"Nest of the Nobles" in the play "The Cherry Orchard" in the image of A. Chekhov

It should be noted that already during this period the Manor House was not some kind of idyllic place where there were no problems. And here complex tragic collisions occur, reflecting the existing stratification among the nobles. Thus, the process of the already emerging destruction of the noble "nests" is associated with Pushkin's unfinished and rather complex work "Dubrovsky". Several manor houses are shown here. Here is a description of the house of Troekurov, “an old Russian gentleman”: “He (Vladimir) rode along the shore of a wide lake, from which a river flowed and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, above the dense greenery of the grove, rose the green roof and the belvedere of a huge stone house, on the other, a five-domed church and an ancient bell tower; village huts with their vegetable gardens and wells were scattered around. The estate of Kiril Petrovich Troekurov emphasizes his property status: the house is huge, made of stone with a gazebo; there is also a rich “five-domed church with a bell tower” nearby. Complementing this picture White dress flickering between the trees of the garden. The Dubrovskys' house looks completely different: “... Vladimir saw birch grove and to the left in an open area a gray house with a red roof ... Before him he saw Kistenevka and his father's poor house. Even from the description it is clear that this house belongs to a poor landowner, since the yard is overgrown with grass, the once wide road was lost in the grass, the porch is dilapidated. And another manor house is presented in the story - this is the estate of Prince Vereisky: “Approaching Arbatov, he (Troekurov) could not help but admire the clean and cheerful huts of the peasants and the stone manor house, built in the style of English castles. In front of the house was a thick green meadow, on which Swiss cows grazed, ringing their bells. A spacious park surrounded the house on all sides. The house of Prince Vereisky is also made of stone, with many “alien” elements, outwardly the house resembles an English castle, thoroughbred “Swiss” cows with bells graze in the meadow. A no less pleasant view opens from the windows of the house: “The prince brought the guests to the window, and a lovely view opened up to them. The Volga flowed in front of the windows, loaded barges walked along it under stretched sails and fishing boats flashed by ... Hills and fields stretched beyond the river, several villages enlivened the surroundings. In Vereisky's house picture gallery, it is clear that the owner knows a lot about painting, understands the advantages and disadvantages of paintings. They drink “coffee” in the gazebo in the garden, music plays, they ride a boat on the lake, sometimes mooring to the islands. The reception ends with a magnificent fireworks display arranged in honor of the guests. prince most spent his life abroad, so the arrangement of his house is far from his native, “his own”, even the mention of the Volga does not bring the description of the estate closer to domestic samples. The prince is well versed in painting, in his house the paintings are not just an interior, as the author notes, "he spoke about paintings with ... feeling and imagination." Vereisky is single, he is just about to get married, and his choice falls on Marya Kirilovna.

Some researchers rightly pointed to the sociologization of this work by Pushkin. Formally, the house of an old aristocrat, nobleman Dubrovsky, is being destroyed. We see the absence of law, lawlessness, he is expelled from his own “nest”, and this is done by the “grandson of the bearded millionaire”, as some representatives of the nobility are characterized in the “Roman in Letters”. This is a social discomfort. For Pushkin, it is important here to show the denial of those moral standards, which lead to the destruction of the "father's coffins". This process has a negative effect on Troekurov himself.

So, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov “in domestic life ... showed all the vices of an uneducated person. Spoiled by everything that only surrounded him, he was used to giving full rein to all the impulses of his ardent disposition and all the undertakings of a rather limited mind. He suffered from gluttony, was always tipsy, built a kind of harem of serf girls, was strict with the peasants and constantly joked evilly at the neighbors-landlords. However, he was capable of friendship with a less wealthy and gentle father, in his own way loving and caring. The author noted: “By nature, he was not greedy, the desire for revenge lured him too far, his conscience murmured.” And the victory in court did not please Troekurov, “satisfied vengeance and lust for power drowned out nobler feelings to some extent, but the latter finally triumphed. He decided to make peace with his old neighbor, to destroy the traces of the quarrel, returning to him his property. Troekurov was not devoid of noble impulses, but unlimited power over people spoiled him, made him a tyrant.

Inside the House of Troekurov, a process of destruction has also been outlined. His daughter, Marya Kirilovna, on the one hand, is a county young lady, loving novels, romantic and sensitive, raised on French novels, in the shade of garden trees, pretty, her father loves her in his own way; and on the other hand, the servant for her is not a man, not a man. So, seeing the teacher for the first time, Marya Kirilovna does not pay attention to him, because he is a servant: “Masha did not pay any attention to the young Frenchman, brought up in aristocratic prejudices, the teacher was for her a kind of servant or artisan, and the servant or artisan did not seem to her a man." She noticed Vladimir only after he showed courage in the story with the bear: “... this incident produced another greater impression to Marya Kirilovna. Her imagination was amazed ... She saw that courage and proud pride do not exclusively belong to one class, and since then she began to show young teacher respect, which hour by hour became more attentive.

