What is Rhythm Timbre Dynamic Tempo. Basic elements of musical language

What is rhythm in music, study and master rhythm

Rhythm is a fundamental element in the performance of a piece of music. At the same time, we can talk about the independence of the rhythm from the melody. So each person could observe around him thousands of examples of a separate existence, ranging from heartbeats to percussion instruments that do not have a pitch component. Melody without rhythm is almost impossible.

Regardless of the degree of professionalism, each musician must reckon with the basics of rhythm, know specific terminology, and also be able to reproduce a piece or musical fragment in the suggested rhythm. This page explains the basic concepts and terminology needed for practice.

Rhythm, duration and pause

Let's look at what is rhythm. musical term is a clear organization of music in time space. A structure is formed from a sequence of durations and pauses. The table shows the durations, as well as their designation.

duration name	Designation when writing		Number of accountsfor one duration
	On the stave	Outside the staff
Whole			1 and 2 and 3 and 4 and
half			1 and 2 and
Quarter			1 and
eighth		or
sixteenth		or	Half the eighth

There is a special table showing the ratio of durations to each other.

It is worth understanding such a concept as pause in musical rhythm. A pause is a time interval in music that is filled with silence. There are the following pause sizes:

1. A whole pause. The duration is equal to a whole note. Indicated by a black, filled rectangle above the third line of the stave.
2. Half pause. Equal to a half note. It is indicated by a black rectangle located on the third line of the stave.
3. A quarter pause is equal to a quarter. It is indicated figuratively on almost the entire musical staff.
4. The eighth pause is similar in duration to the eighth. The designation is reminiscent of capital letter"h".
5. The sixteenth rest is equal to the corresponding note. On the letter it is similar to the previous duration, the difference is the doubling of the tail.

It should be noted that some musicians perceive pauses as stops, as a result of which they stray from the general rhythmic outline. A pause is a sign of silence that plays a big role in the work. It is strongly not recommended to eat up pauses at the expense of another previous note, lengthening its duration. Otherwise, the musical thought is lost. It is especially important to consider this principle when playing in an orchestra, ensemble or group. After all, if pauses are not taken into account, then the sounds will overlap each other, creating dissonances.

Basic terminology

Rhythm in professional music can not do without such concepts as measure, meter, tempo and time signature.

• Meter represents a uniform alternation of accents in a piece of music.
• Tact is a unit of meter measured in notes or rests. In four-quarter time, the first note in the bar is the downbeat, the second is the downbeat, the third is relatively strong, and the fourth is down. Between themselves, the measures are divided by a line. The work is closed by a double line.

• The size- two numbers, located one above the other, standing at the beginning of the stave. The top number shows the number of durations in a measure, and the bottom number shows which duration prevails. The designation is located after the key and key characters. It is noteworthy that the indicator is duplicated only once at the beginning of the work, on the following lines it is not necessary to indicate the size again. The exception is a change to a new one.

The picture shows the size 4/4 (four quarters)

Specifying quarter notes does not mean that only duration data will be used in a measure. Durations of different sizes can be used, but their sum should not exceed the size. Consider correct and incorrect examples.

It is worth considering that the sizes are simple, complex, mixed and variable.

The first simple group includes mainly two or three-part sizes, in which there is only one accent on the strong share. The most common sizes are two-quarters, two-halfs, two-eighths, three-quarters, three-eighths, and three-halfs.

Complex meters appear when two simple ones merge, usually they have an additional relative one in addition to the main emphasis on the downbeat. AT this group includes: four quarters, six eighths, twelve eighths, six quarters, etc.

Mixed make up a special category. They are formed from the connection of several simple unequal sizes to each other. The group includes such units as five quarters, five eighths, as well as seven quarters and seven eighths.

Variable time signature is characteristic primarily for folk music, especially for Russian folk song. a prime example is the song "Vanya Sat".

The popular four-quarter size is depicted as capital letter C, so do not be afraid of this designation.

