Stone figures in the Nazca desert. Nazca Desert in Peru: mysterious geoglyphs

Many centuries ago, on the territory of an exotic country, in which the main attractions of Peru, the mysterious pyramids and places of worship, were perfectly preserved. highly developed civilization Incas. However, even before its appearance, it was founded great empire the Nazca, which appeared in the desert of the same name and existed until the 2nd century AD in the south of the country. The ancient Indians had a deep knowledge of irrigation and land reclamation.

giant drawings

The people who disappeared from the face of the earth gained fame thanks to the mysterious hieroglyphs that aroused the interest of scientists. Opinions were even expressed regarding the extraterrestrial origin of figures and lines that were discovered quite by accident in the 20th century. Nazca geoglyphs are huge drawings drawn on the surface of the earth and not intended for public viewing. Thanks to the arid climate, they are perfectly preserved.

Fanciful and invisible from the ground signs are made in a single manner on a huge scale. At first glance, these patterns are hardly distinguishable and represent an incomprehensible interweaving of all the lines scratched into the ground. The true form of the images can only be observed from above, when the randomness makes sense.

Craving for self-expression

People have always loved to draw and did it on rocks, cave walls, and then on paper. From the earliest period of human existence, they had a craving for self-expression. The oldest images are petroglyphs (symbols on the rocks) and geoglyphs (signs on the ground). Discovered in the desert unusual patterns- this, according to scientists, is an unparalleled historical monument, the inscriptions of which are drawn by giant hands. At the ends forming the drawings, they found wooden piles driven into the soil, which played the role coordinate points at the start of work.

The lifeless desert of Nazca, which holds secrets

Surrounded by the Andes and sand hills, the desert is located almost 500 km from the small city of Lima. Geoglyph coordinates of Nazca and mysterious plateau where they were found - 14°41"18.31"S 75°07"23.01"W. The uninhabited space of the earth, shrouded in a veil of mystery, covers an area of ​​​​500 square kilometers. Rare drops of rain that fell on a hot surface immediately evaporated.

The ancient Indians realized that the lifeless desert is an ideal place for burials, and arranged tombs in dry layers that ensure incorruptibility. Archaeologists have discovered more than 200,000 hollow ceramic vessels, decorated with patterns and stylized drawings. It is believed that the finds are twins of small bowls that served as the so-called receptacle of the soul in the grave of the deceased.

Plateau covered with bizarre patterns

Surprise is caused by the surface of the natural zone, covered with an unusual "engraving", slightly reminiscent of a tattoo. The geoglyphs of the Nazca desert are not very deep, but gigantic in size drawings, reaching tens and hundreds of meters. mysterious lines intersect and overlap each other, uniting in intricate schemes. One of the most mysterious places on our planet looks like a gigantic drawing board.

From the nearest foothills, it is not possible to see giant images dug in the earth's firmament: they look like separate stripes or shapeless strokes. And you can only see them from above. So, a bird resembling a hummingbird has a length of about 50 meters, and a flying condor is more than 120 meters.

Mysterious symbols

In total, about 13 thousand lines and geoglyphs of Nazca, made in the soil of the earth, were found on the plateau. They are grooves of various widths dug into the surface of the desert. Surprisingly, the lines do not change due to uneven terrain, remaining perfectly smooth and continuous. Among the images there are mysterious, but very authentically drawn birds and animals. There are also figures of people, but they are less expressive.

The mysterious symbols, which upon closer examination turn out to be huge scratches on the surface of the desert, were discovered thanks to photographs taken from an airplane in 1930. From a bird's eye view, it can be seen that mysterious drawings created by removing the top darkened rubble from the light bottom layer. Black coating is called "desert tan", consisting of a combination of iron and manganese. The exposed light soil has such a shade due to a large number notice, which fresh air hardens quickly. In addition, the preservation of geoglyphs of the Nazca plateau was facilitated by high temperatures and the absence of winds with precipitation.

Technique for making giant drawings

This is a rather interesting technique: at first, the Indians made a sketch on the ground of the future work, and each line of the image was divided into segments. Then they were transferred to the desert surface with the help of stakes in the form of furrows up to 50 centimeters deep. And if it was necessary to draw a curve, then it was divided into many short arcs. Each resulting drawing was outlined by a continuous line, and the creators of the unique creations included in the UNESCO World Heritage List have never seen them in their entirety. Since 1946, scientists have come to grips with unusual masterpieces.

Another mystery

It is curious that the Nazca geoglyphs in Peru were drawn by hand in two steps: the images of animals and birds appeared much earlier than the lines and stripes superimposed on complex figures. And it must be admitted that the early phase was more perfect, because the creation of zoomorphic images required a very high skill than simply cutting straight lines in the ground.

The difference between very high quality and not very skillfully executed images is quite large, which gave rise to rumors about the creation of symbols in different time(maybe other cultures as well). In addition, scientists even remembered those whom our ancestors called their gods, although official science considers them a fiction, denying the existence of an ancient developed civilization. Numerous artifacts say otherwise, and those who lived several millennia before us possessed highest technology beyond current capabilities.

Such a discrepancy indicates a difference both in the capabilities of the "artists" and in the technique of execution. If we take into account that any society develops from simple to complex, experiencing ups and downs, then the level of civilization always goes up. However, in this case, the scheme is violated, and advanced technologies are replaced by primitive ones.

Indians imitating drawings

It is believed that the early author of all Nazca geoglyphs (photos are presented in the article) was a highly developed civilization. Precisely verified drawings crossing a complex terrain required huge labor costs and special skills. It is these signs that amaze scientists and tourists with their thoroughness and scope. And the Indian tribes that lived on the plateau simply tried to imitate the remaining patterns. But they didn’t have many opportunities, which is why hacky copies appeared. The facts speak of one thing: the oldest drawings were made either by representatives of another civilization, or with their direct participation.

However, not all researchers agree with this theory. They combine the two stages, making a cautious assumption that the Nazca civilization possessed a special technique of artistic expression.