Marya Kirilovna blushes at her father's rude manners, she has no girlfriends because of this, she has certain moral qualities that appear in the final chapters of the story. Given in marriage not for love, she nevertheless refuses to leave her husband and run away with Dubrovsky. However, her sacrifice comes, most likely, not from heart movements, but because of the fear of her father, the fear of punishment. Sometimes in her behavior this self-sacrifice manifested itself in a very significant adjustment of moral forms. Marya Kirilovna behaves romantically, she decides to intercede Dubrovsky, a robber, a man who lost his House through the fault of her father. However, she is forced to obey the will of her father and become the wife of Prince Vereisky.

Marya Kirilovna in many ways cannot rise to the height of Tatyana Larina. She values ​​the opinion of the world, her daddy taught her to look down on people, she does not see that Troekurov crushed Vladimir. At the same time, Masha Troekurova is also a victim, she suffers from her father's tyranny, however, if she had Tatyana's high morality, perhaps the fate of Vladimir Dubrovsky could be different. In our opinion, both Masha and Vladimir are the “fruits” of the same domestic upbringing that Pushkin had a negative attitude towards.

The story reflects the motive of the destruction of the noble "nest", the theme of homelessness appears. Young Dubrovsky begins to avenge his father, the motive of unrest develops, which destroys the moral foundations of the Dubrovsky estate itself and its inhabitants. The scene of the massacre of the scoundrels, who carried out the unfair decision of the court, is given in contrast to the rescue of the cat. Almost all the characters in the story are characterized by positive and negative traits.

The actions of Vladimir Dubrovsky also largely characterize him ambiguously. The author considered it necessary to tell about how his character was formed. We know that “he lost his mother from childhood and, almost not knowing his father, was brought to Petersburg in the eighth year of his age; with all that, he was romantically ... attached to his father and the more he loved family life, the less he had time to enjoy her quiet joys. With the same mood of immersion in joy family life Vladimir reads letters to his late mother: “Vladimir read and forgot everything in the world, plunging his soul into the world of family happiness ...”. Leaving forever from the parental home, he takes away the only valuable things for him: letters from his mother. Tenderness, nobility, the concept of honor is shown by Vladimir when communicating with Marya Kirilovna. It is because of her that he refuses revenge on her father: “I realized that the house where you live is sacred, that not a single creature connected with you by blood bonds is subject to my curse.” Dubrovsky is not without romantic traits character: “My poor, poor fate,” he said, sighing bitterly. - For you I would give my life, to see you from afar, to touch your hand was for me rapture. And when the opportunity opens up for me to press you to my worried heart and say: angel, let's die! Poor man, I must beware of bliss, I must keep it away with all my might. I dare not fall at your feet, thank heaven for an incomprehensible undeserved reward. Oh, how I must hate that one ... but I feel that now there is no place for hatred in my heart. However, at the same time, Vladimir finds the only, in his opinion, path to justice: he leads a gang of robbers, having gone into the forest and raiding for the purpose of retribution. They live in the middle dense forest» in huts and dugouts, they have already lost their homes and certain moral qualities, which Vladimir himself admits. The description of the place where the robbers live under the leadership of Vladimir is very reminiscent of the beginning of the poem "The Robber Brothers". “In the middle of a dense forest, on a narrow lawn, there was a small earthen fortification, consisting of a rampart and a moat, behind which there were several huts and dugouts. In the yard, a lot of people, who, by the variety of clothes and by the general armament, could immediately be recognized as robbers, dined, sitting without hats, near the fraternal cauldron. These people, apparently, are also all brothers in fate, that is, they are akin to a common share of outcasts. In terms of content, this episode echoes the poetic lines of one of the first romantic poems Pushkin:

... The remote gang was going.

What a mix of clothes and faces

Tribes, dialects, states!

From huts, from cells, from dungeons

They flocked for the acquisitions!

Here the goal is the same for all hearts -

They live without power, without law.

Even the song that one of them sings emphasizes their isolation from normal human life:

Don't make noise, mother green dubrovushka,

Don't bother me, young man, to think.

However, this picturesque picture destroys the appearance of the old nanny: “At this time, the door of one of the huts opened, and an old woman in a white cap, neatly and primly dressed, appeared at the threshold.” Undoubtedly, it is not the “old woman” herself that looks dissonant in this picture, but also the fact that she is “in a white cap, neatly and primly dressed.” It is interesting that in this scene there is such an element of the House as the threshold, which has long been considered a kind of boundary between the house and the external hostile space, symbolizing a certain boundary. Perhaps this element marks that Vladimir is, as it were, between the society in which he was, and his new, homeless life. And this is his border state emphasized by the neatness and accuracy of Egorovna, as well as the interior decoration of the hero's home. “In the hut from which the old woman came out, behind the partition, the wounded Dubrovsky lay on a camp bed. In front of him on the table lay his pistols, and his saber hung in his head. The dugout was covered and hung with rich carpets, in the corner there was a women's silver toilet and a dressing table. Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand ... ". In this description, seemingly incompatible objects coexist - military: pistols, a saber and domestic: rich carpets, a silver toilet, a dressing table. The whole description emphasizes the borderline state of Vladimir, he lost his former roots, his father's house, and instead of this - troubles, a forest haven, servants-robbers.