• Pace- this is musical characteristic, which determines the speed of the musical instrument. Usually the tempo is placed at the beginning of the piece above stave, and is written in Italian. There are three groups of slow, moderate and fast tempo designations. Depending on the set value, the piece may sound differently. Usually the tempo is set on a special device called a metronome. The larger the value, the faster the tempo will be.

Additional signs

There are some signs of notation that are actively involved in the formation of rhythm. If two notes that are at the same pitch level are tied, then this means that the first sound must hold the total amount of time. This is usually required to maintain grouping in complex dimensions.

For example, take the size of four quarters. It is complex and has one strong accent on the first beat and one relatively strong accent on the third beat. Thus, there should be notes on the first and third beats of the bar. To record the rhythm of a quarter, half and quarter, you must follow the basic grouping rules.

So if there is a point after the note, then this increases its sound by exactly half. For example, a quarter with a dot equals the sound of a quarter with an eighth.

Often duration with a dot goes next to such a concept as a dotted rhythm. The term denotes a rhythmic figure consisting of a duration with a dot and its logical completion. So the most common options are a quarter with a dot and an eighth, an eighth with a dot and a sixteenth. Let's take a musical example.

As you can see from the image, the dotted rhythm is used mainly on strong or relatively strong beats of the measure.

Another of the additional signs can be called fermata.

This musical sign means that the performer can hold the note marked fermata for an unlimited amount of time.

Music, as the end result of mixing sounds and silence in time, conveys the emotional atmosphere, the subtle feelings of the person who wrote it.

According to the works of some scientists, music has the ability to influence both the psychological and physical state of a person. Naturally, such a piece of music has its own character, laid down by the creator either purposefully or unconsciously.

Determining the nature of music by tempo and sound.

From the works of V. I. Petrushin, Russian musician and a teacher-psychologist, we can distinguish the following basics musical nature in the work:

1. the sound and slow tempo convey the emotion of sadness. Such a piece of music can be characterized as sad, conveying sorrow and despondency, carrying regret about the irrevocable bright past.
2. sound and slow tempo carry a state of peace, contentment. The nature of the musical work in this case includes peace, contemplation and balance.
3. The minor key and fast tempo suggest the emotion of anger. The nature of the music can be described as passionate, agitated, tensely dramatic.
4. The major coloring and fast tempo undoubtedly convey the emotions of joy, which are indicated by an optimistic and life-affirming, cheerful and jubilant character.

It should be emphasized that such elements of expressiveness in music as dynamics, timbre and means of harmony are very important for reflecting any of the emotions, the brightness of the transfer of musical characteristics in the work depends heavily on them. If you conduct an experiment and play the same melody in a major or minor sound, fast or slow tempo, then the melody will convey a completely different emotion and, accordingly, general character the piece of music will change.

The relationship between the nature of a piece of music and the temperament of the listener.

If we compare opuses classical composers with works contemporary masters, then one can trace a certain trend in the development of musical coloring. It becomes more and more complex and multifaceted, but the emotional background, character, does not change significantly. Therefore, the character of a piece of music is a constant that does not change over time. Works written 2-3 centuries ago have the same effect on the listener as they did during the period of popularity among contemporaries.

It was revealed that a person chooses music for listening not only based on his mood, but unconsciously taking into account his temperament.

1. melancholic - slow minor music, emotion - sadness.
2. Choleric - minor, fast music - emotion - anger.
3. Phlegmatic - slow major music - emotion - calmness.
4. Sanguine - major, fast music - emotion - joy.

Absolutely all musical works have their own character and temperament. They were originally laid down by the author, guided by feelings and emotions at the time of creation. However, it is not always possible for the listener to decipher exactly what the author wanted to convey, since perception is subjective, passes through the prism of the listener's feelings and emotions, based on his personal temperament.

Each art has its own techniques and mechanisms for conveying emotions, so music has its own language. The means of musical expression are represented by timbre, tempo, mode, rhythm, size, register, dynamics and melody. In addition, when analyzing a piece of music, accent and pause, intonation or harmony are taken into account.

