The problem of a real citizen arguments from the literature. The problem of the role of professionalism

Frost's antipode - Pavel Mechik. In the novel, he is an "anti-hero". This is a young boy who joined the detachment only out of curiosity. But he immediately became disillusioned with the ideas, for the sake of which he "ceased" to be an urban intellectual. But the Sword hid it from everyone. The people who surrounded Paul brought him many disappointments, because they turned out to be incompatible with the “ideal” heroes that their ardent youthful imagination created them. still weak, because in the further narrative he betrays the members of the detachment. The sword was placed by Levinson, the head of the detachment, on patrol, but Pavel considered this not true and, having not fulfilled his duty, disappeared into the forest, which led to the death of the detachment. “... The swordsman, who had already driven quite far, looked back: Frost was riding behind him. Then the detachment and Morozka disappeared around the corner ... He dozed off. He did not understand why he had been sent ahead. He threw up his head, and the sleepy state instantly left him, replaced by a feeling of incomparable animal horror: there were Cossacks on the road ... "

The sword disappeared and saved only his own life, putting the lives of the squad members on the map. Fadeev focuses not on the battles themselves, but on the time between us, when there comes a moment of respite, rest. These seemingly “peaceful” episodes are full of internal tension and conflict: whether it’s the case of killing fish, confiscating pork from a Korean, or waiting for the result of Metelitsa reconnaissance. Such a construction is deep meaning narratives: moral, ideological and political problems and their philosophical understanding are important. The train of thought of the characters, their behavior, internal throwing in relation to everything that happens around - this is what Fadeev called "the selection of human material."

In this regard, the image of Frost, one of the heroes of the novel, is interesting. Actually, his presence in the center of the work is explained by the fact that he is a model of a new person undergoing a “remake”. The author spoke about him in his speech: “Morozka is a man with a difficult past... He could steal, he could curse rudely, he could lie, get drunk. All these traits of his character are undoubtedly his great shortcomings. But in difficult, decisive moments of the struggle, he did what was necessary for the revolution, overcoming his weaknesses. The process of his participation in the revolutionary struggle was the process of the formation of his personality ... "

Speaking about the selection of "human material", the writer had in mind not only those who turned out to be necessary for the revolution. People "unsuitable" for the construction of a new society are ruthlessly discarded. Such a hero in the novel is Sword. It is no coincidence that this person, by social origin, belongs to the intelligentsia and consciously comes to partisan detachment, driven by the idea of ​​revolution as a great romantic event. Mechik's belonging to a different class, despite his conscious desire to fight for the revolution, immediately alienates those around him. “To tell the truth, Frost did not like the rescued at first sight. Frost did not like clean people. In his life practice, these were fickle, worthless people who could not be trusted. This is the first certification that the Mechik receives. Morozka's doubts are in tune with the words of V. Mayakovsky: "An intellectual does not like risk, / He is red in moderation, like a radish." Revolutionary ethics is built on a rigidly rational approach to the world and man. The author of the novel himself said: “The sword, another“ hero ”of the novel, is very“ moral ”from the point of view of the ten commandments ... but these qualities remain external to him, they cover up his inner egoism, lack of devotion to the cause of the working class, his purely petty individualism ". Here, the morality of the ten commandments and devotion to the cause of the working class are directly contrasted. The author who preaches the triumph of the revolutionary idea does not notice that the combination of this idea with life turns into violence against life, cruelty. For him, the professed idea is not utopian, and therefore any cruelty is justified.

Love to motherland

1) Warm love for the Motherland, We feel pride in her beauty in the works of the classics.
Topic heroic deed in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland, it also sounds in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin writes about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in the "severe terrible years", - every Yesenin's image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the motherland: But most of all. Love to native land

3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will gain freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

4) Outstanding Russian the singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

5) The Nazis, having occupied France, they offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the civil war, to cooperate with them in the fight against Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because the homeland was dearer to him than political differences.

