The creators of literary fairy tales are writers. Great Russian storytellers

Literary author's fairy tale- probably one of the most popular genres of our time. Interest in such works is inexhaustible both among children and among their parents, and Russian writers of fairy tales have made a worthy contribution to the common creative work. It should be remembered that a literary fairy tale is different from folklore on several parameters. First of all, the fact that it has a specific author. There are also differences in the way the material is conveyed and in the clear use of plots and images, allowing one to say that this genre has the right to complete independence.

Poetic Tales of Pushkin

If you make a list of fairy tales by Russian writers, then it will take more than one sheet of paper. Moreover, creations were written not only in prose, but also in verse. Here a prime example can serve A. Pushkin, initially not planning to compose children's works. But after a while, the poetic creations “About Tsar Saltan”, “About the priest and his worker Balda”, “About dead princess and the Seven Bogatyrs”, “About the Golden Cockerel” added to the list of fairy tales of Russian writers. A simple and figurative form of presentation, memorable images, vivid plots - all this is characteristic of the work of the great poet. And these works are still included in the treasury

List continued

Some other, no less famous, can be attributed to the literary tales of the period under consideration. Russian writers of fairy tales: Zhukovsky ("The War of Mice and Frogs"), Ershov ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"), Aksakov ("The Scarlet Flower") - made their worthy contribution to the development of the genre. And the great collector of folklore and interpreter of the Russian language Dal also wrote a certain amount fairy tales. Among them: "Crow", "Girl Snow Maiden", "About the woodpecker" and others. You can also recall other fairy tales of famous Russian writers: “The Wind and the Sun”, “The Blind Horse”, “The Fox and the Goat” by Ushinsky, “The Black Hen, or Underground inhabitants" Pogorelsky, "The Traveling Frog", "The Tale of the Toad and the Rose" by Garshin, " wild landlord», « wise gudgeon» Saltykov-Shchedrin. Of course, this is not a complete list.

Russian writers of fairy tales

Leo Tolstoy, and Paustovsky, and Mamin-Sibiryak, and Gorky, and many others wrote literary fairy tales. Among the most outstanding works, one can note the “Golden Key” by Alexei Tolstoy. The work was planned as a free retelling of "Pinocchio" by Carlo Collodi. But here is the case when the alteration surpassed the original - this is how many Russian-speaking critics evaluate the writer's work. The wooden boy Pinocchio, familiar to everyone from childhood, won the hearts of young readers and their parents for a long time with his spontaneity and brave heart. We all remember Pinocchio's friends: Malvina, Artemon, Pierrot. And his enemies: the evil Karabas and the nasty Duremar, and the fox Alice. Vivid images The characters are so peculiar and original, recognizable, that once you read Tolstoy's work, you remember them for the rest of your life.

Revolutionary tales

These include with confidence the creation of Yuri Olesha "Three Fat Men". In this tale, the author reveals the theme of the class struggle against the background of such eternal values ​​as friendship, mutual assistance; the characters of the heroes are distinguished by courage and revolutionary impulse. And the work of Arkady Gaidar "Malchish-Kibalchish" tells of a difficult period for the formation Soviet state - civil war. The boy is a bright, memorable symbol of that era of struggle for revolutionary ideals. It is no coincidence that these images were later used by other authors, for example, in the work of Joseph Kurlat, who in the fairy tale-poem "The Song of the Malchish-Kibalchish" revived the bright image of the hero.

These authors include those who gave literature such fairy tales-plays as "The Naked King", "Shadow" - based on the works of Andersen. And his original creations "Dragon" and "Ordinary Miracle" (at first banned from productions) forever entered the treasury of Soviet literature.

The poetic works of the genre include the fairy tales of Korney Chukovsky: “Fly-Tsokotukha”, “Moydodyr”, “Barmaley”, “Aibolit”, “Cockroach”. To this day they are the most widely read fairy tales in Russia for children of all ages. Instructive and daring, brave and monstrous images and characters of the heroes are recognizable from the first lines. And the poems of Marshak, and the delightful work of Kharms? And Zakhoder, Moritz and Kurlat? It is impossible to list them all in this rather short article.

Modern evolution of the genre

It can be said that the literary fairy tale genre evolved from folklore, in a sense exploiting its plots and images of characters. So at present, many Russian writers of fairy tales are evolving into science fiction writers, giving birth to good works in fashion style fantasy. These authors, probably, include Yemets, Gromyko, Lukyanenko, Fry, Oldie and many others. This is a worthy replacement for previous generations of authors. literary tales.

