Causes and course of the revolutionary crisis in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Revolutions in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

After the industrial boom of the 90s. 19th century Russia experienced a severe economic crisis in 1900-1903, then a period of long depression (1904-1908). In 1909-1913. The country's economy has made another sharp leap. Industries producing means of production (Group A) increased their output by 83%, and industries producing consumer goods (Group B) by 35.3%. In the same years (with the exception of 1911) high harvests were noted in Russia, which gave the country's economic development a solid foundation.

However, the socio-political processes taking place in the country led to the emergence of a revolutionary situation caused by the preservation of the remnants of feudalism (autocracy, landlordism, etc.).

Despite some bourgeois reforms, Russia remained an absolute monarchy. The autocracy relied on the local nobility and protected its interests. The unlimited power was manifested in the omnipotence of officials and the police, in the civil and political lack of rights of the masses. Russia was the only major European country that did not know the elements of parliamentarism. All the main sections of the population were dissatisfied with the existing autocratic system. The difficult domestic political situation was aggravated by the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905.

Bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905-1907 The beginning of the revolution was "Bloody Sunday" - January 9, 1905, when a peaceful procession of 140 thousand workers of St. Petersburg to the Winter Palace was shot to submit a petition to the tsar about their needs. Across the country, "Bloody Sunday" caused a general outburst of indignation.

By its nature, the revolution of 1905-1907. in Russia it was bourgeois-democratic, since it set the tasks of the bourgeois-democratic transformation of the country: the overthrow of the autocracy, the establishment of a democratic republic, the elimination of the estate system and landownership. In other words, its task was the revolutionary liquidation of feudal-serf remnants that remained in the country.

During the revolution, three main stages were defined:

January 9 - September 1905: political strikes and demonstrations in a number of cities; the appearance of the country's first Soviet of Workers' Deputies in Ivanovo-Voznesensk; uprising on the battleship Potemkin.

October - December 1905: October All-Russian political strike; the tsar's Manifesto on October 17; the creation of a legislative State Duma, the defeat of the December armed uprising in Moscow.

January 1906 - June 3, 1907: the recession of the revolution, the dispersal of the 1st and 2nd State Dumas; end of the revolution.

The dissolution of the State Duma on June 3, 1905 meant the final defeat and the end of the revolution. A wave of arrests, searches, and administrative deportations swept across the country. One of the organizers of the suppression of the revolution was P.A. Stolypin (1862-1911) - Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior. In order to avoid a new revolution, Stolypin proposed a program of reforms, in which the agrarian reform occupied the leading place, creating an additional social support for tsarism in the countryside in the person of rich peasants (kulaks). The agrarian reform did not give the desired results, and its author P.A. Stolypin was killed in 1911 by the Socialist-Revolutionary Bagrov.

Russia's participation in the First World War. Early 20th century characterized by aggravation between the leading European countries, the intensification of their struggle for spheres of influence. The main contradictions served as the causes of the First World War: the Anglo-German rivalry for leadership in Europe and maritime communications; Franco-German tensions over Alsace-Lorraine; Russian rivalry with Germany and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans.

At the beginning of the XX century. two opposing blocs of states finally took shape: the Entente (led by Russia, England, France) and the Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria). The countries of both blocs intensively began to prepare for war.

The events in the Balkans in the summer of 1914 served as the reason for the unleashing of a world war, when on June 15 (28) Serbian nationalists killed the heir to the Austrian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo. July 13 (28), 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia announced a general mobilization. On July 19 (August 1), 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, and two days later on France. Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Japan, Turkey and other countries entered the war.

Russia entered the war unprepared: it was only by 1917 that the country's military program was to be completed.

Russian military operations unfolded in East Prussia against Germany and on the Southwestern Front against Austria-Hungary. In December 1914, Russian troops defeated the Turkish army in the Caucasus. However, in the spring and summer of 1915, due to heavy losses on the fronts, inconsistency in the actions of the Russian command, and most importantly, an acute shortage of weapons and ammunition, the course of hostilities was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. German troops occupied Galicia, Poland, Lithuania, part of the Baltic states and Belarus.

In 1916, only the offensive of the Russian army on the Southwestern Front under the command of General A.A. was successful. Brusilov (1853-1926). But the "Brusilovsky breakthrough", during which the Russian army reached the Carpathians, was not supported by other fronts. Not having received resources and ammunition, Brusilov went on the defensive in Galicia, success was not developed.

Along with failures at the front, the crisis situation in the field of the country's economy was growing. The war demanded colossal expenses. Budget expenditures in 1916 exceeded revenues by 76%. Taxes were drastically increased. The government went on a mass issue of money without gold backing, which led to a fall in the value of the ruble, disruption of the entire financial system in the state, and an extraordinary increase in the high cost.

The collapse of the economy, food difficulties forced the tsarist government in 1916 to introduce a compulsory grain allocation. Food supplies in Petrograd accounted for only half of his needs. Due to the lack of fuel in Petrograd, already in December 1916, the work of about 80 enterprises was stopped.

Failures at the fronts, the deterioration of the internal situation gave rise to disappointment and dissatisfaction with the government's policy. The growth of the revolutionary movement in the country led to the winter of 1916-1917. to the emergence of a new revolutionary situation.