When saying goodbye to his accomplices, Vladimir urges them to change their way of life, having little faith in it himself: “A few days after the battle, he gathered all his accomplices, announced to them that he intended to leave them forever, advised them to change their way of life,” while he is sure that this will not happen: "But you are all scammers and probably do not want to leave your craft."

Thus, in the manor houses presented in Dubrovsky, what was characteristic of the traditional Russian House has largely been lost, the Troekurov family does not have a mistress, Dubrovsky lost his mother early, Prince Vereisky is lonely in his years. In these houses there is no harmony and mutual understanding, no family happiness. In the future, the motive for the destruction of the noble "nest" will pass through all Russian literature. At the same time, the work of A.S. Pushkin of the 1930s makes it possible to return to the problem of not only the estate, but also the city, St. Petersburg House.

Trips to noble estates are actively becoming fashionable. One of the main tourist premieres of 2018 in the Moscow region is “Four Seasons in Russian Estates”. But even the most famous estates of their time are now under the threat of extinction. About "noble" tourism and royal ruins - in the material of RIA Novosti.
On a visit to Jomini

It is not uncommon for Europe when the owners of castles themselves arrange excursions for tourists and tell about the history of family nests. With the revival of estates, this type of tourism arose in Russia.

For example, Khvalevsky, "Vologda Switzerland", - unique monument Russian North. Several times a year, the descendants of the founder of the estate, Nikolai Kachalov, gather there. They bought and restored the estate.

But the estate is also accessible to outsiders: there are days open doors, tours by prior arrangement. Here pass folk holidays and musical and poetry evenings.

At the estate of Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini in Nizhny Novgorod region in the century before last, Alexander Pushkin probably visited, and for sure - Fyodor Tyutchev, Prince Alexander Gorchakov. Now there are daily excursions, the cost is 100-150 rubles.

You can see the estate itself (but only from the outside), visit the ethnic village on its territory.

“Classic Russian noble estate! Huge landscaped area! tourists admire. “Everything is recreated with great love.”

Even the French atmosphere is preserved - a pond with canyons and suspension bridges, vineyards from which wine is made, many apple trees for Calvados.

noble games

You can live in the Skornyakovo-Arkhangelskoye estate (Lipetsk region). For the next weekend, a double room for two nights in the "School" log house costs from 8 thousand rubles, a four-bed room in the left wing of the house with a mezzanine - from 26 thousand. This estate is more than three centuries old and is closely connected with the history of the royal house of the Romanovs.

Now there are concerts of classical, jazz music, holidays, regular "evenings of noble games".

Everything is serious - romances sound, guests play gambling, rates are accepted by royal bills.

New routes

Arkhangelsk: Russian Versailles near Moscow

In Ulyanovsk, one of the main cities of "red tourism", this year a branded route "Nobleman on the Volga" appeared. It combines old mansions, houses of Ivan Goncharov, Vladimir Lenin, provincial, Soviet and modern city.

In the suburbs, they plan to launch 30 new estate programs. Recently, as the press service of the government of the Moscow region, the first trip along the imperial route ("Manor Express") took place.

Tourists visited sights associated with members of the Romanov imperial family - the estates of Ilyinskoye, Usovo, Arkhangelskoye.

This route was included in the Four Seasons in Russian Estates program, which started this year. “We try to connect all estates. Some people like dilapidated estates more, others need well-preserved estates with developed infrastructure,” says Valentina Zanina, head conductor of the Manor Express project.

"For example, we have a program" Hussar ballad» in Dmitrov at the filming locations. Our excursions were visited by the descendants of the Musin-Pushkin family from France,” she explains.

According to her, foreigners are not so rare guests on tours of the estates. The inhabitants of the Baltic States, the Americans, the Chinese are showing interest.

The latter, for example, are especially attracted by the Bolshiye Gorki estate, where the Gorki Leninskiye State Historical Museum-Reserve is located. The inhabitants of the Baltics are attracted by places associated with the classics of Russian literature.

Fashion theme and excitement

“My interest in the estate arose more than 15 years ago from studying the history of my own family. Gradually I moved on to history noble era in general, - says Darina Fedorova-Zemlyanskaya, the author of the project "Noble Estates". - I find the former noble nests, study their history from the moment of occurrence to the present day, the history of those who lived there.

The highlight of the excursions offered by Darina is a visit to closed estates. For example, Marfino is a magnificent, romantic estate with a pink palace and a bridge, cascades of ponds, cast-iron fountains and white griffins. Here is the sanatorium of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, access to the territory is closed.

“We write an official letter, we take the passport details of the entire group, we get permission,” says Darina.

According to her, estates are becoming fashionable, people are interested in history, the nobility. And when visiting closed estates, even excitement arises - to see what is inaccessible.