6) African slaves, exported to America, longed for forged about native land. In desperation, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, dropping the body, could, like a bird, fly home.

7) The scariest punishment in ancient times was considered the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home - a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language ... There you are all alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving the homeland meant for a person to lose everything.

8) Outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretiak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a big salary. Tretiak pointed to heaven and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The answer of the famous athlete confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. The townspeople destroyed their own houses if they interfered with the Turkish guns to conduct aimed fire at enemy ships.

10) One day the wind decided to cut down the mighty oak that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?"

11) Oak answered that it is not the trunk that holds it. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the earth, holding on to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of the ancestors makes the people invincible.

12) When over England the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, then the entire population, hitherto torn by hostility, rallied the axis around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, people of simple rank signed up for the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the "invincible armada" of the Spaniards was defeated.

13) Turks in time their military campaigns captured captured boys and youths. Children were forcibly converted to Islam, turned into warriors, who were called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and humility, the new warriors would become a reliable stronghold of the state.

Text from the exam

(1) We do not need educated people. (2) Only the educated. (3) If you start with a sign, then it should display a different, more true essence the formation of man. (4) Not the Ministry of Education, but the Ministry of Education of a Healthy, Harmonious Personality. (5) We have already formed officials, builders of financial pyramids, unscrupulous politicians, criminals, it's time to understand that morality should be put at the forefront. (6) Since an immoral person is not quite a person, for he lives, destroying society, that is, not a person at all. (7) Why do we need him like that? (8) And why do we need this system itself, which educates the society of criminals? (9) It is very difficult to talk about upbringing, a term that I personally replace the term 'education' once and for all. (10) Great is the responsibility to this most important topic, the most important thing in the life and work of people. (11) If the teacher does not put into the soul of the student all the best that humanity has developed, there will be no person. (12) And what is the current attitude to this, the most important for our future, business? (13) According to expenditures from the national budget per student high school As a percentage of GDP, we are already in second place in the world. (14) Do not rejoice. (15) Our second place is the place from the end. (16) 3but we only African country Zimbabwe. (17) How has the world changed in response to such ‘care’? (18) Now 800,000 children school age illiterate, more than 3 million do not attend school..

(19) For the rest, a standard secondary, average education falls into the soul with a bunch of unnecessary, burdensome knowledge. (20) Do not cultivate each individually, like a bush, cherishing strengths personality, gently eliminating shortcomings, and cut all the bushes the same way - with a rectangle. (21) The best time of the year is the holidays, the most best time at school - a change, the greatest joy at school - cheers, the teacher fell ill. (22) Or - they didn’t ask me today. (23) Why? (24) Because the soul turns away from knowledge, because it is not warmed up either by individual interest from the affinity of the soul with the subject being studied, or by the apparent obvious suitability of this knowledge in the future. (25) A feeling of nausea appears in relation to this gray, averaged knowledge endlessly pushed into the head. (26) Feeling of protest. (27) Sometimes protest slips into behavior. (28) Unites students, opposing them to teachers. (29) The curiosity inherent in children at the beginning of their studies is being killed. (30) Knowledge is burdensome, because it does not enrich. (31) Then the growing undergrowth (spiritual, I mean, he is under two meters tall) comes across cigarettes, beer, then others quick ways pleasure, he slips into vicious, wrong habits, and they lead through life to the end. (32) For knowledge, this person is already lost. (33) He is no longer interested in knowledge. (34) They are a burden - the school drove into him. (35) He does not seek to expand knowledge, his horizons; drinking, smoking, sex, dancing - only these sources of pleasure, satisfaction from the life he lives, remain with him. (36) Forever. (37) Thirty years ago, I heard the host of the 'Obvious - Incredible' program say: (38) Most of knowledge that the school gives us, we do not need at the institute. (39) Most of the knowledge that the institute gives is not needed in our life. (40) So, we seem to understand the problem, but nothing has changed since those years. (41) But this does not mean that there is no need to change anything further. (42) We urgently need to start creating a bright world of the future today.

