What shape is the pencil. What are pencils? Practical tasks in engineering graphics

Practical tasks on engineering graphics

Drawing lines and fonts

Graphic Work No. 1

Graphic work № 1 , recommended for students to perform engineering graphics, has the goal of mastering the skills of drawing drawing lines, fonts and inscriptions, as well as getting to know the basics of working with a compass.
In the process of doing the work, the student must complete the frame of the drawing, the main lines provided ESKD, drawing font letters, and circles represented by various drawing lines.

The work is done on drawing paper A3 (420×297 mm).
To complete the work, you will need pencils with hardness TM ,T , 2T , a ruler with a length of at least 300 mm, a protractor, a compass, a square (to perform auxiliary parallel lines) , eraser, pencil sharpener.
Ruler and square must be wooden or plastic (metal ones strongly “cut” the pencil lead, leaving dirt on the drawing).

For high-quality graphic work, it is necessary to have a set of pencils, which must necessarily include a pencil of medium hardness ( TM ), solid ( T ) and very hard ( 2T ). In this case, hard pencils are used to draw thin lines on the drawing and for a preliminary outline of the outline of the image, which is subsequently outlined with a medium-hard pencil.
Marking of pencils adopted in different countries, described below.

Designation of pencil hardness

In different countries, the hardness of pencils is marked various characters.
In Russia, the marking of pencils with letters has been adoptedM (soft) andT (solid) or combinations of these letters with numbers and with each other. The numbers in front of the letter are an indication of the degree of hardness or softness of the pencil. At the same time, it is intuitively clear that2M - very softM - soft pencil,TM - a pencil of medium hardness (hard-soft),T - hard and2T - a very hard pencil.

There are often imported pencils on sale, for which European or American markings are used.
In the USA, pencils are marked with numbers from 1 to 9 (also used fractional numbers, for example: 2.5), while the number is usually preceded by a # sign (pound sign):#1 , #2 , #2,5 , #3 , #4 etc. Than more number(number) in the marking, the harder the pencil.

The European marking of pencils is based on the letters of the Latin alphabet:

· B (short for blackness - blackness) - corresponds to the Russian marking under the letterM (soft);

· H (from hardness - hardness) - corresponds to the Russian hardness markingT (solid);

· F (from fine point - subtlety, tenderness) - a pencil of medium hardness, approximately corresponds toTM . However, the combination of lettersH andAT – HB also indicate the average hardness of the pencil.

European marking provides for a combination of lettersAT andH with numbers (from 2 to 9), while, as in the Russian marking, than more figure, the higher the property of the pencil corresponding to the letter (softness or hardness). Pencils of medium hardness according to the European marking have the designationH , F , HB orAT .
If there is a letter on the pencilAT with a number from 2 to 9 (for example:4V , 9V etc.), then you are dealing with a soft or very soft pencil.
LetterH with a number from 2 to 9 on a pencil indicates its increased hardness (for example,2H , 7H etc.).

Graphic work task №1 and a sample of the work performed are shown in the figure below.
A full-size sample of the work can be opened in a separate browser window by clicking on the picture with the mouse. After that, it can be downloaded to a computer or printed on a printer for use as a task for students.
The task is presented in two versions:

· Option number 1

· Option number 2

The task is aimed at acquiring and improving the skills of drawing lines of a drawing and fonts, while their style must comply with the requirements stipulated by the standards ESKD and ESTD.

As required ESKD the dimensions of lines and fonts in the drawing must meet the following requirements:

· main solid thick line (for drawing a frame, title block, outline of a part or assembly - that is, the main lines of graphic work) should be thick 0.6...0.8 mm; on the drawings large sizes this line can reach 1.5 mm in thickness.

