Integrated Literature Lesson. Historical era developed in a fictional narrative Historical era developed in a fictional narrative briefly

A. S. Pushkin became interested in the events of the Pugachev rebellion (judging by his letter to his brother) in 1824, during Mikhailov's exile; asked to send the well-known, even fashionable (although, as it turned out, full of absurdities and nonsense) novel "False Peter III, or the Life and Adventures of the Rebel Yemelyan Pugachev."

In the summer of 1832 (or, as Pushkinists believe, a little earlier), Pushkin sketched out the first plan of a story or novel known to us, in which the features of the future "The Captain's Daughter" are guessed. After a while a second appeared, and then a third; below it is the date: “31 Jan. 1833 ", but the novel" did not go "... Why? - One of the reasons we see is that Pushkin, most likely, did not know the era of the Pugachev rebellion so well to write a historical novel.

Pushkin studied newspapers and books and soon already knew "everything that was made public by the government regarding Pugachev."

In early February 1833, Pushkin turned to the Minister of War, Count Alexander Ivanovich Chernyshev, with a request for permission to use the materials of the military archive. He explained his desire with the intention to write “The History of the Generalissimo of the Italian Count Suvorov-Rymniksky”, but Pushkin was occupied not by the brilliant commander, but by the forbidden “muzhik tsar” Emelka Pugachev: for the time being, true intentions were forced to hide.

The answer came quickly - permission was received. In late February - early March, Pushkin already got acquainted with the materials

Map-scheme of Pushkin's journey

Secret Expedition of the Military Collegium, archival materials of the General Staff, and in April he began to "History of Pugachev" and completed the work in just five weeks. Such speed is explained by the fact that the "History" was probably conceived as an introduction to the novel, but rapidly developed into an independent study that did not cross out the idea of ​​the novel, but constituted its verified historical basis.

In September, Pushkin visited the places of the Pugachev rebellion in Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Uralsk, interviewed old people, contemporaries and witnesses of the peasant war, wrote down their stories, devotions, songs; collected materials in the provincial archives.

In October he arrived in Boldino; put the papers in order here, wrote a new preface to the "History of Pugachev" and, returning to St. Petersburg, turned to the head of the III department of His Imperial Majesty's office, Adjutant General A. Kh. Benckendorff with a letter:

“Dear Sovereign Count Alexander Khristoforovich!

Although I tried as little as possible to use my precious permission to trouble the attention of the sovereign emperor, but now I dare to ask the highest permission for this: I once thought of writing a historical novel dating back to the time of Pugachev, but, having found a lot of materials, I left fiction and wrote the history of Pugachea. I dare to ask, through Your Excellency, permission to present it for the highest consideration.

The tsar read the manuscript, made 23 amendments, noted that it would be better to replace the title “History of Pugachev” with “History of the Pugachev rebellion” (with which Pushkin agreed: “the royal name, we admit, more precisely”), and not only allowed the book to be printed, but also the costs according to the publication, he attributed it to his own account: Pushkin received a loan of 20,000 rubles on loan.

In December 1834, The History of the Pugachev Rebellion was published. The book was received coldly. The circulation sold out poorly, and the Minister of Public Education, Sergei Semenovich Uvaroa, "shouted" about it "as an outrageous work." In Pushkin’s time, the word “disturb” had the following meaning: “to excite, disturb, disturb, incite to grumbling, displeasure, to rebellion, to produce an uprising.”

What is it that so excited, alarmed the minister? What "outrageous" did he find in the "History of the Pugachev Rebellion"? What is the general significance of this historical work of the great Poet of Russia?

Pushkin was the first to make a breach in the decree on eternal tradition

Municipal Autonomous General Educational Institution
"Basic comprehensive school No. 19", Kandalaksha

Integrated lesson

“Through the pages of Pushkin's story

“Young lady-peasant”

Developed
literature teacher Kotikova T.M.
ACCORDING TO THE PAGES OF PUSHKIN’S STORY “THE LADY-PEASANT WOMAN”

Lesson equipment. Portrait of A.S. Pushkin.
A set of reproductions of paintings
Russian artists.
Set of photographs of folk
peasant costume.
Phonograms of works by M. Glinka.
On the children's tables - scissors, glue,
paints, colored paper.
Items for table setting.
Fragments of thin movie "The Young Lady"
peasant woman"

Board layout. Theme of the lesson: “Through the pages of A.S.
Pushkin "Young lady-peasant"
Epigraph of the lesson:
write stories here
so: simple, short and clear.
A.S. Pushkin
New words:
landscape, facade, interior,
living room, nobility.

