The century before last became interesting stage development of human history. The emergence of new technologies, faith in progress, the spread of enlightenment ideas, the development of new social relations, the emergence of a new bourgeois class that became dominant in many European countries - all this was reflected in art. The literature of the 19th century reflected everything turning points development of society. All shocks and discoveries are reflected in the pages of novels by eminent writers. 19th century literature– multifaceted, diverse and very interesting.

Literature of the 19th century as an indicator of public consciousness

The century began in the atmosphere of the Great french revolution, whose ideas captured the whole of Europe, America and Russia. As a result of these events, greatest books 19th century, a list of which you can find in this section. In Great Britain, with the coming to power of Queen Victoria, new era stability, which was accompanied by a national upsurge, the development of industry and art. Public tranquility produced the best books of the 19th century, written in all sorts of genres. In France, on the other hand, there were many revolutionary unrest accompanied by a change political system and the development of social thought. Of course, this also influenced the books of the 19th century. Literary age ended with an era of decadence, which is characterized by gloomy and mystical moods and a bohemian lifestyle of artists. Thus, the literature of the 19th century gave works that everyone needs to read.

Books of the 19th century on the site "KnigoPoisk"

If you are interested in 19th century literature, the list of the KnigoPoisk site will help you find interesting novels. The rating is based on the feedback from visitors to our resource. "Books of the 19th century" - a list that will not leave anyone indifferent.

Ideas of great Russian literature, its humanistic pathos close and understandable to the general readership in all corners of the globe.

Realizing the meaning poetic form, Russian writers of the XIX century. sought to strengthen artistic expressiveness techniques used, but this did not become the end in itself of their creativity. intensive improvement art forms was carried out by writers on the basis of a deep insight into the essence of the socio-economic and spiritual processes of life. This is the source of creative insights of the leading writers of Russian literature. Hence its deep historicism, due primarily to true image social contradictions, a broad identification of the role of the masses in historical process, the ability of writers to show the relationship social phenomena. Thanks to this, in the literature there are actually historical genres- a novel, a drama, a story - in which the historical past receives an equally truthful reflection, as well as the present. All this became possible on the basis of the broad development of realistic tendencies that prevailed in Russian literature of the 19th century.

Realistic creativity of Russians writers of the 19th in. was highly appreciated by the largest representatives of Western European culture and art. The laconicism of Pushkin's prose was admired by P. Merimee; G. Maupassant called himself a student of I. S. Turgenev; the novels of L. N. Tolstoy made a strong impression on G. Flaubert, influenced the work of B. Shaw, S. Zweig, A. France, D. Galsworthy, T. Dreiser and other writers Western Europe. F. M. Dostoevsky was called the greatest anatomist ”(S. Zweig) human soul wounded by suffering; the structure of polyphonic narration, characteristic of Dostoevsky's novels, is used in many Western European prose and dramatic works 20th century A.P. Chekhov's dramaturgy, with its gentle humor, subtle lyricism, and psychological overtones, was widely spread abroad (especially in the Scandinavian countries and in Japan).

Comprehending the laws of life processes, the leading Russian writers of the XIX century. made great demands on themselves. They are characterized by intense, sometimes painful thoughts about the meaning human activity, about the relationship of surrounding phenomena with the spiritual impulses of the individual, about the secrets of the universe, about the appointment of the artist. Creativity of writers of the XIX century. distinguishes the ultimate saturation of socio-philosophical and moral problems. The writers sought to answer questions about how to live, what to do to bring the future closer, which was conceived as a kingdom of goodness and justice. At the same time, all major writers of Russian literature, despite individual differences in political and aesthetic views, united by a resolute denial, sometimes sharp criticism of property, landlord and capitalist slavery.

Thus, the works of Russian literature of the 19th century, which captured the “great impulses of the spirit” (M. Gorky), even today help to form an ideologically stable person who loves his Motherland, distinguished by the nobility of moral motives, the absence of nationalist prejudices, the thirst for truth and goodness.

The richest experience of Russian literature 19th century in the image of a person and social life constituted the permanent basis on which the achievements of Soviet art in the formation of new ideals, the communist consciousness of the working masses. The best works of Russian literature of the 19th century, distinguished by deep ideological, national character, social activity, the desire to reveal life in its typical manifestations, contributed to the emergence of realism, which became the main creative method literature.