Has the mystery of the Nazca geoglyphs been solved?

Images, the true purpose of which scientists still cannot understand, are striking in their size. But why did the Indians do such a titanic work? Some researchers believe that this is a giant calendar that accurately shows the change of seasons, and all the drawings are somehow connected with the winter and summer solstices. Perhaps the Nazca were astronomers who observed celestial bodies. So, for example, a huge image of a spider, according to a scientist at the Chicago Planetarium, is a diagram of the star cluster of the constellation Orion.

Others are sure that the Nazca geoglyphs, which cannot be seen from the ground, have cult value: so the Indians communicated with their gods. The famous archaeologist J. Reinhard is one of them. He sees in the kilometer lines the roads that led to the place of worship of the deities. And all the figures of animals, insects or birds are the personification of living beings that die without water. And he draws his conclusion: the Indians asked for life-giving moisture - the basis of life. However, most scientists do not support the version, considering it doubtful.

Still others believe that this is a kind of map of the Lake Titicaca region, only its scale is 1:16. However, no one can answer to whom it was intended. And someone sees in bizarre patterns a map of the starry sky transferred to the surface of the desert.

The fourth, who saw the crossed lines, suggested that this was the designation of the runway of ancient spaceships. Scientists examined an ancient spaceport in the plateau formed by mudflow deposits. But why would aliens roaming interstellar space need such primitive visual cues? In addition, there is no evidence of the use of the desert for the takeoff or landing of aircraft. But the supporters of the alien version are not diminishing.

Fifths declare that all images of people, animals and birds are made in memory of the Flood.

The sixth put forward a hypothesis according to which the ancient Nazca Indians mastered aeronautics, which is confirmed by the found ceramic products. They clearly show symbols resembling balloons. That is why all Nazca geoglyphs are visible only from a great height.

Trident on the Paracas Peninsula (Peru)

To date, there are about 30 hypotheses, each of which tries to explain the strange masterpieces of the Indians. It is impossible not to mention another curious hypothesis. Some archaeologists who saw the image of the giant trident El Candelabro, more than 128 meters long on the slope of the Pisco rock on the Paracas Peninsula, considered that it was in it that the key to the solution was hidden. The gigantic figure is visible only from the sea or air. If you mentally draw a straight line from the middle tooth, it turns out that it is directed towards the Nazca desert (Peru), covered with strange lines. The geoglyph was made several hundred years before the birth of Christ.

Nobody knows who created it and why. Researchers believe that it is a symbol of the mythical Atlantis, which contains important information about our planet.

An ancient irrigation system?

A few years ago, archaeologists studying the geoglyphs of the Nazca desert, visible even from space, announced that the spiral lines that ended in funnels were the oldest aqueducts. Thanks to an unusual hydraulic system, water appeared on the plateau, where drought always reigned.

An extensive system of canals distributed life-giving moisture to those territories where it was needed. Through holes in the ground, the wind came in, which helped drive the remaining water away.

The craftsmanship of the ancient Indians

There are other questions regarding mystical patterns. Our contemporaries are surprised how, on rough terrain, the ancient Indians created trenches more than a kilometer long. Even using modern methods geodetic measurements, it is quite difficult to draw a perfectly flat line on the ground. But the Nazca Indians (or representatives of another civilization) did it very easily, breaking through ditches through ravines or hills. Moreover, the edges of all lines are ideal parallel.

Unusual find

Not long ago near the desert in which they found unique drawings, which are traces ancient civilization, an international expedition discovered an unusual mummy with three fingers and toes. Those limbs look very strange. The sensational find, strewn with white powder, is a bit like a plaster sculpture, inside of which is a skeleton with the remains of organs. Studies have shown that the age of the mummy is more than 6 thousand years, and the powder has embalming properties.

The genome of the individual was unraveled by Russian scientists, who said that it was not a human mutant, but a representative of an extraterrestrial race. According to experts, next to the mummified body were drawings depicting a three-toed creature. His face can also be found on the surface of the desert.

However, not all scientists believed the conclusions of the Russians. Many are still convinced that this is a skillfully made fake, and the find has all the signs of a hoax.

New drawings and riddles without answers

In April of this year, the scientific world was stirred up by the information that new Nazca geoglyphs were discovered with the help of drones. 50 unknown images affected by time cannot be seen with the naked eye. They were discovered not only by aerial photographs, but also by subsequent analysis using the latest technologies. It is curious that most of the half-erased drawings of various sizes are abstract patterns and warriors of the Paracas civilization.

Scientists have stated that some of the discovered symbols were made by the ancestors of the Nazca Indians. Soil erosion prevented the discovery earlier: the collapsing soil of the plateau made whimsical patterns blurry. Therefore, it was not possible to consider the Nazca geoglyphs from a satellite or from an airplane. And only thanks to high-resolution cameras installed on drones (unmanned aerial vehicles), clear pictures turned out.

Environmental problems

So far, the mystery of the Nazca geoglyphs remains unsolved. The matter is further complicated by the fact that now the plateau has the status of a sacred zone, where archaeological excavations are prohibited. Access to the anomalous territory, resembling a giant easel, on which the ancient "artists" left their messages, is closed.

In addition, an ecological threat looms over the desert: deforestation and environmental pollution are changing its climate. Due to frequent rains, unique creations on earth can sink into oblivion. And posterity will never know the whole truth. Unfortunately, nothing is being done to save them.

Everyone can admire the mysterious patterns of the desert

Travelers going to Peru should remember that the plateau belongs to the UNESCO world cultural heritage, and it is forbidden to visit it without permission. But tourists are adored in Nazca because they allow a good existence. local residents in a very unfriendly area. Thanks to the incessant foreign flow, people survive.

However, anyone who wants to admire the mysterious signs can do this without even leaving their home. Need to run special program showing satellite images of the planet. Recall once again the coordinates of geoglyphs in the Nazca desert - 14 ° 41 "18.31" S 75 ° 07 "23.01" W.

