Museum of Fine Arts Klein. Save and Settle: How Developers Master the Legacy of Architect Klein

Former tenement houses, factories, trade enterprises, built according to the designs of the famous architect, today are turning into elite residential complexes

Roman Klein is one of the most important and recognizable Russian architects. late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century. In almost 40 years of work, he designed more than fifty buildings in Moscow alone, including the building of the Trading House of the Muir and Mereliz partnership (now the Central Department Store), the buildings of the Trekhgorny brewery and the Borodino Bridge. The building of the Museum brought worldwide fame to the architect fine arts in Moscow (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts).

The main part of Klein's Moscow heritage is numerous tenement houses and former factory buildings, which are now being rebuilt into elite housing. RBC Real Estate talks about some of these examples.

Profitable house Klein

One of the first renovation projects of the Klein buildings was the reconstruction of the former Klein tenement house (1889, 1896), located at Olsufevsky Lane, 6, bldg. In 1993, the Restavratsiya N company settled the building and began its reconstruction. “As a result, a new and unusual type of housing was created for the mid-1990s - an elite house with spacious apartment layouts, the most modern engineering at that time and an original interior of the entrance group. By the way, this is one of the first buildings in the capital, the entrance of which in the 1990s was again called the front door, ”says CEO development company "Restoration N" Enver Kuzmin.

"Club house Depre on Petrovsky Boulevard"

The development company KR Properties is engaged in the reconstruction of several objects of Roman Klein at once. One of them is the building of the former K. F. Depres Trading House on Petrovsky Boulevard, 17/1. The Art Nouveau one-story building was built between 1899 and 1902 for the K. F. Despres Trading House, the official supplier of wines for the imperial court. Before the revolution, the company's company store was located here, and in Soviet years- plant for bottling Caucasian wines and cognacs "Samtrest". In 1993, the building was built on the second floor. Now the Kleinovsky house is being reconstructed, the project is called the Depre Club House on Petrovsky Boulevard. The developer promises to restore the architectural appearance of the building according to the original sketches of Roman Klein, more than a century old.

Loft "Dawn"

The building of warehouses and exhibition facilities of the Muir and Merilize trading house, the official supplier of the imperial court, was considered one of the most advanced in technical terms at the beginning of the 20th century. The building of the 1910s, stylized as English Gothic, was made of metal structures designed by engineer Vladimir Shukhov and equipped with electric elevators. In the Soviet years, the Rassvet machine-building plant was located here, one of the buildings of which, in Stolyarny Lane, 3, is now being reconstructed for a residential project.

The task of converting a former factory building of late Soviet construction into loft apartments was invited by the Russian bureau DNA ag. The facade of an elongated industrial building is visually divided into several volumes, reminiscent of medieval houses. Concrete panels have been replaced with brickwork of different tones and textures. The conditional “house” on the facade corresponds in terms of a large loft overlooking the museum on the western side of the building and two smaller ones on the eastern side. The houses are distinguished by the texture of brickwork, window framing and balconies. In addition, the western and eastern facades have different widths, proportions and number of windows. After reconstruction, it is planned to place two-level apartments and townhouses here as part of the Rassvet club complex.

LCD "Garden Quarters"

In 1915-1916, according to the project of Roman Klein, the factory buildings of the Kauchuk joint-stock company were built on Usacheva Street, of which only one has survived today - a six-story factory management building (building 3.9). It is located on the territory of the elite complex of club houses "Garden Quarters", built on the site of a factory designed by the architectural bureau "Sergey Skuratov Architects" (developer - GC "Inteko"). From the historic building, the architects preserved only the facade - the main volume, lined with clinker bricks in four shades, was built anew.

“Unfortunately, only one wall of the Klein building was saved, and that with great difficulty, because it was in a very poor technical condition. For almost a century, a rubber factory was located there, and harmful chemical exhausts, settling on the walls, destroyed them. The Moscow Heritage Committee did not recognize this building as an architectural monument, so the preservation of the only wall and the contour of the building (including the height, width, area) was my personal initiative,” says Sergey Skuratov. — We invited restorers to restore the historical facade and the original shape of the windows. Roman Ivanovich Klein is one of the best Russian architects and it is a great honor to work with his legacy. But at the same time it is extremely difficult task, because it is not always easy to explain to the developer why it is necessary to save a dilapidated factory building or an emergency apartment building. Restoring old buildings is harder and more expensive than building new ones.” After the completion of construction works, one of the residential buildings with only 15 apartments will be located in the former plant management building. Near " garden quarters» There are more than a dozen other buildings of the famous architect; in memory of this, the square between Bolshaya and Malaya Pirogovsky streets was named the Alley of Architect Klein.

Born in the family of a merchant of the first guild Ivan Makarovich Klein and his wife Emilia Ivanovna. There is a version that Klein's parents were baptized German Jews. It is known that since 1878 they owned the house of I.G. Grigorieva - V.P. Pisemskaya on Malaya Dmitrovka, where I.S. Aksakov. The Kleins were visited by musicians Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein, the architect Alexander Vivien, who began taking Roman at the age of ten to construction and showing architectural drawings, artists, writers, poets, and musicians.

In 1873-1874, Roman Klein studied at the Kreyman Gymnasium and attended courses at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where he received two awards for his academic excellence.