Lesson plan.

Teacher's word. Characteristics of the Pushkin era (first half of the 19th century.)
Conversation on the perception of the work.
Analysis of a literary passage.
Dramatization of an excerpt.
Analysis of a literary passage.
Group task. Draw a landscape for Pushkin's story.
Teacher's word. Russian landscape on the canvases of famous artists.
Analysis of a literary passage.
Teacher's word. Peasant dress in the paintings of Russian artists and photographs.
Art workshop. Making details of a peasant costume.
Dramatization of an excerpt from the story using manufactured details of a peasant costume.
Teacher's word. Architecture of noble houses, estates through text analysis.

During the classes.

1. The word of the teacher of literature.
In “Tales of Belkin” (and in the story “The Stationmaster”, and in the story “Snowstorm”, and in the story “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman”) Pushkin shows life as it was at that time, without inventing anything, without decorating it. He tells about the life of different classes and estates of Russian society: about petty officials, about the urban poor, about the provincial nobility.
Pushkin and the era of Pushkin - 19th century. What was that time? We have lived in this era for a long time, studying Belkin's Tales. Pushkin gave us a meeting with Samson Vyrin, with the heroes of the story "The Snowstorm".
Let's turn today to the story "The Young Lady-Peasant Woman". Let's reread the pages of this work. Let's live for some time with the heroes of the story in an era, which we will conditionally call Pushkin's.
What do you know about the first half of the 19th century?
(-serfdom, there are two classes: nobility and peasants)
There was nobility of the capital and local. Most of the nobility preferred life in secluded corners of Russia to noisy cities. Pushkin himself preferred Mikhailovskoye, Boldino to Moscow and St. Petersburg. He wrote better among the rural landscape. We know a lot about the Pushkin era from fiction, memoirs, and historical essays.
Count Minsky and Samson Vyrin. The two poles of life are luxury and poverty, material well-being and poverty. It is no coincidence that Pushkin in the story “The Stationmaster” showed the tragedy of a small man, born of the time of serfdom, legalized, which allowed the strong, rich, and successful to break the lives of small people.
Not seeing the tears, not heeding the groan,
Chosen by Fate for the destruction of people,
Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without the Law,
Appropriated by a violent vine
And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.
Leaning on an alien plow, submitting to whips,
Here lean slavery drags along the reins
Relentless Owner
Village, 1812

But here we have another work that was included in Belkin's Tales. The work is surprisingly light, joyful.

2. Let's reread the pages of this story and think:
What artistic image of this era did Pushkin create in The Young Lady-Peasant Woman? (conversation on the perception of the work).
Where do the events depicted in the story take place? (remote provinces of Berestovy, Murom).
What pictures of the provincial nobility arise when reading the story? (dinners, rest, hunting, guests.).
Which character did you like the most and why?
What pleasantly surprises us in the relationship of the characters? (lightness, kindness).

How does the ending of the story make you feel?

3. Working with text.
Find in the text a description of the morning, the grove where Lisa and Alexei Berestov meet. Read the passage aloud.
What artistic means did the author use in the description.

The conversation is continued by the teacher of fine arts

The teacher talks about Russian nature depicted on the canvases of Russian artists Levitan, Polenov, Savrasov, Shishkin.

What colors would an artist use when painting this morning, a grove? (gold, blue, pink)
What is a landscape?

Draw a landscape that you imagine thanks to Pushkin's word (work is done on sheets attached to the board).

Literature teacher works with the rest of the class

Find and read the description of the peasant costume that the serf girls prepared for Lisa of Murom.
Name the details of the peasant dress.
Who made peasant clothes?
How did the peasants decorate their clothes?