The Nazca geoglyphs in Peru, created many centuries before the rise of the Inca Empire, are the most important evidence for the existence of a mysterious ancient culture in the territory of Peru. These lines and geoglyphs, drawn in one continuous line, are located on the Nazca plateau and reach tens of meters in length, so they are visible only from the air.

The German scientist Von Daniken, in his book "An Answer to the Gods", claims that these lines were created as signals for the landing of alien spacecraft. And the German doctor of archeology Maria Reiche called these patterns a strange confirmation of the existence of the ancient Peruvian culture:

“The Nazca lines are nothing but the documented history of ancient Peruvian science. The ancient inhabitants of Peru created their own alphabet to describe the most important astronomical events. The Nazca lines are the pages of a book written in this strange alphabet.”

From the air, you can observe various figures such as large giant spiders, lizards, llamas, monkeys, dogs, hummingbirds, etc., not to mention zigzags and geometric projects. There are many unanswered questions regarding these lines. For example, how they remain intact after hundreds of years, or how they managed to be created in such sizes, accurately recreating all proportions.

In 1927, Mejia Hespe, a student of the famous Julio Tello, the father of Peruvian archeology, reported mysterious incomprehensible geoglyphs on the territory of the Peruvian plateau. Initially, this was not given any importance, scientists were engaged in research on other more significant areas, such as Machu Picchu

In the same year, a researcher from the United States, Paul Kosok, arrived in Peru, who was very attracted ancient history Peru. On one of his first trips to the south of the country, he stopped at the top of a plateau and saw extensive lines on both sides of the road. After careful examination, he was amazed to find that one of the figures depicted the ideal form of a bird's flight. Kosok spent almost 20 years studying the Nazca lines, in 1946 he returned home, offering to study the drawings of the Nazca tribes to the German doctor of archeology Maria Reiche. Maria devoted her whole life to this work.

Maria Reiche studied Nazca lines for 50 years. She explained how these lines were used by ancient Peruvian astronomers - they were a giant solar and lunar calendar hidden in the sand, legends and myths of the locals.

The lines themselves are applied to the surface in the form of furrows up to 135 centimeters wide and up to 40-50 centimeters deep, while white stripes form on the black stony surface. The following fact is also noted: since the white surface is heated less than the black one, a pressure and temperature difference is created, which leads to the fact that these lines do not suffer in sandstorms.

The hummingbird has a length of 50 meters, the spider - 46, the condor has stretched from beak to tail feathers for almost 120 meters, and the lizard has a length of up to 188 meters. Such enormous dimensions of the drawings are admirable, almost all the drawings are made in this huge scale in the same manner, when the outline is outlined by one continuous line. The true shape of the images can only be observed from a bird's eye view. Such a natural elevation does not exist nearby, but there are medium size hills. But the higher you rise above the plateau, the smaller these drawings become and turn into incomprehensible scratches.

Other animals captured by the Nazca include a whale, a dog with long legs and a tail, two llamas, various birds such as herons, a pelican, a seagull, a hummingbird and a parrot. Reptiles include the alligator, iguana, and snake.

All geoglyphs are located on the map, with detailed names. Click to enlarge

So who created Nazca geoglyphs? Locals or aliens? Is it a giant solar and lunar calendar or spaceship landmarks? It is impossible to know the answers to these questions, as the Nazca lines are one of the biggest mysteries in the world.

The drawings of the Nazca desert are simply amazing! Their lines stretch from horizon to horizon, occasionally converge, intersect; it involuntarily gives the impression that this is the runway of ancient aircraft. Here you can clearly distinguish flying birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, lizards...
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"Many centuries before the Incas, on the southern coast of Peru, a historical monument was created that has no equal in the world and is intended for posterity. In terms of size and accuracy of execution, it is not inferior to Egyptian pyramids. But if there we look, raising our heads, at monumental three-dimensional structures of a simple geometric shape, then here, on the contrary, we have to look from a great height at wide expanses covered with mysterious hieroglyphs, as if drawn on the plain by a giant hand. "The book of the desert researcher begins with these words Nasca Maria Reiche. "Mystery of the Desert". Mathematician and astronomer Maria Reiche specially moved from Germany to Peru to study the mysterious drawings. Perhaps she is the main researcher and keeper of the desert plateau, where, thanks to her efforts, a protected area was created. Reiche was the first to make maps and plans of all lines, platforms and drawings.

Extremely impressive are giant drawings scattered between abstract figures and spirals, the size of which reaches tens, and sometimes hundreds of meters. Of all animals the largest number- birds. Fantastic and quite authentically drawn, in total 18 birds are depicted in the desert. But there are also completely mysterious animals, such as, for example, a dog-like creature with thin legs and long tail. Images of people are also found, although they are drawn less expressively. Among the images of people there is a bird-man with the head of an owl, the size of this drawing is more than 30 meters. And the size of the so-called "big lizard" is 110 meters!

The area of ​​the desert is approximately 500 square kilometers. The surface of the soil here is amazing in that it is covered with a kind of engraving, reminiscent of a tattoo. This "tattoo" on the surface of the desert is not deep, but huge in size lines and figures. There are 13,000 lines, more than 100 spirals, over 700 geometric platforms (trapezoids and triangles) and 788 figures depicting animals and birds. This "engraving" of the earth stretches about 100 kilometers deep in a winding ribbon, the width of which is from 8 to 15 kilometers. These drawings were discovered thanks to photographs taken from an airplane. From a bird's eye view, it can be seen that the figures were created by removing brown stones from the light sandy subsoil, covered with a thin black layer of the so-called "desert tan", which is formed by manganese and iron oxide.