In 1875, the future architect decided to separate from his parents. He refused financial support and, having rented a tiny unfurnished closet with a friend, slept on a spring mattress bought from a junk dealer. The mattress was placed on drafting goats at night and removed during the day. At this time, Roman Klein began working as a junior draftsman in the studio of architect V.O. Sherwood, who built the building of the Historical Museum on Red Square.

In 1877, Roman Klein entered the Imperial Academy of Arts, from which he graduated in 1882 with the title cool artist architecture of the 3rd degree. After that, he goes on a retirement trip to Italy and France, where he participates in the creation of pavilions for the Paris Exhibition of 1889 in the workshop of the architect Charles Garnier.

Returning in 1885, the young architect worked as an assistant in the architectural workshops of V.O. Sherwood and A.P. Popov.

In 1886-1888, Roman Klein carried out his first independent project - the mansion of V.A. Morozova on Vozdvizhenka, 14. This building introduced him to the circle of customers of Old Believer merchants.

On November 11, 1888, a competition for the construction of the Upper Trading Rows was announced, and on February 26, the competition commission awarded the first prize of 6,000 rubles to the project called "Moscow merchants" A.N. Pomerantsev, the second prize of 3,000 rubles under the title "According to the program" - R.I. Klein, the third prize of 2,000 rubles went to a project called “With God” by architect A.E. Weber.

In 1889, thanks to this award, Roman Klein received an order for the construction of the Middle Trading Rows on Red Square.

In 1888 - 1889 he also rebuilt the building for the Siberian and Russian for Foreign trade banks on Ilyinka, 12/2.

In 1888 - 1903, the Trading House of the Serpukhov City Society was built in Ipatiev Lane.

In 1890 - 1892, the Varvara Compound Trading House was built at the corner of Varvarka, 7 - Nikolsky Lane, 11.

In 1893 - 1896, the architect Roman Klein built the Gynecological Institute. A.P. Shelaputina at Moscow University.

In 1896, the Academy of Arts announced a competition for projects for the building of the Museum of Fine Arts. Alexander III. Roman Klein received a gold medal and for almost twenty years erected a building that combined the functions of a university and art museums- educational center. The Museum of Fine Arts was built with the participation of architects G.B. Barkhina, I.I. Rerberg, A.D. Chichagov, engineer V.G. Shukhov, artists I.I. Nivinsky, P.V. Zhuskovsky, A.Ya. Golovin, sculptor G.R. Zaleman on Volkhonka, 12, in 1912.

In 1901 - 1902, the Middle Trading Rows were built on Red Square, 5. The Moscow guide of that time reported: “ Main building The building is an irregular quadrangle, facing the 4 streets surrounding it, forming a courtyard, inside of which there are the remaining 4 buildings. The main ring building has three floors, in some places with tents. In the inner buildings there are two floors and also with tents. The two inner buildings are separated by glass-covered corridors. External entrances to the surface of the courtyard are located on three sides. “The area occupied by rows extends up to 4,000 fathoms. The building contains more than 400 retail premises and, together with the land, is estimated at 5 million rubles.

In 1900-1903, Roman Klein built the Morozov Institute for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors by order of Moscow University at Malaya Pirogovskaya, 20.

In 1900 he built own house in Olsufevsky lane, 6.

In 1905-1907, the architect Roman Klein built the power plant of the Electric Lighting Society at Raushskaya Embankment, 8.

In 1908 - 1910 he built an innovative building on an iron frame invented by American engineers - the Trading House of the Muir and Mereliz partnership, which later became the TSUM store, on Petrovka, 2.

In 1903, in industrial architecture, Roman Klein expanded the building of the Trekhgorny Brewery Association on Kutuzovsky Prospekt, 12 with extensions. In 1906, 1909 - 1910, he rebuilt an elevator and a water tower there.

In 1907 - 1914 he built eight production buildings of the silk factory K.O. Zhiro on Timur Frunze street, 11.

In 1915 - 1916, Roman Klein built the buildings of the factory of the Joint Stock Company "Kauchuk" on Usacheva Street, 11.

After 1917 and the change of power, the architect Roman Klein tried to continue his work in architecture. He worked as a staff architect Pushkin Museum, was a member of the boards of Kazan and Northern railways, headed the department of MVTU.

In 1924, having begun to lead the design bureau of the People's Commissariat of Education, architect Roman Klein died four months after his appointment. He was buried at the Vvedensky cemetery.

And dozens of other monuments.

A master of eclecticism, a stylist, at the end of his career he built in the neoclassical style.

Lecturer, teacher, who trained such professionals as I. I. Rerberg, G. B. Barkhin and others.

Biography

Born in a Moscow merchant family with many children (later transferred to the class of hereditary honorary citizens) family Jewish origin. The family lived on Malaya Dmitrovka; their house was often visited by Anton Rubinstein and his brother Nikolai, the architect Alexander Vivien, and many others famous artists, writers and musicians. Already in childhood, Klein showed a penchant for music and drawing, and classes with Vivien predetermined final choice future profession.