The development of Russian literature took place in difficult conditions, in the fight against autocracy, the forces of reaction. However, the irresistible craving for freedom, the bright ideals of mankind gave her such impetuosity that already from mid-nineteenth in. Russian writers were able to take one of the leading places in European literature. A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, I. S. Turgenev, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov received world recognition as artists of the first magnitude. And the point here is not only in the perfection of artistic forms or the unparalleled brightness of the depiction of human experiences, but also in the fact that socio-historical and moral issues put forward by Russian writers, excited all progressive mankind. These are the problems of reorganizing life on new, democratic principles, delivering the workers from suffering, and the despotism of the exploiting leaders. Standing up for justice and freedom in all spheres human relations, Russian literature thereby became the herald of the highest and most humane social ideals.

It is characteristic that some literary figures in the West have already emphasized in our time that “along with Tolstoy, Chekhov is, perhaps, precisely that pre-revolutionary writer, thanks to whom, everywhere in the world, his people began to be better understood and loved more. Chekhov... helps us to understand today's Russia as well. Through the paths of the heart, Chekhov makes us feel how much the revolution was necessary, that all living, suffering, thinking Russia called for it ... "

Determining the world significance of the works of the largest Russian writers of the 19th century, one must remember that their work has always been a reflection of the struggle, clashes between progressive and conservative social forces. Russian literature of the 19th century. is one of the most authoritative literatures in the world. Interest in it grows as interest in the creative activity of the Soviet people building communism increases.

1 of 18

Presentation on the topic: Writers and poets of the 19th century

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

Writers and poets of the 19th century 1. Aksakov S.T. 2. Ershov P.P. 3. Zhukovsky V.A. 4. Koltsov A.V. 5. Krylov I.A. 6. Lermontov M.Yu. 7. Marshak S.Ya. 8. Nekrasov N.A. 9. Nikitin I.S. 10. Prishvin M.M. 11. Pushkin A.S. 12. Tolstoy L.N. 13. Tolstoy A.K. 14. Tyutchev F.I. 15. Ushinsky K.D. 16. Fet A.A. 17. Chekhov A.P. Svetlana Alexandrovna Lyalina, primary school teacher, Kulebaki, Nizhny Novgorod Region

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

Sergei Trofimovich Aksakov Famous Russian writer. Born into a noble family of the famous family of Shimon. Love for nature - the future writer inherited from his father. Peasant labor aroused in him not only compassion, but also respect. His book "Family Chronicle" was continued in the "Childhood of Bagrov's grandson".

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

Pyotr Pavlovich Ershov Born March 6, 1815 in the Tobolsk province in the family of an official. Russian poet, writer, playwright. He was the initiator of the creation of an amateur gymnasium theater. He was directing in the theatre. Wrote several plays for the theatre: Rural Holiday, Suvorov and the Stationmaster. Fame Ershov brought his fairy tale "Humpbacked Horse"

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky Born on January 29 in the village of Mishenskoye, Tula province. Father, Afanasy Ivanovich Bunin, landowner, owner of the village. Mishensky; his mother, a Turkish woman, Salkha, ended up in Russia among the prisoners. I lived and studied there for 3 years. Studied Russian and foreign literature. In 1812 he was in Borodino, wrote about the heroes of the battle. His books: A boy with a finger, There is no dearer native sky, Lark.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

Alexey Vasilyevich Koltsov A.V. Koltsov is a Russian poet. Born October 15, 1809 in Voronezh, in a merchant family. The father was a merchant. Aleksey Koltsov penetrated from the inside into a variety of economic concerns of the villager: gardening and arable farming, cattle breeding and forestry. In the gifted, receptive nature of the boy, such a life brought up the breadth of the soul and the versatility of interests, direct knowledge of village life, peasant labor and folk culture. From the age of nine, Koltsov learned to read and write at home and showed such outstanding abilities that in 1820 he was able to enter the county school, bypassing the parish. He started writing at the age of 16. He wrote a lot about labor, about land, about nature: Mower, Harvest, etc.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Ivan Andreevich Krylov I.A. Krylov is a great fabulist. Born February 2, 1769 in Moscow in the family of a poor army captain, who received the rank of officer only after thirteen years of military service. Krylov was 10 years old when his father died and he had to work. Russian writer, fabulist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In St. Petersburg, in the Summer Garden, there is a bronze monument, where the fabulist is surrounded by animals. His works: Swan, Pike and Cancer. Chizh and Dove. A Crow and a fox.

