The theme of the female share in Nekrasov's poem “Who should live well in Russia. The theme of the female share in Nekrasov's poem "Who should live well in Russia"

The Russian peasant woman became the heroine of many poems and poems by Nekrasov. In her image, Nekrasov showed a tall man moral qualities, he sings of her steadfastness in life's trials, pride, dignity, caring for her family and children. The female image was most fully revealed by Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” - this is the image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina.

Part "Peasant" in the poem and the largest in volume, and it is written in the first person: Matrena Timofeevna herself tells about her fate. Matryona Timofeevna, according to her, was lucky as a girl:

I was lucky in the girls:

We had a good

Non-drinking family.

The family surrounded their beloved daughter with care and affection. In the seventh year, the peasant's daughter began to be taught to work: "she herself ... ran to the herd for a dumpling, brought breakfast to her father, grazed the ducklings." And this work was her joy. Matrena Timofeevna, having worked out in the field, will wash herself in the bathhouse and is ready to sing and dance:

And a good worker

And sing and dance the huntress

I was young.

But how few bright moments in her life! One of them is an engagement to his beloved Filippushka. Matryona did not sleep all night, thinking about the upcoming marriage: she was afraid of “bondage”. And yet love turned out to be stronger than fears of falling into slavery.

Then it was happiness

And hardly ever again!

And then, after marriage, she went “from a girl’s holi to hell.” Exhausting work, “mortal insults”, misfortunes with children, separation from her husband, who was illegally recruited, and many other hardships - such is the bitter life path Matryona Timofeevna. With pain she says about what is in her:

No broken bone

There is no stretched vein.

Her story reflected all the everyday hardships of a Russian peasant woman: the despotism of family relations, separation from her husband, eternal humiliation, the suffering of a mother who lost her son, material need: fires, loss of livestock, crop failure. Here is how Nekrasov describes the grief of a mother who lost her child:

I rolled around with a ball

I twisted like a worm

Called, woke Demushka -

Yes, it was too late to call! ..

The mind is ready to be clouded by a terrible misfortune. But a huge spiritual strength helps Matryona Timofeevna to survive. She sends angry curses to her enemies, the camper and the doctor, who are tormenting the “white body” of her son: “Villains! Executioners!” Matrena Timofeevna wants to find “their justice”, but Savely dissuades her: “God is high, the tsar is far ... We cannot find the truth.” “Yes, why, grandfather?” - asks the unfortunate. “You are a serf woman!” - and this sounds like a final verdict.

And yet, when misfortune happens to her second son, she becomes “impudent”: she decisively knocks down the elder Silantius, saving Fedotushka from punishment, taking his rods on herself.

Matryona Timofeevna is ready to endure any trials, inhuman torments in order to defend her children, her husband from everyday troubles. What tremendous willpower a woman must have to go alone on a frosty winter night dozens of miles away to a provincial town in search of the truth. Boundless is her love for her husband, which has withstood such a severe test. The governor, amazed by her selfless act, showed “great mercy”:

They sent a messenger to Klin,

The whole truth was brought -

Filipushka was rescued.

Self-esteem, which manifested itself in Matrena Timofeevna in her girlhood, helps her to go majestically through life. This feeling protects her from the impudent claims of Sitnikov, who seeks to make her his mistress. Anger against the enslavers thickens in a cloud in her soul, she herself speaks about her angry heart to the peasant truth-seekers.

However, these trials cannot break her spirit, she kept human dignity. True, in the face of the force of circumstances created by the social structure of that time, when the "daughter-in-law in the house" was "the last, last slave", "intimidated", "cursed", Matryona Timofeevna also had to put up with it. But she doesn't take for granted such family relationships who humiliate her, demand unquestioning obedience and humility:

Walked with anger in my heart
And didn't say too much
Word to nobody.

The image of Matrena Timofeevna is given in the poem in dynamics, in development. So, for example, in the story with Demushka, at first, in a fit of despair, she is ready to endure everything:

And then I surrendered
I bowed at my feet...

