Watercolor paints. How paints are obtained

Surely everyone remembers their first watercolor paints- with round flowers and shaggy tassel. Honey. Some tried to eat the watercolor, and almost everyone had the habit of licking the brush. Meanwhile, watercolor is far from being so edible, although it does contain honey.

The basis of all paints is a pigment and a binder. It depends on what the paints are kneaded on, and it will turn out to be watercolor or gouache. All colors have the same pigment. Paints have been around for so long that it is impossible to say when and by whom they were invented. Since ancient times, people have rubbed soot, burnt clay, kneaded it with animal glue and created for their own pleasure. Caves are painted with ocher, clay-based paints, and soot - the first witnesses of the work of painters who have come down to our times.

Over time, people began to turn minerals, stones, clays and chemical mixtures (oxides, oxides, and so on) into paints. If you want to see today how artists worked thousands of years ago, you will have to look into the workshop of tempera painting, to the icon painters. Like many centuries ago, icon craftsmen grind paints by hand. Crushed in a lead mortar and ground to a state of dust, malachite will give a transparent green color, burnt grape seeds - black, mercury mineral cinnabar - red of the same name, and lapis lazuli - blue. The color palette grew and multiplied with the development of pictorial art.

Today, for the industrial production of paints, mineral and organic pigments are used, mined from the depths of mother earth or pigments obtained artificially. For example, instead of the same ultramarine from the expensive mineral lapis lazuli, synthetic "ultramarine" is obtained.

tempera paints contain a water-soluble emulsion. In traditional icon painting - a mixture of yolk. In industrial production - casein or PVA (synthetic polyvinyl acetate resin). Tempera paints dry very quickly, change color and tone greatly, but there is nothing stronger than tempera paints. This is a painting for the ages.

Most Popular - watercolor paints- kneaded on the basis of natural gum arabic (vegetable resins), with the addition of plasticizers: honey, glycerin or sugar. This allows them to be so light and transparent. In addition, an antiseptic, like phenol, will definitely be included in the watercolor, so you should not eat it, after all. Watercolor was invented along with paper in China, but this technique came to Europe only in the 12th century.

Gouache in its composition it is very close to watercolors, it also contains pigment on a water-soluble adhesive basis. But white is added to the colors, which gives the paints density, strong lightening when dried and a velvety surface.

Oil paints knead on drying oils (most often using specially treated linseed oil), alkyd resins and a desiccant (a solvent that allows the paint to dry faster). Oil paints appeared in Europe in the 15th century, but it is still unclear who owns the laurels of the inventor, since traces of painting with paint based on poppy and walnut oil were found in ancient Buddhist caves, and drying oil - boiled oil - was used in Ancient Rome. Oil paints do not change color when dry and allow you to achieve amazing depth of color.

Compressing linseed oil with pigment, they get oil crayons, based on wax - wax crayons . Pastel are also made by pressing, only without the use of oil. Modern technologies have significantly expanded both the line of paints and the color palette. But, as before, mineral and organic pigments form the basis of the highest quality paints.

It is now impossible to say exactly when a person first used paint. Initially, the choice of colors was quite small, because our distant ancestors had to use only what they could find in the surrounding nature. Coal and chalk, yellow and red clay - this, perhaps, is the entire color palette of ancient artists. We are much more fortunate in this regard. Great amount paints of various colors and shades, made on a different basis, can be found on the shelves of modern stores. Let's talk in more detail about what substances underlie the production of all paints.

What and how paints are made from

Despite their great variety, all paints are made according to the same principle. The basis of their production is mixing in certain proportions of the three main components - pigment, solvent and binder.

The basis of each finished paint makes up the pigment. This is the substance on which the color of the coating obtained after applying paint to the surface to be painted depends. The binders in paints are usually adhesives of vegetable or animal origin, or polymer resins. They are found in paints in emulsified or dissolved form, and when the solvent dries, they harden and form a solid film that firmly holds the coloring pigment.