The February Revolution of 1917 By the end of 1916, a deep economic, political and social crisis had matured in Russia, which in February 1917 resulted in a revolution.

On February 18, a strike began at the Putilov factory; On February 25 the strike became general; On February 26, an armed uprising began; On February 27, a significant part of the army went over to the side of the revolution.

At the same time, the revolutionary workers elected the Petrograd Soviet, which was headed by the Menshevik N.S. Chkheidze (1864-1926) and Socialist-Revolutionary A.F. Kerensky (1881-1970). A Provisional Committee headed by M.V. was created in the State Duma. Rodzianko (1859-1924). This committee, in agreement with the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, formed the Provisional Government headed by Prince G.E. Lvov (1861-1925). It included the leader of the Cadets party P.N. Guchkov (1862-1936) (military and naval minister), Socialist-Revolutionary A.F. Kerensky (Minister of Justice), and others. Most of the ministerial posts were occupied by representatives of the Cadets. Emperor Nicholas II (1868-1918), under pressure from the revolutionary masses, abdicated on March 2 (15), 1917.

A characteristic feature of the February Revolution was the formation of dual power. On the one hand, the Provisional Bourgeois Government operated, and on the other, the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies (in July 1917 the Soviets ceded their power to the Provisional Government).

The February revolution, having won in Petrograd, quickly spread throughout the country.

Peaceful development of the revolution in the conditions of dual power. After the February Revolution, the main political parties operated in Russia: the Cadets, Octobrists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. The policy of the Provisional Government was determined by the Cadets. They were supported by the Octobrists, Mensheviks and Right SRs. The Bolsheviks, at their VII (April 1917) conference, approved the course for preparing a socialist revolution.

In order to stabilize the situation and mitigate the food crisis, the interim government introduced a rationing system, raised purchase prices, and increased the import of meat, fish and other products. The bread apportionment, introduced back in 1916, was supplemented by a meat appropriation, and armed military detachments were sent to forcibly seize bread and meat from the peasants in the countryside.

The provisional government in the spring and summer of 1917 experienced three political crises: April, June and July. During these crises, mass demonstrations took place under the slogans: "All power to the Soviets!", "Down with the ten capitalist ministers!", "Down with the war!". These slogans were put forward by the Bolshevik Party.

The July crisis of the Provisional Government began on July 4, 1917, when a 500,000-strong demonstration took place in Petrograd under Bolshevik slogans. During the demonstration, there were spontaneous skirmishes, as a result of which more than 400 people were killed and wounded. Petrograd was declared under martial law, the newspaper Pravda was closed, an order was issued for the arrest of V.I. Lenin and a number of other Bolsheviks. A second coalition government was formed (the first was formed on May 6 (18), 1917 as a result of the April crisis), headed by A.F. Kerensky, endowed with emergency powers. This meant the end of dual power.

In late July and early August 1917, the Sixth Congress of the Bolshevik Party was held semi-legally in Petrograd. Due to the fact that the dual power was over and the Soviets were powerless, the Bolsheviks temporarily removed the slogan "All power to the Soviets!". The congress proclaimed a course towards an armed seizure of power.

On September 1, 1917, Russia was proclaimed a republic, power passed to the Directory of five people under the leadership of A.F. Kerensky. At the end of September, the third coalition government was formed, headed by A.F. Kerensky.

The socio-economic and political crisis in the country continued to grow. Many industrial enterprises closed, unemployment rose, military spending and taxes increased, inflation raged, food was scarce, the poorest sections of the population faced the threat of starvation. In the countryside there were mass peasant uprisings, unauthorized seizure of landowners' lands.

October armed uprising. The Bolshevik Party, putting forward topical slogans, has achieved an increase in influence among the masses. Its ranks grew rapidly: if in February 1917 it numbered 24 thousand, in April - 80 thousand, in August - 240 thousand, then in October it numbered about 400 thousand people. In September 1917, the Bolshevization of the Soviets took place; The Petrograd Soviet was headed by the Bolshevik L.D. Trotsky (1879-1940), and the Moscow Soviet - the Bolshevik V.P. Nogin (1878-1924).

In the current conditions, V.I. Lenin (1870-1924) believed that the time was ripe for preparing and carrying out an armed uprising. This issue was discussed at meetings of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b) on October 10 and 16, 1917. The Military Revolutionary Committee was created by the Petrograd Soviet, which turned into the headquarters for the preparation of the uprising. The armed uprising began on October 24, 1917. On October 24 and 25, revolutionary-minded soldiers and sailors, Red Guard workers seized the telegraph, bridges, railway stations, telephone exchange, and the headquarters building. The Provisional Government was arrested in the Winter Palace (except for Kerensky, who had previously left for reinforcements). The uprising from Smolny was led by V.I. Lenin.

On the evening of October 25 (November 7), 1917, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies opened. The congress heard and adopted what V.I. Lenin's appeal "To the Workers, Soldiers and Peasants", which announced the transfer of power to the Second Congress of Soviets, and in the localities - to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. On the evening of October 26 (November 8), 1917, the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land were adopted. The congress formed the first Soviet government - the Council of People's Commissars, consisting of: Chairman V.I. Lenin; people's commissars: for foreign affairs L.D. Trotsky, on affairs of nationalities I.V. Stalin (1879-1953) and others. L.B. was elected Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev (1883-1936), and after his resignation Ya.M. Sverdlov (1885-1919).