The figures and lines are perfectly preserved due to the arid climate of the area. A wooden stake found in the desert, driven into the ground, was carefully examined and radiocarbon dated, which showed that the tree had been felled in 526 AD. official science believes: all these figures were created by one of the Indian cultures of the pre-Inca period, which existed in the south of Peru and which flourished in 300-900 years. AD the technique of making the lines of these huge "drawings" is very simple. It just needs to be removed upper layer of dark rubble darkened from time from a lighter lower layer, as a contrasting stripe appears. The ancient Indians first made a sketch of the future drawing 2 by 2 meters in size on the ground. Such sketches have been preserved not far from some figures. In the sketch, each straight line was divided into its constituent segments. Then, on an enlarged scale, the segments were transferred to the surface with the help of stakes and a wooden rope. Curved lines were much more difficult, but the ancients managed to do it too, breaking each curve into many short arcs. It must be said that each drawing is outlined by only one continuous line. And perhaps the greatest mystery of the Nazca drawings is that their creators have never seen and could not see them in their entirety.

The question is quite natural: for whom did the ancient Indians do such a titanic work? Paul Kosok, a researcher of these drawings, estimates that it took more than 100,000 years of working days to create the Nazca complex by hand. Even if this working day lasted 12 hours. Paul Kosok suggested that these lines and drawings are nothing more than a giant calendar that accurately shows the change of seasons. Maria Reiche tested Kosok's hypothesis and gathered irrefutable evidence that the drawings are related to the summer and winter solstices. The beak of a fantastic bird, with a neck length of 100 meters, is located at the point of sunrise during the winter solstice.

Some scientists put forward a version that the drawings had an exclusively cult significance, however, such a version is rather doubtful, because a religious building must certainly affect people, and huge drawings on the ground are not perceived at all. The Hungarian cartographer Zoltan Zelke believes that the Nazca objects are just a 1:16 map of the Titicaca region. Several years exploring the desert, he found a lot of evidence to fully support his hypothesis. In that case, who was this super-giant card intended for? The mystery of the Nazca drawings remains unsolved to the end.

VEDIC SECRETS OF THE NASCA DESERT

The first incomprehensible lines on Nazca were discovered in 1927 by the Peruvian archaeologist Mejia Xesspe, when he accidentally glanced from a steep mountainside onto a plateau. By 1940, he had discovered several more incredible ancient signs and published the first sensational article. On June 22, 1941 (the day the Great Patriotic War began!!!), the American historian Paul Kosok lifted a light plane into the air and discovered a giant stylized bird with a wingspan of more than 200 meters, and next to it something resembling a runway. Then he discovered a giant spider, a monkey with a strangely coiled tail, a whale, and finally, on a gentle mountain slope, a 30-meter figure of a man, with his hand raised in greeting. Thus, perhaps the most mysterious “picture book in the history of mankind” was discovered.
Over the next sixty years, Nazca was fairly well studied. The number of discovered drawings has long exceeded several hundred, and the vast majority of them are various geometric shapes. At the same time, some lines reach a length of up to 23 kilometers.
And today the solution of the mystery has not become closer. What versions and hypotheses have not been put forward during this time! They tried to present the drawings as some kind of gigantic ancient calendar, but no mathematical justification was ever presented to the scientific world.
One of the hypotheses defined the drawings as some kind of designation of the zones of influence of the Indian clans. But the plateau has never been inhabited, and who could deal with these "ger-
bami clans, when they are only visible from a bird's eye view?
There is a version that the Nazca images are nothing more than an alien airfield. There are no words, a number of stripes indeed incredibly resemble modern runways, but where is at least some evidence of alien interference? Others argue that the Nazca are signals from an alien mind.
Recently, voices have begun to be heard that Nazca is generally the brainchild of someone's falsification. But then, over the course of decades, a whole army of falsifiers had to work hard to make the most gigantic fake in the history of mankind. How could they, in this case, keep the secret, and why, in the end, were they so disfigured?
The most conservative part of scientists insists that all the variety of drawings and figures was dedicated to a certain god of water: “probably! represented a kind of sacrifice to the ancestors or the gods of the sky and mountains, who sent people the water so necessary for irrigating the fields. But why was it necessary to turn to the god of water in such a remote place, where permanent residence, there was never any agriculture or cultivated fields? From the rain shed on Nazca, there was no particular benefit for the ancient Peruvians.
It is believed that ancient Indian athletes once ran along the giant ancient lines, that is, some ancient South American Olympiads were held on Nazca. Let's say that athletes could run in straight lines, but how could they run in spirals and in a pattern, for example, monkeys?
There were publications that huge trapezoidal areas were created for the sake of some mass ceremonies, during which sacrifices were made to the gods and mass festivities were carried out. But then why didn't the archaeologists who searched all the neighborhoods find a single confirmation of this artifact? In addition, some of the giant trapeziums are located on mountain peaks, where it is not so easy for a professional climber to climb.
There is even a completely absurd version that all the gigantic work was done solely for the purpose of a kind of occupational therapy, in order to at least something to occupy the idle ancient Peruvians ... They say that all Nazca images are nothing more than a giant loom of the ancient Peruvians, who they laid out their threads along the lines, since in the pre-Columbian era, the Americans did not know the wheel and did not have a spinning wheel ... It was even argued that the Nazca drawings were a huge encrypted map of the world. Alas, so far no one has undertaken to decipher it.
The most cautious part of historians defines the drawings and lines of Nazca as some kind of "paths that had a sacred meaning, along which ritual processions were made." But then again, who could see these trails from the ground?
Until now, scientists have not come to an opinion how the Nazca drawings were created, because the production of images of such a huge scale is of great technical difficulty even today. Only the technology of direct creation of stripes has been more or less accurately established. It was quite simple: the surface layer of stones was removed from the ground, under which the ground had a lighter color. However, the creators of the drawings had to first create sketches of future giant images on a small scale and only then transfer them to the area. How at the same time they managed to maintain the accuracy and correctness of all the lines is a mystery! To do this, at a minimum, they had to have at hand the entire arsenal of modern geodetic equipment, not to mention the most perfect mathematical knowledge. By the way, today's experimenters were only able to repeat the creation of straight lines, but they were powerless before ideal circles and spirals... Except
This, the images were created not only on flat areas of the earth. They were applied on very steep slopes and even on almost sheer cliffs! But that's not all! In the Nazca region, there are Palpa mountains, some of which are cut like a table, as if some monster had gnawed their top. Drawings, lines and geometric images are also placed on these giant artificial sections.
Regarding the time of construction, there is also no unity. Now it is customary to divide everything created on the plateau into seven conditional cultures very spaced apart in time from Nazca-1 to Nazca-7. Some archaeologists are inclined to attribute the creation of the Nazca drawings to the time interval from 500 AD. before 1200 AD Others categorically object, since the Inca Indians inhabiting this region of Peru do not have even distant legends regarding Nazca, which gives reason to attribute the creation of images to almost 100,000 years BC. They tried to determine the age of the bands from the remains of fragments of clay shards found nearby. It was believed that ancient builders drank from clay jugs, and then sometimes they broke them. However, sherds of all seven cultures were found everywhere in the same strip, and, in the end, this dating attempt was considered unsuccessful.
The scientific study of Nazca today is hindered by the prohibitions of the authorities. Due to the fact that after the discovery of the drawings, the plateau was subjected to a real invasion of "wild" tourists, who traveled all over the plateau in cars and motorcycles, spoiling the drawings, now it is strictly forbidden for anyone to appear directly on the Nazca plateau. Nazca was declared an archaeological park and taken under the protection of the state, and the fine for unauthorized entry into the park is an astronomical amount - 1 million US dollars. Everyone, however, can admire the giant ancient images from the board of tourist planes, which continuously circle over the mysterious plateau. But for real scientific research this, you see, is still not enough.
But the secrets of Nazca do not end there. If on the surface of the plateau there are gigantic drawings that are still incomprehensible to human understanding, then in the depths of the caves there are even more incredible puquios - the oldest underground water pipes in granite pipes. There are 29 giant puquios in the Nazca Valley. The current Indians attribute their creation to the creator god Viracocha, but the canals are the work of human hands. At the same time, one of the channels was drawn under the local river Rio de Nasca, so much so that its purest water did not mix with dirty water rivers! From the description of an eyewitness: “Sometimes stone spirals lead deep into the earth, and watercourses have an artificial channel lined with slabs and smoothly hewn blocks. Sometimes the inlet is a deep shaft, going into the thickness of the earth ... Everywhere and everywhere these underground channels are artificial structures .. ”Pukios is also from the realm of eternal mysteries. Who, when and why created these gigantic water structures under a deserted plateau? Who used them?