While studying at the Kreyman gymnasium in 1873–1874, he attended courses at the Moscow School of Painting and Art, where he received two school awards. In 1875-1877 he worked as a draftsman for the architect V. O. Sherwood at the construction site. In 1877-1882 he studied at the Imperial Academy of Arts, graduated from it with the title of class artist of architecture of the 3rd degree. After graduating from the Imperial Academy of Arts, he was sent on a pensioner's trip abroad: he trained for a year and a half in Europe - in Italy and France; worked in the workshop of the famous architect Charles Garnier, took part in Garnier's work on the construction of historic dwellings different peoples for the Paris Exhibition of 1889. After returning to Moscow in 1885–1887, he worked as an assistant in the workshops of various architects, including those of V. O. Sherwood and A. P. Popov.

In 1888 he began an independent architectural practice. The first major construction of Klein, which brought him fame - the house of V. A. Morozova on Vozdvizhenka, 14 - introduced him to the circle of the Old Believer merchants - the Morozovs, Konshins, Shelaputins, Prokhorovs.

“The number of his works is comparable to the result of the work of the most prolific Moscow master of that time -. At the same time, in terms of the scale of his talent, Klein was noticeably inferior to his contemporaries - Fomin, Bondarenko, Ivanov-Shits and, of course, Shekhtel himself.

M. V. Nashchokina

Almost twenty years of his life (1896-1912) Klein devoted to the construction of the Museum of Fine Arts named after Alexander III. A public competition held in 1896 was won by P. S. Boitsov As a result, the board of Moscow State University - the organizer of the construction - invited Klein to lead the project, organizing a tour European museums.

Klein used the general urban plan and internal layout of Boitsov, but the detailed architectural design of the neo-Greek facades and interiors is certainly the author's work of Klein and his team. It included such masters as V. G. Shukhov, I. I. Rerberg, G. B. Barkhin, A. D. Chichagov, I. I. Nivinsky, A. Ya. Golovin, P. A. Zarutsky and others The work was carried out by the Trading House of V. Zalessky and V. Chaplin, which arranged steam-water-wind heating in the Museum building. I. I. Rerberg was Klein's assistant and was responsible for the quality of the work performed and for maintaining construction records.

Klein, perhaps the most prolific industrial architect of his time, combined the direction of the museum's construction with many private projects. Among his regular clients are the largest Moscow industrialists - the Giraud family, Yu. P. Guzhon, A. O. Gyubner. Among Klein's buildings are the Krasnaya Roza factory on Timur Frunze Street and the first buildings of the Second Russo-Balt Automobile Plant in Fili (the current Khrunichev GKNPTs).

Klein's work largely determined the appearance of the southern part - he built the Middle Trading Rows at, bank buildings at Varvarka, 7 and Ilyinka, 12 and 14. Klein's pseudo-Russian mansions were preserved at Ogorodnaya Sloboda, 6 and at Shabolovka, 26. In the same place, on Shabolovka , 33 - the noble almshouse named after Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov, and on Malaya Pirogovskaya Street, 20 - the Morozov Institute of Malignant Tumors (the first cancer hospice in Moscow, now the old building of the Herzen Moscow Research Institute of Radiology). By order charitable foundation P. G. Shelaputina Klein built schools at 15 Leninsky Prospekt, in Kholzunov Lane, 14-18, and others. In Serpukhov, Klein built the building of the City Duma, the mansion of Maraeva (now the Serpukhov Museum of History and Art and the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands).

Klein remained in revolutionary Russia and was quite in demand by the new authorities, but did not live up to the construction boom of the mid-1920s. From 1918 until his death, he worked as a full-time architect of the Pushkin Museum, served on the boards of the Kazan and Northern Railways, and headed the department of the Moscow Higher Technical School. Completed many projects that remained unfulfilled. For the last four months of his life, he was in charge of the design bureau of the People's Commissariat for Education. Buried at (15 school).

Projects and buildings

• The mansion of V. A. Khludov (1884-1885 (?), Moscow, New Basmannaya street, 19) was demolished in 1960;
• Profitable house of I. I. Afremov (1885, Moscow, Neglinnaya street, 5), has not been preserved;
• Profitable house of Prince Urusov (1885, Moscow, Plotnikov lane, 13), demolished in 1983;
• Trading, office and profitable house of V. D. Perlov (S. V. Perlov), the restructuring project was made by the architect K. K. Gippius (1885-1893, Moscow, Myasnitskaya street, 19);
• Profitable house of L. E. Adelgeim (1886, Moscow, Bolshaya Dmitrovka, 23), rebuilt;
• (1886, Moscow, theatre square), has not been preserved;
• Mansion of V. A. Morozova (1886-1888, Moscow, Vozdvizhenka, 14);
• The church-tomb of the princes Shakhovsky in their estate (1888, near St. Petersburg) has not been preserved;
• Profitable House (1888, Moscow, Strastnoy Boulevard, 8);
• Competitive project of the building of the Upper Trading Rows (2nd prize) (1888-1889, Moscow, Red Square), not implemented;
• Reconstruction of the Russian building for Foreign Trade and the Siberian Bank (1888-1889, Moscow, Ilyinka, 12/2);
• Trading and office house of the Serpukhov City Society (1888-1903, Moscow, Ipatiev lane);
• Restructuring of V. O. Garkavi's apartment building (1889, Moscow, Sivtsev Vrazhek, 38/19);
• Tribunes and a running arbor of the Moscow running society (1889-1890s, Moscow) have not been preserved;
• Rebuilding and superstructure of his own mansion (1889, 1896, Moscow, Olsufevsky pereulok, 6, in the back of the site), the building was replaced by a new building, partly resembling the original;
• House of Edzhubov (1880s, Moscow, Voskresenskaya Square, 3);
• clerical and trading house"Varvara Compound" (1890-1892, Moscow, Varvarka, 7 - Nikolsky lane, 11);
• Mansion of A. Siebert (1891, Moscow, Dolgorukovskaya street, 27);
• The mansion of Professor V. F. Snegirev (1893-1894, Moscow, Plyushchikha, 62);
• Moscow Gynecological Institute. A. P. Shelaputina at Moscow University (1893-1896, Moscow, Bolshaya Pirogovskaya street, 11/12);
• Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Zanarsky cemetery (1893-1896, Serpukhov, Chernyshevsky street, 52), partially destroyed;
• Church of All Saints in the Vysotsky Monastery (1893-1896, Serpukhov, Kaluga street, 110);