The conversation is continued by the teacher of fine arts

A story about a peasant dress, a slide show of a collection of Russian costume of the 19th century from the collection of the Zagorsk State Historical and Art Museum-Reserve.

Group task (3-4 people)

Use colored paper, scissors, glue, etc. to make details of a peasant women's costume: a headdress, beads, ribbons, rings, etc.

During the performance of group tasks, the music of M.I. Glinka.

The conversation is continued by the teacher of fine arts

Summing up the group work of artists. Evaluation of work.
Summing up the work on the manufacture of details of a peasant costume. .(the best works are used to create Lisa's costume).

4. Staging fragments of the story.

(Nastya asks to visit Priluchino. She tells Lisa about Alexei Berestov)
(Date of Lisa and Alexei Berestov. The scenery is a landscape drawn by a group of children.)

Find in the text the passage where G.I. Murom guests - Berestovs, father and son.
What did the living rooms in the houses of Russian nobles look like? What kind of furniture, what decorated the halls (viewing a fragment of the film “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman”).

The conversation is continued by the teacher of fine arts

(A story about the architecture and interior of the noble estate of the 19th century. Demonstration of a reproduction of the painting by K.A. Zelentsov “In the rooms. Living room with columns on the mezzanine”, 1833)

The teacher of literature gives the lexical meaning of the words “interior”, “living room”, “facade”.

Group task (5-6 people)

Draw the details of the interior of the living room of a noble house.

The conversation is continued by the teacher of literature

How does Muromsky receive guests? What does he feed them?

Group task (2-3 people)

Table setting for a dinner party in a 19th century noble house.
Dramatization of excerpts from the story “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman” (Berestovs at a dinner at the Muromskys)

The final word of the teacher of literature

What artistic image of the era did Pushkin create in the story “The Young Lady-Peasant Woman?” (epoch of joy, love, happiness, holiday).
Was it normal in that era? (No. The norm of life is the tragedy of Samson Vyrin).
So he idealized the era? The peasant girl Nastya and the landowner's daughter Liza are friends. The landowner Aleksey Berestov plays torches with the servants and is ready to marry the daughter of the smithy Akulina. No, Pushkin did not idealize. He wanted the life of such landowners as Berestov and Muromsky to be the norm. This is what you should strive for. After all, this story about eternal values: love, mutual understanding, forgiveness, the beauty of nature, beautiful human relationships without deceit, without pretense, Pushkin called for this.

Homework (optional)

Composition “My reading experience after reading Belkin's Tales”.
Illustrations of favorite episodes of the story.
Choose a piece of music, justify its choice, to the episode you like.

Sections: History and social studies , Literature

Class: 8

Lesson topic: A historical era developed in a fictional narrative.

(Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter").

It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of one's ancestors; to disrespect it is shameful cowardice.

A.S. Pushkin

Presentation of the educational project.

The subject of the project was chosen taking into account the educational situation in the subject for the subsequent deepening of students' knowledge.

Goals:

1. To explore the historical era shown by Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter", to present Pushkin's historical work dedicated to this era.
2. Find out what is the attitude of the people and historians to Pugachev.
3. Develop skills of independent work with historical sources, information technologies.
4. Raise in children an interest in the history and culture of Russia.

Implementation of the educational project.

To form the skills of search and research activities, the project is carried out in several stages.

Stage I- the class is divided into 3 groups:

Historians are collecting information about the historical era of Catherine II;

Pushkinists are working on Pushkin's historical work The History of the Pugachev Rebellion and the novel The Captain's Daughter;

The artists illustrate the text.

II stage- Summing up intermediate results:

The participants of each group present a report on the work done and develop a plan for further activities.

Stage III- work with computer:

Placement of information collected on slides.

IV stage- presentation:

Students visually present the result of their project activities.

"The Epoch of Catherine II".

Slide number 1. The topic of the research is presented, the epigraph is given - the words of A.S. Pushkin.

Slide number 2. The objectives of the lesson are displayed.

Slide number 3. On the slide - portraits of Catherine II and Peter III

Historians present historical facts about the reign of Catherine II.