In the capital of the province of Nazca, the town of Ica, lives the owner of the most incredible collection in the world, professor of medicine, Hanviera Cabrera. He has more than two and a half thousand figurines made of unbaked clay, which the professor gets from local Indians. The figurines depict the ancient inhabitants of Peru next to dinosaurs and pterodactyls. At the same time, the ancient Peruvians perform operations on dinosaurs, fly on pterodactyls and look into space through a telescope. The figurines are estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000 years old, or even more. As for the radiocarbon method, it gave very contradictory results. In addition to figurines, Professor Cabrera's collection contains similar drawings on stones, including those depicting aircraft in the starry sky. The collection of Professor Cabrera is no exception. The famous Mexican collection of Acambaro also contains dinosaurs, including flying ones. The same is in the Ecuadorian collection of Father Crecy. In addition, there is also a collection of Russell Burrows, who found statues with strikingly similar subjects in the caves of Illinois. The same was found not so long ago in Japan. Falsification in this case is impossible even theoretically! Well, and, finally, the most scandalous find on the Paluxy River in the US state of Texas, where archaeologists discovered dinosaur bones and fossilized human footprints in the same rock! So people lived already in the era of dinosaurs, or, conversely, dinosaurs lived in the era of people! But both completely change our ideas about the beginning of the human era, and therefore one can imagine how much irritation, misunderstanding and simply outright opposition these findings cause among the elite of the scientific world, who have made a name for themselves on those hypotheses that are now completely crossed out by the finds of recent years!
And how not to recall here the seemingly absurd assumptions of the Crimean academician A.V. Gokh, who says that the protein necessary to create a huge number of repeaters of the Crimean pyramids was obtained from huge dinosaur eggs. It should be recognized that the statements of the Crimean academician now do not look so groundless.
Now, I think, it's time to present to the readers the hypothesis of the Emil Bagirov Institute regarding giant geoglyphs in the Nazca desert. However, to begin with, two more facts.
First. More recently, the German researcher Erich von Däniken (known to us from the sensational journalistic film "Memories of the Future") was discovered in Nazca by a giant ... classic MANDALA! Yes Yes! The same sacred man-dapa with which today's Tibetans and Hindus designate the pictures they contemplate during meditation! The same mandala, which was once the sacred sign of the Aryans and one of the main Vedic symbols. Coincidence? No way!
Second. The ancient texts of the Old World everywhere tell about some aircraft, and devices of completely earthly origin.
For example, in the Book of Majesty of Kings, the flights of King Solomon are described in great detail: in one day they made a journey of three months ... He (Solomon) gave her all sorts of curiosities and treasures that you could wish for and a chariot that moves through the air and which he created according to the wisdom bestowed on him by God ...
And the inhabitants of the land of Egypt told them: in ancient times the Ethiopians visited here; they moved on a chariot like an angel, and at the same time they flew faster than an eagle in the sky. Quotations from the famous “Mahatbharata” are no less indicative: “l / i then the king (Rumanvat) with his servants and harem, with his wives and nobles entered the heavenly chariot. They circled the entire expanse of the sky, following the direction of the wind. The heavenly chariot circled the whole earth, (flying) over the oceans, and headed towards the city of Avantis, where the festival was just taking place. After a short stop, the king again took to the air in front of countless onlookers, who were amazed at the sight of the heavenly chariot.
Or here's another: “Arjuna, the terror of the enemies, desired that Indra send his celestial chariot after him. And then, in the radiance of light, a chariot suddenly appeared, illuminating the airy twilight and illuminating the clouds around and all the surroundings were filled with a roar similar to thunder ... "
So, all Indian sources claim that the ancient Aryan civilization had airships - vimanas. We find echoes of these unusual vehicles in the legends of the peoples of the Aryan area, for example, the famous Russian fairy tales about a flying ship and so on. But for the takeoff and landing of vimanas, runways and runways were needed. Are there traces of them in the Old World? As it turns out there is! At the present time, at least three are already known: one in England, the second on the Ustyurt plateau near the Aral Sea, and the third in Saudi Arabia. At the same time, similar giant geoglyphs were found everywhere, as in Nazca, although in smaller numbers. And this despite the fact that no purposeful searches for airports of antiquity have ever been carried out anywhere.
So what can you guess? After destruction Tower of Babel, that is, after the collapse of a single ancient Vedic faith into several concessions, an energetic migration of Aryan tribes began, and with it the export of Vedic religion and knowledge. Of course, the main settlement of the Aryans went on land. It spread throughout Eurasia, where the Vedic influence is felt everywhere to this day. However, most likely, some of the Aryans also used the mysterious vimanas, which, as we already know, had a long flight range and could fly over the oceans. It was then, most likely, that the heroic throw across Africa and the Atlantic to South America followed. But why was the landing made on Nazca? It can be assumed that for some time this area attracted the Aryans because the Nazca region is rich in deposits of iron and copper ore, gold and silver. Let us also pay attention to the fact that it was in the Nazca region that very ancient abandoned mines for the extraction of all these metals were discovered.
Apparently, for some time the Aryans from the arrived Vimans lived in these places. They brought the local residents into obedience, organized the mining of metals, introduced and spread among the ancient Peruvians the cult of the Great Mother Goddess, the Holy Logo of the Sun-Horsa, the immortality of the soul and rebirth. It was then that the runways and geometric signs were built, allowing the vimanas to be guided correctly on them, underground water conduits, facilitating the provision of water. It seems that the Vimanas actively carried out the export of mined metals to Egypt or some other countries that were in the area of ​​the then Aryan influence. It is possible that the Aryans also used tamed local pterodactyls for short flights, which was captured in the ancient clay figurines of Peru. Such an experience, too, apparently, was. Suffice it to recall the same "Avesta" and "Rigveda", numerous European-Aryan mythology, where heroes very often use flying lizards as a completely suitable means of transportation. The same Russian heroes, for example, on occasion willingly used the legendary Serpent Gorynych for this purpose ...
However, the time has come and the Aryans who settled on Nazca, having fulfilled their mission, forever left the place, which was not very suitable for permanent residence, leaving the local residents with Vedic cults, knowledge of crafts and a firm belief that the departed people-gods will someday return. It was then, apparently, that the intensive creation of many drawings began, so that the people-gods flying in the skies past Nazca could see that they were still waiting here, as, indeed, in other places in America, where similar geoglyphs have now been found. At the same time, they drew what, according to the Indians, most of all liked those who flew away, which once surprised and amused them: unusual monkeys, hummingbirds, whales, iguanas.
Fortunately, the Aryans left the secrets of the technology for creating grandiose images to the local residents. That is why, among other drawings, the Indians also placed a grandiose mandala - the sacred Vedic sign of the Aryans, quite logically assuming that when they see it, the people-gods will definitely return to this earth, where they are so loved and so devotedly awaited. But, alas, none of the gods ever returned.