Outcast near Moscow

But some of the estates are under the threat of extinction. One of the most clear examples- the estate of the Sheremetevs Mikhailovskoye in the Moscow region. There, the wife of Count Sergei Sheremetyev, Ekaterina Sheremetyeva, the beloved granddaughter of the poet Prince Peter Vyazemsky, created unique museum with an office for scientific studies, a library, a botanical garden.

Biological observations were carried out there, famous scientists worked there, sightseers came there.

Before the revolution, Ekaterina Sheremetyeva wanted to transfer the museum to Moscow University and establish a biological station in Mikhailovsky. “But this large-scale scientific and Cultural Center just disappeared. The estate is now in a terrible state, - explains Darina. “People are leaving in shock. This is an outcast in the Moscow region, and with the most interesting history.

Destroyed estates can be saved. Faith Sterlin, CEO non-profit partnership "Russian Estate", claims that over the past five years, not only has society grown interested in estates, the attitude of state structures has also changed. The authorities realized that the estates were becoming a brand in Russian advertising campaigns.

“We need a serious comprehensive state program with the attraction of private investments, the creation of a system of benefits for them,” the expert sums up.

Lessons 162-163. "To touch the very essence and the most sore strings ..." 1

A. P. Chekhov. " The Cherry Orchard»: history of creation, genre, heroes. Destruction of the nobility.
You can start the lesson by telling the teacher about the history of the creation of the play.

After the play "Three Sisters", to some extent tragic, Chekhov conceived new play. On March 7, 1901, in a letter to O. L. Knipper, he admits: “The next play I write will certainly be funny, very funny, at least in concept.”

“He imagined,” recalls Stanislavsky, “an open window, with a branch of white flowering cherries climbing from the garden into the room. Artyom had already become a lackey, and then, for no reason at all, a manager. His master, and sometimes it seemed to him that she was the mistress, is always without money, and at critical moments she turns to her lackey or manager for help, who has quite a lot of money accumulated from somewhere.

In a letter to Stanislavsky dated February 5, 1903, we read: “It is already ready in my head. It's called The Cherry Orchard, four acts, in the first act you can see through the window cherry blossoms, a solid white garden. And ladies in white dresses. In a word, Vishnevsky will laugh a lot - and, of course, it is not known for what reason.

Speaking about the history of the creation of the play, three points should be emphasized:

This is the last play of the writer, so it contains his most intimate thoughts about life, about the fate of the Motherland;

Chekhov insisted that this was a comedy, warned that both the role of Varya and the role of Lopakhin were comic;

Garden for Chekhov is associated with joy, beauty, work, with the future, but not with sadness about the past. In a letter of 1889 he writes: “The weather is wonderful. Everything sings, blooms, shines with beauty. The garden is already quite green, even the oaks have blossomed. The trunks of apple trees, pears, cherries and plums are painted from worms in white paint, all these trees bloom white, which is why they are strikingly similar to brides during a wedding.

Issues for discussion

1. How to determine the genre of a play? Comedy? Drama? Tragicomedy?

a) Chekhov called The Cherry Orchard a comedy: “I didn’t get a drama, but a comedy, in some places even a farce” (from a letter to M.P. Alekseeva). “The whole play is cheerful, frivolous” (from a letter to O. L. Knipper).

b) The theater staged it as a heavy drama of Russian life. “This is not a comedy, this is a tragedy ... I cried like a woman ...” (K. S. Stanislavsky).

c) There are opinions that consider the play a tragicomedy. A. I. Revyakin writes: “To recognize The Cherry Orchard as a drama means to recognize the experiences of the owners of the cherry orchard, Gaev and Ranevsky, as truly dramatic, capable of evoking deep sympathy and compassion for people who look not back, but forward, into the future. But this could not be and is not in the play... The play The Cherry Orchard cannot be recognized as a tragicomedy either. For this, she lacks tragicomic heroes, nor tragicomic situations. This is a lyrical comedy. Lyricism is confirmed by the active presence of the author. And comedy - non-drama goodies, the lack of drama of Lopakhin, the comedy of the owners of the garden and almost all the secondary characters.

3. What is the comic nature of the images of Ranevskaya and Gaev? What is their drama? Who is to blame for the drama of their lives?

4. Prove that minor characters are also comical (Yasha, Dunyasha, Charlotte, Simeonov-Pishchik, Epikhodov).

5. Describe the conflict and problems of the play.

6. " Fiction therefore it is called artistic because it depicts life as it really is. Her appointment is unconditional and honest truth," wrote Chekhov. What "unconditional and honest" truth could Chekhov see in late XIX in.? (Destruction of noble estates, their transfer into the hands of the capitalists.)

7. How is the theme of the withering of noble nests shown in The Cherry Orchard? What does Firs represent? And Yasha?

8. How does Chekhov show the impoverishment of the nobility? Why Gaev and Ranevskaya refuse Lopakhin's offer?

9. How is the image of Lopakhin interpreted? Why doesn't Gaev love him?

10. What role does the auction play in the play? Why is he taken off stage?

11. There is a struggle for the garden: the rich man Deriganov is going to buy it, Ranevskaya and Gaev send Anya to her grandmother for money, Lopakhin thinks about possible participation. Is it the main thing in the play?