· dashed line (draw lines of an invisible contour)- made thick 0.3 ... 0.4 mm (i.e. twice as thin as the main thick line). Stroke length (4-6 mm) and the distance between adjacent strokes (1-1.5mm) normalized GOST 2.303-68;

other lines (dash-dotted, wavy, solid fine - to designate axes, extension and dimension lines, section boundaries, etc.)- thick 0.2 mm (i.e. three times thinner than the main thick solid line).
The length of the strokes in the dash-dotted line (designation of axes) should be 15-20 mm, the distance between adjacent strokes - 3 mm.

· letter height fonts must correspond to the ruler allowed by the standard, while the height lowercase letters and spacing between letters in a line are related to the size of capitals (capital) letters.
Most often in graphic works format A4 and A3 fonts like AT with tilt angle 75 degrees, while the height of lowercase letters (which should be equal to 7/10 of the height of uppercase i.e. capital letters), is taken equal to 3.5 or 5 mm (respectively, the height of capital letters is 5 or 7 mm).

· Letter spacing line should be equal to 1/5 capital letter height (capital) letters, i.e. for capital letter height 5 mm spacing between letters in a string - 1 mm, for capital letter height 7 mm- spacing between letters 1.5 mm .
When writing letters, it is important to keep them the same height and slope in the line, as well as the distance between adjacent letters.

What could be easier than a pencil? This simple tool, familiar to everyone since childhood, is not as primitive as it seems at first glance. It allows you not only to draw, write and draw, but also to create a variety of artistic effects, sketches, paintings! Any artist must be able to draw with a pencil. And, more importantly, understand them.

Graphite ("simple") pencils are pretty different from each other. By the way, "pencil" comes from two Turkic words - "kara" and "dash" (black stone).

The pen's nib is set in a frame made of wood or plastic, and may be made of graphite, charcoal, or other materials. The most common type - graphite pencils - differ in the degree of rigidity.

Let's start!

Pavel Chistyakov, a professor at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts of the 19th-early 20th century, advised to start by putting paint aside and practicing drawing "with a pencil for at least a year." great artist Ilya Repin never parted with pencils. Pencil drawing is the basis of any painting.

The human eye distinguishes about 150 shades of gray. An artist who draws with graphite pencils has three colors at his disposal. White (paper color), black and gray (color of graphite pencils of different hardness). it achromatic colors. Drawing only with a pencil, only in shades of gray allows you to create images that convey the volume of objects, the play of shadows and glare of light.

Lead hardness

The hardness of the lead is indicated on the pencil with letters and numbers. Manufacturers from different countries (Europe, USA and Russia) have different markings for the hardness of pencils.

Rigidity designation

In Russia hardness scale looks like this:

• M - soft;
• T - solid;
• TM - hard-soft;

European scale somewhat wider (marking F does not have a Russian equivalent):

• B - soft, from blackness (blackness);
• H - hard, from hardness (hardness);
• F is the middle tone between HB and H (from the English fine point - subtlety)
• HB - hard-soft (Hardness Blackness - hardness-blackness);

IN THE USA a number scale is used to indicate the stiffness of a pencil:

• #1 - corresponds to B - soft;
• #2 - corresponds to HB - hard-soft;
• #2½ - corresponds to F - medium between hard-soft and hard;
• #3 - corresponds to H - hard;
• #4 - corresponds to 2H - very hard.

Pencil pencil strife. Depending on the manufacturer, the tone of the line drawn with a pencil of the same marking may differ.

In Russian and European marking of pencils, the number before the letter indicates the degree of softness or hardness. For example, 2B is twice as soft as B and 2H is twice as hard as H. Pencils are commercially available and are labeled 9H (hardest) to 9B (softest).

soft pencils

Start from B before 9B.

The most commonly used pencil when creating a drawing is HB. However, this is the most common pencil. With this pencil draw the basis, the shape of the picture. HB handy for drawing, creating tonal spots, it is not too hard, not too soft. Draw dark places, highlight them and place accents, a soft pencil will help to make a clear line in the picture. 2B.

Hard pencils

Start from H before 9H.