The solvent is necessary to give the paint a liquid form, since in this form it is much easier to apply it to the surface to be painted. Oil, alcohol, acetone, water or complex hydrocarbons are used as such a solvent. What kind of paints are not made in our time: watercolor and gouache, oil, acrylic, enamel paints, hair dyes and fabric paints - you can list their types for a very long time. Let's talk briefly about how the most common of them are made.

Watercolor paints

Watercolor paints are produced mainly on the basis of mineral pigments with the use of any vegetable glue as a binder - dextrin, gum arabic, cherry glue. Sometimes they are replaced with glue of animal origin - fish glue or gelatin. In watercolors highest quality natural honey is added.

As a preservative for all these organic substances, phenol is added to watercolors. The pigment is crushed to a state of powder, mixed with the rest of the components, a little water is added, and paint briquettes are formed from the resulting “dough”, which, after drying, are laid out in boxes.

Oil paints

Oil paints are obtained by mixing ground inorganic pigments with synthetic or combined drying oil. Such paints are suitable for painting metal and wood. Oil paints for artists are kneaded on a purified linseed oil, they are applied to the primed canvas.

Pigment production

Let's talk about how pigments are obtained, on the basis of which all paints are produced. All pigments, depending on their origin, can be divided into two main groups - mineral and biological, obtained from living organisms.

mineral pigments

Mineral pigments primarily include: titanium and zinc white, lead and iron minium, ocher, soot, umber, ultramarine and Prussian blue.

• Titanium white, according to its chemical formula, is titanium dioxide, they are produced from ilmenite, a natural mineral containing titanium.
• Soot is obtained by incomplete combustion of ordinary natural gas in special burners.
• Minium iron, also known as iron oxide, is obtained by calcining iron salts in oxygen.
• Umbra is made from clay dyed Brown color salts of manganese and iron.
• Ochre is a natural coloring pigment, mainly consisting of a mixture of iron oxide hydrate and clay.

biological pigments

The group of biological dyes includes carmine, saffron, indigo and alizarin.

• Alizarin has a very bright orange-red color. Get it from the roots of madder dye.
• Saffron - dye orange color produced from the pollen of saffron flowers. Due to its high cost, saffron is used exclusively in Food Industry, for coloring confectionery.
• Indigo is perhaps the most famous dye of natural origin. Now they have learned how to synthesize it artificially, while earlier indigo was extracted from the leaves of indigo - a plant that grows in India. A dye derived from indigo was used to dye denim a deep blue.
• Carmine is an extract obtained from a powder made from dried female cochineals, small insects that live on cacti. Previously, carmine was used to dye woolen fabrics red, but now it is most often used in the food industry.

Nikitina Uliana

Target:

Make watercolors from natural ingredients at home.

Tasks:

1. Study the composition and properties of watercolors.

2. Find out functional value paint components.

3. Consider the main stages of paint production.

4. Prepare the basis of watercolor paints from vegetable raw materials and

get VEGETABLE PIGMENTS.

Hypothesis:

Working only with plant material, it is possible to obtain watercolors based on natural pigments even at home.

Research methods:

Study and analysis of scientific and popular science literature on the research problem

Experiment: methods for obtaining plant pigments and paints based on them

Processing and analysis of experimental data

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Annotation to the work “Watercolor paints. Their composition and production

Target:

Make watercolors from natural ingredients at home.

Tasks:

1. Study the composition and properties of watercolors.

2. Find out the functional significance of the paint components.

3. Consider the main stages of paint production.

4. Prepare the basis of watercolor paints from vegetable raw materials and

get VEGETABLE PIGMENTS.

Hypothesis:

Working only with plant material, it is possible to obtain watercolors based on natural pigments even at home.

Research methods:

Study and analysis of scientific and popular science literature on the research problem

Experiment: methods for obtaining plant pigments and paints based on them

Processing and analysis of experimental data

Introduction.

Watercolor (fr. aquarelle - watery;italian. acquarello) - painting technique using special watercolor paints.Watercolors are usually applied to paper, which is often pre-moistened with water to achievea special blurred brushstroke.