• The Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (1894-1895, Karabanovo, Lunacharsky St.), has not survived;
• Profitable house of A. A. Panteleev (1894-1897, Moscow, Olsufevsky lane, 1), built on;
• Church (1894-1896, Osechenki village, Ramensky district, Moscow region);
• Profitable house of I. T. Kuzin (1895-1898, Olsufevsky lane, 8);
• Profitable house of the Association of wine trade K. F. Depre and Co. (1895-1898, Moscow, Petrovka, 8);
• Competition project of the Museum of Fine Arts ( gold medal IAH) (1896, Moscow);
• The reconstruction of the Church of the Myrrh-bearing Women (new) (1896, Serpukhov, Second Moscow Street), has not been preserved;
• Profitable house of A. A. Panteleev (1896-1897, Moscow, Olsufevsky lane, 1a), built on two floors;
• The store of the Muir and Maryliz trading house owned by Prince A. G. Gagarin, together with the architect V. A. Kossov (1896-1898, Moscow, Kuznetsky Most, 19);
• Museum of Fine Arts named after Emperor Alexander III at Moscow University, with the participation of architects G. B. Barkhin, I. I. Rerberg, A. D. Chichagov, engineer V. G. Shukhov, artists I. I. Nivinsky, P. V. Zhukovsky, A. Ya. Golovin, sculptor G. R. Zaleman and others (1896-1912, Moscow, Volkhonka, 12);
• G. Simon's mansion (1898, Moscow, Shabolovka, 26);
• The pavilion for the laying ceremony of the Museum of Fine Arts (1898, Moscow, Volkhonka) has not been preserved;
• Wine warehouse "Association of K. F. Despres" (1899, Moscow, First Kolobovsky lane, 12 - Third Kolobovsky lane, 3);
• Outbuildings at the mansion of V.P. Berg (1899, Arbat, 28) have not been preserved;
• Classical Men's Gymnasium No. 8 named after P. G. Shelaputin with the Church of St. Gregory the Theologian (1899-1901, Moscow, Kholzunov lane, 14);
• Profitable house of A. K. Depre (1899-1902, Petrovsky Boulevard, 17), built on two floors;
• Competitive project of stands of the Moscow Running Society (1st prize) (1890s, Moscow), not implemented;
• Church (1890s, village of Bykovo, Moscow region);
• Silk factory Simon (1890s, Moscow, Shabolovka, 26);
• Weaving building of the Prokhorovskaya Tryokhgornaya manufactory (1890s, Rochdelskaya street, 13-15);
• Glue factory Terliner (1890s, Moscow, Kozhevniki);
• Profitable house of Efremov (1890s, Moscow, Manezhnaya street);
• Reception of the Tryokhgorny brewery (1890s, Moscow, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, 12);
• Reconstruction of the building of the Moscow Merchant Bank (1890s, Ilyinka, 14);
• Participation in finishing Palace Bridge(1890s, St. Petersburg);
• Turgenev House (1890s, St. Petersburg, Angliskaya Embankment);
• Estate complex von Vogau ( main house, barnyard, poultry house, outbuildings) (1890s, Yudino station, Moscow region);
• Competitive project of a student dormitory at Moscow University on Devichiye Pole (1st prize) (1890s, Moscow), not implemented;
• The refectory of the Kazanskaya Amvrosievskaya female desert ( turn XIX-XX centuries, p. Shamordino, Kozelsky district, Kaluga region);
• Own profitable house (1900, Moscow, Olsufevsky pereulok, 6, on the red line);
• Student dormitory of Moscow University (according to the project that received the 1st prize at the competition) (1900, Moscow, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya street, 10);
• Noble Almshouse named after S. D. Nechaev-Maltsev with the Church of Stefan the Archdeacon (1900-1901, Moscow, Shabolovka, 33);
• Reception and factory buildings of A. Gyubner's Calico Factory (1900-1901, Moscow, Maly Savvinsky Lane);
• Mansion of Kh. B. Vysotskaya (1900-1901, 1910, Moscow, Ogorodnaya Sloboda, 6);
• Student hostel named after Emperor Nicholas II at Moscow University (1900-1902, Moscow, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya street, 10-12);
• Women's vocational school named after G. Shelaputin (1900-1903, Moscow, Leninsky Prospekt, 15);
• Dormitory for students of the medical faculty of Moscow University named after Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich (1900-1903, Moscow, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, 16);
• Morozov Institute for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors at Moscow University (1900-1903, Moscow, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, 20);
• Middle trading rows (according to the competitive project that received the 2nd prize) (1901-1902, Moscow, Red Square, 5);
• The project of the Muir and Maryliz trading house (1902, Moscow, Petrovka, 2) was not implemented;
• Extensions (first) to the building of the Trekhgorny Brewery Association (1903, Moscow, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, 12);
• School in memory of I. P. Bogolepov in Pokrovsky-Fily (1903)
• Perestroika and outbuildings in the possession of A.F. Mikhailov (1903, 1907, 1914, Moscow, Khamovnichesky (?) Lane, 17);
• The project of the tomb of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich in the Chudov Monastery (1904, Moscow, Moscow Kremlin) has not been preserved;
• House Museum ( picture gallery) K. -M. (K. O.) Giraud (1904-1905, Moscow, Timur Frunze Street), rebuilt;
• House of the Serpukhov city society (1904-1906, Moscow, Ilyinka, 12);
• Profitable House (1905, Moscow, Prospekt Mira, 62);
• Power station of the Electric Lighting Society (1905-1907, Moscow, Raushskaya embankment, 8);
• Mansion of I. I. Nekrasov (1906, Moscow, Khlebny lane, 20/3);