H- a hard pencil, hence - thin, light, "dry" lines. With a hard pencil draw solid objects with a clear outline (stone, metal). With such a hard pencil, according to the finished drawing, over the shaded or shaded fragments, draw thin lines, for example, draw strands in the hair.

The line drawn with a soft pencil has a slightly loose contour. A soft lead will allow you to reliably draw representatives of the fauna - birds, hares, cats, dogs.

If it is necessary to choose between a hard or soft pencil, artists take a pencil with a soft lead. An image drawn with such a pencil is easy to shade with a piece of thin paper, a finger or an eraser. If necessary, you can finely sharpen the graphite core of a soft pencil and draw a thin line similar to the line from a hard pencil.

The figure below shows more clearly the hatching of different pencils:

Hatching and drawing

Strokes on paper are drawn with a pencil inclined at an angle of about 45 ° to the plane of the sheet. To make the line bolder, you can rotate the pencil around the axis.

Light areas are shaded with a hard pencil. Dark areas are correspondingly soft.

It is inconvenient to hatch with a very soft pencil, as the stylus quickly becomes dull and the fineness of the line is lost. The way out is to either sharpen the point very often, or use a harder pencil.

When drawing, they gradually move from light to dark areas, since it is much easier to darken a part of the drawing with a pencil than to make a dark place lighter.

Please note that the pencil must be sharpened not with a simple sharpener, but with a knife. The lead should be 5-7mm long, which allows you to tilt the pencil and achieve the desired effect.

Graphite pencil lead is a fragile material. Despite the protection of the wooden shell, the pencil requires careful handling. When dropped, the lead inside the pencil breaks apart and then crumbles during sharpening, making the pencil unusable.

Nuances to know when working with pencils

For hatching at the very beginning, you should use a hard pencil. Those. the driest lines are made with a hard pencil.

Drawn with a soft pencil finished drawing to give it richness and expressiveness. Soft pencil leaves dark lines.

The more you tilt the pencil, the wider its mark will be. However, with the advent of pencils with a thick lead, this need is no longer necessary.

If you do not know how the final drawing will look like, it is recommended to start with a hard pencil. With a hard pencil, you can gradually dial the desired tone. At the very beginning, I myself made the following mistake: I took too soft a pencil, which made the drawing dark and incomprehensible.

Pencil frames

Of course, classic version- This is a stylus in a wooden frame. But now there are also plastic, varnished and even paper frames. The lead on these pencils is thick. On the one hand, this is good, but on the other hand, such pencils are easy to break if put in a pocket or dropped unsuccessfully.

Although there are special cases for transferring pencils (for example, I have a set of KOH-I-NOOR Progresso black lead pencils - good, solid packaging, like a pencil case).

New disposable pencil with a wooden frame, the lead must be sharpened (refined) before the first use. In addition to disposable pencils there are reusable mechanical pencils with interchangeable leads in a permanent frame.

Pencilsdiffer in the hardness of the stylus, which is usually indicated onpenciland is marked with lettersM(or B- from English. blackness) - soft andT(or H- from English. hardness) - solid. Standard (hard-soft) pencil in addition to combinationsTM and HBdenoted by the letterF(from English fine point). Degree of softnesspencilsdenoted by a letterM(soft) or 2M, ZMetc. Capital letter beforeMindicates greater softnesspencil. Solid pencilsdenoted by a letterT(solid). 2 T harder than T, ST harder than 2 T, etc.

Unlike Europe and Russia, in the USA a numerical scale is used to indicate hardness.

Table of correspondence of hardness scales

The hardest Average The softest

Usually start pencilmedium soft -TM or M- and then move on to softer numbers "-2 M and ZM.

Choice pencilsdepends on quality and from creative task set by the artist. For example, fast easier to make softpencils, while working on long time on the semi-whatman type, you can start light pencils T or TM. On a smooth lays down better soft pencil, on the more rough is comfortablepencilmedium soft -2 M.

