The Polytechnic Museum is amazing in the world of science. Museum-garden: what will the Polytechnic be after reconstruction

The Polytechnic Museum (Polytech) at 3/4 is one of the first science and technology museums on the planet. It was created on the basis of the exhibits of the Polytechnic Exhibition held in Moscow in 1872.

Today the main building of the Polytechnic Museum is under reconstruction. The renovated museum will open its doors in 2018.

Photo 1. The building of the Polytechnic Museum on New Square, 3/4

The history of the construction of the Polytechnic University

The construction of the museum building became possible due to the fact that in 1871 the City Duma allocated 500 thousand rubles for these purposes, and also transferred a plot of land at 4. The Polytechnic Museum was located directly in 1966, when one of its facades was demolished " House of Shipov" (aka "Shipovskaya Fortress"), which housed the Imperial Humanitarian Society before the revolution.

For the first time, the museum's exposition was presented in 1872, where it was held in a temporarily arranged building.

In 1877, the architect Ippolit Antonovich Monighetti completed the design of the central part of the new museum building at the current New Square, 3/4. The construction work was supervised by the architect Nikolai Aleksandrovich Shokhin.

The southern part of the Polytechnic Museum in Moscow, which also housed the Lubyansko-Ilyinsky shopping arcade, was built according to the project of the architect Nikolai Alexandrovich Shokhin six years later - in 1883 (construction work was carried out under the guidance of architects and his assistant).

The northern building was erected in the period from 1903 to 1907. The project was drawn up by the architect Georgy Ivanovich Makaev, and the work was supervised by Vasily Ivanovich Yeramishantsev and.

The Polytechnic Museum is 190 thousand items, about 150 collections various subjects, and its library contains about 3.5 million books and print publications.

Some historical facts

• the basis of the first exposition is the exhibits of the All-Russian Polytechnic Exhibition dedicated to the 200th anniversary of the birth of Emperor Peter I;

• The original purpose of the museum complex is a museum of applied knowledge. Its first exposition consisted of 9 departments, telling about the achievements of Russia in the field of applied sciences, including physics, chemistry, architecture, etc.;

• in the museum building in 1907 a large auditorium was opened, which became the main public platform of the city of Moscow. It was there that public scientific experiments lectured, held debates, various literary evenings. Over the years, scientists Niels Bohr, Konstantin Timiryazev, Ilya Mechnikov, as well as representatives creative intelligentsia Alexander Blok, Bulat Okudzhava, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Evgeny Yevtushenko and many others;

• during the First World War, infirmaries for wounded soldiers and officers were equipped in the building on New Square, 3/4, an X-ray room functioned, in which patients from all Moscow hospitals were examined;

• The museum was renamed the Central Institute of Polytechnic Knowledge in 1919. The main thing in his activity was the conduct of various scientific research, as well as the distribution in the Land of Soviets. scientific knowledge and discoveries in a popular format for the population;

Address: Moscow, New Square, 3/4
Foundation date: 1872
Coordinates: 55°45"28.7"N 37°37"44.1"E

The Polytechnic University occupies a special place among the most famous museums in Moscow. The main Russian scientific and technical museum is located in the very center of the capital, within walking distance from the Kremlin. Now the main building is being restored, but in 2019 its halls will receive the first visitors. Despite the ongoing work, museum exhibits are presented at three exhibition sites in the city, so anyone can see them.

View of the building of the Polytechnic Museum

How the museum was created

In the second half 19th century the idea was born to put on public display a collection of objects collected for the 200th anniversary of the Russian Tsar Peter I. In 1871, the city authorities allocated five hundred thousand rubles for the creation of a new museum.

A large construction site was laid at Lubyansky passage, 4, near the building of the Committee of the Imperial Humanitarian Society. The following year, an opening was held in the temporary halls on Prechistenka museum exposition and the public was presented with a large-scale Polytechnic exhibition.

The construction of the main building lasted 30 years. Well-known Russian architects - Ippolit Antonovich Monighetti, Nikolai Alexandrovich Shokhini Georgy Ivanovich Makaev participated in its design.

History of the Museum

At the very beginning, the museum had an applied value. Its exhibits consisted of nine thematic departments, each of which was closely related to different areas of scientific knowledge.

In 1907, when the Great Auditorium was opened, eminent domestic and foreign scientists began to conduct experiments and give lectures in the building. Over the years, the public listened to the speeches of the physicist Niels Bohr, the biologist Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov and the physiologist Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev in the museum. True, visitors came not only to scientific lectures. Alexander Blok, Vladimir Mayakovsky, and later Evgeny Yevtushenko and Bulat Okudzhava performed in front of the crowded halls with their poems.