On November 3, 1917, Soviet power was established in Moscow and the "triumphal procession" of Soviet power began throughout the country.

One of the main reasons for the rapid spread of the Bolshevik Soviets throughout the country was that the October Revolution was carried out under the sign not so much of socialist as of general democratic tasks.

The beginning of the 20th century was for Russia a time of serious social upheavals and serious cataclysms that greatly influenced the development of the country. The first among these cataclysms was the revolution of 1905-1907. And then the revolution of 1917.

The question of prerequisites is one of the most important problems. There are heated discussions. Why did social upheavals suddenly begin? I would like to draw your attention to some of the factors that contributed to the growth of social tension in the country.

The 2nd half of the 19th-early 20th century as a whole was for Russian society a time of fairly rapid movement along the path of modernization, the transition from traditional to modern society. This process was accompanied by considerable acquisitions. But at the same time, there are costs. Modernization, carried out at an accelerated pace, often gave rise to serious problems that created the basis for public unrest, even though the means to solve these problems were often not available.

The most acute problem is the agrarian question, the peasant shortage of land. This is the result of a population explosion. A population explosion is a consequence of modernization, improving healthcare. There was an outflow of the population from the countryside to the cities, but industry was unable to absorb the entire mass that was being liberated. There was a disparity.

Modernization changed the population, social mobility grew. It changed a person. The population became more literate and more demanding. There was an increase in social expectations and an increase in exactingness. Those shortcomings, problems, inconveniences that were previously put up with, now ceased to seem inevitable. Their presence was perceived painfully and gave rise to protest.

1912-1914 is a time of rapid growth of the labor movement. The reason is not only the economic factor. The organizers of the strikes were the most literate and skilled workers, therefore, they received a good salary. But they were not happy. Why? Analyzing the demands of the strikers, we pay attention to the fact that they require polite treatment, to "you". Yesterday's village guy does not yet know that he needs to be addressed as "you", he is used to being poked by everyone and considers it natural. A more skilled worker is already painfully reacting to this.

The movement from a traditional society to a modern one was accompanied by the destruction of traditions that had regulated social life for centuries and kept a person from antisocial acts. As a result, a kind of spiritual vacuum arises in the minds of the population: the old norms do not work, the new ones have not yet taken shape. It is no coincidence that at the beginning of the 20th century senseless infliction of harm, not due to self-interest or hatred, but simply for entertainment, becomes widespread in the village. This was not the case before.

On the other hand, the tsarist government played a special role in Russia; reverence for the monarch played the role of a deterrent. How did monarchical feelings change in the early 20th century? That's a very difficult question. Perhaps they were weakening. The ability of the tsarist government to play the role of a deterrent, to play the role of a guarantor of social stability, was declining. The peasants thought of social relations along the lines of the patriarchal family. The destruction of the patriarchal family, its disintegration...

It was believed that at the beginning of the 20th century, many workers' demonstrations were under the slogan "Down with the autocracy!". It would seem that they are no longer monarchists. But a study shows that by autocracy the workers understood something different from what the representatives of the educated strata understood. The workers understood autocracy as policemen, city authorities, but not the tsar. And they did not consider themselves anti-monarchists.

By 1917, the prestige of Nicholas 1 as a monarch had fallen. This was facilitated by the defeat in the war.

Spring 1917. A certain speaker spoke to the regiment, conducted explanatory work and argued that the question was not whether Nicholas 2 was bad or good, but that the monarchy was generally a bad form of government. A republic is better than a monarchy. And the reaction of the soldiers is described. He was listened to attentively and applauded. The speaker believed that he convinced the soldier. But when he began to descend from the platform, a voice was heard: we want you to be king. And everyone applauded. Those. everything he explained was in vain.

Social conflicts were also aggravated by the deep civilizational split that had existed since the time of Peter the Great. In essence, there were 2 civilizations, two cultures in Russia. This is the civilization of the educated strata of the population, regardless of political views, and the civilization of the uneducated peasant masses, who at the beginning of the 20th century lived according to pre-Potrevo traditions.

For the first time, this split in Russia into 2 worlds: Europeanized tops and bottoms, this was noted for the first time by Karamzin. He saw this as a source of future turmoil. The people did not understand the language of the educated, and they did not understand the peasants.

In this regard, Chekhov's story "The Intruder" is very indicative, when the peasant stands before the investigator and does not understand what he is accused of. And they don't understand each other. The situation is comical. But if 1/10 and 9/10 of the country's population speak different languages ​​and cannot understand each other, this is serious, this is a guarantee of future social upheavals. This happened at the beginning of the 20th century, during World War I, when millions of bearers of traditional culture got their hands on weapons and the skills to use them.

The very scale of the war contributed to the exasperation of the population. Even during the 1st Russian Revolution, it was impossible to find people who would take upon themselves the execution of death sentences. But 10 years passed and the situation changed when millions went through the 1st World War. During the Civil War, killings were no longer a problem.

