Genius in art and science. World culture

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Most recently, a large-scale cultural event "Night of the Arts" took place, in which the Central Library named after. A. S. Pushkin. On the eve of this action, as a rule, a lot of attention is paid to culture and art. In my opinion, one should talk about art and culture not only on the eve of some major dates and holidays, but just like that, - says Yulia Novikova, librarian of the department of popular science literature. – I propose today to get to know not just talented people, but brilliant people who managed to leave an indelible mark both in science and in art at the same time.

Probably, for the majority, the very first association about a phenomenally brilliant person is associated with M.V. Lomonosov. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765) - the banner of our culture, a living image of the glorious cultural past of the great Russian science. This is how S. I. Vavilov assessed the scientific heritage of the brilliant scientist. His name is inextricably linked with the development in our country of materialistic philosophy, physics and chemistry, chemical technology and instrumentation, mining technology, glass and ceramic production, optics and astronomy, geology and mineralogy, geography and navigation, history and economics, philology and poetry. It is difficult to name the direction of science and culture, which would not have been touched by his all-encompassing talent. M.V. Lomonosov, in the figurative expression of A. S. Pushkin, was "our first university." TodayLomonosov, who is often compared to Leonardo da Vinci and other titans of the Renaissance,turns 305 years old!

The Russian Leonardo was born in 1711 in the Arkhangelsk province, not far from the town of Kholmogory, in the family of a Pomor peasant Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov.At one time, my father studied atMoscow for a priest, they had a library in the house, and the son inherited from father's passion for reading. Mikhailo received sufficient education for those places, and in 1730 he went to Moscow and entered Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Thoroughly mastered Latin and Greek languages, Lomonosov discovered the ancient and European culture. He studied so successfully at the academy that in 1735 his sent to St. Petersburg University, and in 1737 to Germany for studying mining, physics, chemistry, French, Italian and of English language. At the Universities of Marburg and Freiborg he mastered deep knowledge in these areas. To promote the development of domestic science, the emergence of Russian scientists, Lomonosov achieved the creation of the country's first Moscow the university that now bears his name.

The brilliant scientist was not only the founder of Russian science, but also a great poet-reformer. Odes, poems, letters of Lomonosov opened a new era in Russian literature. From the school bench and for the rest of our lives, we remember the poetic lines that are included in the golden treasury of Russian poetry:

The sciences feed young men,

They give joy to the old,

AT happy life decorate,

Save in case of an accident.

We rightfully call him the founder of the modern Russian language.Lomonosov wrote a grammar of the Russian language ("Russian Grammar", 1755) and the first rhetoric in Russian. "Russian grammar" became the most popular study guide in the 18th century. Many Russian scientists were brought up on it.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov is also famous for his mosaic paintings, where his talent as an artist was fully embodied. Magnificent mosaics were created in the art workshop of Lomonosov: portraits of Peter I, Elizabeth, Catherine II and the grandiose mosaic canvas "Poltava battle".

Lomonosov also contributed to the development of national history. He is one of the first turned to the history of the formation of the ancient Russian state . The theory put forward by Lomonosov of the Slavic-Chud origin Ancient Russia adopted by later historiography. His essay "Ancient Russian history"(1766) enjoyed great popularity not only in Russia, but also abroad, was translated into other languages.

Appointed in 1758 as head of the Geographical Department of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov directed all his efforts to compiling a new Atlas of Russia based on accurate geographical data. To obtain information, Lomonosov develops the Geographic Inquiries questionnaire and seeks to send it to all the provinces of Russia. Active activity Lomonosov was crowned with success - new, more advanced geographical maps were prepared and published.

Far ahead modern science, Mikhail Vasilyevich was the first scientist to guess that the surface of the Sun is a raging fiery ocean, in which even “stones boil like water”, predicted the existence of Antarctica.

The views of the great scientist were far ahead of his time. Lomonosov put a lot of effort into the opening of the northern sea route. The result of hard work and huge research work was the detailed plan and route of the northern expedition drawn up by him. The scientist himself designed and manufactured many navigational instruments for equipping ships, for example, a marine barometer, a “night-sighting tube”. More than two centuries later, according to the drawing of Lomonosov, special night binoculars were created in the Soviet Union, which were used on ships during the Great Patriotic War.

Mikhail Vasilyevich was not only a successful scientist, but also a happy family man. As contemporaries note, he loved his wife Elizaveta Tsilch very much, admired her. Until the last day, they managed to maintain spiritual intimacy. In marriage, their daughter Elena was born. Lomonosov was buried in St. Petersburg in the Necropolis of the 18th century.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) - Italian genius . It is probably difficult to immediately say in what Leonardo da Vinci succeeded more: in science or art? Painter, sculptor and architect, natural scientist, writer and musician, inventor and mathematician, botanist and philosopher, a prominent representative of the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci spent his youth in Florence, where in those years all the intelligence of Italy was concentrated, so that, in addition to painting, Leonardo da Vinci had the opportunity to study drawing, chemistry, humanities. Here he learned some technical skills, learned to work with materials such as metal, leather and plaster, became interested in modeling and sculpture.

At the age of 20, in the Guild of St. Luke, Leonardo received the qualification of a master and became an apprentice in the workshop of Verrocchio.Verrocchio received another order, he needed the painting "The Baptism of Christ", the teacher instructed Leonardo to write one of the two angels. But when the master teacher compared the angel he painted with the work of da Vinci, he threw away his brush and never returned to painting. He realized that the student not only surpassed him, but a real genius was born.

Verrocchio

Later, Leonardo had to move to Milan, where he began to pay special attention to anatomy and architecture. He sketched several variants of the central-domed temple; got a human skull and made a discovery - the cranial sinuses. In the same Milan period, while working at the court, he became very interested in cooking and the art of table setting. In order to facilitate the work of cooks, Leonardo invented some culinary devices.