Slides 4, 5. The slide contains a table showing the intensification of serfdom in the era of Catherine II.

Historians explore the situation of serfs and state peasants, working people and Cossacks of the era under consideration.

Slide number 6. On the slide - a map of the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev.

Historians present the information they have collected about the course of the peasant war.

Slide number 7. The slide contains a statement by a historian of the era of Catherine II about Emelyan Pugachev.

“Studies on the novel

"Captain's daughter "

Slide number 8. On the slide - the name of the historical work of A.S. Pushkin.

Slide number 9. On the slide - a portrait of A.S. Pushkin and an image of the book “History of the Pugachev rebellion”, published in 1934.

Students explore the history of the creation of the historical work of A.S. Pushkin.

Slide number 10. On the slide - the route of A.S. Pushkin's trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising.

Students on the map study the path of Pushkin, describe his meetings with eyewitnesses of the events.

Slide number 11. The conclusions of students about the role of A.S. Pushkin in the study of the era of Catherine II are given.

Students summarize the activities of the poet as a historian.

slide number 12. On the slide - the title of the novel "The Captain's Daughter" and a question from M.I. Tsvetaeva's essay "Pushkin and Pugachev".

Students are looking for an answer to the question: “How do historical truth and fiction correlate in the novel, what is he like the real Pugachev?”.

slide number 13. Answer to the question of M.I. Tsvetaeva given in slide No. 5.

Slide number 14. The statement of A.S. Pushkin about the senselessness and ruthlessness of the Russian rebellion is given.

Students try to comprehend the presented statement, to connect it with modernity.

Slides 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The slides show the artists' illustrations for the novel The Captain's Daughter.

Students present their own illustrations for the novel.

The conclusion of the teacher on the lesson.