Melody

The melody is the soul of the composition, it allows you to understand the mood of the work and convey feelings of sadness or fun, the melody can be abrupt, smooth or jerky. It all depends on how the author sees it.

Pace

The tempo determines the speed of the performance, which is expressed in three speeds: slow, fast and moderate. For their designation, terms are used that came to us from Italian. So, for slow - adagio, for fast - presto and allegro, and for moderate - andante. In addition, the pace can be brisk, calm, etc.

Rhythm and time signature

Rhythm and meter as means of musical expression determine the mood and movement of music. The rhythm can be different, calm, even, jerky, syncopated, clear, etc. Just like the rhythms that surround us in life. Size is for musicians who determine how to play music. They are written as fractions in the form of quarters.

fret

The mode in music determines its direction. If it is a minor, then it is sad, melancholy or thoughtfully dreamy, maybe nostalgic. Major corresponds to cheerful, joyful, clear music. The mode can also be variable when a minor is replaced by a major and vice versa.

Timbre

Timbre colors music, so music can be characterized as sonorous, dark, light, etc. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, as well as the voice of a particular person.

Register

The register of music is divided into low, medium and high, but this is important directly to the musicians who perform the melody, or to experts who analyze the work.

Means such as intonation, accent and pause make it possible to clearly understand what the composer wants to say.

Means of musical expression on video

Musical form:

Analysis musical works:

Motive, phrase and sentence in music:

The melody is the soul of the composition, it allows you to understand the mood of the work and convey feelings of sadness or fun, the melody can be abrupt, smooth or jerky. It all depends on how the author sees it. Pace

The tempo determines the speed of the performance, which is expressed in three speeds: slow, fast and moderate. For their designation, terms are used that came to us from the Italian language. So, for slow - adagio, for fast - presto and allegro, and for moderate - andante. In addition, the pace can be brisk, calm, etc.

Rhythm and meter as means of musical expression determine the mood and movement of music. The rhythm can be different, calm, even, jerky, syncopated, clear, etc. Just like the rhythms that surround us in life. Size is for musicians who determine how to play music. They are written as fractions in the form of quarters.

The mode in music determines its direction. If it is a minor, then it is sad, melancholy or thoughtfully dreamy, maybe nostalgic. Major corresponds to cheerful, joyful, clear music. The fret can be variable when the minor is replaced

Timbre colors music, so music can be characterized as sonorous, dark, light, etc. Each musical instrument has its own timbre, as well as the voice of a particular person.

The register of music is divided into low, medium and high, but this is important directly to the musicians who play the melody, or to the experts who analyze the work. Tools such as intonation, accent and pause make it possible to clearly understand what the composer wants to say.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MEANS OF MUSICAL EXPRESSION,

THEIR ROLE IN CREATING THE ARTISTIC IMAGE OF A MUSICAL WORK.

Music is a specific form of artistic reflection of reality in a musical image. There is a hypothesis that music originated from expressive human speech. The musical image is created using the means of musical expression:

TEMP - the speed of the music.

timbre is the color of sound. When determining the timbre, words of associative meaning predominate (transparent, glassy, ​​juicy, velvet music).

INTONATION - carries the main semantic core in music, therefore it is the most important. Intonation in a broad sense is the deployment of the entire musical work from beginning to end, the intonation of a musical work. The intonation of the second determines the direction of the piece of music.

Rhythm is a sequence of sounds of different lengths.

LAD - emotional coloring of sounds, a combination of sounds in height (major, minor)

REGISTERS - high, medium, low.

GENRE - type artistic creativity associated with the historical reality that gave rise to it, the life and way of life of people (song, dance, march - “3 whales” - Kobalevsky).

Music is close to the emotional nature of the child. Under the influence of music, it develops artistic perception experiences become richer.

Music is the greatest source of aesthetic and spiritual pleasure. It accompanies a person throughout his life, causes an emotional response, excitement, desire for action. It can inspire, ignite a person, instill in him the spirit of vivacity and energy, but it can also lead to a state of melancholy, grief or quiet sadness.