Watercolor painting came into use later than other types of painting. However, despite her late appearance, she made such progress in a short time that she can compete with painting. oil paints.

Watercolor is one of the poetic types of painting. Watercolor can convey the serene blue of the sky, the lace of clouds, the veil of fog. It allows you to capture the phenomena of nature.

A sheet of white grainy paper, a box of paints, a soft, obedient brush, water in a small vessel - that's all the artist needs. You can write on damp or dry paper immediately, in full force colors. But in any case, it is impossible or almost impossible to fix the damaged place: watercolor does not tolerate the addition or correction of color.

In Russia of the century before last, there were many outstanding watercolorists. P.A. Fedotov, I.N. Kramskoy, N.A. Yaroshenko, V.D. Polenov, I.E. Repin, V.A. Serov, M.A. Vrubel, V.I. Surikov ... each of them made a rich contribution to the Russian watercolor school.

Often, artists use watercolor in combination with other materials: gouache, charcoal.

The purpose of our work is the manufacture of watercolors at home from natural ingredients.

Theoretical part.

Composition and properties of paints.

Watercolor paints are prepared mainly on glues of vegetable origin, which is why they are called water-based paints. Paints for watercolor painting must have the following qualities.

1.Great transparency.

2. Good to take with a wet brush and easy to blur.

3.Watercolor paint should lie flat on the paper and not form spots or dots.

4. After drying, give a durable, non-cracking layer.

5. Do not penetrate reverse side paper.

The main components of watercolor paint are dye and water. Further, viscous substances are needed, they will prevent the paint from spreading over the paper, making it lie in an even layer; honey, molasses, glycerin are good for this.

Paint production.

Watercolor paints are available in porcelain cups and tubes. Production technique:

1) mixing with pigment;

2) grinding the mixture;

3) drying;

4) filling cups or tubes with paint;

5) packing.

Features of watercolors.

Watercolor painting is transparent, pure and bright in tone, which is difficult to achieve with oil paints. Watercolor paints are also used in underpainting for oil painting.

Strong dilution of paints with water when thinly applied to paper reduces the amount of paint, and the paint loses its tone and becomes less durable. When applying several layers of watercolor paint to one place, spots appear.

Practical part.

After analyzing the literature, articles on the Internet, you can describe how paints are prepared.

First they look for raw materials. It can be coal, chalk, clay, lapis lazuli, malachite. Raw materials must be cleaned of foreign impurities. The materials must then be ground to a powder.

Coal, chalk and clay can be ground at home, but malachite and lapis lazuli are very hard stones, special tools are needed to grind them. Ancient artists ground the powder in a mortar with a pestle. The resulting powder is the pigment.

Then the pigment must be mixed with a binder. As a binder, you can use: egg, oil, water, glue, honey. The paint must be mixed well so that there are no lumps. The resulting paint can be used for painting.

In old books, the names of exotic dyes are often found: red sandalwood, carmine, sepia, logwood ... Some of these dyes are still used today, but in very small quantities, mainly for the preparation of artistic paints. Still, you can try to prepare paints using mineral substances - pigments, which may be in the school laboratory or in the household.

Hypothesis: I assumed that watercolor paints can be made independently at home, but they will be different from the store ones.

To conduct experiments, I had to get natural pigments and binders.

At my disposal was clay, coal, chalk, onion peel, potassium permanganate, stationery glue, honey and a chicken egg.

I made a plan of 5 experiments.

Plan of the 1st experiment:

1) Clean the coal from impurities.

2) Grind coal into powder.

3) Sift the powder.

4) Mix coal with water.

Plan of the 2nd experiment:

1) Clean the clay from impurities.

2) Grind clay into powder.

3) Sift the powder.

4) Mix clay with stationery glue.

Plan of the 3rd experiment:

1) Clean the chalk from impurities.

2) Grind the chalk into powder.

3) Sift the powder.

4) Mix chalk with egg white.

Plan of the 4th experiment:

1) Make a thick decoction of onion peel.

2) Cool the broth.

3) Mix the decoction with honey.