Lesson topic: Historical epoch developed in a fictional narrative. (Based on the novel by A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter"). It is not only possible, but also necessary, to be proud of the glory of one's ancestors; to disrespect it is shameful cowardice. A.S. Pushkin Purpose: To acquaint students with the historical events of 1773, to show the reasons for Pushkin's appeal to the topic of the Pugachev uprising, doubts about the choice of the main character. To explore the historical era shown by Pushkin in the novel "The Captain's Daughter", to present Pushkin's historical work dedicated to this era. Find out what is the attitude of the people and historians to Pugachev. To develop the skills of independent work with historical sources, information technologies Tasks: repeat biographical information about Pushkin known to children, repeat the concept of a historical novel, expand children's knowledge about the history of the Pugachev rebellion. Implementation of the educational project. To form the skills of search and research activities, the project is carried out in several stages. Stage I - the class is divided into 3 groups: - historians collect information about the historical era of Catherine II; - Pushkinists are working on Pushkin's historical work "History of the Pugachev rebellion" and the novel "The Captain's Daughter"; - Artists illustrate the text. Stage II - summing up the intermediate results: - the participants of each group present a report on the work done and develop a plan for further activities. Stage III - work with a computer: - placement of information collected on slides. Stage IV - presentation: - students visually present the result of their project activities. Course of the lesson 1. Organizational moment. Introduction. History teacher: - On January 10, 1775, Emelyan Pugachev was executed on a frosty morning in Moscow on Bolotnaya Square. The personality of the legendary rebel is inseparable from Russian history. Literature teacher: Moreover, the tragedy of Pugachev and the Pugachev rebellion attracted the closest attention of our great writers: Pushkin in the 19th century, Yesenin in the 20th century. Today in the lesson we will consider the historical situation, learn the history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter". 1. The history of the creation of the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A. S. Pushkin. – History and literature are so intertwined in this work of art that only by studying these two sources can we unravel the mystery of Pushkin's hero. 1) The reasons for the poet's appeal to the Pugachev rebellion. The reasons that prompted Pushkin to turn to the history of Pugachev are connected with the events of December 14, 1825. After Pushkin learned about the Decembrist uprising, no matter what he thought about, no matter what he wrote, the thought of “friends, brothers, comrades” possessed him relentlessly. Shocked by the news of the heroism and death of his friends, the poet turns to the history of his people, to the theme of popular uprisings. It was at this time that “Songs about Stenka Razin” were born, then “Message to Siberia”. It is with the Decembrists exiled to Siberia that the poet shares his idea: “I want to write an essay about Pugachev: “I’m going to the places, I’ll move through the Urals, I’ll go further and come to ask you for asylum in the Nerchinsk mines.” Pushkin is concerned about the question why all the peasant revolts and noble revolts were defeated? Is it possible to find other ways to the prosperity of Russia? The figure of the rebellious Pugachev more and more attracts Pushkin. He decides to dedicate to him the historical work “The History of Pugachev” and a work of art. To identify the reasons for the appearance of the rebel Pugachev, let's remember what the situation was in Russia in the 60-70s of the XVIII century. 2. The situation in Russia. Strengthening bondage. - Considering the reign of Catherine II as the heyday of serfdom, we see that the people's anger, which resulted in a grandiose uprising of 1773-1774, was a response to the monstrous economic, legal, moral suppression of the people. The continuous strengthening of serfdom and the growth of duties during the first half of the 18th century provoked fierce resistance from the peasants. Flight was its main form. The fugitives went to the Cossack regions, to the Urals, to Siberia, to Ukraine, to the northern forests. Often they created "robber gangs", which not only robbed on the roads, but also smashed the landowners' estates, and destroyed documents for the ownership of land and serfs. More than once the peasants openly rebelled, beat and even killed their masters, and resisted the troops that pacified them. The finally established serf orders only in 1762-1769 caused 120 serf uprisings. What was the state policy towards the peasants? Pushkin depicted in the story the 17th century, the reign of Catherine II, nee Sophia Frederica Augusta, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst. In August 1745, she married the heir to the Russian throne, Grand Duke Pyotr Fedorovich. In June 1762, Catherine II came to power, with the help of the guards, overthrowing Peter III, her husband, who was killed, and the nobles who served in the guards and assisted her were generously rewarded. The time of her reign was called the Catherine era. During this period, Russia expanded its territory, conducted extensive trade through the ports of the Baltic and the Black Sea. The apparatus of power was strengthened, the yard expanded, science developed. The position of the serfs at that time worsened even more: the peasants were begging, they could be sold like things, like cattle. Newspapers were full of advertisements for the sale of peasants. By decree of the empress, the landowners received the right to punish the guilty peasants without trial, exile them