When the country participated in the First World War, the museum gave many of the premises for infirmaries for the wounded on the fronts. In addition, there was an X-ray room, which was actively used by all city hospitals. After the revolution, Lenin and Felix Dzerzhinsky gave speeches in the building.

In July 1919, the museum, by decision of the authorities, became the Central Institute of Polytechnic Knowledge. Its employees started educational programs in various branches of science. They lectured to the general public and introduced it to the achievements in the field of physics, mathematics, natural science, economics and technology.

During the period of industrialization, the concept of the museum changed. It was used as a training center for workers. In the 1930s, a large-scale exhibition was held in the museum, at which the results of the first Soviet five-year plan were presented to visitors. Museum guests were able to see achievements in the field of energy, Agriculture, metallurgy, fuel and chemical industries.

After the end of World War II, the museum became subordinate to the Knowledge Society. It became an educational center and was engaged in the scientific training of the broad masses of the population.

Collections

Today, the museum funds have collected over 220 thousand exhibits, which are united in one and a half hundred thematic collections. The famous Polytechnic Library, which began work in 1862, has more than 3.5 million volumes. scientific books, among which there are unique editions of the XVI-XVIII centuries. These are books devoted to unique inventions, the fate of discoverers, biographies of scientists and methods for solving certain scientific problems.

The Polytechnic Museum has a collection of automoto equipment, for example, a car with a cut engine, which shows the entire working process. There are interesting specimens of bicycles of the 19th-20th centuries. Separate sections of the exposition are devoted to telephones, amateur and professional walkie-talkies, surveillance equipment and computers. The first computers "Ural" and "Setun" are exhibited here.

rare car

There are many rare exhibits in museum collections, but the Russo-Balt car, which was released in 1911, is considered a real treasure. This is the only copy that has survived to this day since the beginning of the last century. Moreover, he independently drove to the exhibition space after restoration.

The car of an inexpensive series of model K 12/20 has a four-cylinder engine with a volume of 2211 cubic meters. cm, rated engine power 12 Horse power and a real power of 20 horsepower. It is known that a total of 141 Model K cars were produced in five series.

The aircraft number 73 was acquired by the aeronautical school in Tver, and until 1929 it was operated there. Later it was bought by Orlov, who worked as a boiler mechanic and lived in the city of Kimry. He drove this car until the tires on it wore out. This happened in 1939. Since then the car has not been used. In the winter months of 1942-1943, the car survived a catastrophe. His cylinder block thawed, and the damaged equipment stood for many years in an unheated barn.

Later, in 1966, the owner of a rare car offered to buy a car from the Gorky film studio. The museum staff found out about this, paid the money to the film studio, and in the next 1967 the car underwent a complete reconstruction. When the car ended up in the museum, it had a lot of newly made parts and a completely overhauled engine.

What's on display today

Restoration is in full swing and will end in 2019-2020. But this does not mean that the museum is completely closed. In order for visitors to see the unique collections, they were moved to other exhibition areas in the city.

Museum exhibits are presented in one of the pavilions on the territory of VDNH, in the halls of the Technopolis "Moscow" and in the premises of the ZIL Cultural Center near Avtozavodskaya. For several years now, a modern Museum and Educational Center has been built in the capital, in which the Polytechnic University and the Lomonosov Moscow State University will take part.

Polytech at VDNKh

Since the spring of 2014, while the main building is being repaired, an interactive exhibition complex "Russia does itself" has been opened at VDNKh. It introduces visitors to outstanding domestic scientists and modern Russian developments. In addition, those who have been here can take part in scientific experiments.

The exhibition is divided into seven thematic sections. Tourists are shown a model of the first Soviet atomic bomb, Chebyshev's unique plant-walking machine, Tsiolkovsky's rocket plane, an interactive model of the biosphere and beautiful patterns on a ferrofluid. The guides talk about the principle of operation of the holographic table and ionophone, the device of the exoskeleton and artificial lightning.

Pavilion Transport of the USSR (Agriculture)

There are many monitors with headphones in the halls, putting on which, anyone can listen to a lecture in Russian or English language. At the exit, a vending machine selling space food is installed.

The exhibition is open on any day except Monday: on weekdays from 11:00 to 19:00, and on weekends from 11:00 to 21:00. Admission for adults costs 350 rubles on weekdays and 400 rubles on weekends. Per concession tickets you need to pay 150-200 rubles (2018). Schoolchildren are admitted free of charge. Please note that the box office closes one hour before closing.

The Polytechnic Museum is one of the largest scientific and technical museums in the world. It was created on the basis of the funds of the Polytechnic Exhibition of 1872 at the initiative of the Society of Lovers of Natural Science, Anthropology and Ethnography.

The Polytechnic Museum has always been a popularizer of ideas and solutions that determined the path of scientific and technological progress. Devices and objects illustrating the stages of development of technical thought are collected and carefully stored here.