Plan of the 5th experiment

1) Grind potassium permanganate into a fine powder.

2) Sift the powder.

3) Mix potassium permanganate with water.

During the experiments, I received black, brown, white, beige, yellow paints.

Our paints turned out to be not solid, which are sold in stores. However, artists use similar semi-liquid watercolors in tubes. After experimenting, I wanted to try other raw materials, as well as paint my drawing with new paints.

Experimental results.

Now I know what watercolor paints are made of. You can prepare some paints at home. The resulting paints differ in consistency and quality from store-bought ones.

So, charcoal with water gave the paint a metallic hue, it was easily picked up on a brush and left a bright mark on the paper, quickly drying up.

Clay with glue gave a dirty brown paint, did not mix well with glue, left a greasy mark on paper and dried for a long time.

Chalk with egg white white paint, which was easily typed on a brush, left a thick mark on paper, dried for a long time, but turned out to be the most durable.

A decoction of onion peel with honey gave a yellow paint, it was well drawn on a brush, left an intense mark on paper and dried quickly.

Potassium permanganate with water formed a light brown paint, it was easily picked up on a brush and left a pale mark on paper, quickly drying.

The resulting paints have advantages and disadvantages: environmentally friendly, free, have a natural color, but labor-intensive to produce, it is inconvenient to store them, and there are no saturated colors among the resulting solutions.

Conclusion.

Watercolor is one of the most poetic types of painting. It allows you to capture short-term natural phenomena. But she also has access to capital, graphic and pictorial, chamber and monumental works, landscapes and still lifes, portraits and complex compositions.

Conclusions that can be drawn from the work:

1. The history of colors began with the advent of man. They were known long before there were written reports about them. Initially, this painting was mainly found in albums “for memory” and souvenirs, then it entered the albums of artists and appeared in art galleries and at art exhibitions.

2. The technique of watercolor painting is very diverse both in its techniques and in the way the paints are used. It differs from other techniques in its consistency, its result. Painted in watercolor in different ways. Some painters prefer to work gradually - one layer of paint is placed on another, dried up. Then the details are carefully handed over. Many take the paint at full strength and write in one layer. It is difficult to accurately show both the shape and color of objects at once.

3. Paints consist of a pigment and a binder. Namely, watercolor paints - from dry dye and glue. They may also contain a certain amount of sugar and, when used, are rubbed with water on saucers, or directly (honey paints) are taken with a brush moistened with water from tiles or cups.

4. In the course of experiments at home, I managed to get watercolors different colors and shades, compare their quality with store paints, analyze the advantages and disadvantages.

5. If watercolor has a future? We can confidently answer this question. Watercolor has a future!

World without watercolor artistic painting will be boring and monotonous!

Bibliography:

1. Kukushkin Yu.N. - Chemistry around us - Bustard, 2003

2. Petrov V. - The world of art. Art Association 20th century.-M.: Aurora, 2009

Municipal Autonomous educational institution"Average comprehensive school No. 107, Perm

Section: natural and mathematical sciences.

Making watercolors at home from natural ingredients.

Student: 6-b

Nikitina Uliana

Teacher:

Watercolors are artistic paints based on vegetable glue, soluble in water. She lies down in a thin translucent layer, which is her feature. Watercolor was first created in China in the 2nd century AD. Watercolors are painted on special watercolor paper, which differs from the usual thickness, density and texture; soft brushes are usually used - squirrels or columns. Before applying to paper, watercolors are diluted with water, after drying they can be stored for quite a long time.

WHAT IS THE ARTICLE ABOUT?

Composition of different colors

Do you know what watercolors are made of? For their manufacture, aniline, mineral and vegetable components are used. However, the aniline substance is used the least often, since it gives a stable saturated color, soaking through the paper without being washed out with water, which eliminates the most important feature watercolor paints - translucent application.

One of the most common components is mineral. Its advantage is strength and low cost. So for the manufacture of watercolors, color pigments crushed and mixed with water are combined with a binder and the resulting mass is packaged in a tube, cuvettes or pressed into a cake shape.