Considering the huge impact of music on emotions and the child's desire to understand and feel its content, it is especially important to use musical works that artistically specifically reflect the reality that is close and accessible to him. It is known that one of the sources of the emergence of musical images are the real sounds of nature and human speech - everything that the human ear perceives in the surrounding world.

Developing in the process of sound communication, music was at first inseparable from speech and dance. It adapted to the rhythm of labor movements, facilitated them, united people with a common desire. As a painter imitates the forms and colors of nature, so a musician imitates sound - intonations, timbre, voice modulations. However, the essence of music is not in onomatopoeia and visual moments. The musical image is devoid of direct, concrete visibility, but it is dynamic in nature and, in a generalized way, expresses the essential processes of life through sound means. "Emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonation of human speech - such is the nature of the musical image." (Boreev Yu.B.)

Influencing the feelings and thoughts of people, music contributes to the emotional knowledge of the surrounding reality and helps to transform and change it. With the help of its emotional language, music affects feelings, thinking, influences the worldview of a person, directs and changes it.

One of the main means of creating a musical image is a melody, organized rhythmically, enriched with dynamics, timbre, etc., supported by accompanying voices.

Musical images are created with the help of a complex of means of musical expression and are an emotional reflection of the images of the real world.

The peculiarity of music, its emotional power lies in the ability to show the rich world of human feelings that have arisen under the influence of the surrounding life. “Music, through the disclosure of human experiences, reflects the life that gave birth to them.” (Vanslov V.V.)

The nature of the impact musical composition depends on how specific the content is. From this point of view, there is a distinction between music with verbal text, program and non-program purely instrumental music(program music is provided with a verbal program that reveals its content).

Non-program music expresses only emotional content. But the content is there. They define special cognitive abilities musical art.

Music does not provide new specific factual knowledge, but it can deepen the existing ones by emotionally saturating them.

3. Concept

A couplet (fr. couplet) is a part of a song that includes one stanza of text and one melody (melody).

The verse is repeated throughout the song with new stanzas poetic text, while the melody may remain unchanged or vary slightly. As a result, the so-called couplet form is formed, which underlies the structure of most musical works of the song genre.

1) The beginning of singing; singing.

2) The beginning of a choral song or each of its verses, performed by a soloist.

3) The beginning of the epic, usually not related to its main content, necessary to attract the attention of listeners; start.

part of a verse song, performed at the end of the verse, in choral song- in chorus after solo zapev. Unlike the solo, the text of which is updated in each verse, P. is usually sung to the same text. P. is characterized by simplicity of melody and rhythmic clarity. Often the text P. represents the expression common idea, slogan, appeal (especially in revolutionary and mass songs). In many cases, P. is performed twice each time, which gives it special weight. The ratio "chorus - chorus" is also transferred to instrumental music - a two-part form arises, the second part of which is often also repeated, Rondo or rondo-like form (see Musical form).

No. 4. The concept of unwritten and written musical culture. Features of folklore musical art as a phenomenon, its features as a specific layer of musical culture: oral, variant and variant, the presence of typical tunes, syncretism, etc.