Although contemporaries rank Leonardo da Vinci among the great artists, he considered himself a scientific engineer. He drew quite slowly and did not devote much time to the fine arts, as he was too fond of science.

You can list the inventions, creations, achievements of Leonardo da Vinci for a long time. Probably, in every section of the library fund, whether it be natural sciences, philosophy or technology, one can find an amazing book about Leonardo da Vinci.

For all his phenomenal genius, Leonardo da Vinci failed to start a family, and as for his relationship with the female sex, there is no reliable information on this matter.

Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin (1833-1887) - a talented composer and famous chemist. His versatile and fruitful activity left a bright mark in the history of world culture.

“An original composer, one of the creators of Russian symphonism”, “a first-class chemist to whom chemistry owes a lot”, “the founder, guardian, champion of women's medical courses”, “support and friend of students” - these words belong to Borodin’s contemporaries. And contemporaries were L. N. Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, N. A. Nekrasov, I. E. Repin, D. I. Mendeleev, M. P. Mussorgsky and others.

Of course, not all areas of application creative forces Borodin are equivalent. Borodin entered the history of world culture, first of all, as a brilliant composer, a member of the "Mighty Handful", the creator of the opera "Prince Igor" and the "Bogatyr" symphony, which established the epic trend in Russian music.

Borodin is no less famous as a chemist. In 1856, A.P. Borodin, under the guidance of the outstanding chemist N.N. Zinin, graduated from the Medico-Surgical Academy with a certificate of merit. And three years later, in 1858, after successfully defending his doctoral dissertation “On the analogy of arsenic acid with phosphoric acid in chemical and toxicological relations,” he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Scientific activity A.P. Borodina highly raised the authority of domestic chemistry.

Like the best, foremost representatives XIX century, Borodin did not close himself in the circle of only creative interests - whether it be art or science. As the greatest duty to society, he considered his work in the field of women's medical education, as well as in the work of the Russian Chemical Society, the Society of Russian Doctors and a number of others.

in business family life Borodin was not as rosy as in art and creativity. Alexander Porfirievich married in the spring of 1963 Ekaterina Sergeevna Protopopova, but there were no children in the family. Borodin died suddenly of a heart attack at the age of 53.

Lewis Carroll (1832-1898) was a mathematician with a childish soul. From a young age, L. Carroll demonstrated his outstanding mathematical abilities. After graduating from school, L. Carroll entered the prestigious college of Oxford University, won a scholarship, received first-class honors, and already as a young man was appointed lecturer in mathematics at Oxford. Carroll devoted a lot of time to research work in mathematics: he published Analytical Analysis of the Fifth Book of Euclid, Abstracts on Algebraic Planimetry, An Elementary Guide to the Theory of Determinants, Euclid and His Modern Rivals, as well as Mathematical Curiosities and symbolic logic.

However, as is often the case in the history of science, for a long time it was believed that Carroll's mathematical legacy was not significant, since. based on only a few textbooks; but in recent times more and more attention is drawn to the mathematical discoveries of the author, previously unclaimed. Many of Lewis's achievements in mathematical logic were far ahead of their time. Carroll developed a graphical method for solving logical tasks- more convenient than the notorious Euler or Venn method. Carroll's ability to solve the so-called sorites (litter in Greek for "heap") was compared with art - logical problems represented by a chain of syllogisms, in which the conclusion of one syllogism serves as the premise of another.

An interesting fact is that L. Carroll signed his mathematical works with his real name Charles Dodgson, and only literary samples -alias. As we remember, Carroll's most famous works are his Alice in Wonderland, Alice Through the Looking-Glass, but few people know that the author devoted many of his mathematical research to children. So, in the collection for children "Logic Game", the author developed a strategy for playing "Fifteen", and also presented great amount logical tasks, for example: inscribe in a given triangle such a hexagon so that its opposite sides are equal and parallel, three of them lie on the sides of the triangle, and the diagonals intersect at a given point inside the triangle.

Despite the fact that L. Carroll managed to achieve heights both in science and in art, nothing was achieved in his personal life. L. Carroll died at the age of 65, never having connected his life with a single woman.

Friends, I invite you to remember more outstanding geniuses science and talented people at the same time and tell about them briefly in the comments!

And also I remind you that in the department of popular science literature Central Library them. A.S. Pushkin is hosting an exhibition of the same name, which presents amazing books about these geniuses. We are waiting for you during library opening hours!

Read more - after all, there is no such thing as too much knowledge!

Yulia Novikova, Librarian of the Department of Popular Scientific Literature

Culturology: Textbook for universities Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

6.7. Man is the creator of culture

AT real life people have to make different decisions, including non-standard ones, that is, not based on generally accepted norms of behavior. This process is called creativity. Every person, to some extent, has creativity, i.e., the ability to develop new methods of activity, to master new knowledge, to formulate problems and cognize the unknown. However, what is new for an individual is not always new for the whole society. Genuine creativity in culture is determined by the fundamental novelty of the results obtained on the scale of their historical significance.

Creativity has dual nature. On the one hand, the creative process can be seen as direct creative activity or creation of a fundamentally new on the other hand, how creative state, i.e. human readiness for creativity. Creative activity is characterized by the desire of a person to transform reality according to the standards of expediency, harmony, and perfection. These parameters of creativity are fixed in the structure of human consciousness at the level of a feeling of pleasure or displeasure, forming the psychological foundations of aesthetic activity. The aesthetic integrity of creativity forms the versatility of culture.

The creativity of culture is carried out under the influence external and internal factors. The development of culture is part of the history of society. Therefore, the origins of cultural creativity should be sought in development of material production and all spheres of social life. Another external factor – the degree of integration of a given people into the world cultural process. The most important internal condition for the creation of culture is conformity of the individual to the tendencies of the social and cultural development at a particular historical stage. In this case, a person is obliged to develop adequate ideas about the cultural space in which he lives, as well as the skills of their situational application and transformation.