to hard labor, and commit arbitrariness. Lack of rights, poverty pushed the peasants to revolts, which were brutally suppressed. In such an environment, after the sudden and mysterious death of Peter III for the people, rumors spread that the emperor was alive, that someone else had been killed, and the emperor was hiding somewhere. But he will appear and save the people, give the peasants freedom and land. 3. Work with documents. “Research on the novel “The Captain's Daughter” Students explore the history of the creation of the historical work of A.S. Pushkin. Slide number 10. On the slide - the route of A.S. Pushkin's trip to the places of the Pugachev uprising. Students on the map study the path of Pushkin, describe his meetings with eyewitnesses of the events. Slide number 11. Students' conclusions about the role of A.S. Pushkin in the study of the era of Catherine II are given. Students summarize the activities of the poet as a historian. 2) How Pushkin collects material about Pugachev. Even from his exile in Mikhailovsky, in letters to his brother and friends, he asked them to send him “The Life of Emelka Pugachev” and other materials about him. In subsequent years, he read a lot about Pugachev, studied archival documents. But all this seemed to him insufficient, he wanted to know more, better. In 1833, having taken a four-month leave in the service, he decided to travel around the places where peasant uprisings took place; to see where Pugachev's troops were stationed, where the landowners' estates were burning, where, perhaps, old people were still alive - witnesses of the uprising. slide 8 He goes to the Kazan and Orenburg provinces. In September, he visited Kazan, Simbirsk, Orenburg, Uralsk - the village of Berda. slide 9-10 He worked with enthusiasm, talked with old people, wrote down songs, fairy tales, stories about Pugachev. “I sleep and see to come to Boldino and lock myself up there ...” - he wrote to his wife and in late autumn was already in Boldino, put his notes in order, wrote “The History of Pugachev”. At the end of the next year, The History of Pugachev was published. Tsar Nicholas I changed the name. He believed that such a criminal as Pugachev could not have a history, and ordered the book to be called “The History of the Pugachev Rebellion”. But Pushkin saw in Pugachev not a criminal, but a major leader of the peasant movement, showed his leading role in the popular uprising, spoke about him as an intelligent, talented person who knew how to treat enemies mercilessly and generously to ordinary people 3) The time depicted in story. And now, in the boundless Orenburg steppes, appeals appear, written in a simple and understandable language for the people on behalf of Emperor Peter III. - The frequent repetition of popular demonstrations, the bitterness of the rebels testified to the trouble in the country, to the impending danger. The same was said about the spread of imposture. Pretenders under the name of Pyotr Fedorovich appear in different places under different guises. Talk about saving Peter III began immediately after his death in 1762. People talked about this, passed rumors from mouth to mouth both in St. Petersburg itself and far from it. Until 1773, six impostors of Peter III appeared. Bargaining merchant Anton Aslanbekov posed as emperor in 1764 in the region of Kursk, Oboyan, Miropolye. He was supported by local odnodvortsy. Runaway recruit Ivan Evdokimov posed as Peter III in the Nizhny Novgorod district. Gavrila Kremnev - a single palace in the village of Gryaznovka, Lebedinsky district, operated in 1765 in the Voronezh province and Sloboda Ukraine. With two fugitive peasants (one he called - General Rumyantsev, the other - General Alexei Pushkin), he traveled through the villages and swore the population to the "emperor" - to himself. He promised the locals to free them from taxes, to release convicts from prisons. At the same time, another "emperor" appeared in the Izyum province - a fugitive soldier Pyotr Chernyshev. In 1772, one of the Kozlovsky odnodvortsev claimed that Peter III was hiding with the Don Cossacks. Many others have spoken about this as well. However, only one of the many impostors managed to seriously shake the empire. The Yaik Cossack Emelyan Ivanovich Pugachev called himself this emperor. The people followed him, the uprising covered a vast territory and lasted a year and a half. It was brutally suppressed, and Pugachev was executed. 3. Biographical information about Emelyan Pugachev (student report). - Emelyan Pugachev was born in the village of Zimoveyskaya Don province. Father - Ivan Mikhailovich Pugachev, died in 1762, mother - Anna Mikhailovna in 1771. The surname Pugachev came from the nickname of his grandfather - Mikhail Pugach. In the family, besides Emelyan, there was a brother - Dementey, and two sisters - Ulyana and Fedosya. As Pugachev himself pointed out during interrogation, his family belonged to the official Orthodox faith, unlike most of the Don and Yaik Cossacks, who adhere to the old faith. He was in the service from the age of 18, at the age of 19 he married Sofya Dmitrievna Nedyuzheva, a Cossack woman from the village of Esaulovskaya. From 1763 to 1767, Pugachev served in his village, where his son Trofim was born in 1764, and his daughter Agrafena in 1768. In the interval between the birth of children, Pugachev was sent to Poland with the team of Yesaul Elisey Yakovlev to search for and return to Russia the fleeing Old Believers. After the withdrawal of troops to winter quarters in Elizavetgrad in 1771, Pugachev fell ill ("... and his chest and legs rotted"). Colonel Kuteinikov sent him to the Don as part of a team of 100 Cossacks to replace horses. Due to illness, Pugachev could not return back, he hired a replacement - “Glazunovskaya village (on the Medveditsa River) of the Cossack Biryukov, to whom he gave two horses with saddles, a