12. And what is the main thing? (Relations between people, different social classes, but beyond hostility and irreconcilable struggle.)

Group work can be used to study the system of images-characters of the play.

Group 1. local nobility(Gaev, Ranevskaya, Simeonov-Pishchik), the old owners of the cherry orchard.

Find the positive and negative in the images of the local nobility. (Kindness, simplicity, honesty, sympathy for people, spontaneity, love for nature, for one’s “nest”, for music and superficiality of feelings, inability to protect the property dear to them, inability to work, disorderly kindness, selfishness. These are not bad people, but the author exposes them.)

Tell us about Ranevskaya. Compare how Lopakhin and Trofimov talk about it. How does her attitude towards Varya, Anna, servants, Lopakhin, Trofimov characterize her? How does the rejection of Lopakhin's proposal characterize her? How can one evaluate the kindness of Ranevskaya?

How to understand the words of Chekhov: “It is not difficult to play Ranevskaya, you just need to take the right tone from the very beginning; you have to come up with a smile and a manner of laughing, you have to be able to dress”?

Work on the image of Ranevskaya should be carried out according to the text in two ways. External line: charming woman, simple, immediate. But in the outer (event) line, there is also more than one plan (for example, loves Anya, cries about dead son, but leaves 12-year-old Anya for 5 years with an unlucky brother; hugs Firs, kisses Dunyasha, but does not think that there is nothing to eat in the house, etc.). The internal (author's) line arises when comparing remarks, in contrast between speech and actions. For example:

“Love of Andreevna. My own closet. (Kisses the closet.) My table.

G a e v. And without you here the nanny died.

L ub o v A n d r e e v n a. (Sits down and drinks coffee.) Yes, the kingdom of heaven. They wrote to me."

When the nanny's death is reported, Ranevskaya drinks coffee, and Gaev sucks on candy.

What does Ranevskaya consider her sins and are they sins? What are her real sins? Who is to blame for the fate of Ranevskaya? Was there a choice?

Tell me about Gave. How is he similar to Ranevskaya? What are you interested in? Compare their monologues in front of the closet. How do they characterize them?

Why did they all calm down after selling the cherry orchard?

What is close to the owners of the cherry orchard Simeonov-Pishchik?

Conclusions. The local nobility is the embodiment of the world of the noble nest, for which time has stopped. The drama is in their insecurity, innocence. Comedy is in the contrast of speech and actions. A life lived in vain, a future without hope, a life in debt, "at someone else's expense." “Selfish, like children, and flabby, like old people,” Gorky will say about them.

Group 2"Parallels" to the hosts: Yasha and Firs.

Questions and tasks for observations

What does Firs represent? (Firs is a serf past, selfless devotion to the master. “Then I did not agree to freedom, I remained with the masters ... And I remember that everyone is happy, but they themselves don’t know what they are happy about.”)

Find the semantic subtext in Fiers' last monologue. (Firs's last monologue has two semantic lines: "life has passed" and "stupid". These thoughts are also about the owners.)

How is it different from Firs Jasch? How does he treat those around him? (Yasha is a servant of a new generation, arrogant (attitude towards mother, towards Dunyasha, towards the Motherland).)

Group 3. Lopakhin is the bourgeoisie, replacing the nobility.

Questions and tasks for observations

Chekhov wrote to Stanislavsky: "Lopakhin is indeed a merchant, but a decent person in every sense, he must behave quite decently, intelligently, without tricks." What features of Lopakhin are attractive?

Why does Petya say about him "a beast of prey" and " tender soul"? How to understand it? What are its contradictions? What quality will win in it?

Why doesn't Lopakhin propose to Varya? Why does he repeatedly call life "stupid", "incoherent"?

What future of Russia is he talking about?

What is the originality of Lopakhin's speech?

Conclusions. The meaning of Lopakhin's character is the change of "masters of life". The complexity and inconsistency of character speak of temporality. Exposing in it bourgeois practicality, but the affirmation of diligence. In Lopakhin's remarks there are judgments that are not characteristic of his image. Most likely, thoughts about the Motherland, about an awkward, unhappy life - this is the voice of the author himself.

Group 4"Young generation": Petya and Anya.

Questions and tasks for observations

What is the role of these characters in the play? Does the author draw them the same way?

Why is Petya shown ironically? Why is his image reduced by the combination of diverse replicas?

Compare Lopakhin and Petya. Why is one working and the other talking?

In what way is the image of Petya similar to the image of Gaev?

What is Anna's place in the play? Why did Chekhov think that Anya should speak in a "young, sonorous voice"?

Why are Anya's lines at the end of each act?

- Individual task. See what role the image of time plays in the play. Why does Chekhov remind the audience of time throughout the play? Support your thoughts with quotes.