History of pencils

Since the 13th century, artists have used thinsilver wire that was soldered to the handle or stored in a case. This type pencil called « silver pencil » . This tool required high level , since it is impossible to erase what he has drawn. Another his characteristic feature was that over time gray, inflicted silver pencilturned brown.

There was and "lead pencil" , which left a discreet but clear mark and was often used for preparatory. For completed silver and lead pencil, characterized by thin . For example, likepencilsused by Dürer.

Also known as the so-called"Italian pencil" which appeared in the 14th century. It was a rod of clay black slate . Then they began to make it from burnt bone powder, bonded with vegetable . This tool allowed you to create an intense and rich It is interesting that even now artists sometimes use silver, lead anditalian pencilswhen they need to achieve a certain effect.

In the XV-XVI centuries. on parchment or painted with a silver or lead pin ( German Stiff - "base, tool"). A silver lead is especially good for this purpose. It gives thin and clear and similar to a chisel. Such dense almost never fade. silver pin, or stylus , drew many Italian artists as well Northern Renaissance - R. van der Weiden, A. Dürer, H. Holbein (Holbein) Jr., J. fan Eyck.

In the era and XVI-XVII centuries artists preferred soft or liquid materials - , , , , . Ever since the end of the XIV century. began to use slightly burnt clay grayish slate ( "black chalk") or red-brown ("red chalk").

In the 17th century spread"Italian pencil" (French Crayon d'Italie). It was made from burnt bones , crushed into powder, with the addition of vegetable . " Italian pencil" (later -retouch) is able to create juicy black matte , and when rubbing - a wide scale transitions. This material was a favorite in creativity Venetian artists, such as Titian, it is convenient for them to make preparatory to . and " Italian pencil"painted by artists and romance late XVIII-XIX in.

known since the 16th century. First Description pencilwas found in the 1564 works on minerals by the Swiss naturalist Konrad Geisler. At the same time, the discovery of the deposit in England, in Cumberland where sawn into pencil rods. English shepherds from the Cumberland area found a dark mass in the ground, which they used to mark their sheep. because of, similar to lead, the deposit was taken for deposits of this metal. But, having determined the unsuitability of the new material for making bullets, they began to produce thin sticks pointed at the end from it and used them for drawing. These sticks were soft, dirty hands, and only good for drawing, not writing.

In the 17th century usually sold on the streets. Artists, to make it more convenient and the stick was not so soft, clamped these « pencils » between pieces of wood or twigs, wrapped them inpaper or tied them with twine.

The first document that mentions a woodenpencil, dated 1683. Production in Germany pencilsstarted in Nuremberg. Germans, mixing with sulfur and , got a rod not like that High Quality but at a lower price. To hide it, the producerspencilsresorted to various tricks. In wooden casepencilat the beginning and at the end they inserted pieces of clean , while in the middle there was a low-quality artificial rod. Sometimes the insidepenciland was completely empty. So-called "Nuremberg Goodsdid not have a good reputation.

It wasn't until 1761 that Caspar Faber developed a way to strengthen by mixing powdered with resin and antimony, resulting in a thick mass suitable for casting stronger and more uniform rods.

At the end of XVIII century Czech I. Hartmut began to make rods for pencils from a mixture and clay followed by firing. Appeared rods reminiscent of modern ones. By changing the amount of added clay, it was possible to obtain rods of various hardness.

Modern pencil invented in 1794 by the talented French scientist and inventor Nicolas Jacques Conte.

At the end of the 18th century, the English Parliament imposed a strict ban on the export of precious from Cumberland. For violation of this prohibition, the punishment was very severe, up to death penalty. But despite this continued to get smuggled into continental Europe, which led to a sharp increase in its price.

On the instructions of the French convention, Conte developed a recipe for mixing with clay and the production of high-quality rods from these materials. With the help of high temperature treatment, high strength was achieved, but even more important was the fact that changing the proportion of the mixture made it possible to make rods of different hardness, which served as the basis for modern classification.pencils by hardness.