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov Born in Moscow in the family of Captain Yuri Petrovich Lermontov and Maria Mikhailovna Lermontova, the only daughter and heiress of the Penza landowner E.A. Arsenyeva. Lermontov's childhood passed in the estate of Arsenyeva "Tarkhany" of the Penza province. The boy received a metropolitan home education, from childhood he was fluent in French and German. In the summer of 1825, Lermontov's grandmother took him to the Caucasus; childhood impressions of the Caucasian nature and the life of the mountain peoples remained in his early work. Then the family moved to Moscow and Lermontov was enrolled in the 4th grade of the Moscow University Noble Boarding School, where he received a liberal arts education.

slide number 8

Description of the slide:

Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak S.Ya. Marshak is a Russian poet. Born October 22, 1887 in Voronezh in the family of a factory technician, a talented inventor. At the age of 4 he wrote poetry himself. Good translator from English, Russian poet. Marshak was familiar with M. Gorky. He studied in England at the University of London. During the holidays, I traveled a lot on foot in England, listening to English folk songs. Even then he began to work on translations of English works.

slide number 9

Description of the slide:

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov is a famous Russian poet. He came from a noble, once rich family. Born November 22, 1821 in the Podolsk province. Nekrasov had 13 brothers and sisters. All the childhood and youth of the poet passed in the family estate of Nekrasov, the village of Greshnev, Yaroslavl province, on the banks of the Volga. He saw the hard work of people. They pulled barges across the water. He devoted many poems to the lives of people in Tsarist Russia: Green Noise, Nightingales, Peasant Children, Grandfather Mazai and Hares, Motherland, etc.

slide number 10

Description of the slide:

Ivan Savvich Nikitin Russian poet, born in Voronezh to the family of a wealthy merchant, owner of a candle factory. Nikitin studied at the theological school, at the seminary. He dreamed of graduating from the university, but the family went bankrupt. Ivan Savvich continued his education himself. He composed poems: Russia, Morning, Meeting of Winter, Swallow's Nest, Grandfather.

slide number 11

Description of the slide:

Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin Mikhail Mikhailovich Prishvin was born on January 23, 1873 in the Oryol province near Yelets. Prishvin's father is from a native merchant family of the city of Yelets. Mikhail Mikhailovich is educated as an agronomist, writes a scientific book about potatoes. Later he leaves for the North to collect folklore from folk life. He loved nature very much. He knew well the life of the forest, its inhabitants. He knew how to convey his feelings to readers. He wrote: Protecting nature means protecting the Motherland! His books: Guys and ducklings, Pantry of the sun, Calendar of nature, etc.

Description of the slide:

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich is a great Russian writer. He wrote the first ABC for children and four Russian books for reading. He opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana and taught children himself. He worked hard and loved work. He himself plowed the land, mowed the grass, sewed boots, built huts. His works: Stories about children, Toddlers, Filipok, Shark, Kitten, Lion and dog, Swans, Old grandfather and granddaughters.

slide number 14

Description of the slide:

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy A.K. Tolstoy was born in St. Petersburg, and the childhood of the future poet passed in Ukraine, on the estate of his uncle. As a teenager, Tolstoy traveled abroad, to Germany and Italy. In 1834 Tolstoy was assigned as a "student" to the Moscow archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 1837 he served in the Russian mission in Germany, in 1840. received service in St. Petersburg at the royal court. In 1843 - the court rank of chamber junker. During Tolstoy's lifetime, the only collection of his poems was published (1867). Poems: The last snow is melting, Cranes, Forest Lake, autumn, etc.