In December 1991, the museum was declared a particularly valuable object of the Russian cultural heritage.

What are we working for?

We open to people the past, present and future of science. The museum's job is to link together the technical achievements of the past, modern research and scientific perspectives.

, dedicated to achievements Russian science, opened in Pavilion No. 26 at VDNKh in April 2014. The structure of the exposition is determined by the key historical exhibits of the Polytechnic Museum, as well as specially created interactive and multimedia objects. The exposition "Russia makes itself" - the key platform of the Polytechnic University for the entire period of reconstruction historical building.

For the first time in the history of Russian museum work, it opens access to the museum depository to the general public; tells how the exhibits are collected, stored and studied.

We are creating a territory of enlightenment, free thought and bold experimentation. The Polytechnic Museum is one of the centers for the popularization of science for schoolchildren, students, and young professionals.

- this is workshops in biology, mathematics, robotics, chemistry and physics for children and adolescents. The Science Laboratories program includes school lessons, circles, one-time classes, Scientific research, experiments and experiments conducted by young practicing scientists. Since 2014, scientific laboratories have special programs for graduates in preparation for the Unified State Examination and programs for career guidance and choosing a university for high school students. Since 2015, classes in the Scientific Laboratories have been held for adults as well.

We believe the world is driven by curiosity and creativity. But without knowledge, curiosity cannot become a creative force. That's why the main objective of all our projects - education.

- scientific and educational project of the Polytechnic Museum. It is a meeting place for modern scientists and specialists in different areas science with children 7-14 years old.

Which in 2014 turned 150 years old - one of the world's largest repositories of scientific and technical literature. Today the fund of the Polytechnic Library has 3.5 million copies of books and magazines published in the 16th-21st centuries in Russian and foreign languages. Since 1921, the library has received a mandatory free copy of every publication on natural sciences and technology published in Russia.

annually attracts thousands of guests. The atmosphere of the holiday open sky, acquaintance with scientists, exhibitions, installations, lectures, interactive games, participation in scientific experiments give children and adults the opportunity to feel part of a living scientific environment.

has been held annually since 2011. Now its program includes not only documentary and scientific films, but also films about discoveries and new technologies that are changing the world before our eyes. The discussion program has become an integral part of the festival: the topics raised in the festival films are discussed by leading scientists, experts and popularizers of science.

Original taken from gmichailov to Secret object on Lubyanka

Back in 1871, Emperor Alexander II allocated 500 thousand gold rubles for the organization of the Polytechnic Museum. And in 1875, they began to erect a building that we see every day. But today it is covered with scaffolding, I will open the veil of secrecy for you about what it will be. Let me reassure you right away, not a branch of the Lubyanka FSB.

In 2010, on the basis of the legendary Polytechnic University, it was decided to create a Museum of Science - a museum of a new format. For this, it was necessary to reconstruct the old building. By the way, the author of the reconstruction project is the Japanese architect Junya Ishigami. He proposed the concept of "museum-park".
A green amphitheater will be built in front of the main entrance, where lectures and outdoor festivals will be held. Inner courtyards will be “sheltered” from rain and snow with a transparent roof. Various exhibitions and other large-scale events will be held on the ground floor of the museum.
They want to take Polytechnic University to a new level and make it one of the best on the world platform.

In the vault of the Polytechnic Museum - the best inventions from around the world. And the building itself has become a landmark of Moscow. It was built over 30 years from 1872 according to the project of the best Russian architects, and has long been among the universally recognized world masterpieces of architecture.

Simultaneously with the construction work, restoration work is also underway. It was interesting to observe how the masters, the keepers of antiquity, restore their former luxury

Here is the initial result

This is very hard work.

The building is fully reinforced

It can be seen that the ceilings were wooden

Very interesting design of the vault of the first floor

Main entrance and main staircase

But the most interesting thing was waiting for us in the basement. Currently, work is underway to transplant the building to new foundations, install an underground technical level and restoration of facades.

In fact, a new foundation is being made on an old building.

The Polytechnic Museum managed not only to start its own internal renewal, but also pulled the urban environment along with it. It kind of "splashes" over the walls, making the street a continuation of the exhibition. There will be a lot of greenery around the Polytechnic Museum. The territory of the square near the Solovetsky stone will be made even greener and more comfortable so that we can sit in the shade of trees on a hot summer day. A green multi-tiered wall will separate the pedestrian zone near the museum from the roadway

I think it will be very cool

The area of ​​exhibition premises will increase by a third. Non-historical partitions will be removed from the halls and enfilades will be opened. We will be able to visit those parts of the museum where visitors were not allowed before. For example, the attic was not previously used for exhibition purposes at all. After the reconstruction, large exhibits will be placed there - because they will look the most profitable there.