• Gatehouse at the Giraud silk-weaving factory (1906, Moscow, Leo Tolstoy Street);
• Trading house "Mur and Maryliz" (1906-1908, Moscow, Petrovka, 2);
• Extensions and superstructures of buildings, an elevator and a water tower in the possession of the Tryokhgorny Brewery Association (1906, 1909-1910, Moscow);
• Construction according to the project of S. S. Eybushitz and interior decoration of the Choral Synagogue of the Moscow Jewish Society (1906-1911, Moscow, Bolshoy Spasoglinishevsky lane, 10);
• The project of the school at the Church of St. Louis (1907, Moscow), was not implemented;
• Profitable house of K. O. Zhiro (1907-1908, Moscow, Timur Frunze street, 11), built on;
• Profitable house of G. A. Keppen (1907-1914, Moscow, Myasnitskaya street, 5);
• The production buildings of the silk factory of K. O. Zhiro (8 buildings) (1907-1914, Moscow, Timur Frunze Street, 11), are partially preserved;
• Rebuilding the house of K. O. Giraud (1908, Moscow, Leo Tolstoy street, 18);
• Project of the monument (1908, Borodino);
• Borodinsky bridge across the Moscow River, together with engineer N. I. Oskolkov, with the participation of G. B. Barkhin, A. D. Chichagov, P. P. Shchekotov, A. L. Ober (1908-1913, Moscow), later rebuilt;
• Competitive design of the building of the Northern Insurance Company (3rd prize) (1909, Moscow), not implemented;
• Pedagogical Institute with a museum named after P. G. Shelaputin and a real school named after A. P. Shelaputin (1909-1911, Moscow, Kholzunov lane, 16-18);
• Temple-tomb of the Princes Yusupovs, Counts Sumarokovs-Elstons, together with G. B. Barkhin (1909-1916, Arkhangelsk);
• The trading house of the engineer M. Ya. Maslennikov and Co. (1900s, Furkasovsky lane, 1 (?)), rebuilt;
• Hospital at the Tver Manufactory (1900s, Tver);
• Dormitory at the Tver Manufactory (1900s, Tver);
• The building of the City Duma named after Firsanov (1900s, Serpukhov, Sovetskaya street, 31/21);
• Profitable House of Patrikeev (1900s, Moscow, Gogolevsky Boulevard);
• Church (1900s, Oranienbaum);
• Participation in the construction of the bridge (1900s, Brussels);
• Factory of metal products of Jacques (opposite the Simonov Monastery) (1900s, Moscow);
• Participation in the architectural development of one of the bridges of the Moscow ring road (1900s, Moscow);
• Men's vocational school named after A.P. Shelaputin (1900s, Moscow, Miusskaya Square, 7 - First Miusskaya Street, 3);
• Country house of N. A. Zverev (1900s);
• Church (1900s, Tomsk);
• Silk factory Musi-Guzhon in the Rogozhskaya part (1900s, Moscow);
• Silk-spinning factory Catuar (1900s, Danilovka village, Moscow region);
• Iron-rolling shop of the Guzhon plant (1900s, Zolotorozhsky Val, 11);
• Church (1900s, Storozhevo village, Ryazan province);
• Factory buildings, warehouses, exhibition buildings of the Muir and Maryliz Trading House (1900s, Moscow, Stolyarny Lane, 3);
• Sugar factory (near the High Bridge) (1900s, Moscow);
• Podolsk cement plant (1900s, Podolsk);
• Mansion Despres (?) (1900s, Moscow);
• Zemstvo hospital (1900s, Aleksin)
• Plant in Fili (now - Aviation) (1900s, Moscow);
• Clinic of Moscow University (1900s, Moscow);
• Factory "Electrosvet" (1900s, Moscow, Malaya Pirogovskaya street, 8-10);
• The house is owned by the Society of French waxing (1910, Moscow, Derbenevskaya embankment, 34);
• Profitable house of K. O. Zhiro (1911-1914, Moscow, Leo Tolstoy street, 18);
• Residential building for the masters of the Silk-weaving factory K. O. Zhiro (1911-1914, Moscow, Timur Frunze street, 11);
• (1912, Moscow, Povarskaya street, 22);
• House-museum of the manufacturer A. V. Maraeva (1912, Serpukhov, Chekhov street, 87/3);
• Profitable house of a free hospital for military doctors for the poor of all ranks (1912-1913, Moscow, Zhukovsky street, 2 - Bolshoi Kharitonevsky lane, 8);
• The cinema building of I. M. Timonin "Coliseum", with the participation of the architect G. B. Barkhin (1912-1916, Moscow, Chistoprudny Boulevard, 17), was rebuilt;
• The project of a complex of profitable houses by P. A. Guskov (1913), was not implemented;
• Geological and Mineralogical Institute at Moscow University (1913-1918, Moscow, Mokhovaya street, 6, right building);
• Restoration work in the Yusupov Palace, together with the artist I. I. Nivinsky (1913-1914, Arkhangelsk);
• Outbuilding extension and warehouse in the possession of P. P. Smirnov (1913-1914, Moscow, Tverskoy Boulevard, 18);
• Tea-packing factory of the Association of Tea Trade V. Vysotsky and Co. (1914, Moscow, Nizhnyaya Krasnoselskaya street, 7);
• A house on the territory of the silk-weaving factory of K. O. Zhiro (1914, Moscow, Leo Tolstoy Street);
• Restructuring project Tretyakov Gallery(1914, Moscow), not implemented;
• The project of a residential and utility outbuilding in the possession of P. A. Guskov (1915, Moscow, Chistoprudny Boulevard) was not implemented;
• Competition project memorial museums at the Moscow fraternal cemetery (1915, Moscow, Sokol);
• Holding preparatory work for the restoration of the buildings of Moscow University (1915-1916, Moscow);
• Buildings of the factory of the Joint Stock Company "Kauchuk" (1915-1916, Moscow, Usacheva street, 11);
• The project of transforming the Moscow Kremlin into a museum town (1917, Moscow) was not implemented;
• Temple-tomb of the Levchenko family (1910s, Moscow, Donskoy Monastery);
• Competitive project of the Rest Palace with services (2nd prize) (1920s), not implemented;
• Competitive project for the superstructure of the Exchange building (3rd prize) (1920s, Moscow, Ilyinka Street), not implemented;
• Competitive project of a settlement for Grozneft (1920s), not implemented;
• Competitive project of working dwellings for Donbass (1920s), not implemented;
• The project for the reconstruction of the "Provodnik" factory for the Russian-German exhibition (1920s), was not implemented;
• Project for the reconstruction of a factory and a canteen in Fili (1920s);
• Projects of state farm poultry houses, rabbit houses, etc. (1920s, Tarasovka settlement, Moscow region);
• Typical houses for the workers' settlement of Grozneft (1920s), not implemented;
• Project of a plant for the primary processing of flax and hemp for a state farm under the Council of People's Commissars (1920s);
• The project of the school named after V. I. Lenin (1920s), was not implemented;
• Labor school project for the Northern Railway (1920s), not implemented;
• Competitive project of a profitable house joint stock company"Arkos" (1920s), not implemented.