As a binder, all components use fish or cherry glue, gum arabic, candy sugar, gelatin and others. The highest quality watercolors are made with the addition of gum Arabica, sometimes with an admixture of candy sugar (from 20 to 40%), as well as wood glue or dextrin in various proportions.

Different types of mineral substances correspond to a particular shade of watercolor.

Lead white with a large amount of heavy spar impurity give White color. The snow-white shade is obtained from lead white of the highest grade - Kremzerweiss.

Yellow is made from crown yellow - chromium-lead salt, and yellow carmine, ocher, cadmium sulphide, etc. are also used. These colors vary in shades from light yellow and lemon to rich orange and ocher. A feature of yellow paints is a change in hue to sunlight. If the watercolor is made on the basis of the crown, it should be noted that it cannot be combined with paints that contain sulfur, i.e. with blue hues.

Red shades are made from red lead - mineral paint, which has a bright red color, the highest grade is Minororange. The finished shade of the watercolor depends on the degree of grinding of the particles: the thinner, the brighter the color.

The red color is also obtained from carmine. However, its origin is not mineral, but animal, which gives this paint a specific property - insolubility in water.

Shades of blue are made from artificial ultramarine. Its shades range from sky blue to dark blue. More light color obtained from the mineral components of a thin fracture.

Also blue prussian blue is the basis of blue watercolor paints, its color is dark blue.

Indigo - dark blue color with a copper-red tint, maybe of mineral or vegetable origin.

Green shades are obtained by mixing blue and yellow paints or they are made from crown green, verdigris, cinnabar green, chrome green, ultramarine green, etc.

Manufacturing process

How is watercolor made? The process of making watercolors begins with the selection of the desired shade of mineral paint. You can choose it from ready-made raw materials or by mixing several colors. If the shade is too saturated, it is weakened by adding white.

Most important point in production - careful grinding of mineral raw materials. Since mineral paints often do not dissolve in water, and coloring occurs due to the attachment of paint particles to the paper surface.

• Primary mineral raw materials are produced in lumps or powder of coarse grinding.
• Further, mineral paints are crushed in a paint grinder, runners, ball mills or a stone mortar if it is made by hand. The finer the resulting particles, the higher the grade of watercolor paint.
• Then the resulting mass is combined with a binder, for example, gum arabic. So for a red color made from carmine, only a candy solution is suitable, and a dextrin solution is used for emerald green and chrome color.
• The amount of binder depends on the mineral raw materials, so white and black colors require it least of all, and ocher shades most of all.
• After combining mineral paint with an aqueous solution of a binder, a clay-like dough is obtained and rolled out 5-8 mm thick, after which it is left to dry for 12-20 hours.
• If the watercolor is later packaged in a tube, then in addition to the binder, non-crystallizing liquid honey or glycerin is added.
• Depending on the form of release, liquid is packaged in a jar, semi-liquid watercolor - in a tube, solid - in a cuvette or tile.
• When the watercolor has sufficiently hardened, it is molded into the chosen shape. The finished mass is cut into appropriate pieces and glued to the tile with carpentry or fish glue.

The second cooking method

Glycerin is poured into the reactor with additional binding elements. Further, a coloring pigment is added to the bowl (special bowl), and the entire resulting mass certain time kneaded. Then, in a thin jet, the watercolor workpiece enters the paint machine, designed for a specific color, and is ground. Next, the mass enters the vats, from which it is poured through special hoses into a filling machine, where the colors are packed into ready-made containers for sale, and then the watercolor is dried for two days.

Blue paint example

Prussian blue mineral paint is finely ground, combined with water and hydrochloric acid, and then brought to a boil. After which the paint settles, the excess liquid is drained. Gum arabic, glue, which is previously dissolved in water, is added to the resulting mass, and heated at the measured temperature until a thick paste is obtained.

Anything can be painted with watercolor realistic portrait to imagined alien worlds. To many, watercolor seems to be a complex artistic tool. But all you really need to learn how to paint with watercolor is just to start. We have selected 11 tips for you, thanks to which you will become 11 steps closer to comprehending the art of watercolor painting.