The ability to “create” the world is laid down and realized in the social and cultural practice of the individual, which means that it can be comprehended at various stages of its education. Education can contribute to the formation of not an "omnivorous" consumer, but creator of new cultural traditions. In this case, the role humanization of training programs - introducing into them ideas about artistic culture, philosophy, religion, sociology, ethnology, etc. For modern Russia, in the conditions of alienation of culture from the majority of the population, the destruction of communication processes, the depreciation of universal human norms of being, the commercialization of culture, such education is extremely relevant. The positive vector of informatization allows a person today to live in a variety of cultures, but he often remains exclusively a consumer. mass culture. As a result, all positive forms of social and cultural activity, life goals and creativity lose their meaning. However, those phenomena of human existence remain (sacredness, language, continuity, traditions, innovation, relations between the individual and society) that give the process of cultural creation the status of eternal.

The position of the individual in society from the point of view of the priority of the personal or collective also affects the process of cultural creation. The experience of history shows that collective forms of coexistence more often than personal ones limit the manifestation of the human principle in a person. What is human in man? This question was interestingly answered by a Catholic religious figure, philosopher, writer, publicist Romano Guardini(1885–1968). In his work “The End of Modern Times. An attempt to find one’s own place” (1950) from the correlation of the mass and the individual in culture, the author derived the concept of “human in a person” - not averageness, but the uniqueness and uniqueness of each individual.

For creativity cultural phenomena in modern conditions has the strongest impact technologization of society. The impact of scientific and technological revolution is multifaceted and contradictory. The scientific and technological revolution has expanded the possibilities of introducing the broad masses to spiritual values (for example, through the mass media), and has made increased demands on education, the intellectual potential of the individual and society. At the same time, thanks to the development of transport and communications, the scientific and technological revolution increased the mobility of the population, intensified the processes of cultural exchange, internationalization public life and culture. These trends testify to the participation in the creation of world culture of various cultures of numerous peoples and nationalities. This fact highlights the existence a single universal creative principle.

There are significant differences between creating metropolitan cultures and cultures of provincial towns. The center and the provinces are included in a single space of culture, but they have objective conditions for unequal cultural development. There is reason to talk about the features of cultural creativity in large regions of the world. Thus, Europe, creating its own cultural space, emphasized the mind, and the East - on the sensory perception of the world and intuition. Today, the boundaries between the cultures of East and West are thoroughly blurred, the exchange of spiritual values is quite intensive, although this does not always mean an understanding of the parties.

Mankind has created and is constantly re-creating culture, satisfying its own interests and needs. At the same time, the creativity of each individual person affects the lives of other people, therefore true cultural personality should be distinguished by a high responsibility for the meaning and quality of the created values, for their use for the benefit, and not to the detriment of the mother culture and its bearer - the people. The success of cultural creativity as a whole depends on the ability of mankind to understand and use the laws according to which culture functions, synthesizing the experience of the past with the present and the trends of the future.

From the book Against the Impossible (collection of articles about culture) author Koltashov Vasily Georgievich

Creator and socialism. The collapse of the USSR was for many generations the collapse of hopes. However, the time of historical catastrophe has turned over a decade and a half of torment into an era of new hope. Transformed, growing out of the inevitability of the future, a just and free society.

From the book About Three Whales and Much More author Kabalevsky Dmitry Borisovich

MAN SINGING AND MAN TALKING

From the book Rastafarian Culture author Sosnovsky Nikolay

From the book Culturology: A Textbook for Universities author Apresyan Ruben Grantovich

6.8. Man as a product of culture Man creates culture, but the very formation of personality is the result of the cultural evolution of the individual. Man has been and remains the central figure of culture, for culture is the world of man. Being man-made, cultural

From the book Myths and Legends of China author Werner Edward

The Creator of the Universe Pan-gu is considered the most remarkable figure in Chinese cosmogony. It was he who brought the Universe out of Chaos and gave it certainty. He is said to have been a product of the original duality of nature, yin and yang (as they are called today), created

From the book Myths of the Finno-Ugric peoples author Petrukhin Vladimir Yakovlevich

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From the book Russian Eros "Roman" Thoughts with Life author Gachev Georgy Dmitrievich

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From the book Dovlatov and surroundings [collection] author Genis Alexander Alexandrovich

From the book Anti-Semitism as a Law of Nature author Brushtein Mikhail

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From the book Ancient America: Flight in Time and Space. Mesoamerica author Ershova Galina Gavrilovna

The Milky Way: the creator of existence The main celestial landmark for the ancient Indian sages was, as already mentioned, the Milky Way - this uneven luminous strip bright in the night sky, shaped like a reptile with an open mouth. The Milky Way was for the Maya

From the book Stories about Moscow and Muscovites at all times author Repin Leonid Borisovich

The creator of the palace remained unknown In the old days, Muscovites called this amazing house nothing more than a chest of drawers. It really looks like an old chest of drawers or a sideboard of carved wood. I grew up next to this chest of drawers. Only that one was almost black, made of bog oak. During the war in winter

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From the book All the Secrets of the World by J. R. R. Tolkien. Symphony of Ilúvatar author Barkova Alexandra Leonidovna

Myth maker - scientist

From the book Metamorphoses in the space of culture author Svirida Inessa Ilyinichna

The Creator of the Myth - the Artist A commonplace is the assertion that modern novel, due to the continuity of tradition, is the direct heir to the heroic epic, which, in turn, has common ritual and mythological roots with a fairy tale. Being genetically related

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From the author's book

Chapter Three, in which we finally begin to live as a Creator! You should not endlessly promise yourself to start a new life on Monday. Start right now: Drink more water. And not at all because a person consists of it. Because the water will flush out all the toxins from your

ARTISTS

In this section, we will talk about representatives of the fine arts and composers. Artists and performing musicians will not be included here, although it is they who have been extraordinarily famous in recent decades and have become idols, and even idols for tens of millions of people.