The peasants did not trust the zemstvos, they believed that this was another master's invention, aimed at harming the peasants. Therefore, they elected people to the zemstvos in the order of punishment and faulty payers. But if they elected a village headman to those bodies that they considered their own, they chose a really intelligent person there. And the zemstvos - the gentlemen came up with it, they can’t come up with anything good.

The situation in Russia was also aggravated due to the fact that there was a split within the educated system itself. Liberal opposition, radical opposition. There was a sharp struggle between the various currents.

Favorable conditions were created for the coming to power of radical left elements.

No sustainable organization can exist without money. The left parties were given money in the hope that they would undermine the autocratic system. But they thought that later they would be able to push the leftists aside and seize power themselves, but it turned out differently - they themselves were pushed aside.

By the beginning of the 20th century, there was both internal tension and unfavorable external events in Russia - the Russo-Japanese War, World War I.

The rise of a revolutionary situation. Aggravation of economic, social and political contradictions in the country. Activation of the labor movement, its character, forms of struggle. May Day demonstration in Kharkov in 1900. Obukhov defense. Strike in Rostov-on-Don in 1902 General strike in Baku in 1904

Russian social democracy. "Spark". II Congress of the RSDLP. Rise of Bolshevism and Menshevism.

Peasant unrest, Movement of democratic intelligentsia and students. Formation of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, its program guidelines and tactics. V.M. Chernov. development of the liberal movement. The first liberal political groupings. Circle "Conversation". "New Liberalism". "Union of Liberation". Zemstvo movement on the eve of the first Russian revolution. Union of Zemstvo-Constitutionalists. Banquet Campaign.

The crisis of government policy at the beginning of the 20th century. Strengthening repression. "Police socialism". Zubatovshchina. Government policy in the peasant question. "Editorial Commission" A.S. Stishinsky. "Special Conference on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry". S.Yu. Witte. The murder of V.K. Plehve. "The Age of Trust". P.D. Svyatopolk-Mirsky. Decree 12 December 1904

First Russian Revolution (1905 - 1907)

The question of the nature, driving forces and characteristics of the revolution. The beginning of the revolution. "Bloody Sunday" January 9, 1905 January-February strikes. Shidlovsky Commission. Rescript addressed to A.G. Bulygin. The activation of the liberal opposition and its program of political and social reforms.

The development of the revolution in the spring and summer of 1905. The Third Congress of the RSDLP and the Geneva Conference of the Mensheviks. Strategic plans and tactics of the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks in the revolution. SR concept of revolution. May Day strikes. Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. Barricade fighting in Lodz. Uprising on the battleship "Potemkin". The beginning of the mass peasant movement. Appeal of liberals to the people. All-Russian Peasants' Union. Trade Unions and the "Union of Unions". Bulygin Duma and its boycott.

The highest rise of the revolution. All-Russian October political strike. Beginning and course of the strike. Councils of Workers' Deputies. Tactics of the "left bloc". Manifesto October 17th. S.Yu.'s office Witte, Mobilization of the right forces. Black Hundred pogroms. "Union of the Russian people". A.I. Dubrovin, V.M. Purishkevich. Formation of liberal parties. Constitutional Democratic Party: program and tactics. P.N. Milyukov. The Union of October 17 is the right wing of Russian liberalism. A.I. Guchkov. Rise of the peasant movement. Revolts in the army and navy. National liberation movement of the peoples of Russia. The course of the left parties towards an armed uprising and reformist, an alternative to liberal democracy. December armed uprising. Causes, defeats of the uprising and its lessons.

Retreat of the revolution. Workers' and peasants' movement in 1906-1907. Performances in the army and navy.

Electoral law December 11, 1905 Reform of the State Council. New edition of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire". I State Duma. Cadets and Trudoviks. The agrarian question in the First Duma. "Council of the United Nobility". Dispersal of the Duma. Vyborg appeal. Ministry of P.A. Stolypin. Decree of November 9, 1906 II State Duma. The coup d'état of June 3, 1907. The reasons for the defeat, the significance and lessons of the first Russian revolution.

Third June Monarchy (1907 - 1914)

Electoral law June 3, 1907 III State Duma. The Question of the "Duma Monarchy" in Russian Historiography. The political mechanism of the June 3 system. Bonapartism of the June Third Monarchy. Punitive government policy.

Organizational and ideological-political crisis of the revolutionary parties. A new stage in the evolution of the ideology of Russian liberalism, "Vekhi" and their opponents among the revolutionary and liberal intelligentsia.

Evolutionary reformism of P.A. Stolypin. Stolypin agrarian reform: causes, essence, goals. Implementation of the reform: strengthening allotment land for ownership, destruction of the community, land management, resettlement policy, peasant bank. Results, economic and social consequences of the Stolypin agrarian reform.

P.A. Stolypin and the Third Duma. The "ministerial" crisis of 1911. The murder of P.A. Stolypin.

The brewing of a new revolutionary crisis. Revitalization of the labor and democratic movement. activity of the revolutionary parties. Prague Conference of the RSDLP. Strengthening Bolshevik agitation. Lena events. The growth of the strike struggle in 1912-1914. insurance laws. Legal workers' organizations. peasant movement. Revolutionary performances in the army and navy.

IV State Duma. Political parties in the Duma. Progressives. The "Small Legislative Program" of the Cadets. The split of the "Union of October 17". Strengthening the opposition of the liberal-bourgeois parties. The beginning of the collapse of the third of June system.