Klein, Roman Ivanovich

Roman Ivanovich (Robert Julius) Klein(1858-1924) - Russian architect who worked in Moscow. One of the most prolific and sought-after architects of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Builder of the Museum of Fine Arts (Museum fine arts them. A. S. Pushkin), the Muir and Maryliz store (TsUM), the Middle Trading Rows, the Borodino Bridge and dozens of other monuments. A master of eclecticism, a stylist, at the end of his career he built in the neoclassical style. Lecturer, teacher, who trained such professionals as I. I. Rerberg, G. B. Barkhin and others.

Klein, Roman Ivanovich, photo 1890s, photo

Biography

Born into a merchant (hereditary honorary citizen) family. While studying at the gymnasium, he attended courses at the MUZHVZ, in 1875-1877 he worked as a draftsman for V. O. Sherwood on the construction of the Historical Museum, in 1877-1882 he graduated from the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, then he trained in Europe for two years, worked with Charles Garnier. In 1888 opened own practice in Moscow. The first major construction of Klein, which brought him fame - the house of V. A. Morozova on Vozdvizhenka, 14 - introduced him to the circle of the Old Believer merchants - the Morozovs, Konshins, Shelaputins, Prokhorovs.

The number of his works is comparable with the result of the work of the most prolific Moscow master of that time - F. O. Shekhtel. At the same time, in terms of the scale of his talent, Klein was noticeably inferior to his contemporaries - Kekushev, Fomin, Bondarenko, Ivanov-Shits and, of course, Shekhtel himself. - M. V. Nashchokina

Almost twenty years of his life (1896-1912) Klein devoted to the construction of the Museum of Fine Arts named after Alexander III. A public competition held in 1896 was won by P.S. long term project). As a result, the board of Moscow State University - the organizer of the construction - invited Klein to lead the project, organizing a long tour for him to European museums, Egypt and Greece. Klein used the general urban plan and internal layout of Boitsov, but the detailed architectural design of the neo-Greek facades and interiors is certainly the author's work of Klein and his team. It included such masters and students of Klein as V. G. Shukhov, I. I. Rerberg, G. B. Barkhin, A. D. Chichagov, I. I. Nivinsky, A. Ya. Golovin, P. A. Zarutsky and others. Dozens of young architects, engineers and artists passed through the Klein school. For example, the facade and interiors of the famous Perlov tea shop on Myasnitskaya, built by the Klein firm, were actually designed by K. K. Gippius.