This phenomenon indicates a significant change in public consciousness in relation to art. In our time, it is becoming a kind of industry, a means of consumption and entertainment, making super profits and laundering money obtained by unclean ways. The widest spread of mass "pop culture" turns into a global disaster, pollution and degradation of the spiritual habitat of mankind.

The modern crisis of the arts is associated primarily with the introduction of technology into this area. Thanks to electronic means, it became possible to design paintings, compose musical compositions. But the main thing is not even that. Relying on mass production and profitability has a detrimental effect on creativity, for it forces the artist or composer to adapt to the tastes of mediocrity, to please customers.

In former times, the most important purpose of art was to raise the moral, spiritual, and intellectual level of people. “I aroused good feelings with my lyre,” Pushkin rightly asserted. This role has now been relegated to the background. Therefore, in particular, the creator-composer gives way to the performer, whose popularity largely depends on advertising and the primitive needs of the crowd.

The craft of the artist certainly deserves respect. It spiritualizes the works of playwrights and composers, addressed directly to the audience and listeners. And yet this creativity is of a special kind, one might say, secondary, depending primarily on the writer. The exceptions are those directors who have brought something new, original and fruitful to theatrical productions. But they also depend on the quality of the "primary products" this work. And if they please the audience with clever tricks, such skill turns into a disaster.

Since ancient times, art has had a utilitarian purpose. As evidenced by observations of the tribes, for them the primacy in music belonged not to the melody, but to the rhythm (an obvious analogy with the current "pop music"). This can be partly explained by the lack of appropriate technical means, more or less complex musical instruments.

In this respect, the fine arts had significant advantages. The true masters of painting and drawing were the primitive artists of the Cro-Magnon hunting tribes, who lived 30–10 millennia ago in Europe, Asia, and Africa. They created magnificent "picture galleries" on rocks, cave walls; carved sometimes figurines of animals with amazing skill.

Not all works of that period are equally good, but often they demonstrate the observation, knowledge and skill of brilliant creators. The prevailing manner of images is realistic. At the same time, individual symbolic images or even abstract compositions and decorative patterns appear.

According to some data, fine art originated even earlier, about a hundred thousand years ago, among the so-called Neanderthals. It was concrete, naturalistic. For example, the skin of a bear was placed on a clay or stone frame, imitating an animal (again, the analogy with modern subject “pop art” suggests itself, showing not so much the progress of avant-garde artists as their helplessness as creators).

If primitive art was, in essence, folk art, then with the advent of a class society, an elite direction began to take shape, serving the priestly and ruling classes. The surviving monuments of art of the ancient states of Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, the New World, in some cases, are world masterpieces. The music of that time can be judged only indirectly, by the surviving images of musicians with their instruments, dancers.

A distinctive feature of ancient culture (partly medieval) is anonymity. We see, we understand that some works were created by outstanding masters, but it is impossible to recognize their names. Art in those days belonged either to the people or to those to whom it was specifically intended. The artist, the sculptor was treated as a craftsman. It is no coincidence that in ancient Greece the word "technos" meant craft, art (something created by people, as opposed to natural).

In ancient Greece, apparently, for the first time they began to celebrate the authorship of works of art, primarily sculptors to architects. True, the paintings and mosaics of that period that have come down to us remain anonymous. Although there are descriptions of outstanding works!

One of the most famous Greek sculptors was Phidias (5th century BC). His life is covered with legends. It was said that rivals and envious people accused him of embezzlement of the gold allocated for the statue in Athens. The sculptor was allegedly expelled from the city, and he died in Olympia. His creations adorned a number of cities in Greece. He supervised the reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis. Of the numerous creations of Phidias, only the marble statues of the Parthenon (Acropolis) have come down to us. He had a great influence on the development of classical art in Greece. The giant statue of Olympian Zeus made by him - made of marble, ivory and gold - was recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world.

The works of the Athenian sculptor and architect Praxiteles (4th century BC) are known from the descriptions of Lucian, Pliny the Elder, as well as from wonderful marble copies (“Aphrodite of Cnidus”, “Olympian Hermes”, “Drunken Satyr”, “Apollo killing a lizard "). He came from a sculptor's family, and nothing reliable is known about his life.

Later authors of the 2nd-3rd centuries AD - the father and son of Philostratus and Callistratus left detailed descriptions paintings and sculptures, far from always mentioning the creators of masterpieces (unless, of course, the creations were outstanding, which is not obvious). Let us pay attention to the beginning of Philostratus the Elder’s treatise “Pictures”: “He who does not love painting with all his heart, with all his soul, sins before the feeling of truthful visibility, sins before scientific knowledge, because it is also not alien to poets ... Speaking in an elevated style, because art is a revelation of the gods ... If anyone wants to know more precisely where art came from, let him know that imitation serves as its beginning ... ”Here, the descriptions of the paintings are poetic essays on one or another topic without credits. Callistratus talks about the "shrines of art" (in his words), belonging mainly to the work of Praxiteles, Lysippus; apparently, in antiquity, sculptors were honored more than artists.

In the Renaissance, at first, priority was also given to sculptors. In particular, Philippe Brunelleschi (1377–1446), a Florentine, made bas-reliefs and sculptures for temples, but he also became most famous as an architect, becoming the founder of Renaissance architecture. He was an outstanding engineer and wrote a scientific treatise on perspective (a characteristic feature of that era is universalism).

Even later, the individuality of musicians began to appear and be appreciated. The first in this series should be called Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Italian composer and a virtuoso violinist, son of the professional violinist Giovanni Baggista. Vivaldi studied under the composer Degrenzi. In 1703 he became a priest, and from 1714 he directed the orchestra and choir of the conservatory in Venice, as well as the court ensemble. His excellent The Four Seasons is an early example of program music. In total, Vivaldi wrote 40 operas, many instrumental concerts and church writings.