It is calculated that pencilwith a rod length of 18 cm can be carried out 55 km or write 45,000 words!

Modern leads use polymers that allow you to achieve the desired combination of strength and elasticity, make it possible to produce very thin leads for mechanical pencils(up to 0.3 mm).

Hexagonal body shape pencil suggested in late XIX century Count Lothar von Fabercastle, noting that pencils round sections often roll off sloping writing surfaces.

Almost ²/ 3 material constituting a simplepencil, goes to waste when sharpening it. This prompted the American Alonso Townsend Cross to create in 1869metal pencil. the rod was placed in a metal tube and could, if necessary, be extended to the appropriate length.

This invention influenced the development of a whole group of products that are used everywhere today. The simplest construction is mechanical pencil with a 2 mm lead, where the rod is held by metal clamps ( collets) - collet pencil. Collets open by pushing a button at the end pencil, resulting in extension to a user-adjustable length pencil.

Modern mechanical pencilsmore perfect. Each time the button is pressed, a small section of the lead is automatically fed. Suchpencilsdo not need to be sharpened, they are equipped with a built-in (usually under the lead feed button) with an eraser and have different fixed thicknesses (0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm, 0.9mm, 1mm).

pencil have grayish with a slight sheen, they do not have intense blackness.

famous french Emmanuel Poiret (1858-1909 ), born in Russia, came up with an aristocratic French-sounding pseudonymCaran d'Ache , with whom he began to sign his works. Later this option French transcription Russian word"pencil" was chosen as the name and trademark of the Swiss brandCARAN d'ACHE based in Geneva pencilssharpened on fine-grained emery cloth), reminiscent of italian pencil . Pencil « RetouchThere are four numbers: No. 1 - very soft, No. 2 - soft, No. 3 - medium-hard, No. 4-hard. rodspencil « Retouch» are made from finely ground birch charcoal, clay and a small amount of carbon black.Pencils « Retouch» give an intense, bold streak of black which blends well. made in pencilRetouch", may not be fixed with a fixative. In addition to the black pencil "Retouch”, another pencil is produced“Painting» marked 2 M- 4 M.

Pencil "Blueprint"

Except , as . Gives a blacker and more contrasting streak that is better perceived by various photocopy settings. produced for wood marking, as well as"Carpentry". For this work" carpentry» pencil convenient because of its length and thick stylus.

Italian pencil

Italian pencilis one of the types of freestyle pencils. Distinctive feature its is, deep matte velvety black , easily blendable .

Italian pencilused when performing, as well as naked human body.
Italian pencilsknown since the 15th century. They are hard, medium and soft.

WHAT CAN A PENCIL

graphic artist Stanislav Mikhailovich NIKIREEV

If we turn to painters, graphic artists, muralists and even sculptors with this question, then everyone would find in an ordinary simple pencil, in its artistic and technical capabilities, something of their own, beloved, and we would not hear a definite answer. But everything is probablycothey say that the pencil was not invented in vain, and drawing begins with its help - in the form of sketches and sketches. A great many works of art created pencil.

Pencildraw. But what ispicture ? This question is not so easy to answer briefly. Every significant artist contributes to the art of drawing, although there is general opinion about drawing as the basis, the backbone of fine art. I remember the wonderful words Soviet artist and a teacher, academician E. A. Kibrik, with whom I was lucky to learn. He said:

“It took more than a decade before I understood what drawing is.”

He had in mind the drawing of high, realistic art, the most difficult in its artistic manner, where line and stroke build objects, figures, landscapes in volume, weight, characteristic.

Quite often I had to make friends and work with pencils, simple and colored, for a long time, and now I need to remember ( because my creative way for three decades now), what did I draw for them and how.

Draw with a pencil with full seriousness, giving this activity most creative time, not easy. It is necessary to overcome the temptation of paints, colors and feel confident that you can express in a silver or black image, along with a clear constructiveness, a tonal-painterly mood. To decide on this means to win, the first, significant one. The second victory of extreme importance is when you will be able to understand that an artist can create masterpieces not only with paints, but also with a pencil. With the brightest clarity, magnificent drawings will help in this.