Klein, perhaps the most prolific industrial architect of his time, combined the direction of the museum's construction with many private projects. Among his regular clients are the largest Moscow industrialists - the Giraud family, Yu. P. Guzhon, A. O. Gyubner. Among Klein's buildings are the Red Rose factory on Timur Frunze Street and the first buildings of the aircraft factory in Fili (the current Khrunichev GKNPTs).

Clinic on Maiden Field, 1893, photo Attribution-Share Alike 2.5

Profitable house of Prince A. G. Gagarin, 1898, photo

Muir and Merilize (TsUM), 1906-1908, photo Attribution-Share Alike 2.5

Nekrasov's mansion, Khlebny lane, 20, 1906, photo Attribution-Share Alike 2.5

Shelaputin School, Leninsky Prospect, 15, 1900-1903, photo Attribution-Share Alike 2.5

Klein's work largely determined the appearance of the southern part of Kitay-Gorod - he built the Middle Trading Rows on Red Square, bank buildings on Varvarka, 7 and Ilyinka, 12 and 14. Klein's pseudo-Russian mansions were preserved in Ogorodnaya Sloboda and on Shabolovka, 26. Ibid. , on Shabolovka, 33 - the noble almshouse named after Yu.S. Nechaev-Maltsov, and on Malaya Pirogovskaya street, 20 - the Morozov Institute of Malignant Tumors (the first cancer hospice in Moscow, now the old building of the Herzen Moscow Research Institute of Optics). By order of the P. G. Shelaputin Charitable Foundation, Klein built schools on Leninsky Prospekt, 15, in Kholzunov Passage, 14-18, and others. In Serpukhov, Klein built the building of the City Duma, the mansion of Maraeva (now the Serpukhov Museum of History and Art and the Church of the Savior Not Made by Hands).

Klein remained in revolutionary Russia and was quite in demand by the new authorities, but did not live to see the construction boom of the mid-1920s. From 1918 until his death, he worked as a full-time architect of the Pushkin Museum, served on the boards of the Kazan and Northern Railways, and headed the department of the Moscow Higher Technical School. Completed many projects that remained unfulfilled. For the last four months of his life, he was in charge of the design bureau of the People's Commissariat for Education. He was buried at the Vvedensky cemetery.

Literature

• Nashchokina, M. B. Architects of the Moscow Art Nouveau. creative portraits- Edition 3rd. - M.: Giraffe, 2005. - S. 254-274. - 2,500 copies. - ISBN 5-89832-043-1.

see also

• Factory Giraud at present

source: article in the Russian-language Wikipedia on the date of publication en.wikipedia.org

Roman Klein designed about 130 structures, over 60 of them in Moscow. He was one of the first in Russia who began to use reinforced concrete structures in construction. A vivid example of the Kleinian style, which combined the motifs of ancient architecture and the latest technical achievements, was the Muir and Merilize department store, known today as the Central Department Store. But the main brainchild that glorified the name of the architect is the building of the Museum of Fine Arts (now the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts).

The first independent projects of the architect Klein

The future architect was the fifth of seven children of the Moscow merchant of the first guild, Ivan Klein. At birth, the boy was given the name Robert Julius, but those around him began to call him in Russian - Roman. Mother Emilia Klein gathered a circle of intellectuals in the house, where pianists Anton and Nikolai Rubinstein were admitted. A friend of the family was the architect Alexander Vivien, who taught at the Survey Institute and the Agricultural School. Under his influence, 10-year-old Roman became interested in urban planning. In 1873-1874, while still studying at the gymnasium, he attended courses at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture.

At the age of 17, Klein left home, on the meager salary of a junior draftsman, he rented a room with little furniture for a couple with a friend, often malnourished, but refused to take money from his parents. In 1875, the architect Vladimir Sherwood, for whom Klein worked, began to build the Historical Museum on Red Square, which became a serious school for the young man. Two years later, Klein entered the Imperial Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg. After graduation, the young architect went on a retirement trip. The Academy of Arts paid for the best graduates to stay in Italy or France to complete their education. For 1.5 years, Klein visited Ravenna and Rome, and in Paris he worked in the workshop of Charles Garnier himself, the architect who built the building Paris Opera and Casino in Monte Carlo. From Garnier, Roman Klein adopted a love for eclecticism and, in particular, for the Beaux-Arts style that was then fashionable in France. It was based on the elements Italian Renaissance and French Baroque. In the future, Klein turned in his work to different countries and epochs.

Returning to Moscow, the architect implemented his first independent project: he rebuilt a mansion on Novaya Basmannaya Street for the merchant Vasily Khludov. In 1886-1888, Klein built a house for the Moscow merchant's wife Varvara Morozova. The building, stylized as an Italian palazzo, has become best recommendation for a young architect. From now on, customers from the merchant environment constantly turned to him.

The architect personally supervised the construction at "his" facilities, one of these was the Gynecological Institute (now the V.F. Snegirev Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology). It was built in 1893 in the Clinical City at Moscow University on Devichye Pole. This building has an interesting corner tower-operating room with large windows and a glass ceiling. The clinic was built at the expense of patron Pavel Shelaputin. By his own order, Roman Klein built a house nearby for the outstanding physician Vladimir Snegirev.