Since the XII century, there was a rapid flowering of fine arts, so that many outstanding masters cannot be mentioned. They worked in different countries of Europe, but formed a single community; individual achievements were quickly adopted and brought to perfection. One of the great artists of those times was the Spaniard Velazquez (1599–1660), court painter, author of portraits and paintings of religious, mythological, historical themes. His technique was magnificent, and the only thing that prevented him from being ranked among the greatest geniuses was the traditional nature of his works, the refinement and completeness of his craftsmanship - the very perfection that marks the crisis of style and the need to overcome the established canons.

Such arguments will seem unconvincing to many. For example, Salvador Dali, who will be mentioned separately, justly considered Velasquez a greater master than himself (and he liked to call himself an unsurpassed genius, however, with a clarification - for this era of the decline of art). In general, judgments about artists, sculptors, composers are inevitably subjective, and nothing can be done about it.

Some outstanding artists will be mentioned in the "Universal Geniuses" section. These could include Dürer, Wagner, Dali, but nevertheless these people became famous as artists and composers.

I emphasize once again that the fine arts reached extraordinary heights even before the Renaissance, and even before antiquity. The anonymous masters created outstanding works, found expressive techniques, and perfected their technique. The craft reached the level of genuine art. And in those distant times, the individuality of the creator was manifested, although he himself remained nameless.

Finally, let's pay attention to one regularity. Before mid-nineteenth centuries, visible, visual works of painting, graphics, and sculpture excelled. FROM mid-eighteenth century, music was asserting itself more and more weightily (the period of “storm and stress”, revolutions), and at the beginning of the 20th century, fine art again came to the fore, a new phenomenon arose - cinema.

From the book Tragedy of 1941. Causes of the disaster [anthology] author Morozov Andrey Sergeevich

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From the book Great Contribution. What did the USSR get after the war author Shirokorad Alexander Borisovich

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From the book Another History of Art. From the Beginning to the Present Day [Illustrated] author Zhabinsky Alexander

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From the book The Study of History. Volume II [Civilizations in Time and Space] author Toynbee Arnold Joseph

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From the book of 100 famous monuments of architecture author Pernatiev Yury Sergeevich

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Stars of the House of Arts

From the book I know the world. History of Russian tsars author Istomin Sergey Vitalievich

The patroness of science and arts, Elizaveta Petrovna, loved balls and entertainment. She allowed the residents of St. Petersburg to organize parties with music and performances in their homes. On August 30, 1756, by decree of the Empress, the first Russian theater was founded in

From the book Collective Sensuality. Theories and practices of the left avant-garde author Chubarov Igor M.

From the book The Golden Age of the Mongol Empire by Rossabi Morris

CHAPTER VI THE PATRON OF THE ARTS In establishing himself as the Chinese emperor, Kublai also sought to create a distinct cultural identity. He could not refuse the attributes of Mongolian culture. On the other hand, he could not afford to appear rude and uncouth.

From the book Legends of St. Petersburg Gardens and Parks author Sindalovsky Naum Alexandrovich

Square on Arts Square To continue the story about the gardens and squares that have developed on the streets and squares located parallel to Nevsky Prospekt, let's return to Gostiny Dvor, go to the opposite, even side of the avenue and go along Mikhailovskaya Street to

Creativity of geniuses - milestones in the development of world culture, the pinnacle of its achievements at every stage of historical progress. This creativity embodied all the most valuable and significant, constituting the achievements of mankind in science and art, in thinking and practical activity. By their ideas, works, deeds, we judge what the people of this or that era aspired to, what their worldview was, what their goals, ideals, tastes, moral world were. What they created gives a concentrated image of the era, integrally expressed in the work of one person, a living idea of historical time in all the richness of its various features. Thousands of pages of "Iliad" and "Odyssey" by Homer contain the whole world early antiquity. The same can be said about the work of Marx, Aristotle, Ibn Sina, Shota Rustaveli, Hegel, Darwin, Tolstoy. “The secret of Russia is revealed in Dostoevsky,” N. Berdyaev wrote.

Made by geniuses with its depth and amazing perfection, and often its volume captures and amazes the imagination of mortals, it seems supernatural, a miracle. It is no coincidence that the tombstone on Raphael's grave contains the idea of a divine artist: "While he lived, the foremother of all things was afraid of being defeated, when he died, she was also afraid to die." Comparison of geniuses with the gods, and the perfection and beauty of their creations with the perfection of nature is a common occurrence in folk legends and narratives. Great craftsmen, skillful experts in their field have always enjoyed the great love of the people. At all times of civilization, they bowed before them, crowned them with laurel wreaths.

The depth and brilliance of their mind, the skill of their hands, the exclusivity of ideas and the artistry of their execution, inexhaustible energy, like an inaccessible ideal, beckoned, attracted and disturbed people, kindled their imagination, forced them to think. But not only the height of thought, its unexpected turn, the perfection of its form and incomprehensible diligence aroused the interest of people.

They were also impressed by the boldness of ideas and the fearlessness of the deeds of great minds, their overthrow of dogmas and seemingly unshakable traditions, social taboos and indisputable authorities. Geniuses are often declared to be almost the culprits of all the ills of mankind, the founders of all pernicious ideas.

Interest in genius is not the usual manifestation of curiosity in unusual phenomenon. This is an expression of human admiration and pride for people who have reached the heights in creative activity and therefore serve as a brilliant example of the creative potential of man. Not everyone can be a genius. But everyone can find in it understandable, close - something universal that represents the highest color of nature. If the word Man sounds proud, then a man of genius is the pride of mankind. “Man has always been and will be the most curious phenomenon for man,” wrote Belinsky.

Today, when philosophers, psychologists, cybernetics, biologists, physicians think about the model of a person and try to construct it in order to create optimal opportunities for the development of his best qualities, genius, as one of the real models of his perfection, is becoming a subject of increasing interest.