Centuries passed, millennia. The foundations of the Vedic faith, once laid here by the Aryan priests, over time, intricately intertwined with local cults. However, the pyramids, and the cult of the Sun, and many priestly rituals today strikingly resemble their Vedic foundations. All this time, the Indians were patiently waiting for the fair-haired bearded people-gods, carrying great faith and great knowledge, to return from the west from across the ocean. The time has come and the bearded men clad in iron did indeed come from the west, but instead of the long-awaited benefits, they brought destruction and death. However, that's a completely different story...

In 1939 an American archaeologist Paul Kosok flying over Nazca desert, found strange lines and shapes. Previously, no one knew about them, because they can only be clearly seen from a sufficiently high height. From that moment began the study of strange figures. German Doctor of Archeology Maria Reiche dedicated her whole life to it. She also achieved the protection of the lines from destruction at the highest level. Now lines and geoglyphs Nazca is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Thanks to the desert climate over the centuries, the drawings have not disappeared, although they are very easily destructible: they are just a removed top layer of soil. But there is something to protect the lines from. Lines that have lasted for centuries can easily be destroyed by man, because both cars and people leave noticeable traces on the surface. And the route passing right through some geoglyphs Pan Americana Sur poses an even greater threat.

Many of the lines stretch for more than 8 kilometers in length, and the figures can reach a size of 250 meters. In the photo below - circular (360 degrees) photo panorama Nazca desert in high resolution, taken from a hill near the highway.

Currently, about 30 main and hundreds of lesser known drawings are known, about 700 geometric shapes, most of which are spirals, and about 13,000 lines of various geometries. No less interesting geoglyphs were also discovered north of Nazca - near the city Palpa. Due to their obvious similarity, we will describe them together.

The main geoglyphs of Nazca

On the map below, we have highlighted the most famous geoglyphs - drawings of the Nazca desert. You can also see numerous lines on the map. Please note: the figure "Astronaut" is made on long distance from the rest - on the map at the bottom right, moreover, on a hillside and in a different manner, this may indicate a different nature of origin compared to other geoglyphs.

Types of Nazca and Palpa figures

Conventionally, all the figures of both the Nazca desert and the Palpa desert can be divided into 6 types according to geometry:

Mysteries of Nazca and Palpa

1. Overlay oddities. Repeatedly intersecting, overlapping lines, figures and drawings refute the theory that the drawings were made later than the lines. Because somewhere the drawings are above the lines, and somewhere vice versa. But something else is strange: the drawings and lines located on top do not destroy the drawings and lines that are below them.