Conclusions. The future that Petya and Anya see is a romantic future. The inconsistency of the image of Petya, the irony of the author speaks of his uncertainty that people like Petya will be able to make the future wonderful. The embodiment of the writer's faith in the future is Anya. The author depicts the purity, immediacy, integrity of her character.

Summary of lessons. Genre originality, the system of characters help to understand main conflict plays - between a person and time, which inexorably throws back those who cannot live in the present, do not think about the future.

Lesson 164 “Rus, where are you going, give me an answer?” 1

Symbol of the garden in the comedy The Cherry Orchard. Preparation for home writing.
The name of the play should be perceived in two ways: specifically (the garden of a noble estate) and generalized (a symbol of the Motherland, its natural poetic beauty). The comedy is based on the fate of the cherry orchard, everything is connected with it.

Questions and tasks for observations

1. How does the image of the cherry orchard permeate all the actions of the play? I act: “Your cherry orchard is being sold for debts”; Act II: “A cherry orchard will be sold on August 22”; Act III: “Come, everyone, to watch Yermolai Lopakhin hit the cherry orchard with an ax”; IV action: "In the distance they knock on wood with an ax."

3. Find descriptions of the cherry orchard in the author's stage directions. What mood do they create? How is it changing? D e c o r a t i o n I act: “Dawn, the sun will soon rise. It's already May, the cherry trees are in bloom, but it's cold in the garden, it's a matinee." Scene II Act II: “In the side, towering, the poplar trees are darkening: there begins the cherry orchard... The sun will soon set.” Scenery IV Acts: “You can hear how they knock on wood with an axe.” In the finale: “It's getting quiet. In the midst of the silence, there is a dull thud of an ax on wood, sounding lonely and sad. "There is silence, and only one can hear how far in the garden they knock on wood with an ax."

4. How are the heroes of the play connected with the image of the cherry orchard? Support your positions with text.

Randevskaya, Gaev: the garden is the past, childhood, but also a sign of well-being, pride, a memory of happiness.

Ranevskaya: “If there is anything interesting, even remarkable, in the whole province, it is only our cherry orchard.”

G a e in: “And in „ encyclopedic dictionary“this garden is mentioned”, etc.

F and r s: garden - lordly well-being. “In the old days, forty or fifty years ago, cherries were dried, soaked, pickled, jam was cooked ... There was money!”

Lopakhin: the garden is a memory of the past, grandfather and father were serfs; hopes for the future - cut down, break into plots, rent out. The garden is a source of wealth, a source of pride. Lopakhin: "If the cherry orchard ... then rent out for summer cottages, then you will have at least twenty-five thousand a year income." “Cherry is born every two years, and no one buys that,” etc.

Trofimov: the cherry orchard symbolizes the serf past. “Really... human beings are not looking at you from every leaf, from every trunk...”. "All Russia is our garden" - this is his dream of a transformed homeland, but it is not clear by whose forces this will be done.

But I: the garden is a symbol of childhood, the garden is a home, but childhood has to be parted. "Why do I no longer like the cherry orchard as before." Garden - hopes for the future. "We will plant new garden more luxurious than this.

5. What is author's attitude to the garden? (The garden for the author embodies love for native nature; bitterness because they cannot save her beauty and wealth; the author's thought about a person who can change life is important; the garden is a symbol of a lyrical, poetic attitude towards the Motherland). In the author's remarks: "beautiful garden", "wide space", the sound of a broken string, the sound of an ax. Chekhov: "In the second act you will give me a real green field and a road and an extraordinary distance for the stage." "The sound ... should be shorter and felt quite far away."

6. Individual task. Simultaneously with the play "The Cherry Orchard", the story "The Bride" was written, which was close to her in its main content. There is also a May garden. Compare the image of the garden in the play and in the story "The Bride". How is the image of Anya similar to the image of the heroine of the story?

Conclusions. The garden is a symbol of the Motherland, its past and future. The past is the childhood and happiness of Ranevskaya, Gaev, Anya; this is their pride from owning a beautiful estate, a “noble nest”; it is a symbol of serfdom for Petya and Lopakhin. The future is the construction of summer cottages, so that, according to Lopakhin, grandchildren and great-grandchildren will see here new life; this is the hope for better life for Anya: "We will plant a new garden, more luxurious than this."

What is the future for Russia? Chekhov leaves this Gogol question open.

Summary of the lesson. The play "The Cherry Orchard" is a play about Russia, about its fate. Russia at a crossroads - an auction in the play. Who will be the master of the country? Chekhov worries about his country, the play is his testament, but at the same time he understands that he needs to break the old, leave him.

For homework, students may be offered problematic issues to help you prepare for the exam.

Lesson 165 "A hopeless sigh of compassion for the people" 1

Originality of Chekhov's style.
The secret of Chekhov's skill, the secret of the impact on the reader, has not yet been fully unraveled. But one thing is clear: Chekhov - unusual writer. Bunin spoke of him this way: “In addition to artistic talent, the knowledge of life, deep penetration into human soul". And M. Gorky remarked: “You are doing a great job with your little stories, arousing in people an aversion to this very half-dead life.”