A genius will always be interesting because he solved ordinary and complex problems, private and universal better, wiser, more productive; that he was often ahead of the epoch, was the first to comprehend the essence of changes and foresaw their development. This experience of geniuses is invaluable, their work is instructive for everyone. It is imperishable. “Memories of great people are as useful as their presence,” said Seneca.

Genius cannot be completely replaced anywhere - neither in science nor in art. True, the so-called "brain attacks" - a massive assault on a scientific problem by the forces of entire groups, laboratories - often speeds up the solution of very complex problems. To imagine that 10-15 writers compose "Hamlet" according to a given plot, and two dozen poets - "Faust" is super-naive.

Genius is the ability to show universalism in every responsible creative moment, to express "infinite in the finite", to direct all creative potential in a single direction at the right moment.

And if they succeed, then creations are born that humanity calls masterpieces that survive for centuries. And wherever these creations appear, people reverently think that they had the good fortune to touch the ingenious. This happiness is so complete, so great that there is simply nothing to compare with it.

Topic 1. Primitive culture

Syncretism of primitive culture

The main characteristic feature of primitive culture is syncretism, where art, religion and play are merged into a single whole.

At the first stage of the development of primitive society, mystical consciousness dominates. All members of the tribe were involved in the performance of ritual and ritual songs and dances. Through magic spells, actions, a person communicated with nature. Man believed that with the help of magic he was able to control the spirits of nature. From this we can deduce several more characteristic features inherent in primitive culture: animism, totemism, the cult of ancestors.

Animism is one of the primitive forms of religion associated with the belief in the existence of spirits, in the animation of all objects, in the presence of a soul in humans, animals, and plants.

Totemism was primarily associated with hunting. Primitive, observing the habits of animals, studied them, which helped him when hunting.

The prelogical thinking of primitive man was connected magically with the objects of the external world. The prelogical mentality was subject to the principle of participation (patricipation) - when one and the same being can be itself and something else. The primitive man feels himself not only a man, but also an animal, since he is involved in the genus of his totem.

The intervention of supernatural forces is revealed through the unexpected. These forces can be good or evil, bring good or bad luck. Magic, dreams, visions, games, the presence of the dead give a person a mystical experience in which he draws information about the real world.

For example, in ideas about space: 1 - a specific space that their tribe occupies; 2 - the space occupied by supernatural forces. Time was also divided into: 1 - ecological, (associated with natural environment), 2 - structural, (associated with the social environment).

With the help of myth all the secrets of the world were explained. How the world was created out of chaos, how a cultural hero appeared who taught man to make fire, hunt, etc. Myth became part of the rituals.

Topic 2. Culture of ancient civilizations

The worldview of the ancient Egyptians

The whole way of life, the life of the Egyptians was built on a system of religious and mythological ideas and cults. In general, the entire culture of Egypt had a sacred character. There was its own hierarchy of gods, among which the supreme ones were: Ra, Amon, Osiris, Ptah, Horus, Thoth.

According to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, their land was created by the gods, and before the earthly kings, Egypt was ruled by the gods, and then by the demigods. The creator gods destroy the initial chaos, create the world and affirm in it the divine Order and Truth, which constitutes the universal harmony, the embodiment of which is the goddess Maat.

By the beginning of the V dynasty in the hierarchy of the gods: 1st place is occupied by the sun god Ra (or Amon Ra), the only god Ptah. A special place belongs to the god Osiris (king afterlife, arbiter of fate, justice).

The gods were also creators, creators of crafts, arts, writing, counting, magic and knowledge. The letter was perceived as the sacred word of God. Thoth was considered the god of wisdom, he was also the lord of the account and the creator of writing.

The cult of the pharaoh played an important role in the life of the Egyptians. The king had not only an earthly father, but also a heavenly father - the supreme god of the sun Ra. Sacrifices were made to him in special temples. Thus, the legislative power was in the hands of heavenly gods but the executive is in the hands of the pharaohs.

The pharaoh was also the high priest and had to perform the most important rituals on which the prosperity of the country depended (for example: every spring he threw a scroll into the Nile with an order to start a flood). After death, the ruler was identified with the god Osiris.

In religious representations great importance had a cult of wild and domestic animals, birds, fish, insects. The following were considered sacred animals: a lion, a cow, a crocodile, a falcon, a bee, a snake, a beetle.

Topic 3. ancient culture

Golden Age of Roman Poetry

The Roman Empire lasted five centuries - until the 47th century. AD Of these, the first century turned out to be the most prosperous and fruitful, and the reign of Augustus (27 AD - 14 AD) is considered the golden age of Roman culture.

The main currents of Roman philosophy - Epicureanism, Stoicism and Neoplatonism - receive great influence and wide distribution. In the daily life of the empire, baths come into fashion - public baths, which become a kind of centers of culture and recreation, since they include not only baths and steam rooms, but also libraries, reading rooms, halls for meetings, sports and games.

In the era of the Empire, favorable conditions are also formed for the development of literature, especially for poetry. The most famous, outstanding poets were considered Virgil, Horace and Ovid.

Virgil was one of the main figures of Roman poetry, he created a collection of pastoral songs "Bucoliki" and a didactic poem "Georgics", in which nature is sung and advice given to farmers. The unfinished poem "Aeneid" is considered the pinnacle of Virgil's work. It is dedicated to the wanderings of Aeneas, the founder of Rome.

Horace's works are diverse in genre, style and metrics. He wrote lyrical poems, philosophical poems, satire, where he ridiculed the vices of Roman society. In his works, epicureanism was combined with stoicism.

Ovid achieved great success thanks to love lyrics. One of his most famous mythological poems "Metamorphoses" tells about the transformations of people and gods into animals, plants, stars. The poem "Veils" is dedicated to the Roman religious holidays. The most cheerful and ironic poem by Ovid, "The Science of Love", contains instructions on how to find a mistress and deceive a husband. Emperor Augustus considered in the poem a mockery of his marriage law. For this work, the poet was exiled to Tomy on the Black Sea coast. In the same place, he wrote "Sorrowful Elegies", where he asked for forgiveness, but was never forgiven.