Description of the slide:

Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky was born on February 19, 1824 in Tula in the family of Dmitry Grigorievich Ushinsky, a retired officer, a small estate nobleman. The mother of Konstantin Dmitrievich - Lyubov Stepanovna died when he was 12 years old. Konstantin Dmitrievich was a teacher, he created books himself. He called them Children's World and Rodnoe Slovo. He taught me to love his native people and nature. His works: Learned Bear, Four Wishes, Geese and Cranes, Eagle, How a shirt grew in a field.

slide number 17

Description of the slide:

Afanasy Afanasyevich Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich - Russian lyric poet, translator. Born in the estate of Novoselki, Oryol province. Since childhood, he loved the poems of A.S. Pushkin. At the age of 14 they were taken to St. Petersburg to study. He showed his poems to Gogol. In 1840, the first book was published. His poems: A wonderful picture, The swallows are gone, Spring rain. For the last 19 years of his life, he officially bore the surname Shenshin.

slide number 18

Description of the slide:

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is an outstanding Russian writer, playwright, doctor by profession. Born January 17, 1860 in Taganrog, Yekaterinoslav province. Anton's early childhood passed in endless church holidays, name days. On weekdays, after school, he guarded his father's shop, and at 5 in the morning he got up every day to sing in the church choir. First, Chekhov studied at the Greek school in Taganrog. At the age of 8, after two years of study, Chekhov entered the Taganrog gymnasium. In 1879 he graduated from the gymnasium in Taganrog. In the same year, he moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he studied with famous professors: Nikolai Sklifosovsky, Grigory Zakharyin and others. His works: Beloloby, Kashtanka, Spring, Spring waters, etc.

Now the current generation sees everything clearly, marvels at the delusions, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is scribbled with heavenly fire, that every letter screams in it, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at him, at him, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new delusions, which will also be laughed at by descendants later. "Dead Souls"

Nestor Vasilyevich Kukolnik (1809 - 1868)
For what? Like an inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell ​​your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a merchant!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay the divine price!
"Improvisation I"

Literature is a language that expresses everything that a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.

In hearts simple feeling the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, more alive a hundred times than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper."Hero of our time"

Everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
No matter how love breathes.

In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose "Russian language"

So, complete your dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the bare fields,
Driven by an early, violent blizzard,
And, stopping in the forest wilderness,
Gathering in silver silence
Deep and cold bed.

Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who has an incorruptible heart,
In whom is talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"

Is it possible that even here they will not allow and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, by its organic strength, but certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what to do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, "split" from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, for everything they hate.

Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise broke into the room,
And the blessing of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel ...

Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we hide, we are afraid, just what kind of misfortune! The storm will kill! This is not a thunderstorm, but grace! Yes, grace! You are all thunder! The northern lights will light up, it would be necessary to admire and marvel at the wisdom: “the dawn rises from the midnight countries”! And you are horrified and come up with: this is for war or for the plague. Whether a comet is coming, I would not take my eyes off! The beauty! The stars have already looked closely, they are all the same, and this is a new thing; Well, I would look and admire! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! From everything you have made yourself a scarecrow. Eh, people! "Thunderstorm"

There is no more enlightening, soul-purifying feeling than the one that a person feels when he gets acquainted with a great work of art.

We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we do not want to know that we must treat the word in the same way. The word can both kill and make evil worse than death.

There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase the subscription to his magazine, began to publish in other publications the most brazen attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some printed him out as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He did not skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements, until everyone thought - yes, it’s obvious that this is a curious and remarkable person when everyone shouts about him like that! - and began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"

Nikolai Semenovich Leskov (1831 - 1895)
I ... think that I know the Russian person in his very depths, and I do not put myself in any merit for this. I did not study the people from conversations with St. Petersburg cabbies, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with him on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on the Panin’s swaying crowd behind circles of dusty manners ...

Between these two colliding titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the radiant midday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"

Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Cast away every fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know one of these days
I was elected king by the people,
But it's all the same. They confuse my thought
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"

Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky (1843 - 1902)
- What do you need abroad? - I asked him at a time when in his room, with the help of servants, his things were being packed and packed for shipment to the Varshavsky railway station.
- Yes, just ... to come to your senses! - He said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"

Is it really a matter of going through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Hurt, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but a hundred times more than death I am afraid of colorlessness.

Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.