Klein's projects such as the Middle Trading Rows on Red Square, the Trading House of the Serpukhov City Society, and the Varvarinskoe Compound Trading House belong to the same period.

Trading House of the Serpukhov City Society. Photo: livejournal.com

Middle shopping arcade on Red Square. Photo: Volodina Olga / photo bank "Lori"

Former office and trading house "Varvara Compound". Photo: lana1501 / photo bank "Lori"

Museum of Fine Arts

In August 1896, a competition was announced for the design of the Alexander III Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University. The initiator and soul of the museum, its first director was Ivan Tsvetaev, professor at Moscow University, art historian and doctor of Roman literature. He also developed the conditions for the competition - they stipulated that the project must be completed "in the forms of ancient architecture or in the style of the Renaissance." The interiors of the halls had to be decorated in accordance with the era to which the exhibits exhibited belonged. The competition was held by the Academy of Arts, 19 architects with 15 projects took part in it. Roman Klein was awarded only an additional award, but the board of Moscow University chose his project for implementation. Ivan Tsvetaev explained it this way:

“An unsuccessful competition at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, which, due to internal strife between the architectural department and the pictorial department, none of the great architects entered: only minor and young forces took part, who did not represent good project. As a result, they settled on Klein, although he also did not satisfy with his competitive project, but he was closely acquainted with Nikolai Andreevich Zverev and promised the possibility of developing plans for the museum together with me and on the instructions of foreign experts, which hope, with his artistic nature and excellent disposition, he fulfilled, redoing your project six times."

The Museum of Fine Arts took 16 years to build. Of the 2.6 million rubles that the construction cost, more than two million were allocated by the philanthropist Yuri Nechaev-Maltsev. Klein traveled to Europe more than once - he consulted with historians, archaeologists and museologists.

The building was erected in the style ancient temple. The columns of the facade repeat the colonnade of the eastern portico of the Erechtheion - a temple in the Acropolis of Athens. In December 1904, there was a fire, the halls of antiques and the library were damaged. Ivan Tsvetaev was in Berlin at that time, and Klein, in fact, took over the leadership, since "only the drunken fireman of the Tver part was in charge of the fire department." In a letter to Tsvetaev, the architect said: “... firefighters, without ceremony, pierced through the boxes with crowbars and thus smashed all the contents. I was seized with despair to tears ... It seemed to me that Yuri Stepanovich (Nechaev-Maltsev. - Approx. ed.) reacted most calmly to what had happened ... he reassured me, saying that the losses were small and would be limited to an amount of no more than 25,000 rubles, but I I think they are more significant.

In 1907, for the project of the Museum of Fine Arts, Roman Klein was awarded the title of Academician of Architecture. The museum opened on May 31, 1912.

State Museum of Fine Arts named after A.S. Pushkin. Photo: arts-museum.ru

The building of the Moscow theater "Sovremennik". Photo: Shuvaev / wikimedia.org

Muir and Maryliz Trading House (TsUM). Photo: moscow.org

Brewery, Trading House, Shrine Temple

In parallel with the work on the museum, Roman Klein erected other buildings. In 1901, he built a mansion for the Vysotsky tea merchants, stylizing it as a French chateau. Today, this building in Ogorodnaya Sloboda houses the Palace of Creativity for Children and Youth. In 1903, the construction of the Morozov Institute for the Treatment of Malignant Tumors in the Hospital Campus at Moscow University was completed. For industrial needs, Klein built a power plant and a brewery, a tea-packing, rubber and silk-weaving factories. According to his projects, wine warehouses and tenement houses, shelters and gymnasiums were built. In 1906, the Jewish community of Moscow turned to him. After the authorities allowed the building of the Great Choral Synagogue to be used again for its intended purpose, it was necessary to restore the decoration, created earlier by the architect Semyon Eybushyts.

Klein willingly undertook reconstruction, although the glory in this case went to the author of the original project. But the opposite has also happened. In 1893, Klein built a Renaissance-style house for the Perlov tea merchants. In 1896, the Perlovs commissioned architect Carl Gippius to redesign the building in Chinese style to attract clientele. The house adorns Myasnitskaya Street even today, but the authorship of the Chinese decor is often mistakenly attributed to Roman Klein.

In 1906-1908, under the leadership of Klein, the trading house Muir and Merilize was built. Seven-story building, reminiscent of English gothic castle, built of glass and concrete on load-bearing metal structures, looked revolutionary in the center of Moscow. For the first time, the windows of the lower floors were a solid showcase - an exhibition of goods, as they said then - for the first time, customers could use elevators.

In 1912, Klein participated in the construction of a new Borodino bridge across the Moscow River. Two years later, the Coliseum cinema he built was opened on Chistoprudny Boulevard. After reconstruction in the 1970s, the Sovremennik Theater moved into this building. One of the last significant works Roman Klein became the temple-tomb of the Yusupovs in the Arkhangelskoye estate - "Colonnade". This majestic building has never been used for its intended purpose. Today it hosts exhibitions and concerts.

Roman Klein taught at the Moscow Higher Technical School and the Riga Polytechnic Institute, based in Moscow in 1916–1918. Leonid Vesnin and Grigory Barkhin, whose names are associated with the appearance of the new Soviet Moscow, were trained in his workshop. In 1924, Roman Klein was appointed head of the design bureau of the Narkompros. In the same year, the architect died.