Amazing stories, beautiful and mysterious, full of extraordinary events and adventures, are familiar to everyone - both old and young. Which of us did not empathize with Ivan Tsarevich when he fought with the Serpent Gorynych? Didn't admire Vasilisa the Wise, who defeated Baba Yaga?

Creation of a separate genre

Heroes who have not lost their popularity for centuries are known to almost everyone. They came to us from fairy tales. No one knows when and how the first fairy tale appeared. But from time immemorial, from generation to generation passed on fairy tales, which over time acquired new miracles, events, heroes.

the charm old stories, fictitious, but full of meaning, A. S. Pushkin felt with all his heart. He was the first to derive a fairy tale from second-rate literature, which made it possible to single out Russian fairy tales. folk writers into a separate genre.

Thanks to the imagery, logical plot and figurative language, fairy tales have become a popular teaching tool. Not all of them are educational and educational in nature. Many perform only an entertaining function, but, nevertheless, the main features of a fairy tale, such as separate genre, is:

• setting for fiction;
• special compositional and stylistic techniques;
• targeting a children's audience;
• a combination of educational, upbringing and entertainment functions;
• the existence in the minds of readers of vivid prototypical images.

The genre of the fairy tale is very wide. This includes folk tales and authorial, poetic and prose, instructive and entertaining, simple one-plot fairy tales and complex multi-plot works.

19th century fairy tale writers

Russian writers of fairy tales have created a real treasury amazing stories. Starting from A. S. Pushkin, fairy threads were drawn to the work of many Russian writers. At the origins fairy tale genre literature stood:

• Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin;
• Mikhail Yurjevich Lermontov;
• Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov;
• Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov;
• Vladimir Ivanovich Dal;
• Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky;
• Alexey Alekseevich Perovsky;
• Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky;
• Mikhail Larionovich Mikhailov;
• Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov;
• Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin;
• Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin;
• Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy;
• Nikolai Georgievich Garin-Mikhailovsky;
• Dmitry Narkisovich Mamin-Sibiryak.

Let's take a closer look at their work.

Pushkin's Tales

The appeal of the great poet to the fairy tale was natural. He heard them from his grandmother, from the courtyard, from the nanny Arina Rodionovna. Experiencing deep impressions from folk poetry, Pushkin wrote: “What a charm these fairy tales are!” In his works, the poet widely uses turns of folk speech, dressing them in an artistic form.

The talented poet combined in his fairy tales the life and customs of the Russian society of that time and the wonderful Magic world. His magnificent tales are written in a simple living language and are easy to remember. And, like many fairy tales of Russian writers, they perfectly reveal the conflict of light and darkness, good and evil.

The tale of Tsar Saltan ends with a merry feast glorifying goodness. The tale of the priest ridicules the ministers of the church, the tale of the fisherman and the fish shows what greed can lead to, the tale of the dead princess tells of envy and anger. In Pushkin's fairy tales, as in many folk tales, good triumphs over evil.

Writers-storytellers contemporaries of Pushkin

V. A. Zhukovsky was a friend of Pushkin. As he writes in his memoirs, Alexander Sergeevich, carried away by fairy tales, offered him a poetic tournament on the theme of Russian fairy tales. Zhukovsky accepted the challenge and wrote fairy tales about Tsar Berendey, about Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf.

He liked the work on fairy tales, and over the next years he wrote several more: “A Boy with a Finger”, “The Sleeping Princess”, “War of Mice and Frogs”.

Russian writers of fairy tales introduced their readers to the wonderful stories of foreign literature. Zhukovsky was the first translator foreign fairy tales. He translated and retold in verse the story "Nal and Damayanti" and the fairy tale "Puss in Boots".

An enthusiastic admirer of A.S. Pushkin M. Yu. Lermontov wrote the fairy tale "Ashik-Kerib". She was known in Central Asia, in the Middle East and the Caucasus. The poet translated it into a poetic way, and translated each unfamiliar word so that it became understandable to Russian readers. Beautiful oriental tale turned into a magnificent creation of Russian literature.

With brilliance, the young poet P. P. Ershov also clothed folk tales in poetic form. In his first fairy tale, The Little Humpbacked Horse, imitation of the great contemporary is clearly traced. The work was published during Pushkin's lifetime, and the young poet earned the praise of his famous colleague in writing.

Fairy tales with national flavor

Being a contemporary of Pushkin, S.T. Aksakov, began to write in late age. At the age of sixty-three, he began writing a biography book, the appendix of which was the work "The Scarlet Flower". Like many Russian writers of fairy tales, he opened to readers a story that he heard in childhood.