You experience a strange feeling when, with a light touch of your hand, you make such a mass rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of a person ...
"Meeting"

Vasily Vasilyevich Rozanov (1856 - 1919)
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not chatty, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to show yourself). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Solitary"

And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: whether in a conscious, inspired victory over torment or in unconscious longing human spirit who sees no way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear self-satisfied or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Remembrance"

Since my birth I have been living in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, why it is, why, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, along with others, talk about urban economy, but I don’t know how many miles in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, how much and with whom we trade ... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, then why? And the jester knows him! And when some question is raised in the thought, I shudder and the first one starts shouting: “Submit to the commission! To the commission!

Everything new in the old way:
The modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
Speech is poetic.

But others are not an example for me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy,
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926

Under the influence of Dostoevsky, as well as foreign literature, Baudelaire and Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). A collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, I entitled "Symbols". It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.

Vyacheslav Ivanovich Ivanov (1866 - 1949)
The run of changeable phenomena,
Past those flying, speed up:
Merge into one sunset of accomplishments
With the first gleam of gentle dawns.
From the lower life to the origins
In a single moment, review:
In the face of a single smart eye
Take your twins.
Immutable and wonderful
Blessed Muse gift:
In the spirit of the form of slender songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"

I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". I am writing. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I have written! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I publish new book, quite different from the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase sounds, I will say: I understood the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina

Man is the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!

"At the bottom"

I'm sorry to create something useless and no one needs now. Collection, book of poems given time- most useless useless thing... I do not want to say by this that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I affirm that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when whole books of poetry seemed necessary to everyone, when they were read in full, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is past, not ours. For the modern reader no need for a collection of poems!

Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need.

What nationalists, patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they sneer at the "frightened intellectuals" - as if there is absolutely no reason to be frightened - or at the "frightened townsfolk", as if they have some great advantages over the "philistines". And who, in fact, are these townsfolk, "prosperous philistines"? And who and what do the revolutionaries care about, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"

In the struggle for their ideal, which is “freedom, equality and fraternity”, citizens must use such means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"

“Let your soul be whole or split, let your understanding of the world be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are unhappy before that), let the creative techniques be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, the content be lyrical or fabulous, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but, I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in design, in the construction of the work, in syntax.
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant unknown friend, but when a friend came, art gave way to life. Of course I'm not talking about home comfort but about life, which means more than art.
"We are with you. Diary of love"

An artist can do nothing more than open his soul to others. It is impossible to present him with predetermined rules. He is still an unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others, here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"

Alexei Mikhailovich Remizov (1877 - 1957)
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they exhausted her, alarmed her. And as soon as it's light, the shopkeeper will rise, she will begin to fold her goods, she will grab a blanket, she will go, pull out this soft bedding from under the old woman: she will wake the old woman, raise her to her feet: it's not light or dawn, if you please get up. Nothing to do about. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia!

"Whirlwind Russia"

Art never speaks to the crowd, to the masses, it speaks to the individual, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.

Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ How many cheerful and cheerful books there are, how many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.

Babkin dared, - read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Take it to the library
In the margins, noting: "Nonsense!"
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paraplegic
Light chamois is not a decree? ..
"Reader"

A critic's word about a poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.

"Poetry of the Word"

Only great things are worth thinking about, only great tasks should be set by the writer; set boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small forces.

Boris Konstantinovich Zaitsev (1881 - 1972)
“It’s true, there are both goblin and water ones here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “or maybe some other spirit lives here ... A mighty, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women roam in these forests, eating cloudberries and lingonberries, laughing and chasing each other.
"North"

You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!

Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on the day of my birth the bells were rung and there was a general rejoicing of the people. Gossips They associated this jubilation with some great holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what else is there to do with this holiday?

That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgar and a relic; no one loved, but all were thirsty and, like poisoned ones, fell to everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky (Nikolai Vasilyevich Korneichukov) (1882 - 1969)
- Well, what's wrong, - I say to myself, - at least in a short word for now? After all, exactly the same form of farewell to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to readers with a touching poem "So long!", Which means in English - "Bye!". The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because here the following (approximately) meaning is compressed: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Live Like Life"

Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I've traveled all over the world myself, but I hate those ruminant bipeds with a Badaker for a tail. They chewed through the eyes of all the beauties of nature.
"Island of Lost Ships"

Everything that I wrote and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and do not respect my literary merits. And I wonder, and I wonder why in appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those poets whom I know in Russia, are not worth one chanter of my bright mother.