Topic 4. The emergence of Christianity and its influence on the development of world culture

Christian holidays and sacraments

By the time of the adoption of Christianity, Russia was already a country with an original culture, where paganism was preserved. Christianity retained some elements of paganism: temples, trebishche, temples with altars on which sacrifices were made served as places of worship. Christian services are also held in churches, but both the temple and the altar lose their significance as an altar. Many pagan gods in Christianity were replaced by one God - Jesus Christ. All church holidays dated to the appearance and life of Jesus: Christmas Holy Mother of God(the birth of the mother of Christ), the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos (the dedication of the three-year-old Mary to the service of the Lord), the Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary (the appearance of an angel who brought news of the future appearance of the Son of God), the Nativity of Christ, the Meeting of the Lord (the meeting of the Divine Infant with the elder Simeon ), The Baptism of the Lord or Theophany, the Transfiguration of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Lord's Entry into Jerusalem, the Resurrection of Christ - Easter, the Ascension of the Lord, the Day of the Holy Trinity, the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Exaltation of the Holy Life-Giving Cross of the Lord.

According to the solemnity of the church service, the holidays are divided into great, mediumand small.The great ones are twelfthand non-twelfth holidays.All the above holidays belong to the first (the main of them is Holy Pascha), the second includes the days of memory of some apostles, saints, icons. Other holidays are established by the Church in honor of the Great Saints and Angels. According to the time of celebration, the holidays are divided into non-transferable (with a fixed date) and passing (with a rolling date depending on the day Easter is celebrated). There are also holidaysin honor of the saints and are annually performed celebration of holy icons.

Christians also have sacraments - rites, which, according to church teachings, impart special grace to believers. Sacraments accompany a person through life from birth to death. These include:

Baptism -the sacrament of the consecration of the infant to God.

Holy Communion -eating consecrated bread and wine, which personify the Body and Blood of Christ.

wedding -the blessing of the marital union, a symbol of Christ's spiritual union with the Church.

Unction or Unction -the sacrament of healing.

funeral service- a prayer for the repose of the soul of the deceased.

Topic 5. Culture European Middle Ages

Knightly culture of the Middle Ages

Chivalry as a special estate of the medieval society of Western Europe took shape in the 11th century, and reached its peak only in the 12th-15th centuries. The first reason for the appearance of chivalry was the external invasion of the barbarians in the Western lands, the second reason was the church itself, which needed a force capable of protecting it. The role of the "intercessor of Christ" is played by the Vogt - people from the secular nobility, who performed judicial and administrative-financial functions in the possessions of the church, and also led the army. As the leader of the warriors, the Vogt of the monastery had the right to participate in the war with his banner. Sometimes on the banner, which was considered sacred, sacred symbols or the face of the patron saint were depicted.

In k. X-n. 11th century the knightly class was finally formed, visible differences appeared in it: there were rich and poor knights. Some depended on vassalage, but lived in own houses, their way of life differed little from the way of life of a prosperous landowner. Others were part of the signora's private detachments. There were knights of "noble" origin, who had their own social status. And also the knights, who were obliged to serve in the state, military service obeying the orders of superiors.

Nevertheless, one of the main tasks facing the knights was the struggle for faith, which more than once took the form of crusades. However, a significant part of knightly ideals, norms and values were secular. For a knight, such virtues as strength, courage, generosity and nobility were considered mandatory. He had to strive for glory by performing feats of arms or achieving success in jousting tournaments. External physical beauty was also required of him, which was at odds with Christian disdain for the body. The main knightly virtues were honor, fidelity to duty, noble love for beautiful lady.

syncretism christianity chivalric renaissance sentimentalism

Topic 6. Culture of the Renaissance

Features of the French Renaissance

The French Renaissance is a renaissance in France in the 16th century. The art of the French Renaissance included the styles of Francis I, Henry II, Henry III and Henry IV. But essential features distinguished it from Italian:

Artists in search of new forms in Italy relied on the ancient traditions of their homeland, which was absent in the French Renaissance.

The culture of renaissance in Italy was closely connected with the democratic movement of cities for their independence and the assertion of freedom. creative personality. In France, this culture had an exclusively courtly, aristocratic character and was associated with the ideology of the absolutism of royal power.

The Renaissance in France began later (in the 16th century) and developed with the help of Italian artists. In Italy, the mannerist style dominates and began to take root on French soil, intricately connecting with local Gothic traditions.

With the Mannerist artists, classical architecture also penetrated France. The beginning of the spread of classicism is considered to be 1537, when the “Seven Books on Architecture” by the Bolognese S. Serlio began to appear in France, in which the teachings of Vitruvius were expounded. The ideas embodied in the book began to determine the development of emotional art throughout the 7th century, the second half of the 8th and 19th centuries.

Under the influence of D.Zh. Vignela and Serlio, who worked at the court, the architects mixed gothic with classicism, resulting in a new type of semi-Gothic, semi-Renaissance castle-palace. (For example, Chenonceau, Chambord, Azey de Lido)

Description: castles were medieval fortresses with high walls, drawbridges, towers, but inside they had a more cozy and attractive appearance.

Italian architects helped the French in the construction: F. Delorme, P. Lescu.

In sculpture, a combination of gothic and classicism was also a distinctive feature ( famous sculptors were J. Pilon, L. Richelieu).

In painting, the founder of the French Renaissance was J. Fouquet, but he had no followers.

hallmark are decorative painting(ornamental draftsman and engraver J.-A. Ducerceau)

In general, the art of the French Renaissance managed to avoid extremes. The French Renaissance was defined as the sum total of qualities and small measures, lightness, elegance, fineness of taste, harmony.