Aksakov tried to maintain the style of the work in the manner of the housekeeper Pelageya. The original dialect is palpable throughout the work, which did not stop " Scarlet flower to become one of the most beloved children's fairy tales.

The rich and lively speech of Pushkin's fairy tales could not but captivate the great connoisseur of the Russian language V. I. Dahl. The linguist-philologist in his fairy tales tried to preserve the charm of everyday speech, to bring meaning and morality. folk proverbs and sayings. Such are the fairy tales “The Half-Bear”, “The Fox-Badfoot”, “The Snow Maiden Girl”, “The Crow”, “The Picky Lady”.

"New" fairy tales

V. F. Odoevsky - a contemporary of Pushkin, one of the first to write fairy tales for children, which was a rarity. His fairy tale "The City in a Snuffbox" is the first work of this genre in which a different life was recreated. Almost all fairy tales are about peasant life, which Russian writers of fairy tales tried to convey. In this work, the author spoke about the life of a boy from prosperous family living in abundance.

"About the Four Deaf People" is a fairy tale-parable borrowed from Indian folklore. The most famous fairy tale of the writer "Moroz Ivanovich" is completely borrowed from Russian folk tales. But the author brought novelty to both works - he spoke about the life of the city house and family, included in the canvas the children who were pupils of the boarding house and school.

A. A. Perovsky's fairy tale "The Black Hen" was written by the author for Alyosha's nephew. Perhaps this explains the excessive instructiveness of the work. Need to mark, fabulous lessons did not pass without a trace and had a beneficial effect on his nephew Alexei Tolstoy, who later became a famous prose writer and playwright. Peru of this author belongs to the story-tale "Lafertovskaya Makovnitsa", which was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Didactics is clearly visible in the works of K. D. Ushinsky, the great teacher-reformer. But the moral of his tales is unobtrusive. They awaken good feelings: fidelity, sympathy, nobility, justice. These include fairy tales: “Mice”, “Fox Patrikeevna”, “Fox and Geese”, “Crow and Cancer”, “Kids and Wolf”.

Other tales of the 19th century

Like all literature in general, fairy tales could not but tell about the liberation struggle and revolutionary movement 70s of the XIX century. These include the tales of M.L. Mikhailov: "Forest Mansions", "Duma". The well-known poet N.A. also shows the suffering and tragedy of the people in his fairy tales. Nekrasov. Satirist M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin in his works exposed the essence of the landowner's hatred for common people, spoke about the oppression of the peasants.

V. M. Garshin touched upon the pressing problems of his time in his fairy tales. Most famous fairy tales writer - "The Traveling Frog", "About the Toad and the Rose".

Many fairy tales were written by L.N. Tolstoy. The first of them were created for the school. Tolstoy wrote small fairy tales, parables and fables. Great connoisseur human souls Lev Nikolaevich in his works called for conscience and honest work. The writer criticized social inequality and unjust laws.

N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky wrote works in which the approach of social upheavals is clearly felt. Such are the fairy tales "Three Brothers" and "Volmai". Garin visited many countries of the world and, of course, this was reflected in his work. While traveling in Korea, he wrote down more than a hundred Korean fairy tales, myths and legends.

Writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak joined the ranks of glorious Russian storytellers with such wonderful works as " gray neck", a collection of" Alyonushka's Tales ", a fairy tale" About Tsar Pea ".

A significant contribution to this genre was made by later tales of Russian writers. The list of remarkable works of the twentieth century is very long. But fairy tales XIX centuries will forever remain a model of classic fairy tale literature.

Hans Christian Andersen

Danish prose writer and poet, author of world-famous fairy tales for children and adults: The Ugly Duckling, The King's New Dress, The Steadfast tin soldier”,“ The Princess and the Pea ”,“ Ole Lukoye ”,“ The Snow Queen"and many others. Despite the fact that Hans Christian Andersen is one of the best storytellers, he had a very bad character. In Denmark, there is a legend about the royal origin of Andersen.

In Denmark, there is a legend about the royal origin of Andersen

This is due to the fact that in an early autobiography the author himself wrote about how, as a child, he played with Prince Frits, later King Frederick VII, and he had no friends among street boys. Only the prince. Andersen's friendship with Frits, according to the storyteller's fantasy, continued into adulthood, until the latter's death, and, according to the writer himself, he was the only one, with the exception of relatives, who was admitted to the coffin of the deceased.

Charles Perrault

Few people know that Perrot was an academician of the French Academy, the author of famous scientific papers. But worldwide fame and recognition of his descendants were brought to him not by serious books, but by beautiful fairy tales Cinderella, Puss in Boots, Bluebeard, Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty.