In the artist's work, the pencil performs a great ancillary work, allowing you to make sketches, sketches, sketches, which serve as a preparatory stage for works of easel and monumental painting, prints. The work is responsible and essential. The maximum value of the qualities of a pencil is manifested in independent drawings, when the artist needs to express his ideas more fully and completely. And the pencil will not let you down with its endless scale of elusive shades, delicate shadings and juicy velvet spots, from the thinnest cobweb to resolutely intense, elastic lines. If you add to this the varying softness and degree of gray-black gradations, then the ability of a pencil is superior to any other.art material .

Working with pencils, I never feel annoyed that at some point they may be powerless to express my desires and ideas. With a simple pencil, I studied plasters, still lifes, portraits and figures of sitters during long sessions, diligently shading and carefully working out the details. But with a special desire I draw landscapes - grass, flowers, trees, land, buildings. At the same time, I study not only their design, materiality,invoice , but I strive to convey various “moods” on paperlandscape .

The pencil is light and easy to correct, which is especially important when working in wildlife, and almost indispensable on trips where you meet a lot of interesting moments, which I would like to capture, while it is impossible to use other art materials due to time constraints.Line andspot , which the pencil gives, help to easily and quickly enter exciting moments, the necessary details into the artist's travel album.

It is difficult to imagine the surrounding life, so to speak, in black and white, without color. It turned out that I parted with watercolors and oils a long time ago, devoting all my time and energy to graphics, but I got a reliable assistant -color pencil, which fully satisfies my needs to work in color. The opinion was strengthened that the colored pencil is poor and limited in the color range. Is it worth it, however, to demand from uncomplexity and wealthoil painting ? But we must strive to use to the end of its capabilities.

Sometimes drawing comes down either to imitation of children's drawings, or to admiring mannerisms: the sweeping stroke, line, spot, pure
formal compositional solutions. Many professional artists sometimes draw, as it were, during a break, during a break from painting or other activities. Hence the frivolous approach to the pencil, lightweight drawings, which are often seen at exhibitions.

When I first tried to seriously work with a colored pencil, as a student, I admired the unusual elasticity, texture of lines and strokes.

I wanted to see the motive in sweeping and sometimes random lines and in no case allow shading. The paper breathed and the lines were really beautiful. But if the goals of art were reduced to solving such problems, then artists would be, as they say, a dime a dozen. Thinking about what I draw and why, made me look at pencil work in a different way. Gradually, other charms began to open up, other virtues, less flashy, but noble and necessary for expressing ideas. The amazing ability of a pencil to convey the smallest objects and details with extraordinary clarity of form was discovered, enveloping these forms at the same time with the finest fluffiness of a stroke or coloring with a juicy sonorous spot. This technique corresponded to my understanding of the world, and I could not achieve this in other artistic materials. It turned out that the color possibilities of the pencil are much wider and deeper when you try to convey the mood and state of the landscape. At the same time, a purely pictorial technique is also used - scraping, when it is not possible to immediately guess the color, texture, and tone of objects. It would seem that the drawing is drying up, in some places it is careless from scraping, but the completeness of the sheet, dictated by the content, and not by formal moments, acquires a true meaning and beauty.

In such work, many times he went so far from drawing with a stroke and a line into purely shading spots that the sheet took on the form casually called by the artists "oilcloth". But if this technique is warmed by a great, genuine love and passion for what I shaded so imperceptibly under the “oilcloth”, then, I assure you, the success of this discreet sheet is guaranteed with a greater guarantee than the “tasty” one decided. Thus, the ability of a colored pencil to work in multiple sessions was discovered, starting a drawing easily, leading it to a weighty conclusion.

With each drawing, I learn about all the new possibilities of the pencil. You just need to carefully, sensitively look at a small lead in a wooden frame, and it will give great joy and success.