The lesson can be held in the form of a workshop. In the stories indicated by the teacher, it is necessary to find the features of Chekhov's writing style.

Style Features	stories
1. The story is based on a certain everyday situation (sketch), and not a common problem or the fate of a hero. This is reflected in the titles of the stories, which often identify a specific location.	"Well, the audience!", "Evil boy", "Not in a good mood"
2. An ordinary action leading to an unexpected result	"Well, the audience!", "Not in a good mood"
3. The hero is in the world of things, the role of the objective environment is great	"Chameleon"
4. The nature and features of the narrative, which can be conducted on behalf of the author or hero. External narration can be conducted on behalf of the author, and the characterization of the situation, portrait, landscape - on behalf of the hero. The objectivity of the narrative, restrained outwardly	"Chameleon", "The cook is getting married"
5. Rich range of vocabulary, wide use of speech styles	"Chameleon"
6. Presentation of tragedy as an everyday phenomenon. A tragicomedy that combines smile, irony, sadness	"Well, audience" "Chameleon", "Horse Family"
7. Individualization of the characters' speech. Speech is a reflection of character	"Chameleon", "Horse Family"
8. Large part role	"Chameleon", "Well, audience!"
9. "Hiddenness" of the author, the manifestation of his position in reticence	"Chameleon"
10. Mature Chekhov - lack of intense action	"Bride"
11. Speaking surnames	"Death of an Official", "Chameleon"
12. main meaning not named openly. External and internal narration, duality, tragicomic. Externally - funny, internally - sad	"Chameleon", "Death of an Official", "Thick and Thin"
13. Small form and deep content	"Death of an Official"
14. Short, concise, mean description of a person, nature and interior	"The Cook Gets Married", "Thick and Thin"
15. The essential role of dialogue or monologue. A person reveals himself, through a monologue or dialogue	"Not in a good mood"
16. Mastery of plot and composition. Often the action develops through repetition, reaching absurdity.	"Well, the audience!", "Death of an official"
17. Three unities: places, times, actions	"Not in a good mood"
18. Visibility of scene stories	"Thick and thin"

MOSCOW, March 20 - RIA Novosti, Svetlana Baeva. Trips to noble estates are actively becoming fashionable. One of the main tourist premieres of 2018 in the Moscow region is "Four Seasons in Russian Estates". But even the most famous estates of their time are now under the threat of extinction. About "noble" tourism and royal ruins - in the material of RIA Novosti.

On a visit to Jomini

For example, Khvalevskoye, "Vologda Switzerland", is a unique monument of the Russian North. Several times a year, the descendants of the founder of the estate, Nikolai Kachalov, gather there. They bought and restored the estate.

But the estate is also available for outsiders: there are open days, excursions by prior request. Folk holidays and musical and poetic evenings are held here.

The estate of Baron Antoine-Henri Jomini in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the century before last was probably visited by Alexander Pushkin and, for sure, Fedor Tyutchev, Prince Alexander Gorchakov. Now there are daily excursions, the cost is 100-150 rubles.

You can see the estate itself (but only from the outside), visit the ethnic village on its territory.

"A classic Russian noble estate! A huge well-groomed territory! - tourists admire. - Everything is recreated with great love."

Even the French atmosphere is preserved - a pond with canyons and suspension bridges, vineyards from which wine is made, many apple trees for Calvados.

noble games

You can live in the Skornyakovo-Arkhangelskoye estate (Lipetsk region). For the next weekend, a double room for two nights in the "School" log house costs from 8 thousand rubles, a four-bed room in the left wing of the house with a mezzanine - from 26 thousand. This estate is more than three centuries old and is closely connected with the history of the royal house of the Romanovs.

Now concerts of classical, jazz music, holidays, regular "evenings of noble games" are held here.

Everything is serious - romances sound, guests gamble, bets are accepted with royal banknotes.

New routes

In Ulyanovsk, one of the main cities of "red tourism", a branded route "Nobleman on the Volga" appeared this year. It combines old mansions, houses of Ivan Goncharov, Vladimir Lenin, provincial, Soviet and modern city.

In the suburbs, they plan to launch 30 new estate programs. Recently, according to the press service of the government of the Moscow region, the first journey took place along the imperial route ("Manor Express").

Tourists visited the sights associated with members of the Romanov imperial family - the estates of Ilyinskoye, Usovo, Arkhangelskoye.

This route was included in the program "Four Seasons in Russian Estates", which started this year. “We are trying to connect all the estates. Some people like dilapidated estates more, others need well-preserved estates with developed infrastructure,” says Valentina Zanina, chief conductor of the Estate Express project.

“For example, we have the Hussar Ballad program in Dmitrov, where the film was filmed. Our excursions were attended by the descendants of the Musin-Pushkin family from France,” she explains.

According to her, foreigners are not so rare guests on tours of the estates. The inhabitants of the Baltic States, the Americans, the Chinese are showing interest.

