed. In any conditions, Yuri was waiting for a heated lunch, clean linen, dry raincoat tent. In some unknown way, Valega could adapt to any conditions. At the same time, Kerzhentsev was sure that if the cartridges ran out and he needed to fight for his homeland with his teeth, his orderly would cope in this situation. It was these warriors, who lived in the trenches day and night, who bore the brunt of the war. -

Conclusions A book about people from the trenches - this is how many of the first readers called the story, which was written in 1946 by an unknown V. Nekrasov, "In the trenches of Stalingrad." Analysis of the work confirms this idea. The author's impartial story about those who, in the terrible years for the country, faced moral choice and managed to keep the best human qualities, once again emphasizes unshakable steadfastness, boundless courage and true patriotism Russian people, who have always been able to defend the freedom and independence of their state.

"In the trenches of Stalingrad" - a story of 1946, for which the author was awarded the highest state award at that time - the Stalin Prize. After Viktor Nekrasov was deprived of Soviet citizenship, the book was withdrawn from libraries. The article sets out summary"In the trenches of Stalingrad".

Battle of Stalingrad

What is Nekrasov's story about? The book "In the trenches of Stalingrad", a summary of which is presented below, reflects the events of the most important period in the war. Nekrasov's story tells about a battle that took place almost eighty years ago on the territory of Rostov, Voronezh and Volgograd regions. Spent six months soviet soldiers in the trenches of Stalingrad. Summary decisive stage WWII is listed below.

The German offensive began in July 1942. The plans of the invader included a large bend of the Don, then the Volgodonsk isthmus and, finally, Stalingrad. If the goal had been achieved, a bridgehead would have been created for further offensive and capture of oil fields. The Germans had excellent aviation, they knew what the right military strategy was. However, they lost this battle. The Red Army succeeded in forcing the invaders to capitulate thanks to Operation Uranus. Or perhaps the miracle that one of the heroes of the story speaks of in In the Trenches of Stalingrad.

Flawless Truth

What is the success of the story "In the trenches of Stalingrad"? A brief summary will not answer this question. Only reading the story in the original. The front-line soldiers claimed that Nekrasov's book shows the war as it is. Without embellishment and excessive pathos. Varlam Shalamov, who had never been to the front, called the story "a timid attempt to show something as it is." Andrey Platonov also highly appreciated this book. And finally, before summarizing the chapters of "In the trenches of Stalingrad", it is worth quoting the words of Daniil Granin: "Nekrasov's story is an impeccable truth."

Retreat

So, what did Nekrasov talk about in his work? Summary "In the trenches of Stalingrad" should begin with a description of the retreat of the Soviet troops, which took place in July 1942 near Oskol. The main character is Lieutenant Kerzhentsev. The Germans are approaching Voronezh. The regiment leaves the newly dug fortifications without a single shot being fired. The battalion, led by Kombat Shiryaev, remains without cover. To help him remains the main character of the story. Two days later, they set off on the road, on the way they learn that the regiment is defeated.

Kerzhentsev is accompanied by an orderly Valega for several months. Other heroes of the story are Igor, Sedykh. The battalion goes in search of its own, but on the way it meets the Germans, many die. Kerzhentsev, Valega, Igor and Sedykh are sent to Stalingrad.

Peaceful city

The protagonist reminisces about pre-war life. He has been at the front for a long time, everything that was before, in his native Kyiv, it seems, never existed. What is told in the subsequent chapters of the work of V. Nekrasov? The content of "In the trenches of Stalingrad", at least in the first chapters, is reduced to reflections, memoirs of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev. He is so accustomed to front-line life that he is surprised by the city, which will soon turn into ruins. Here people still read newspapers, argue about literature, visit the library, just live...

Kerzhentsev and his comrades stop at the house of Maria Kuzminichna. The woman treats them to tea with cherry jam. Forgotten peaceful life relaxes. The heroes go for a swim in the Volga, then indulge in reading. On the evening of that day, German troops begin an offensive against Stalingrad.

Kerzhentsev - sapper. Lieutenant and sent to the local tractor factory. Here he meets Georgy Akimovich, an electrical engineer, a man who is convinced that Soviet troops Only a miracle will help win this war. There is a painstaking, long preparation for the explosion. Ten days pass. The Germans are mercilessly bombing the city. There is still no order to explode, and Kerzhentsev is sent to the engineering department, located on the other side of the Volga.