I love the pencil because you can draw with it. I love jealously, because he is still capable of much more - to draw, write. I love it for its amazing accessibility and simplicity, for the fact that I drew my first work from nature with a simple pencil, and then I had a dream of becoming an artist.

Simple pencils for the artist

Anyone who has ever written, drawn, or drawn with a simple pencil is familiar with graphite.We are used to counting simple pencils made of graphite, and we don't think about what, but in factThe lead of a graphite pencil is made from a mixture of graphite and clay, and is packaged in a case, most often made of wood. Precisely toThe amount of clay determines the degree of hardness or softness of the pencil.

Graphite is a mineral that is a form of carbon. Get it in various rocks, and also make its artificial counterparts. The raw materials for this, for example, can be carbides, which are subjected to high temperatures, or cast iron, which, on the contrary, is gradually cooled to obtain artificial graphite.

The main line of dividing pencils by hardness is as follows: "H"-pencils and "B"-pencils."H"-pencils are hard, and the higher the number (it is placed next to letter designation, for example: 1H or 2H), the lighter the lines. Toa 6H number pencil, for example, will be much easier to draw than a 2H pencil."B" pencils are soft and the higher the number, the darker the lines or strokes it will make. What corresponds to the Russian marking "T" (hard) and "M" (soft).For drawing, softness pencils “B” or “M” are usually used - if in our opinion.

The diagram belowshows the full range of hardness of graphite pencils, adopted in the West, which we also have to deal with constantly."NV" means in Russian and corresponds to the properties of the marking "TM" - hard-soft - and is the middle of the scale. Marking "F" corresponds to "TM", it's just less common.

Imported pencil hardness scale

The blackest (and most expensive) graphite is still devoid of the intensity of blackness, in addition, like graphite in general, it has a luster. A drawing made with graphite (especially hard) shines. Therefore, in some artwork it is replaced by a drawing one, which gives an intense thick blackness and does not have a shine. That is why graphite is only suitable for small, mostly landscape drawings, which are well preserved without (unless too soft graphite was taken for the drawing).

Other forms of artistic graphite

Two other forms of graphite that are commonly used in drawing are: woodless pencil and graphite bar(or sticks).

Woodless graphite pencil. He is "graphite in lacquer."

Bwood pencil(as you can guess) it's graphite without the wooden case. It is often on sale under the name "graphite in varnish" or "graphite rods" (then they will not be varnished). Basically, the stylus has a round shape. Sharpen woodless pencils with a regular sharpener.They are made for sketching and drawing and are usually on the soft side of the hardness scale, more often in HB, 2B, 4B, 6B and 8B. Again, different manufacturers offer different degrees of hardness. With a woodless pencil, you can draw both very thin and wide strokes, which are made with the beveled side of the writing tip.

Graphite bars (sticks)

Graphite Drawing Sticks

Useful for large images and for covering large areas quickly.They are also issued varying degrees hardness, and some manufacturers likeCaran d'Ache(pictured above) make them in different sizes.

The quality depends on the correct selection of the hardness of the pencils.

Hard pencils with a sharpened and dry point can be used to draw grayish lines. These pencils usually have the letter H (from the English hard - "hard"). They are good for high-precision images, such as line drawings or drawings. Hard leads, unlike soft leads, give thin lines and do not leave excessive marks on paper.

At soft pencils lead on oil based. Drawing with such a pencil and lightly pressing on the lead, you can get more dark and thick lines. They put the letter B (from the English bold - "bold"). AT artistic drawing the use of soft pencils makes it possible to give greater expressiveness and expressiveness to the work of the artist.

• A well-sharpened pencil lead marked 6B allows you to make a good sketch. The basis of the sketch is applied with a soft stylus. To get pale lines, you should tilt the pencil.
• As you create a drawing, you need to gradually impose new strokes on the previous ones in order to deepen the shadows and expand the midtones. Lightened areas on white paper remain unpainted, that is, they do not need to be stroked.