The latter, for example, are especially attracted by the estate "Bolshiye Gorki", where the State Historical Museum-Reserve "Gorki Leninskiye" is located. The inhabitants of the Baltics are attracted by places associated with the classics of Russian literature.

Fashion theme and excitement

“My interest in the estate arose more than 15 years ago from studying the history of my own family. Gradually, I moved on to the history of the noble era as a whole,” says Darina Fedorova-Zemlyanskaya, author of the Noble Estates project. “I find former noble nests, study their history from its inception to the present day, the history of those who lived there."

The highlight of the excursions offered by Darina is a visit to closed estates. For example, Marfino is a magnificent, romantic estate with a pink palace and a bridge, cascades of ponds, cast-iron fountains and white griffins. Here is the sanatorium of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, access to the territory is closed.

“We write an official letter, we take the passport details of the entire group, we get permission,” says Darina.

According to her, estates are becoming fashionable, people are interested in history, the nobility. And when visiting closed estates, even excitement arises - to see what is inaccessible.

Outcast near Moscow

But some of the estates are under the threat of extinction. One of the most striking examples is the Mikhailovskoye Sheremetyev estate in the Moscow region. There, the wife of Count Sergei Sheremetyev, Ekaterina Sheremetyeva, the beloved granddaughter of the poet Prince Peter Vyazemsky, created a unique museum with an office for scientific studies, a library, and a botanical garden.

A.P. Chekhov more than once approached the theme of the collapse of noble nests in his works. The author writes about the impending death of noble nests in the stories “In the estate”, “Someone else's misfortune”, “In the native corner”, “At acquaintances”, etc.

In the play The Cherry Orchard, Chekhov, as it were, generalizes the theme of the death of noble nests and sums up his reflections on the fate of the nobility.

Before us is a typical noble estate, surrounded by an old cherry orchard. “What an amazing garden! White masses of flowers, blue sky! .. ”- the heroine of the play Ranevskaya says enthusiastically.

The nest of nobles survives last days. The estate was not only mortgaged, but also re-mortgaged. Soon, in case of non-payment of interest, it will go under the hammer. What are the owners doing to save the estate? And what are these last owners of the cherry orchard, living more in the past than in the present?

In the past, this was a wealthy noble family who traveled to Paris on horseback and at whose balls generals, barons, admirals danced. Ranevskaya even had a dacha in the south of France in Meton.

The past now stands before Lyubov Andreevna in the form of a blooming cherry orchard, which is to be sold for debts.

Lopakhin offers the owners of the estate a sure way to save the estate: break the cherry orchard into plots and rent it out as summer cottages. But from the point of view of lordly concepts, this means seems unacceptable, offensive to honor and family traditions. It also contradicts noble ethics. “The dacha and summer residents are so vulgar, sorry,” Ranevskaya arrogantly declares to Lopakhin. The poetry of the cherry orchard and its noble past obscure life and the demands of practical calculation from the owners of the estate.

Lack of will, unsuitability, romantic enthusiasm, mental instability, inability to live characterize Lyubov Andreevna Ranevskaya. The personal life of this heroine was unsuccessful. Having lost her husband and son, she settled abroad and spends money on a man who deceived and robbed her.

In the character of Ranevskaya, at first glance, there are many good traits. She is charming, loves nature and music. According to the reviews of others, she is a “kind, nice” woman, simple and direct.

She is trusting and sincere to the point of enthusiasm. But in her spiritual experiences there is no depth, her moods are fleeting, she is sentimental and easily passes from tears to carefree laughter. She seems to be sensitive and attentive to people. And meanwhile, what spiritual emptiness is hidden behind this external complacency, what indifference and indifference to everything that goes beyond the boundaries of the cherry orchard and her personal well-being.

Ranevskaya is essentially selfish and indifferent to people. While her domestic help“There is nothing,” Ranevskaya littered with money right and left and even arranged a ball that no one needed.

Her life is empty and aimless, although she talks a lot about her tender love for people, for the cherry orchard.

The same as Ranevskaya, weak-willed, useless in life. her brother Gaev is also a human being. All his life he lived on the estate, doing nothing. He himself admits that he ate his fortune on candy. His only occupation is billiards. He is all immersed in thoughts about various combinations of billiard moves.

In contrast to his sister, Gaev is somewhat rude. Lord's arrogance towards others is heard in his words "whom?", "boor".

Both Ranevskaya and Gaev are people who are used to living carelessly without working, they cannot even comprehend the tragedy of their situation. They don't have a future. it last representatives degenerate nobility.

Another significant figure for understanding the problem of the death of noble nests is the servant Firs. A product of the serf era, he lives on memories of a happy past. He is full of worries about his master and takes care of him like a small child. “Again, they put on the wrong trousers. And what am I to do with you?" - he addresses the fifty-year-old Gaev.

The fact that Firs found himself in a boarded-up house and, in fact, doomed to death is a symbolic episode in the play. His death coincides with the death of the cherry orchard, marks the end of the era of noble nests.