National question in Russia. Government National Policy, The Beilis Case. national movements. Programs of political parties in Russia on the national question.

The political crisis in Russia on the eve of World War I. Labor movement in the summer of 1914 General strike in Baku. Barricades in Petersburg. Crisis of the top.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Ural State University of Economics

Department of Enterprise Economics

TEST

By discipline Patriotic history

Topic: Revolutionary crisis in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century

Kamensk-Uralsky

Introduction

1. The main contradictions of the modernization process in Russia

2. Revolutionary events of 1905-1907 results and significance of the first Russian revolution

3. Political parties in Russia during the years of the revolution. Program provisions and tactics

Conclusion

List of sources used

INTRODUCTION

The theme of this test is the revolutionary crisis in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

Revolution 1905 - 1907 was bourgeois-democratic in character. She dealt a blow to autocracy. For the first time, tsarism had to come to terms with the existence in the country of such elements of bourgeois democracy as the Duma and the multi-party system. Russian society has achieved recognition of the fundamental rights of the individual (however, not in full and without guarantees of their observance). The people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. She dealt a blow to autocracy.

The reasons for the first Russian revolution were: autocratic form of government; the aggravation of contradictions between peasants and landowners, due to the unresolved agrarian question; the lack of land of the peasants, the dominance of landlordism; unresolved labor issue (poor working and living conditions, fines, low wages); exacerbation of the national question. Non-Russian nations demanded equality, the right to self-determination; Russo-Japanese War; contradictions between the workers and the bourgeoisie. The position of the Russian workers was the worst in Europe.

Based on the above reasons, the following tasks of the revolution can be identified: the elimination of landownership, the distribution of land to the peasants; solution of the agrarian question; eight-hour working day, improvement of working conditions, elimination of fines; reforming the political system; establishment of democratic rights; bourgeois and political freedoms; liquidation of autocracy; ending the war.

The reason for the revolution was the execution of demonstrations of workers in St. Petersburg on January 9, 1905. This execution caused an outburst of indignation in wide circles of Russian society. Mass riots and unrest broke out in all parts of the country. The movement of discontent gradually took on an organizational character, and the Russian peasantry also joined it.

The purpose of the control work is to consider the revolutionary crisis in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.

This test consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

The first chapter examines the main contradictions of the modernization process in Russia. The second chapter deals with the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, as well as the results and implications of the first Russian revolution. The third chapter describes the main political parties in Russia during the years of the revolution, their program positions and tactics.

At the end of the control work, a conclusion is given that briefly reflects the results obtained and the conclusions that were made during the study.

1 MAIN CONTRADICTIONS OF THE MODERNIZATION PROCESS IN RUSSIA

At the beginning of the XX century. Russia was one of the largest states in the world in terms of territory and population. 126.5 million people lived in the country, representing more than 100 nations and nationalities. During this period, the country was in the process of modernization, which was controversial. Russia entered the path of industrial development later than other countries, but moved along it at a rapid pace, in leaps and bounds, skipping or rearranging its individual phases, which led to increased social conflict. Gradually, a free labor market began to form, the process of initial accumulation of capital was actively going on, and the purchasing power of the population increased somewhat. The second technical revolution took place - heavy industry developed, electricity was introduced, industrialization was carried out. Russia has become an agro-industrial country and entered the top five more developed countries along with the USA, England, France, Germany. The main goal of Russia was the desire to join the world economic system and defend its national interests. The basis for this was the high rate of economic development of the country. Having experienced an industrial boom at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, Russia became an agro-industrial country and entered the top five industrial powers of the world along with the United States, England, France, Germany in terms of total production, and became the largest exporter of grain in the world market. Early capitalist and semi-feudal ways of managing - manufacturing, small-scale commodity, and in the countryside - patriarchal - coexisted with the highest forms of capitalist industry. Revolution of 1905-1907 can be considered a manifestation of a nationwide crisis. The year 1905 represented a knot of contradictions in Russia. The defeat of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War (January 26, 1904 - August 1905) brought the country to the brink of civil war. Its technical and economic backwardness in comparison with the advanced countries was revealed. In the context of the growing confrontation between the groupings of imperialist states, such a lag was fraught with the most serious consequences. External danger, the class struggle pushed Russia onto the path of decisive change. But the government was not ready for them. The overdue contradictions of social development "broke through", which was facilitated by the economic crisis of 1900-1903. and January 9, 1905. showed how far the authorities are from understanding the real situation in the country: the result was the shooting of a peaceful demonstration by the troops. This event shook the whole country. As a sign of protest on the occasion of the events of January 9, strikes of workers began in many cities of Russia. In the spring, unrest began in the countryside. Agricultural workers burned estates, seized warehouses and barns, and killed landowners and managers.