(According to I. Botov)

Introduction

Knowledge is paramount for modern man. Russia has always been famous high level education provided in the school. However, in recent times, during the reform of the education system, there are more and more disputes and disagreements about the quality of the knowledge gained, the system of their assessment.

The issue of upbringing, the formation of a harmoniously developed personality, maximally prepared for life in society, is also important. In solving all these problems great value acquires the image of a teacher, teacher, and the influence of the current school on the younger generation.

Problem

The problem of the quality, relevance and usefulness of knowledge, inextricably linked with the problem of upbringing and education in modern educational institutions, is raised by I. Botov in the proposed text. The role of the teacher and the school as a whole in the formation of a person as a person is considered.

Comment

The author begins the story by stating that only educated people, while not having proper education, are absolutely not needed by our society. It already has enough dishonest, criminal individuals. Therefore, the main slogan modern education should be the education of moral, harmonious developed person bringing only good to the country and its people.

For the upbringing of such a person, the teacher is primarily responsible, who is simply obliged to invest his soul in his students, to give them part of himself. Without this, there will be no real person.

The state does not see such an important problem. Our country is in the penultimate place in terms of the amount of money spent per student. After us, only Africa, third world countries. As a result, literacy has fallen sharply, many simply do not attend school.

The author is concerned about the fact that the current system equalizes children too much, averaging their abilities and filling them with the same knowledge. Moreover, the quality of this knowledge leaves much to be desired. All together leads the average person to a feeling of disgust from knowledge. Most young people are looking for entertainment in completely different areas of life. They do not care about knowledge, but alcohol, drugs, sex, dancing become an integral part of their life, contributing to the degradation of the individual.

The author complains that for several decades the situation in education has not changed: school knowledge is not needed for universities, university knowledge is not useful in life. Something urgently needs to be changed.

Author's position

The author tries to convey to the reader the paramount importance for society of an ideal personality, moral, comprehensively developed, educated. He calls for the need for early change, which must lead to a brighter future.

Your position

I cannot but agree with the author. Education is indeed ambiguous today. It is greatly simplified on the one hand - schematic, unambiguous material. On the other hand, a lot of unnecessary items appear - the introduction of a second foreign language, the planning of the introduction of a third. school knowledge foreign languages so superficial that studying a few foreign languages ​​will only take time away from preparing for the really necessary subjects.

Changes are necessary, but they must be as deliberate as possible. And you need to start with the training of teaching staff. The teacher is obliged not only to carry knowledge, but to educate by example.

Argument #1

If a person has a craving for knowledge, he is able to develop. The problem of knowledge is raised in the play by D.I. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". The main task of the protagonist, the young undergrowth Mitrofanushka, is to gain knowledge. In fact, his teachers are so shallow that they give him only superficial knowledge, but he is not even able to absorb this.

And it's not just teachers. Much also depends on the maternal upbringing of Prostakova, who inspires her son that he does not need education. We see that knowledge that has fallen into unproductive soil will not be able to bear the due fruit. Education without upbringing loses half of its usefulness.

Argument #2

If a person strives for deep knowledge, is passionate about science and the process of cognition itself, he can achieve a lot. Evgeny Bazarov from the novel by I.S. showed himself to be such a person. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Only with the help of knowledge did he become a man of a firm and deep mind.

Conclusion

Education is of paramount importance for human development. It creates the foundation for the formation of personality, the formation life aspirations and beliefs spiritual development of people.

A. S. Pushkin."Eugene Onegin". A person sometimes, not noticing his happiness, passes by. When the feeling of love arises in him, it becomes too late. This is what happened to Eugene Onegin. At first he rejected the love of a village girl. After meeting her a few years later, he realized that he was in love. Unfortunately, their happiness is impossible.