Battalion Command

The lieutenant is sent to the 184th division. Soon the battalion commander dies, and Kerzhentsev has to take command of the battalion. The lieutenant has two companies at his disposal, which occupy positions at one of the local factories. Here the main character lingers for a long time. Every day begins with a cannonade. So September passes, and then October.

Attack

Soon comes a message that positions need to be changed. It was ordered to occupy the hill on which the enemy machine guns are located. Before the attack, time stretches unbearably slowly. Suddenly, employees of the political department appear, whom Kerzhentsev does not meet with joy at all. The lieutenant sets up inspectors from the command post, and when the attack begins, he unexpectedly takes part in it. The hill can be taken, and without great losses.

Does Viktor Nekrasov divide his heroes into positive and negative ones? In the summary of "In the trenches of Stalingrad" it is worth paying attention to such a hero as Chief of Staff Abrosimov. The captain is sure of the need for a head-on attack. He does not listen to the arguments of either Kerzhentsev or the battalion commander Shiryaev. The protagonist of the story goes on the attack again. 26 people die in this battle. Abrosimov is tried for abuse of power and sent to a penal battalion.

Outlining the summary of Nekrasov's story "In the trenches of Stalingrad", it is worth saying that in this work the author did not create either negative or positive images. He does not force his opinion on the reader. The depiction of the attack, which took place on the orders of Abrosimov, is one of the many officer mistakes that are perhaps inevitable in a war.

Wound

The next day after the trial of Abramov, tanks arrive, which have been waiting for recent months. Soon Kerzhentsev has a birthday. A small celebration is being prepared, which, of course, will not take place, because the battle will suddenly begin. The lieutenant will be wounded, end up in the hospital, and after treatment he will return to Stalingrad, which he will call "home" in his thoughts.

Addendum to the summary

The work "In the trenches of Stalingrad" is conducted in the first person. There are no unexpected plot twists in the story. But the simplicity with which the narrator recounts the events makes a strong impression.

In the first chapters, where we are talking about the misadventures of the heroes even before their arrival in Stalingrad, the lieutenant mentally talks about the war. What is the scariest thing on the front? Shells? bombs? The worst thing about war uncertainty, inactivity, the absence of an immediate goal - all that the existence of the retreating soldiers consisted of. It cannot be said that the heroes of Nekrasov are not afraid of bullets, but reading the story, one gets the impression that in Stalingrad they experienced less fear than near Voronezh when they retreated.

The author of this work touches on the topic of friendship in passing. Nevertheless, it is, perhaps, the main one. At the front, Kerzhentsev understands what true friendship is. It is unlikely that any of his Kyiv friends could pull him, wounded, from the battlefield. It is unlikely that Kerzhentsev would go on reconnaissance with anyone because of them. And the orderly Valega would have pulled it out. With him, the lieutenant would go on reconnaissance. The author compares war with litmus paper. Only at the front can you really get to know people.

Publication

A story in the trenches of Stalingrad Nekrasov Viktor Platonovich brought all-union glory. This piece was published in Znamya magazine. At first, official critics did not accept the story. Moreover, Nekrasov's book would never have been published if no one intervened...

Meeting with Stalin

In Stalin's time, many poets and prose writers suffered. Some were convicted and sent to camps. Others are deprived of the right to publish their works, which for a real writer is perhaps worse than imprisonment. But this does not mean that Stalin understood nothing in literature. He got rid of people who were inconvenient, who did not want to reflect the official ideology in their work.

The story of Viktor Nekrasov is the first work that tells about the war with the utmost truth. This is one of the first books created by front-line soldiers. The story was printed thanks to the personal intervention of Stalin.

Writer and statesman Fadeev struck In the Trenches of Stalingrad from the list of works that were to appear in the pages of Znamya magazine. Stalin introduced. The story has been published. And after some time, state security officers arrived for Nekrasov and took him to the "leader". In one of the essays, the writer later spoke about the meeting with Stalin. According to Nekrasov, he created an unexpected impression, he was a kind of "cozy old man", a pleasant conversationalist, in addition, he respected the work of Platonov, Bulgakov, Babel - writers who suffered from Soviet power.

A few words about the author

In 1959, Nekrasov opposed the construction of a stadium in Babi Yar, the site of mass executions carried out by the Nazis during the war. Since then, the writer's relationship with the authorities has deteriorated sharply. He took an active part in rallies, wrote controversial articles. Finally, Nekrasov was accused of "serving the West", and his books were forbidden to be published. In 1974 the writer emigrated to Switzerland. Last years spent in Paris.