Topic 7. Culture of the new time

Sentimentalism in New European Culture

Sentimentalism arose in the second half of the 18th century as an opposition to the Enlightenment deification of reason. Sentimentalism (from French - sentiment - feeling) - an artistic movement in Western European and American art and literature, characterized by excessive sensitivity and an idealized depiction of people, their experiences, living conditions and nature. It arose as a result of disappointment in the positive role of civilization, the kingdom of reason, proclaimed by the ideologues of the Age of Enlightenment.

Reason was opposed to the cult of feeling as the dominant artistic creativity. The main idea of sentimentalism is determined by the words of J.-J. Rousseau "Reason can err, feeling never!" Sentimentalism did not develop its own aesthetics, it occupied an intermediate position between classicism and romanticism. In art, painting, literature, music, sentimentalism was a state of mind. It is characterized by an appeal to idyllic pictures of nature, to the natural life of ordinary people, the theme of a little man, the rejection of a civilized society.

In Russian literature, Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin (the story "Poor Lisa") became a prominent representative. In European literature, the features of sentimentalism can be found in the enlightener J.-J. Rousseau in his works "Julia or New Eloise", "Confession", which shows the life and concerns of ordinary people, feelings, thoughts, description of nature, idealization peasant life.

In painting, representatives of sentimentalism were: F. Goya, A. Watteau. The main themes of their works were nature, women, love and music. The artist was interested in mystery human soul.

There is an unprecedented upsurge in the art of music. Sentimentalism is represented by: F. Haydn, K. Gluck, G. Handel. Great composers I.S. Bach, V.A. Mozart. The works are full of grace, logic, sophistication, tenderness of gallant style. Bach worked in almost all musical genres, except for opera. In the field of vocal and dramatic music, the most famous work is the cantata "Matthew Passion", which tells about last days the life of Christ.

Music V.A. Mozart is distinguished by its clarity, piercing purity of sound, and therefore went beyond the scope of any particular style. In his works, the principles of classicism were combined with the aesthetics of sentimentalism. His most famous operas are The Marriage of Figaro and The Magic Flute.

Topic 8. Culture of the XX-XXI centuries.

Totalitarian art as a cultural phenomenon of the XX-XXI centuries.

Totalitarian culture - the official culture of totalitarian regimes, historically established in the 20-30s and 40-50s, rests on the propaganda of a single party ideology, paramilitary cruel "order" and the apology of "force", as well as on the exaggerated role of the state " secrets."

Distinguished by brutal control from above and reliance on mass, affected enthusiasm from below; political and ideological predestination, clichéd forms; devotion (as a rule, forced and ostentatious) to the ruling regime and its leaders, and at the same time pseudo-democratism, expressed in the poeticization of a faceless "common man" from the people.

Totalitarian art is conservative and archaic, its favorite images are an athlete, a wrestler, a warrior, a portly mother-heroine, a peaceful and majestic leader, jubilant masses, a family idyll as a symbol of universal happiness, etc. The intensification of ideological lies, pomp, exaggerated optimism required the same exaggerated lifelikeness, ostentatious "truthfulness" and visibility, clarity and accessibility, which as a result created the characteristic effect of the inseparable solidarity of truth and lies in art. In fact, in a totalitarian culture, the artistic and ideological project replaced reality, and reality turned into a huge “work of art”, boundless in time and space.

Unprecedented integrity and consistency of society and its culture was achieved under totalitarianism through the mechanism of selection. Hence the inevitability of violence, class or national struggle, terrorist acts of "intimidation", "retaliation", ideological and political campaigns against "dissenters" of all directions. Culture was assigned the role of an "appendage of politics", a "servant" of the regime.

As a result, intellectuals, cultural figures, scientists and engineers in totalitarian state themselves become the object of selection. "Up" and "down" in culture were interchanged. Those components of culture and those cultural figures that were defined by totalitarian regimes as superfluous and unnecessary, harmful or dangerous, ultimately became carriers of anti-totalitarian tendencies in the history of culture and contributed to the internal decay and crisis of totalitarianism.

Topic 9. History of Russian culture

Secularization of Russian culture in the 17th century

Throughout the 17th century in Russia there was a process of secularization of culture - its liberation from church influence and at the same time the strengthening of European influences, including as a result of church reforms. Russian culture was included in the process of interaction with the cultures of other countries. Shaving beards, ban traditional clothes, the introduction of the European cut of military and bureaucratic uniforms, forcing the nobility to attend mandatory assemblies, introducing women to a secular lifestyle, sending thousands of young nobles to study abroad, publishing books that taught youth secular treatment.

The flourishing of Russian social thought is associated with the appearance of a number of narratives by spiritual and secular authors about the events of the Time of Troubles. Official version The events of the Troubles are contained in the "New Chronicler" of 1630, written by order of Patriarch Filaret.

in the literature of the 17th century. a prominent representative of official journalism was the monk Samuil Emelyanovich Petrovsky - Sitnianovich (Simeon of Polotsk). He was the first court poet who composed odes in honor of the royal family. His journalistic works in praise of the autocracy were also distributed. The folk accusatory direction is the "Life of Archpriest Avvakum" written by himself, where he preaches the ideas of ancient piety.

Throughout the century, a variety of everyday stories appear, depicting everyday life ordinary people. The heroes of these stories are trying to free themselves from church dogmas, at the same time, the worldly wisdom of Domostroy remains irresistible.

In the 17th century Significant changes have affected architecture. The main building material was still wood. Gradually, the volume of brick construction increased. The use of multi-colored tiles, figured bricks, and white stone details began, which gave the buildings a festive look. Traditional temple construction reached its peak.

At the end of the XVII century. a new style of temple architecture emerges - Moscow Baroque,used for the construction of small churches in the estates of Russian nobles.

Visual arts, mainly iconography, practically retained the traditional conservative style, as it was under the close supervision of the state and the church. Control over the activities of painters was carried out by the Kremlin Armory, from the 17th century. became the artistic center of the country.

Signs of secularization are also found in enlightenment. By the end of the century, every 2nd or 3rd city dweller could read and write. Literacy has ceased to be a church privilege.

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