saber, a cloak, a blue zipun, grub and twelve rubles in money. He himself went to the military capital Cherkassk to ask for his resignation. He was refused resignation, offering to be treated in the infirmary or on his own. Pugachev preferred to be treated on his own, after which he went to see his sister Theodosia and then Simon Pavlov in Taganrog, where he served. In a conversation with his son-in-law, Pugachev learned that he and several comrades wanted to run away from the service, and volunteered to help him. After the capture, Pavlov spoke about the circumstances of the escape. As a result, Pugachev was forced to hide, was repeatedly detained and fled, unsuccessfully tried to cross to the Terek. In November 1772, Pugachev was hiding in the Old Believer skete of the Presentation of the Virgin, at the rector Filaret, from whom he heard about the unrest in the Yaik army. A few days later, in late November - early December, Pugachev went on a fishing trip to the Yaitsky town, where he met with one of the participants in the 1772 uprising, Denis Pyanov. In a conversation with him, Pugachev for the first time called himself the surviving Peter III and discussed the possibility of organizing the escape of the hiding participants in the uprising to the Kuban. Upon his return to Mechetnaya Sloboda, on the denunciation of the peasant Filippov Pugachev, who was with him on a trip, they arrested him and sent him for investigation, first to Simbirsk, and then in January 1773 to Kazan. On the way, he managed to escape. 4) Work on the story. Work on the history of Pugachev inspired Pushkin: he began to write the story "The Captain's Daughter" - his best work in prose. He changed six plans, never settling on one. Work on the story was difficult, because Pugachevism was a taboo topic. In the story, Pushkin wanted to make the main character a noble officer who went over to the side of the rebels. Several times he alters the plot, changing the names of the characters. Finally, he settled on one, which will remain in the final version of the text of the novel - Grinev. This surname is taken from archival materials. Lieutenant A.M. Grinev was listed among those officers who were suspected of “messaging with villains, but, as a result of the investigation, turned out to be innocent.” Grinev in Pushkin's story became an eyewitness, witness and participant in the events. Together with him, we will go through trials, mistakes and victories, discoveries and difficulties, through knowledge of the truth, comprehension of wisdom, love and mercy. In the story, Pushkin showed bloody episodes of Pugachevism. But he does not admire the peasant revolt. Even in his historical work, he showed that the cruelty of the rebels was provoked by the injustice of local and government authorities. A Bashkirian, a participant in the 1741 riot, appears on the pages of the story. The pages describing this man cannot be read without a shudder. So, Pushkin finished the story a year before his death in the autumn of 1836. He handed over The Captain's Daughter to censorship for permission to print. He sent a letter to the censor in which he wrote: “My novel is based on a legend that I once heard that one of the officers who betrayed his duty and joined the Pugachev gangs was pardoned by the Empress at the request of her elderly father, who threw himself at her feet.” Pushkin is referring to the story of the officer Shvanvich. His father, a strong man, a brawler and a bully, even during the time of Peter III, in a tavern quarrel, cut the cheek of Alexei Orlov, a favorite of Catherine II, the wife of Peter III. Alexei Orlov led a conspiracy that resulted in Peter III being overthrown from the throne and Catherine becoming Empress. Shvanvich thought that he would be executed, but Orlov did not take revenge on the offender, but remained a friend with Shvanvich. Many years later, Shvanvich's son "had cowardice to stick to Pugachev and stupidity to serve him with all-heartedness." It was said that it was Alexei Orlov, now already a count, a favorite of the empress, who “begged the empress for a mitigation of the sentence” for the son of his former enemy, and then friend. What is true about this "joke"? Young Shvanvich, taken prisoner by the rebels, swore allegiance to Pugachev and served in his headquarters. After the defeat of the rebellion, Shvanvich fled, but was caught and arrested. He was deprived of the nobility and ranks, exiled to Siberia. He died without waiting for the mitigation of his fate. Where is the "pardon of the Empress", which impressed Pushkin so much that he put it at the basis of the novel? There was no pardon. And, of course, there was no scene with the father falling at the feet of the Empress. Pushkin knew this, but it was a “distraction”. Pushkin explains to the censor what the plot of The Captain's Daughter is. He, referring to this legend, inspires him that the novel, in fact, was written for the sake of the final episode - the meeting of Masha Mironova and Catherine II and, therefore, aims to glorify the royal mercy. Pushkin is forced to interpret the plot of the novel in this way, because the plot of The Captain's Daughter was completely different. We will learn more about this in later lessons. Students are looking for an answer to the question: “How do historical truth and fiction correlate in the novel, what is he like the real Pugachev?”. Slide No. 13. The answer to the question given in slide No. 5 by M.I. Tsvetaeva. Slide number 14. A.S. Pushkin's statement about the senselessness and ruthlessness of the Russian rebellion is given. Students try to comprehend the presented statement, to connect it with modernity. Slides No. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. The slides show illustrations by artists for the novel The Captain's Daughter. Students present their own illustrations for the novel. Summing up the lesson. Homework.