M. Yu Lermontov."Hero of our time". True love Pechorin to Vera. His frivolous attitude towards Mary and Bela.

And S. Turgenev."Fathers and Sons". Yevgeny Bazarov denied everything, including love. But life made him experience it true feeling to Anna Odintsova. The stern nihilist could not resist the mind and charm of this woman.

and A. Goncharov."Oblomov". Lyubov Oblomov Olga Ilinskaya. Olga's desire to pull Ilya out of a state of indifference and laziness. Oblomov tried to find the purpose of life in love. However, the efforts of the lovers were in vain.

A. N. Ostrovsky. It is impossible to live without love. Proof of this is, for example, the deep drama that Katerina went through, main character plays by A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm".

I.A. Goncharov. "Oblomov". great strength love is the theme of many writers. Often a person is able to change even his life for the sake of a loved one. However, this is not always possible. For example, Ilya Ilyich, the hero of the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov", for the sake of love he abandoned many of his habits. Olga, having experienced disappointment, leaves Oblomov. The mutually enriching development of their relationship did not work out, because the desire to vegetate "crawling from one day to another" turned out to be stronger for Ilya.

L.N. Tolstoy. Love is a great feeling. It can change a person's life. But it can bring a lot of hope and disappointment. However, this state can also transform a person. Such life situations were described by the great Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy in the novel "War and Peace". For example, after the hardships of life, Prince Bolkonsky was convinced that he would never again experience happiness and joy. However, the meeting with Natasha Rostova changed his view of the world. Love is a great power.

A. Kuprin. Sometimes it seems that poetry disappears from our life, the magical beauty of love, that people's feelings are diminished. Faith in love still amazes readers with the story of A. Kuprin “ Garnet bracelet". It can be called an exciting hymn of love. Such stories help to keep the faith that the world is beautiful, and people sometimes have access to the inaccessible.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". The influence of friendship on the formation of personality - serious topic, which worried I. A. Goncharov. The heroes of his novel, peers and friends, I. I. Oblomov and A. I. Stolz, are shown in almost the same way: childhood, environment, education. But Stolz tried to change his friend's sleepy life. His attempts were unsuccessful. After the death of Oblomov, Andrei took his son Ilya into his family. That's what true friends do.

I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Friendship is about mutual influence. Relationships are fragile if people do not want to help each other. This is shown in the novel by I.A. Goncharov "Oblomov". Ilya Ilyich's apathetic, difficult to lift nature and Andrey Stolz's young energy - all this spoke of the impossibility of friendship between these people. However, Andrei made every effort to encourage Oblomov to some kind of activity. True, Ilya Ilyich could not adequately respond to his friend's concern. But the desires and attempts of Stolz deserve respect.

I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". Friendship is not always strong, especially if it rests on the subordination of one person to another. A similar situation was described by Turgenev in the novel Fathers and Sons. Arkady Kirsanov was at first a fierce supporter of Bazarov's nihilistic views and considered himself his friend. However, he quickly lost his conviction and went over to the side of the older generation. Bazarov, according to Arkady, was left alone. This happened because friendship was not equal.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" (about friendship, partnership). The fact that "there is no holier than the bonds of partnership" is said in the story of N. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

Main character brilliant novel F.M. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov asks the question, is it allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of a great good, does a noble goal justify a criminal means? The author portrays him as a generous dreamer, a humanist, eager to make all mankind happy, who comes to the realization of his own impotence in the face of world evil and in despair decides to "break" the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to do evil for the sake of good. However normal person, which, undoubtedly, is the hero of the novel, bloodshed and murder are alien. To understand this, Raskolnikov needed to go through all the circles of moral hell and go to hard labor. Only at the end of the novel do we see that the hero realizes the absurdity of his crazy idea and gains peace of mind.

In contrast to the doubting and rushing Raskolnikov, Dostoevsky draws in his novel the image of Svidrigailov, a man who does not think about the means to achieve his goals. Falling into the abyss of debauchery, losing faith, Svidrigailov commits suicide, thereby showing the dead end of Raskolnikov's theory.