And this is the basement, which was not used before


For those who do not want to wait to see the rich collection of the Polytechnic University, I am reporting the addresses of the sites where the exhibitions have migrated.
At VDNKh, in pavilion No. 26, an exposition "Russia makes itself" was placed. It is about the legendary Russian scientists of the past and present. Here you can participate in experiments.
Technopolis "Moscow" is home to "Open Funds" - a giant collection of exhibits that has moved from a historic building. Many of them were previously stored in storerooms and no one saw them.
And finally, the third base of the Polytechnic University - Cultural Center"ZIL". Here are open scientific laboratories and Children's lecture hall. Classes are taught by young practicing scientists: they teach children physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics in a playful way.

On Novaya Ploshchad — closed due to the upcoming reconstruction. This was officially announced on January 9; in March, the main move of the exposition, which is now being dismantled and packed, will begin to the temporary accommodation site ( most of will go to pavilion No. 26 "Transport" at the All-Russian Exhibition Center), and the museum will finally close after the "Night at the Museum", which this year falls on May 18-19. Reconstruction and restoration will last until autumn 2016, and the official opening is scheduled for 2017.

The Polytechnic Museum in Moscow was founded in 1872, and three years later the construction of a special museum building began to house it (architects I.A. Monighetti, N.A. Shokhin, G.I. Makaev). The construction was completed only in 1907, and today the building of the Polytechnic Museum is a particularly valuable object of cultural heritage, where, in addition to the museum part, there is a library, a lecture hall, a children's science Center and "Polytheater".

The need to reconstruct the museum building became apparent after the 2004 fire. In 2007, the directorate of the museum named the amount needed for reconstruction and restoration - 7-8 billion rubles. In 2009, the Minister of Culture Alexander Avdeev spoke about the urgency of the overhaul of the museum; In the same year, the Rosnano corporation established the Polytechnic Museum Development Fund, and the head of the corporation, Anatoly Chubais, joined its Board of Trustees. In April 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev instructed the government to develop a concept for the creation of a Science Museum on the basis of the Polytechnic Museum. The marginal cost of design, reconstruction and restoration is 7.6 billion rubles (excluding relocation for the period of repair). By the way, the reconstruction project of the science museum CosmoCaixa (Barcelona, ​​1998-2004), comparable in scale and time, cost €100 million (about 4 billion rubles at the current exchange rate), and one and a half times smaller in area of ​​the National Technical Museum in Prague (2006-2004). 2011) - at €14.8 million (about 600 million rubles at the current exchange rate).

In 2010, the competition for museum modernization concepts was won by the British Event Communications, which proposed the image of the Polytechnic as a museum of innovations, including IT and life sciences (life sciences). The strategy was approved in February 2011, and the plan includes the reconstruction and restoration of the main building, the construction of a second site on the territory of Moscow State University - the Museum and Education Center (an ultramodern conference hall, exhibition halls, part of the library and public laboratories), as well as the creation of regional branches. In the main building, public spaces are planned to be increased by 40%, communicative - by 80%. The exposition area will also increase by 35% and will be divided into three semantic blocks: "Matter" and "Energy" - 2000 sq. m, "Information" - 3000 sq. m.

In September 2011, four projects reached the final of the competition for architectural concepts for the reconstruction of the main building, of which, a month later, the "Museum Garden" concept from ARUP in partnership with Junya Ishigami and Naoko Kawamura was announced as the winner. The concept of Ishigami (a fashionable allegory: “technology is not a victory over nature, but its continuation”) rests on two ideas. First: a pit 4 meters deep is being dug under the museum, in which a “green park and exposition zone” is arranged; the park in the pit and the exposed foundation become an open underground level connected in single complex with a square on Lubyanka and with Ilyinsky square, in which the monument to the Heroes of Plevna is located. The second is to hang a transparent roof made of thin plastic films over the courtyards.

In this concept, as experts note, there are two weak links. Firstly, the exposure of the foundation does not fit well with the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bpreserving the building in its original form. Secondly, the film overlap (actually it is a plastic "cushion" with warm air) requires a different technological culture; in addition, many experts remember the fall of a similar stadium roof in Minneapolis in December 2010. Plus, the concept is a concept, but the Polytechnic Development Fund has already signed a contract with the Russian general designer - the Russian Engineering and Construction Company. This is purely “Russian specificity”, when the winner of the competition often does not actually have access to real design (as happened, for example, with the second scene Mariinsky Theater, which no longer has anything to do with the project of Dominique Perrault). By the way, for Junya Ishigami, according to Grigory Revzin, the roof and the park below are fundamental, and if any of them are eliminated, the architect intends to refuse authorship.