1. Don't be afraid to get your hands dirty!

If you've never painted before, it's time to get down to business. Open the album, create interesting textures and watercolor stains so as not to freeze in front of a white sheet. Start from them in search of a plot. Colored pages can be bright and exciting or create a calm, melancholy mood. Color or texture may suggest the next step - or maybe you can't wait to draw without them.

Illustration from the book The World of Watercolor.

2. Find your watercolor paper

The result of the work largely depends on the quality of the watercolor paper. Go to book store and choose pieces 5-10 different sheets watercolor paper"for trial". Be sure to make notes on each sheet (type, weight of paper and the results of working with it). A suitable paper weight for beginners is 300 g/m2, some professionals prefer 600 g/m2. There are other types of watercolor paper, such as NOT paper and paper with a rough texture, or cold pressed paper.

@miftvorchestvo

3. Use professional paint

Even novice artists should purchase professional watercolor paints. Unlike cheap counterparts, art paints lay down and spread beautifully on paper.

“I prefer tubes over cuvettes: firstly, you don’t have to wait until the paint softens and becomes usable, and secondly, it’s easier to create rich dark mixtures with tube paint.”Billy Showell

It is true that artistic paints are more expensive, but they will also last longer. They are better bred and therefore not consumed so quickly.

Advice. Test new colors and more art materials as often as possible. Experiment. Don't become a hostage to one habit

4. Observe and consider before taking up the brush

Before drawing, study the structure of the object. Take a look at it as if you were seeing it for the first time, carefully consider, take notes, sketch, get comfortable with textures and details that you never paid attention to. For example, watch the spiral arrangement of the leaves or the whorls along the veins of the stem.

You get a double benefit from drawing plants - first you meditate, looking at it, and then you get real pleasure from drawing. Isn't it wonderful? @miftvorchestvo

Try to mentally break down what you see. Select the main shapes. See how they overlap. Imagine the landscape as a stage setting. Pay attention to what is closest, what is farthest.

5. Learn to mix colors

Try mixing colors to see what shades you can achieve with your paint set. Mix two colors first, then add a third to them. Experiment!

You will love creating Beautiful colors and variations of shades and tones, their number is almost inexhaustible.

Focus on yourself. You can do or very realistic drawings or very non-trivial. Your task is to collect paints whose properties you will know, which will allow you to create the desired shades with a guaranteed good result.

By mixing pure pigments, you can create cool, warm, or greyish versions of a single color. Illustration from the book "Song of Color"

6. Start with economical expression

If you are making pencil sketches or sketches, you can diversify your watercolor drawings by making accents. It is not necessary to color the entire page; sometimes a few successful brush strokes create the most powerful effect.

Careless dotted strokes in watercolor in sketches are the signature style of Felix Scheinberger. Illustration from the book "Watercolor Sketching"

7. Use liquid watercolor primer

A liquid watercolor primer is applied to the paper before work begins and makes it easy to remove dried paint if necessary. This is especially important when working with intense or persistent pigments: you can not be afraid to “smudge” the paper in the highlight area. Before using it, practice in a sketchbook, as the surface for drawing will be quite slippery.

To remove paint from those areas where it was not needed (inadvertently went beyond the edges or you need to make highlights) - just wash off the paint with a clean, dampened brush or sponge.

8. Learn the art of glazing

Glaze artists call the technique of obtaining deep iridescent colors by applying translucent paints on top of the main one. The glazing technique is a great way to convey the finest color scheme. Paints are superimposed very delicately, layer by layer, and after drying, the details of the last layer are worked out.

Illustration from the book "Song of Color"

9. Dry brush technique

This technique can be used to paint animal fur or small hairs on fruits like kiwis.

Pick up the paint on the brush, remove the excess with a napkin. Straighten the brush hairs. Apply the paint to a dry surface previously painted in the background color. Work in small strokes in one direction, simulating the hairs on the surface.

Kiwi in the technique of dry brush. Illustration from the book