The history of the creation of the story "The Captain's Daughter"

From the middle of 1832, A. S. Pushkin began work on the history of the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. The tsar gave the poet the opportunity to get acquainted with secret materials about the uprising and the actions of the authorities to suppress it. Pushkin refers to unpublished documents from family archives and private collections. In his "Archival Notebooks" copies of personal decrees and letters of Pugachev, extracts from reports on hostilities with Pugachev's detachments have been preserved.
In 1833, Pushkin decides to go to those places in the Volga and Ural regions where the uprising took place. He looks forward to meeting with eyewitnesses of these events. Having received permission from Emperor Nicholas I, Pushkin leaves for Kazan. “I have been in Kazan since the fifth. Here I was busy with old people, contemporaries of my hero; traveled around the outskirts of the city, examined the battlefields, asked questions, wrote down and is very pleased that it was not in vain that he visited this side, ”he writes to his wife Natalya Nikolaevna on September 8. Then the poet goes to Simbirsk and Orenburg, where he also visits the battlefields, meets with contemporaries of the events.
From the materials about the rebellion, the "History of Pugachev" was formed, written in Boldin in the autumn of 1833. This work of Pushkin was published in 1834 under the title "History of the Pugachev rebellion", which was given to him by the emperor. But Pushkin matured the idea of ​​a work of art about the Pugachev uprising of 1773-1775. It arose while working on Dubrovsky in 1832. The plan of the novel about a renegade nobleman who ended up in Pugachev's camp changed several times. This is also explained by the fact that the topic addressed by Pushkin was acute and complex in ideological and political terms. The poet could not help thinking about the censorship obstacles that had to be overcome. Archival materials, stories of the living Pugachevites, which he heard during a trip to the places of the uprising of 1773-1774, could be used with great care.
According to the original plan, the hero of the novel was to be a nobleman who voluntarily went over to the side of Pugachev. Its prototype was Lieutenant of the 2nd Grenadier Regiment Mikhail Shvanovich (in the plans of the novel Shvanvich), who "preferred a heinous life to an honest death." His name was mentioned in the document "On the death penalty for the traitor, rebel and impostor Pugachev and his accomplices." Later, Pushkin chose the fate of another real participant in the Pugachev events - Basharin. Basharin was taken prisoner by Pugachev, escaped from captivity and entered the service of one of the suppressors of the uprising, General Mikhelson. The name of the protagonist changed several times, until Pushkin settled on the surname Grinev. In the government report on the liquidation of the Pugachev uprising and the punishment of Pugachev and his accomplices dated January 10, 1775, Grinev's name was listed among those who were initially suspected of "communicating with villains", but "as a result of the investigation turned out to be innocent" and were released from arrest. As a result, instead of one hero-nobleman in the novel, there were two: Grinev was opposed by a nobleman-traitor, the “vile villain” Shvabrin, which could facilitate the passage of the novel through censorship barriers.
Pushkin continued to work on this work in 1834. In 1836 he reworked it. October 19, 1836 is the date when work on The Captain's Daughter was completed. The Captain's Daughter was published in the fourth issue of Pushkin's Sovremennik at the end of December 1836, a little over a month before the poet's death.
What is the genre of The Captain's Daughter? Pushkin wrote to the censor, passing him the manuscript: “The name of the maiden Mironova is fictitious. My novel is based on a legend…”. Pushkin explained what a novel is like this: “In our time, by the word novel we mean a historical era developed in a fictional narrative.” That is, Pushkin considered his work a historical novel. And yet, "The Captain's Daughter" - a small work in size - in literary criticism is often called a story.