Based on real history novel American writer T. Dreiser's "American Tragedy" tells the story of an ambitious young manClyde Griffiths, who dreams of breaking out of the framework of his environment, rapidly and stubbornly walking up the steps of his career, up to the world of money and luxury. Having seduced an honest girl and being sure of his love for her, the hero soon realizes that this connection is the main obstacle on the way to high society. Formed classical love triangle, the third "corner" of which is the girl from high society, opening Clyde all sorts of exits to material wealth. Unable to resist such a temptation, the young man carefully considers the possibility of getting rid of his first love, which interferes not only with ambitious plans, but simply prevents him from living for his own pleasure. This is how a crime is committed - thought out, seriously prepared and cowardly. After the death of the girl, the police go on the trail of Clyde and accuse him of premeditated murder. The jury sentences him to capital punishment and Clyde spends the rest of his life in prison. As a result, he confesses, admits his guilt. He is executed in the electric chair.

good, kind, talented person Ilya Oblomov failed to overcome himself, his laziness and licentiousness, did not reveal his best features. Absence high purpose in life leads to moral death. Even love could not save Oblomov.

In his late novel The Razor's Edge, W.S. Maughamdraws life path young American Larry, who spent half of his life with books and the other half in travel, work, search and self-improvement. His image stands out vividly against the background of young people of his circle, who spend their lives and outstanding abilities in vain on the fulfillment of fleeting whims, on entertainment, on a carefree existence in luxury and idleness. Larry chose his own path and, ignoring the misunderstanding and censure of loved ones, searched for the meaning of life in hardships, wanderings and wanderings around the world. He gave himself completely spirituality to achieve enlightenment of the mind, purification of the spirit, discover the meaning of the universe.

Main character novel of the same name American writer Jack London Martin Eden - a working guy, a sailor, a native of the lower classes, about 21 years old, meets Ruth Morse - a girl from a wealthy bourgeois family. Ruth begins to teach semi-literate Martin correct pronunciation English words and arouses in him an interest in literature. Martin learns that magazines pay decent fees to the authors who are published in them, and firmly decides to make a career as a writer, earn money and become worthy of his new acquaintance, with whom he managed to fall in love. Martin is putting together a self-improvement program, working on his language and pronunciation, and reading a lot of books. Iron health and unbending will moves him to the goal. In the end, having gone a long and thorny path, after numerous failures and disappointments, he becomes famous writer. (Then he becomes disillusioned with literature, his beloved, people in general and life, loses interest in everything and commits suicide. This is so, just in case. An argument in favor of the fact that the fulfillment of a dream does not always bring happiness)

A shark, if it stops moving its fins, will go to the bottom like a stone, a bird, if it stops flapping its wings, will fall to the ground. So a person, if aspirations, desires, goals fade away in him, will collapse to the bottom of life, he will be sucked into a thick quagmire of gray everyday life. A river that stops flowing turns into a fetid swamp. Similarly, a person who stops searching, thinking, torn, loses "the soul's wonderful impulses", gradually degrades, his life becomes an aimless, miserable vegetative existence.

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

Roman famous English writer W.S. Maugham "The burden of human passions" touches on one of the most important and burning questions for every person - is there a meaning in life, and if so, what is it? The protagonist of the work, Philip Carey, painfully searches for the answer to this question: in books, in art, in love, in the judgments of friends. One of them, the cynic and materialist Cronshaw, advises him to look at the Persian carpets and refuses to explain further. Only years later, having lost almost all his illusions and hopes for the future, Philip understands what he meant and admits that “life has no meaning, and human existence is aimless. Knowing that nothing makes sense and nothing matters, a person can still be satisfied by choosing the various threads that he weaves into the endless fabric of life. There is one pattern - the simplest and most beautiful: a person is born, matures, marries, produces children, works for a piece of bread and dies; but there are other, more intricate and amazing patterns, where there is no place for happiness or striving for success - perhaps some disturbing beauty is hidden in them.