   

2. Passage through terrain. If you observe the view from space, then all the lines look absolutely smooth. But if you take pictures from an airplane, you can see that often the lines pass through rough terrain. In this case, it is not clear how it was possible to make lines so accurately not from a height, but while on the ground.

   

3. Drawing style. Almost all drawings are made with one line, which does not intersect anywhere. The manner in which the drawings are made strongly resembles the manner in which zigzags, spirals and parallel lines- as if they were drawn with one beam under the control of a computer program.

   

4. Location of drawings. Almost all drawings are parallel or at right angles to nearby lines.

   

5. Incoming and outgoing drawing lines. Many drawings such as hummingbird, Spider, A monkey, are drawn not as a closed line, but from somewhere outgoing and returning somewhere, as if the drawings were drawn "at the same time" with the lines. Often such entrances and exits are located in the genital area of ​​the depicted animals.
   

   

6. Location of drawings. Nazca and Palpa are not the only places of the lines. The lines are scattered across the desert part of almost all of Peru, many hundreds of kilometers from Nazca. Well known geoglyph " Chandelier"located in Paracas and clearly visible from the Ballestas Islands.
   

   

7. Interdependence of drawings. Thin lines suddenly turn into wide lines, the line can be continued by the pattern, and the wide line ends at the intersection of another wide one.

   

The lines represent a removed layer of soil from 20 to 50 cm. But there are no mounds nearby - only very minimal ones, and there are no heaps of stones in the distance. And on smooth turns of wide lines when clearing, the sides on the outer circumferences of the side should be wider than on the inner ones. In addition, it should be understood that in order to draw some large stripes, you need to remove thousands of tons of such rubble from the surface.



8. Dependence on relief. The thickening of the lines often comes with a decrease in the level of the ground. Thick lines often break at the foot of mountains or rivers. And some wide lines are located on the mountains and, as it were, cut off their tops, which are almost perfectly even.

   

9. Rows of embankments. The purpose of the rows of points - embankments is not clear. In some places they fill wide lanes.

   

10. Unexplored artifacts. In the area of ​​the lines there are many strange formations - square and round depressions, geometrically evenly located rock formations that scientists have not yet explored. Therefore, until this is done, it is difficult to give the final versions of the purpose of the drawings.

    

11. Except for the lines, there are no traces. To draw such lines from the ground, you need to use some kind of device, you need the presence of people. All this would leave technological traces. Today you can observe distinct traces of cars and people. Even, for example, after Greenpeace carried out its unsuccessful campaign and left traces, which greatly angered the Peruvians. But the ancient lines have no traces, except for the lines themselves.

    

Versions of scientists

There are several main versions of the origin and purpose of the Nazca lines and geoglyphs. And all of them are quite controversial.

1. astronomical version. The German researcher Maria Reiche, who devoted her life to the study of figures, came to the conclusion that the drawings were made by living in this area about 2000 years ago. This is evidenced by the drawings on their ceramic dishes, similar to geoglyphs. Radiocarbon analysis proves approximately the same period of occurrence of geoglyphs. The drawings, according to Reiche, represent a large astronomical calendar, an observatory under open sky. The calendar served to determine the time of agricultural work. Doctor Phillips Pitlugi, for example, claims that the image of a spider and lines diverging from it resembles a cluster of stars in the constellation Orion. Modern scholars (starting with the American Gerald Hawkins) dispute this version, arguing that there are so many lines that, of course, one can find those that resemble the arrangement of stars. But what to do with the rest is not clear.
2. Religious version. This version does not dispute the version of origin, but considers release rites to be the destination. For example, shamans walked along these strips and called out to the souls of the dead. Or the inhabitants of Nazca tried in this way to turn to the gods so that they would give water in the form of rains. After all, the Nazca civilization, presumably, died out precisely because of climate change, which gradually dried up previously fertile lands.
3. Alien scan. This version assumes that the lines and drawings, except for the clearly anthropomorphic ones ("Family", "Lamas"), are drawn from a great height - only in this case they could be so even. It is also assumed that it was used computer program who could draw such perfectly balanced figures. Perhaps alien creatures took soil samples, this is evidenced by zigzags and spirals. And thick lines can indicate the collection of minerals from the surface. For example, iron ore is present in the stones on the surface of the desert. There is another interpretation of this version. An antediluvian civilization, not aliens, was looking for cities buried under the layers of villages, scanning the area from a height. The fact that a mudflow has passed in this area is indicated by the composition of the desert soil: rounded stones in clay, and in some places peaks stick out former mountains. Also, the ruined buildings of the city tell a lot about the flood.
4. Alien ships. This version says that the lines were runways. However, it is not clear why there are so many of them, why in such a viscous soil, and why then drawings and zigzags. And no traces of a possible takeoff and landing were found. But it can be assumed that the numerous lines in the sand - scanning in order to find a place for landing or taking off ships, and since the soil is soft - the scanning continued further until it was found perfect place- in the solid mountains of Palpa. This version is supported by the fact that it is there that the stripes are not the removal of a couple of tens of centimeters from the surface of the soil, but as if the top of the mountain was deliberately cut and leveled.

How to observe

The best way to watch the Nazca and Palpa lines is, of course, from the plane. If you have purchased a tour to Peru, then please note that the flight over the Nazca lines is included. Then you don't have to worry about organizing it. Those who travel on their own should pay attention to the fact that you need to sign up for a flight at least a day in advance. At the same time, you can spend the night in Nazca, Ica or Paracas - they are closest to the geoglyphs.

The second option is economical. When you drive along Panamericana Sur, there are two places to look out for. If you go from the south, then the first place is Hill next to which there is a parking lot. Our photo-panorama was just taken from the hill (at the beginning of the article). Plus observation from the hill - unlike flying by plane, the lines can be seen very close. In addition, some lines are very clearly visible from the hill.