I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"

For a long time we have been looking for such a task, similar to lentils, so that the combined rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers directed by it to a common point would meet in common work and could ignite even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - a lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"

He adored poetry, tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps even in mind. He always looked like a child to me. There was something childish in his clipped head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to portray an adult, like all children. He loved to play the “master”, the literary bosses of his “gumil”, that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. Poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"

Me, me, me What a wild word!
Is that one over there really me?
Did mom love this?
Yellow-gray, semi-gray
And omniscient like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements
Good elements of gloomy evil?
Not? So shut up: took away
Your fate is not without a reason
To the edge of an unkind foreign land.
What's the point of groaning and grieve -
Russia must be earned!
"What You Need to Know"

I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in the heroic history of my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.

All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.

In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a painted wolf or a shorn wolf, he still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they drove me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired ...
From a letter from M. A. Bulgakov to I. V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.

When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: "Did you understand Mandelstam's poems?" - "No, we did not understand his poems." "Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?" - "Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter." "Then you are forgiven."

Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (Eliyahu Gershevich) (1891 - 1967)
Maybe go to the Press House - there is one sandwich each with chum caviar and a dispute - "about the proletarian choral reading", or in Polytechnical Museum- there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the "locomotive mass". No, I will sit on the stairs, shivering from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the result was boring iambs.
"The extraordinary adventures of Julio Jurenito and his students"

The past century has given mankind many talented authors. Writers of the 20th century worked in the era of world social upheavals and revolutions, which inevitably found its reflection in their works. Any historical event influenced literature - if you remember, the very a large number of war novels were written during the Second World War and in the following 15 years.

The most famous Russian writers of the 20th century are Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Mikhail Bulgakov. Solzhenitsyn revealed to the world the whole horror of the Soviet camps in his work The Gulag Archipelago, for which he was subjected to harshest criticism and persecution in our country. Later, Solzhenitsyn was deported to the FRG, and he lived and worked abroad for a long time. he was returned only in 1990 by a special presidential decree, after which he was able to return to his homeland.

It is interesting that in our country the 20th century became the era of writers and poets in exile - Ivan Bunin, Konstantin Balmont, Raisa Bloch and many others ended up abroad in different years. Mikhail Bulgakov became famous all over the world for his novel "The Master and Margarita" and the story " dog's heart". It is noteworthy that he wrote the novel "The Master and Margarita" for more than 10 years - the basis of the work was created immediately, but the editing continued long years until the writer's death. The terminally ill Bulgakov brought the novel to perfection, but did not have time to finish this work, so literary mistakes can be found in the work. And still, the novel "The Master and Margarita" became, perhaps, the best work this genre throughout the 20th century.

Popular of the 20th century is, first of all, the queen of the detective Agatha Christie and the creator of the best dystopia " Barnyard» George Orwell. England has always given the world literary geniuses such as William Shakespeare, H. G. Wells, Walter Scott and many others. The last century was no exception, and people in all countries are now reading books by Pratchett Terry, John Windom and

In general, the writers of the 20th century did not at all resemble their predecessors - the authors of the 19th century. became more diverse, and if in the 19th century there were only 3-4 main directions, then in the 20th there were an order of magnitude more. Stylistic and ideological diversity gave rise to many genres and trends, and the search for a new language gave us a whole galaxy of thinkers and philosophers, such as Marcel Proust and

Russian writers of the 20th century limited themselves mainly to three stylistic trends - realism, modernism and avant-garde. An interesting phenomenon in Russian literature of the last century there was a revival of romanticism in its original form, this fact was most fully reflected in the works of Alexander Grin, whose works are literally permeated with ineradicable dreaminess and exoticism.

The writers of the 20th century have left a noticeable mark on world literature, and we can only hope that the authors of the 21st century will turn out to be no worse than their predecessors. Maybe somewhere a new Gorky, Pasternak or Hemingway is already creating.