2 REVOLUTIONARY EVENTS 1905-1907

The first Russian revolution began on January 9, 1905 (“Bloody Sunday”) and ended on June 3, 1907 (“June 3rd coup d'état”). "Bloody Sunday" was the beginning of the first stage of the revolution. At the Narva Gate, on the Petersburg side and on Palace Square, participants in a peaceful procession carrying icons, banners and portraits of the tsar were fired upon and attacked by cavalry. 1,200 were killed and about 5,000 were injured. These events struck the whole country, and their cruelty and complete senselessness were obvious to the people. The intelligentsia actively participated in the revolutionary events. Already on the first day of the revolution, January 9, employees and students took part not only in the procession to the Winter Palace, but also in building barricades and helping the wounded. The next stage of the revolution was the autumn of 1905. The moment of the highest rise of the revolution. In October 1905, the All-Russian October Strike began. About 2 million people went on strike throughout Russia. There was a massive strike movement (only in January 1905, 440 thousand people were on strike), student protests, the demands of the liberal intelligentsia and industrialists to create a "law-based state" forced the government in February 1905 to realize the need for concessions. But this could no longer calm the country: unrest began in the countryside (by September 1905, 1638 peasant uprisings had taken place), against which troops with artillery had to be used. On October 17, the tsar approved Witte's program and signed a manifesto "On the improvement of the state order", declaring the introduction of democratic freedoms and the convocation of the State Duma with legislative functions. On October 19, the Council of Ministers was formed, headed by Witte. For Russian liberals, the publication of the manifesto meant victory and at the same time the end of the revolution. However, the revolutionary struggle did not subside, the ruling circles were still unable to suppress the revolution. In the autumn of 1905, the Russian peasantry became more active. In November, the peasants' union announced that they were joining the general strike. The peasants demanded the division of the landlords' land. The revolution culminated in December 1905. In St. Petersburg the Soviet of Workers' Deputies was headed by the Mensheviks. They believed that the aims of the bourgeois-democratic revolution in Russia had been achieved and that the further development of the struggle up to the point of an armed uprising was inexpedient. Moscow became the center of the uprising.

The suppression of the December armed uprisings meant the gradual retreat of the revolutionary forces. The activity of the labor movement at the beginning of 1906 decreased. Again the revolutionary struggle intensified from April. The peasants seized the landlords' lands, agricultural products, and sacked the estates of the landowners. Revolutionary fermentation continued in the army and navy. The highest peak of the upsurge of the revolutionary struggle was left behind. The government has gone over to open terror against the revolution. The II State Duma did not live up to the hopes of the government, it was no less leftist than the I. On June 3, 1907, the II State Duma was dissolved, the electoral law was changed. The first Russian revolution ended in defeat.

After 1905, a lot has changed in the country. Political parties began to operate legally, and those that were not legalized, such as the Social Democrats (“Bolsheviks” and “Mensheviks”), published printed materials and had their own speakers in the national representative body. Censorship was not abolished, but its impact was felt only in cases where there were direct attacks on the authorities or frank calls for the overthrow of the existing system. The coup d'état on June 3, 1907 marked the end of the revolution. One of the main results of the revolution of 1905-1907. there was a noticeable shift in the minds of the people. Patriarchal Russia was replaced by revolutionary Russia. For the first time, tsarism had to come to terms with the existence in the country of such elements of bourgeois democracy as the Duma and the multi-party system. Russian society has achieved recognition of the fundamental rights of the individual (however, not in full and without guarantees of their observance). The people gained experience in the struggle for freedom and democracy. Relations were established in the countryside that were more conducive to the conditions of capitalist development: redemption payments were abolished, landlord arbitrariness was reduced, the rent and sale price of land dropped; peasants were equated with other classes in the right to movement and residence, admission to universities and civil service. Officials and police did not interfere in the work of peasant gatherings. However, the main agrarian issue was not resolved: the peasants did not receive land. Part of the workers received voting rights. The proletariat got the opportunity to form trade unions, for participation in strikes the workers no longer bore criminal liability. The working day in many cases was reduced to 9-10 hours, and in some cases even to 8 hours.

During the years of the revolution, 4.3 million strikers fought hard to get their wages increased by 12-14%. Tsarism had to somewhat moderate its Russification policy, and the national outskirts received representation in the Duma. However, the contradictions that caused the revolution of 1905-1907 were only softened, they were not completely resolved. The legal and political image of the state system has changed significantly. April 23, 1906 the tsar approved a new edition of the "Basic Laws of the Russian Empire", reflecting the changed social conditions. "Basic laws ..." contained provisions that established and regulated the existence of the interaction of the highest state bodies. It also listed the basic rights and obligations of citizens. The laws were published on the eve of the opening of the sessions of the first State Duma, April 27, 1906, and included 223 articles. All provisions met the universal principles of civil liberty.

In the general political part, it was said that Russia is a “united and indivisible” country, and the role of the state language was determined. According to the “Basic Laws…” of April 23, 1906, the draft law developed by the government did not become law without the approval of the Duma and the State Council. Thus, the power of the emperor lost its absolutist character.