The essence and specificity of folklore as a phenomenon, features of the musical language The problem of the formation of national identity as the basis for preservation national identity culture in modern conditions world globalization undoubtedly deserves close attention already at the initial stage of human comprehension of culture - in the period preschool childhood. And folklore folk wisdom), and author's works of art are indispensable means of influencing the feelings and consciousness of a preschooler, therefore, any sphere of education, including musical and aesthetic education, involves the use of samples national culture and, above all, musical folklore. Musical folklore is a combination of song, dance, instrumental creativity people. Folklore is a more ancient layer of musical culture than composer music. It's unwritten musical culture, which differs significantly from the written one. Folklore has a number of features, the consideration of which makes it possible to effectively use it in musical development children preschool age. 1. For folklore tradition characterized by oral transmission from person to person, from generation to generation. Due to the oral nature in the works of folklore, frequent repetitions are used. melodic turns and texts (taking into account the limited possibilities of human memory), concise musical form. These features make musical folklore accessible to preschool children. 2. As a result of orality, such features as variability and variance have developed in folklore. Variance implies the existence of many similar variants of one sample in space ( various regions) and in time. Variability - changing the sample during its execution (depending on the capabilities of the performer). These features of folklore make it possible to use his works as an invaluable material for the development of musical creativity preschoolers. The folklore sample studied with preschoolers is a model on the basis of which the child can improvise, create his own versions, without conflicting with the very nature of folklore. 3. As a result of oral use in folklore, typical melodies, rhythms, texts that are transferred from one sample of folklore to another, are often signs of the genre (terts fret in lullabies, the fifth syllable in the phrases of carol songs, text refrains “Shchodra vechar, dobry vechar”, “Kalyada”, “Agu, vyasna!” etc.). Preschoolers, getting acquainted with a number of traditional tunes, learn the "vocabulary" and "grammar" of the national musical (as well as verbal) language. In this process, the musical intonation vocabulary of the child is enriched, and folklore becomes recognizable for him (as a result of frequent repetition) and a close phenomenon. 4. Folklore (especially the early layer) is characterized by syncretism - the fusion of all its elements (singing, movement, use of instruments, playing beginning). The worldview of the child is also syncretic, types musical activity preschooler are closely related. Thus, the folklore repertoire corresponds to the age capabilities and needs of a preschool child.

4. Concept

Instrumental music is music played on instruments without the participation of the human voice. There are solo, ensemble and orchestral instrumental music. Widespread in classical music, jazz, electronic music, new age, post-rock, etc.

The classic definition is that tempo in music is the speed of movement. But what is meant by this? The fact is that music has its own unit of measurement of time. These are not seconds, as in physics, and not hours and minutes, which we are used to in life.

Musical time most of all resembles the beating of a human heart, measured pulse beats. These beats measure the time. And just from what they are - fast or slow, the pace depends, that is overall speed movement.

When we listen to music, we do not hear this pulsation, unless, of course, it is specifically indicated by percussion instruments. But every musician secretly, inside himself, necessarily feels these pulses, they help to play or sing rhythmically, without deviating from the main tempo.

Here's an example for you. Everyone knows the melody of the New Year's song "A Christmas tree was born in the forest." In this melody, the movement is mainly in eighth notes (sometimes there are others). At the same time, the pulse beats, it’s just that you can’t hear it, but we will specially sound it with the help of percussion instrument. Listen given example, and you will begin to feel the pulse in this song:

What are the tempos in music?

All tempos that exist in music can be divided into three main groups: slow, moderate (that is, medium) and fast. In musical notation, tempo is usually denoted by special terms, most of of which are words of Italian origin.

So slow tempos include Largo and Lento, as well as Adagio and Grave.

Moderate tempos include Andante and its derivative Andantino, as well as Moderato, Sostenuto and Allegretto.

Finally, we list the fast paces, these are: the cheerful Allegro, the "live" Vivo and Vivace, as well as the fast Presto and the fastest Prestissimo.

How to set the exact tempo?

Is it possible to measure musical tempo in seconds? It turns out you can. For this, a special device is used - a metronome. The inventor of the mechanical metronome is the German physicist and musician Johann Melzel. Today, musicians in their daily rehearsals use both mechanical metronomes and electronic analogues - in the form of a separate device or an application on the phone.

What is the principle of the metronome? This device, after special settings (move the weight on the scale), beats the pulse beats at a certain speed (for example, 80 beats per minute or 120 beats per minute, etc.).

The clicks of a metronome are like the loud ticking of a clock. This or that beat frequency of these beats corresponds to one of the musical tempos. For example, for a fast Allegro tempo, the frequency will be about 120-132 beats per minute, and for a slow Adagio tempo, about 60 beats per minute.

Here are the main points regarding musical tempo we wanted to convey to you. If you still have questions, please write them in the comments. See you again.