Well, the third option is a little further north along the Panamericana Sur. This is on purpose, even under Maria Reichel, made tower, with which you can see 3 figures. One side arms and wood, and on the other - from afar the tip reptiles. Near the tower, various souvenirs dedicated to the lines and geoglyphs of Nazca are sold. The entrance to the tower is paid.

You can visit the drawings of Palpa, we drive a little more north, but for their observation it is better to leave Panamericana Sur.

The Nazca Desert is located in the south of Peru, 450 kilometers from Lima. This is the region of residence of the pre-Inca civilization of Nazca (I-VI centuries AD).

The Nazca people waged wars and were engaged in trade, but the main activity for them was fishing and farming. In addition, the Nazca were excellent artists and architects - we can judge this from the found ceramics of this culture and the ruins of ancient cities. There is a lot of evidence of the high level of development of this civilization, the main of which, of course, are the Nazca Lines - huge geoglyphs in the desert, visible only from a bird's eye view.

What to watch

Nazca lines

Giant desert drawings depicting animals and objects - the Nazca Lines - were discovered in 1926. Researchers suggest that the geoglyphs were created in the years 300-800 by the Nazca civilization. They were called “the largest calendar in the world”, “the most gigantic book on astronomy” - their exact purpose remains unknown.

The area of ​​the territory where the Nazca Lines are located, occupies 500 km2 and is located in the desert, where it rains for only half an hour a year. It is this fact that allowed geoglyphs to survive to this day.

These drawings were first described in 1548, but for many years no one paid serious attention to them. Perhaps this was due to the fact that they can only be properly examined from a height, and they began to fly airplanes over the desert much later. In the early 1940s, during the construction of the Pan-American Highway, an American professor invited to study coastal hydrology regularly flew over the valleys in small planes. It was he who drew attention to the strange lines that form into huge drawings. The sight that unfolded shocked and astounded him. Professor Kosok and other scientists have devoted many years to the study of these lines. They managed to discover the relationship between the location of the lines with the sun on the days of the summer and winter solstices, as well as indications of the moon, planets and bright constellations. It seemed that the Nazca civilization set up a gigantic observatory here.

The technique for creating geoglyphs was very simple: the upper darkened layer was cut off from the soil and folded here, along the formed light strip, creating a darker ridge framing the lines. Over time, the color of the lines darkened and became less contrasting, but we can still see the drawings left by the Nazca civilization.

How to watch
In Nazca, there are several companies that make sightseeing flights in small planes over the desert. Such, because due to the number of people who want to see the Lines of Places on the desired date in last moment may not appear.

An alternative way to see the lines is to go up to the observation deck on the Panamericana Highway (El Mirador). The cost of lifting is 2 soles (20 rubles), but you can only see 2 drawings.

Palpa Lines

Unlike the Nazca drawings, the Palp Lines consist more of human and geometric designs. According to archaeological research, the Palpa Lines belong to more early period than the Nazca Lines. Flying over the Palp Lines, you can see the image of the Pelican, the image of a woman, a man and a boy, whom archaeologists have nicknamed "The Family". One of the Palp Lines is an image of a Hummingbird - similar to one of the geoglyphs of the Nazca Lines. Another Line is read by archaeologists as an image of a Dog near the Square. Near the city of Palpa you can see the famous image of the Sundial and Tumi - a ritual knife.

Ruins of Cahuachi

The most important and powerful city of the Nazca civilization was Cahuachi - a city in the Nazca Valley, 24 km from the modern city of Nazca. Excavations are still underway here. To date, the city remains:

• The Central Pyramid is 28 meters high and 100 meters wide, consisting of 7 steps. Religious ceremonies were held here.
• Stepped Temple 5 meters high and 25 meters wide
• 40 buildings made of adobe (unfired brick)

There was a necropolis near the city, where scientists found untouched graves with various items that were customary to put in graves (dishes, fabrics, jewelry, etc.). All finds can be seen in the Antonini Archaeological Museum (Museo Arqueológico Antonini) in Nazca.

Necropolis of Chauchilla (El cementerio de Chauchilla)

The Chauchilla necropolis is located 30 km from the city of Nazca. This is the only place in Peru where you can see the mummies of an ancient civilization directly in the graves where they were found. This cemetery was used from the 3rd to 9th centuries AD, but the main burials date back to 600-700 years. The mummies were well preserved due to the arid desert climate, as well as the embalming technology used by the Nazca: the bodies of the dead people were wrapped in cotton cloth, painted with paints and impregnated with resins. It was the resins that helped to avoid the decomposing action of bacteria.
The necropolis was discovered in 1920, but officially recognized as an archaeological monument and taken under protection only in 1997. Prior to that, he suffered for many years from marauders who stole a significant part of the treasures of Nazca.

2 hour guided tour - 30 Sols

Entrance ticket to the Necropolis - 5 soles

San Fernando Nature Reserve (Bahía de San Fernando)

About 80 km from Nazca there is a nature reserve very similar to Paracas. Here you can also see penguins, sea lions, dolphins, various birds. And besides, the Andean fox, guanaco and condors are found in San Fernando.

It is difficult to get here and there are almost no tourists here.In San Fernando you can spend time alone with nature and the Pacific Ocean!

Cantayoc aqueducts

The Nazca were a very advanced civilization. In the desert, where the river only fills with water for 40 days a year, the Nazca farmers needed a system that would allow them to have water throughout the year. They solved this problem by creating a magnificent system of aqueducts. One of them - Cantayoc Aqueducts are less than 5 km from the city of Nazca and are a chain of spiral wells.

When to go

Nazca is located in the desert, where it is almost always dry and sunny. December to March is the hottest time in this region, the average daily temperature is around 27C. June to September are the coldest months of the year when the daytime temperature is only 18C.

How to get to Nazca

Nazca is located 450 kilometers south of Lima. You can get here on your own by car along the Panamericana Highway, or by one of the many buses that go in this direction. The bus trip will take 7 hours.