The main results of the Russian revolution were: a reduction in the duration of the working week; reduction of fines; cancellation of redemption payments in the village; raising the living standards of workers; decrease in land value; consolidation of moderate civil and political freedoms; the emergence of legal parties and trade unions; limitation of autocracy in the form of a Duma monarchy, the establishment of legislative representation

3. RUSSIAN POLITICAL PARTIES DURING THE REVOLUTION

In the pre-stormy conditions of the first years of the twentieth century, the final organizational formalization of the main parties of a socialist orientation took place. The leading figures of social democracy understood that the RSDLP, whose creation was proclaimed in 1989, existed only formally. In fact, many disparate circles are still involved. This position did not suit Lenin, who dreamed of a centralized and disciplined party. He decided to start with the creation of an all-Russian illegal Marxist newspaper, which should develop an ideological and theoretical platform for uniting the circles into a single party. At the beginning of 1900, Lenin, freed from Siberian exile, who was forbidden to live in the capitals, settled in Pskov and held a conference here on the issue of a newspaper. The name of the newspaper was approved - Iskra. In 1902, an organizing committee was formed under the editorial office, which began preparing for the party congress.

At the turn of the century, the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP) was created. Its first congress took place in 1898 in Minsk Events of the 900s. (political strikes and demonstrations in a number of large Russian cities) clearly showed that the proletariat is becoming a serious political force capable of playing an important role in the coming social (revolutionary) battles.

The II Congress of the RSDLP, which was attended by 43 delegates from 26 local organizations, began work in July 1903 in Brussels, and then moved to London. The main issues of the congress: to adopt the programs of the RSDLP and the choice of the leading bodies of the party. The congress adopted the party program, which consisted of two parts: the maximum program (tasks of the socialist revolution) and the minimum program (tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution). The program at most included the tasks of the socialist revolution and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat. In the program - at least the immediate goals were determined: the elimination of the autocracy, the establishment of a republic, democratic freedoms, the introduction of universal suffrage. For workers - an 8-hour working day, higher wages, better working and living conditions. For the peasants - the return of "cuts", the abolition of redemption payments. But at the Second Congress there was a split in the party. During the election of the leading bodies of the party, the majority of seats were won by Lenin's supporters - the "Bolsheviks". Those who received fewer seats are the "Mensheviks" (Plekhanov, Martov, Axelrod). Lenin and the Bolsheviks wanted to create a party of professional revolutionaries, since the RSDLP is an illegal party. They considered the ultimate goal of the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and in the future - the building of socialism. The Mensheviks were in favor of open access to the party and considered it their goal to turn Russia into a democratic parliamentary republic. The socialist revolution and the building of socialism were seen by him in the distant future.

In 1901 - 1902. some populist circles and groups united in the party of socialist revolutionaries (SRs). The Social Revolutionaries are a peasant party. A major role in this association was played by the newspaper Revolutionary Russia, which was published first in Russia and then abroad, and became the official organ of the party. The Socialist-Revolutionaries were joined by such veterans of the populist movement as N.V. Tchaikovsky and M.A. Nathanson. The main theorist and prominent leader of the pariah was V.M. Chernov.

Socialist-Revolutionary program: liquidation of capitalist property, 8-hour working day, democratic freedoms, universal suffrage. The agrarian program of the Socialist-Revolutionaries is especially interesting. They demanded the liquidation of landlordism and the distribution of land to the peasants according to the labor norm. The Socialist-Revolutionaries chose the tactics of terror to carry out the program in order to kindle the revolution and eliminate the government. To carry out terror, the Socialist-Revolutionaries created a militant organization under the leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionary - Gershuniy. The Social Revolutionaries killed two ministers of the interior, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich. Lenin and the Bolsheviks were opposed to terror. The ideas of anarchism appeared in the Russian social movement since the time of M.A. Bakunin. Anarchists are supporters of a socio-political movement that proclaims its goal the destruction of the state, any political power, considered exclusively as organs of violence, and setting the task of liberating the individual from all forms of political, economic and spiritual dependence by uniting individuals in free and voluntary associations. The number of anarchist organizations increased significantly during the years of the Revolution of 1905-1907. In 1905, there were already 152 of them, in 1906 - 221, and in 1997, when the anarchist movement reached its peak of activity, it spread to 58 provinces. In 1905 - 1907 three main and rather separate directions were defined in anarchism: anarcho-socialism, anarcho-syndicalism, anarcho-individualism. Each had certain spheres of social influence and preferred regions of action, its own press organs. The suppression of the revolution meant the defeat of anarchist organizations and a decrease in the number of their supporters. P.A. became a prominent anarchist theorist. Kropotkin. In London, around Kropotkin, a "Group of Russian Anarchist-Communist Workers" was formed. In 1903, in Geneva, through the suffering of the spouses Georgy and Lydia Gogelia, the organization "Bread and Freedom" was created. With the support of Kropotkin, a newspaper of the same name began to appear - the first Russian anarchist printed organ abroad. Small groups of Russian printed organ abroad. Small groups of Russian anarchists have appeared in Bulgaria, Germany, France and the USA. In December 1904, anarchist-communists and "farmers" gathered in London for their first congress. They declared their goal "social revolution" (complete destruction of capitalism and the state and replacing them with anarchist communism). Anarchists considered the main methods of struggle "uprising and direct attack, both mass and personal, on the oppressor and exploiters." Collaboration with other revolutionary parties was categorically rejected. Kropotkin raised the question of creating a mass anarchist party in Russia at the congress.