Perrault was an academician of the French Academy, the author of scientific papers

Perrault published his fairy tales not under own name, but under the name of his 19-year-old son Perro d'Armancourt, apparently trying to protect his already established literary reputation from accusations of working with the "low" fairy tale genre.

Brothers Grimm

The Brothers Grimm: Jacob and Wilhelm, German Researchers folk culture and storytellers. They are were born in Hanau. For a long time they lived in the city of Kassel. Andstudied the grammar of the Germanic languages, the history of law and mythology. The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm are known all over the world. They collected folklore and published several collections called Grimm's Tales, which became quite popular. At the end of their lives, they set about creating the first dictionary of the German language.

Pavel Petrovich Bazhov

In 1939, a collection of Bazhov's tales "Malachite Box" was published.

He was born in the city of Sysert, Yekaterinburg district, Perm province. He graduated from the Ekaterinburg Theological School, and later the Perm Theological Seminary. He worked as a teacher, political worker, journalist and editor of the Ural newspapers. In 1939, a collection of Bazhov's tales "The Malachite Box" was published.In 1944, The Malachite Box was translated into English and published in London and New York, then in Prague, and in 1947 in Paris. Translated into German, Hungarian, Romanian, Chinese, Japanese languages. In total, according to the library. Lenin - into 100 languages ​​of the world.

Astrid Lindgren

Lindgren's fairy-tale works are close to folk art, they have a tangible connection between fantasy and the truth of life.Author of a number of worldwide famous books for children, includingKid and Carlson, who lives on the roof» and tetralogy about« Peppy long stocking » . In Russian, her books became known and very popular thanks to the translation.Lilianna Lungina.

Lindgren dedicated almost all of her books to children. “I haven’t written books for adults and I don’t think I ever will,” Astrid said emphatically. She, along with the heroes of the books, taught the children that "If you live out of habit, your whole life will be a day!".

The writer herself always called her childhood happy (there were many games and adventures, interspersed with work on the farm and in its environs) and pointed out that it was this that served as a source of inspiration for her work.

Rudyard Kipling

Famous writer, poet and reformer. Heborn in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England, those years he later called "years of suffering". When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded Nobel Prize- and to this day he remains the youngest writer-winner in his nomination.

Kipling's most famous children's book is The Jungle Book.

Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, The Jungle Book, the main character of which was the boy Mowgli, it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: the leopard got his spots”, they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.

Hans Christian Andersen (1805-1875)

More than one generation of people grew up on the works of the Danish writer, storyteller and playwright. From early childhood, Hans was a visionary and a dreamer, he adored puppet theaters and began to write poetry early. His father died when Hans was not even ten years old, the boy worked as an apprentice at a tailor, then at a cigarette factory, at the age of 14 he was already playing minor roles at the Royal Theater in Copenhagen. Andersen wrote his first play at the age of 15, she enjoyed great success, in 1835 his first book of fairy tales was published, which many children and adults read with delight to this day. Of his works, the most famous are "The Flint", "Thumbelina", "The Little Mermaid", "The Steadfast Tin Soldier", "The Snow Queen", " ugly duck”,“ The Princess and the Pea ”and many others.

Charles Perrault (1628-1703)

The French storyteller, critic and poet was an exemplary excellent student in childhood. He received a good education, made a career as a lawyer and writer, he was admitted to the French Academy, wrote many scientific works. He published his first book of fairy tales under a pseudonym - the name of his eldest son was indicated on the cover, since Perrault feared that the storyteller's reputation could damage his career. In 1697, his collection Tales of Mother Goose was published, which brought Perrault world fame. Based on the plot of his fairy tales, famous ballets and operatic works. As for the most famous works, few people did not read in childhood about Puss in Boots, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Little Red Riding Hood, Gingerbread House, Thumb Boy, Bluebeard.

Sergeyevich Pushkin (1799-1837)

Not only the poems and poems of the great poet and playwright enjoy the well-deserved love of people, but also wonderful fairy tales in verse.

Alexander Pushkin began to write his poems in early childhood he got good home education, graduated from the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum (privileged educational institution), befriended others famous poets, including the "Decembrists". In the life of the poet, there were both periods of ups and downs and tragic events: accusations of freethinking, misunderstanding and condemnation of the authorities, and finally, a fatal duel, as a result of which Pushkin received a mortal wound and died at the age of 38. But his legacy remains: the last fairy tale written by the poet was The Tale of the Golden Cockerel. Also known are “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”, “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Bogatyrs”, “The Tale of the Priest and the Worker Balda”.

Brothers Grimm: Wilhelm (1786-1859), Jacob (1785-1863)

Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm were inseparable from their youth to the very grave: they were connected by common interests and common adventures. Wilhelm Grimm grew up as a sickly and weak boy, only in adulthood his health more or less returned to normal, Jacob always supported his brother. The Grimm brothers were not only connoisseurs of German folklore, but also linguists, lawyers, scientists. One brother chose the path of a philologist, studying the memoirs of ancient German literature, the other became a scientist. world fame fairy tales were brought to the brothers, although some works are considered “not for children”. The most famous are Snow White and Scarlet, Straw, Coal and Bean, Bremen Street musicians”, “The Brave Little Tailor”, “The Wolf and the Seven Kids”, “Hansel and Gretel” and others.

Pavel Petrovich Bazhov (1879-1950)

Russian writer and folklorist, the first to perform literary processing Ural legends, left us an invaluable legacy. He was born into a simple working-class family, but this did not stop him from graduating from the seminary and becoming a teacher of the Russian language. In 1918, he volunteered for the front, returning, he decided to turn to journalism. Only on the occasion of the author's 60th birthday was the collection of short stories "The Malachite Box" published, which brought people's love to Bazhov. It is interesting that fairy tales are made in the form of legends: vernacular, folklore images make each piece special. The most famous fairy tales: copper mountain Mistress”, “Silver Hoof”, “Malachite Box”, “Two Lizards”, “Golden Hair”, “Stone Flower”.

Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)

Famous writer, poet and reformer. Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay (India), at the age of 6 he was brought to England, he later called those years “years of suffering”, because the people who raised him turned out to be cruel and indifferent. Future Writer received an education, returned to India, and then went on a journey, visiting many countries in Asia and America. When the writer was 42 years old, he was awarded the Nobel Prize - and to this day he remains the youngest writer-winner in his nomination. Kipling's most famous children's book is, of course, "The Jungle Book", the main character of which was the boy Mowgli, it is also very interesting to read other fairy tales: "The cat that walks by itself", "Where does the camel have a hump?" the leopard got his spots”, they all tell about distant lands and are very interesting.

Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822)

Hoffmann was a very versatile and talented person: composer, artist, writer, storyteller. He was born in Koningsberg when he was 3 years old, his parents separated: the elder brother left with his father, and Ernst stayed with his mother, Hoffmann never saw his brother again. Ernst has always been a mischievous and dreamer, he was often called a "troublemaker." Interestingly, next to the house where the Hoffmanns lived, there was a women's boarding house, and Ernst liked one of the girls so much that he even began to dig a tunnel to get to know her. When the manhole was almost ready, my uncle found out about it and ordered to fill up the passage. Hoffmann always dreamed that after his death there would be a memory of him - and it happened, his fairy tales are read to this day: the most famous are “The Golden Pot”, “The Nutcracker”, “Little Tsakhes, nicknamed Zinnober” and others.

Alan Milne (1882-1856)

Who among us does not know the funny bear with sawdust in his head - Winnie the Pooh and his funny friends? - the author of these funny fairy tales and is Alan Milne. The writer spent his childhood in London, he was wonderful an educated person, then served in the Royal Army. The first bear stories were written in 1926. Interestingly, Alan did not read his works to his own son Christopher, preferring to educate him on more serious literary stories. Christopher read his father's fairy tales as an adult. The books have been translated into 25 languages ​​and enjoy great success in many countries around the world. In addition to stories about Winnie the Pooh known fairy tales "Princess Nesmeyana", "Ordinary Fairy Tale", "Prince Rabbit" and others.

Alexey Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1882-1945)

Alexei Tolstoy wrote in many genres and styles, received the title of academician, and during the war he was a war correspondent. As a child, Alexei lived on the Sosnovka farm in the house of his stepfather (his mother left his father, Count Tolstoy, while pregnant). Tolstoy spent several years abroad, studying literature and folklore. different countries: so the idea arose to rewrite new way fairy tale Pinocchio. In 1935, his book The Golden Key or the Adventures of Pinocchio was published. Alexey Tolstoy also released 2 collections own fairy tales, called "Mermaid Tales" and " Forty tales". The most famous "adult" works are "Walking through the torments", "Aelita", "Hyperboloid of engineer Garin".

Alexander Nikolaevich Afanasiev (1826-1871)

This is an outstanding folklorist and historian, who from his youth was fond of folk art and explored it. He first worked as a journalist in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at which time he began his research. Afanasiev is considered one of the most prominent scientists of the 20th century, his collection of Russian folk tales is the only collection of Russian East Slavic tales that can be called " folk book“, because more than one generation has grown up on them. The first publication dates back to 1855, since then the book has been reprinted more than once.