CONCLUSION

The first Russian revolution began on January 9, 1905 and ended on June 3, 1907. It was caused by the aggravation of contradictions between the peasants and the landowners, the people and the autocracy, the unresolved labor issue, the most acute socio-political and economic crisis, the hardships of the Russo-Japanese war, the inability to and most importantly, the unwillingness of the autocracy to embark on radical transformations in the country. The revolution went through two stages: ascending (until December 1905) and descending (until June 1907). For almost two and a half years, unprecedented public passions raged in the country. Strikes, lockouts, destruction affected both individual industrial enterprises and many regions of the empire. Many people died or were injured. No one counted the exact number of victims, since it was impossible, but it undoubtedly numbered several thousand. During the events of the first revolution, some changes took place in the country. After 1905, political parties began to operate legally in the country, and non-legalized ones began to publish printed materials. The legal and political image of the state system has changed significantly. In 1906, the Tsar approved a new version of the Basic Laws of the Russian Empire. The first State Duma, endowed with legislative rights, also began its work. There was a reduction in the length of the working week; reduction of fines; cancellation of redemption payments in the village; raising the living standards of workers; decrease in land value; consolidation of moderate civil and political freedoms; the emergence of legal parties and trade unions; limitation of autocracy in the form of a Duma monarchy, the establishment of legislative representation. But, despite the positive aspects, the revolution had a negative impact on the economic life of the country, and the financial losses were enormous. A characteristic feature of the revolution was the lack and unwillingness of the Russian bourgeoisie to lead the struggle for tasks objectively bourgeois in nature: the solution of the agrarian question and the establishment of a democratic political system. But most importantly, it showed all the vileness of the bloody social conflict, when people, often not involved in anything, were killed and maimed in the name of political goals.

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The causes of the revolutionary crisis at the beginning of the 20th century: the unresolved agrarian problem, the preservation of the absolute monarchy, the preservation of the estate system. The half-heartedness of the reform of 1861, which preserved both peasant and landowner ownership, communal property, which prevented the capitalist mobilization of land. The problem of cuts. The preservation of the absolute monarchy in the form of autocracy in the conditions of the development of capitalism, the strengthening of the economic positions of the bourgeoisie in the face of its complete political lack of rights. Preservation of class privileges of the nobility and its monopoly on participation in public administration in the event of a decline in economic influence.

Growing political crisis in 1902-1905 The economic crisis, the growth of the labor movement, the consolidation of liberal and socialist parties (the formation of the RSDLP in 1898 - 1903, the AKP in 1902, the "Union of Liberation", the core of the future party of the Cadets in 1904). Influence of failures in the Russo-Japanese War on the development of the social movement. An attempt to combat the growth of the labor movement with the help of legal workers' organizations created under the control of the police ("Zubatovshchina" and "Gaponovshchina").

The beginning of the revolution: the strike in St. Petersburg and the role of the Gapon organization in it, Bloody Sunday, the events of the spring-summer of 1905 (the growth of the strike movement, the creation of Soviets at the Ural factories, the uprising on the battleship Potemkin, the Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike and the first citywide Advice). Government attempts to deal with the situation. Draft Legislative Duma. The political crisis of the autumn of 1905, the all-Russian strike, the Manifesto of October 17, its main provisions. Introduction of democratic freedoms and legislative Duma. "Wittovsky" electoral law. The relatively large representation of peasants in the I and II Dumas as a result of the authorities' hopes for the traditionalism and monarchism of the peasantry. Formation of legal political parties. December armed uprising of 1905 Events of 1906-1907 Convocation and dispersal of the I and II State Dumas. The rise of the peasant movement and the struggle of the autocracy against it. resignation of S.Yu. Witte, the appointment of P.A. Stolypin, his actions to combat the revolutionary movement, courts-martial, punitive actions of the government. Third June coup, "Stolypin" electoral law. The first Russian revolution as part of a single revolutionary crisis.

Agrarian policy of the government at the beginning of the 20th century. "Special meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry" and its recommendations as the basis for agrarian reform in the early 20th century. The main directions of agrarian reform: the creation of a system of credit cooperatives, a policy to eliminate the peasant community, the organization of resettlement. The role of P.A. Stolypin in the implementation of the reform. The results of the implementation of the reform, their evaluation.

Economic development of Russia in 1908 - 1914. Industrial boom after the crisis, the emergence of new industries, the role of military production, the persistence of problems in agriculture.

Russian culture at the beginning of the 20th century. From the "Golden" Age to the "Silver" Age: Changes in the Value Paradigm, the Problem of Revolution's Perception by Leading Cultural Figures.

The First World War and its influence on the internal situation in Russia. The problem of the war economy, the formation of the prerequisites for the socio-economic crisis of 1917

The revolutionary crisis of 1917. The development of the situation in the country from the February to the October revolution. The coming to power of the Bolsheviks and their first activities. "Triumphal march of the Soviets", features of the Soviet form of organization of power. Civil war in Russia. Reasons for the war. Periodization. The initial period of the war. Consolidation of anti-Bolshevik forces. The role of the external factor in the civil war. The period of active confrontation between reds and whites. Defeat of Kolchak and Denikin. The main groups during the civil war. "War Communism". Reasons for the victory of the Reds. The final period of the civil war. Defeat of Wrangel. Socio-political crisis of 1921/22 Anti-Bolshevik uprisings. The transition to the NEP and its causes. Wars with Poland and Japan. Restoration of control over the outskirts, the formation of the USSR.