But then the inexorability of the “unrighteous judges”, their cruelty, gives rise to a feeling of protest in her soul:

They don't have a soul in their chest
They have no conscience in their eyes
On the neck - no cross!

The character of the heroine is tempered precisely in these difficult trials. This is a woman of great mind and heart, selfless, strong-willed, resolute.

The chapter "Peasant Woman" is almost entirely built on folk poetic images and motifs. In the characterization of Matrena Timofeevna are widely used folklore genres: songs, laments, lamentations. With their help, the emotional impression is enhanced, they help to express pain and longing, to show more vividly how bitter the life of Matryona Timofeevna is.

In her speech, a number of folklore features are observed: repetitions (“creeping crawling”, “noise-running, “a tree burns and groans, chicks burn and groan”), permanent epithets(“violent head”, “white light”, “fierce grief”), synonymous expressions, words (“fertilized, lulled”, “how she zipped, how she growled”). When constructing sentences, he often uses exclamatory forms, appeals (“Oh, mother, where are you?”, “Oh, poor young woman!”, “The last daughter-in-law in the house, the last slave!”). There are many sayings and proverbs in her speech: “Do not spit on red-hot iron - it will hiss”, “The working horse eats straw, and the idle dance - oats”; often uses diminutive words: "mother", "pale", "pebble".

These features make Matryona Timofeevna's speech uniquely individual, give it special liveliness, concreteness, and emotionality. At the same time, the saturation with sayings, songs, laments testifies to the creative warehouse of her soul, wealth and strength of feeling. This image of a peasant woman is not only strong spirit but also gifted and talented.

Matryona Timofeevna's story about her life is also a story about the fate of any peasant woman, a long-suffering Russian woman. And the part itself is not named after Matryona Timofeevna, but simply “Peasant Woman”. This emphasizes that the fate of Matryona Timofeevna is not at all an exception to the rule, but the fate of millions of the same Russian peasant women. The parable about “the keys to the happiness of women” also speaks of this. And Matryona Timofeevna concludes her thoughts with a bitter conclusion, turning to the wanderers: “You started not a business - look for a happy woman among the women!”

There is probably not a single poet in world literature who has not written about a woman. Traditionally, the image of a woman in world poetry is the image of a beloved, beloved. Hence in the lyrics arises love theme. Poets sing of their beloved, her beauty, their feelings, passion, describe the suffering from unrequited or departed love, write about loneliness, disappointment, jealousy.

The poetry of Nekrasov, in his appeal to a woman, for the first time expanded the thematic scope. In his lyrics, in addition to love, a theme appeared female share presented widely and varied. This was largely due to the fact that the poet touched on another social stratum: not the nobility, but common people. Having dedicated the lyre to "his people", the poet names his Muse sister a young peasant woman being beaten in the square with a whip.

Nekrasov devoted many poems to the life of a Russian village woman. There is no side peasant life, which would be bypassed by the poet. In the poem "Troika", the poet predicts a difficult married life for the girl.

Having tied an apron under the arms,

You will drag an ugly chest,

Your picky husband will beat you,

And the mother-in-law to bend in three deaths.

From work and black and hard

You will bloom, not having time to bloom,

You will fall into a deep sleep.

You will babysit, work and eat.

And in the poem "Wedding" again an ominous prediction:

Many cruel reproaches await you,

Working days, lonely evenings:

You will rock a sick child,

Wait for a violent husband home.

Your sympathy female lobe the poet also expresses in the poems “Orina, a soldier’s mother”, “Listening to the horrors of war”, showing the tragedy of the vast majority of peasant women who are killed day after day at overwork:

The poor woman is exhausted,

A column of insects sways above her,

Stings, tickles, buzzes!

The theme of the heavy fate of the Russian woman, the poet also revealed in his famous poems "Frost, Red Nose", "Russian Women". The suffering fate of a Russian peasant woman is also described in the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”, where the entire second part is devoted to her. Her heroine, Matrena Timofeevna, is reputed to be happy among people. Telling the men who are looking for an answer to the question “Who lives happily, freely in Russia?” About her life, she admits that she “happened in girls”: she had a “good, non-drinking family”, loving, affectionate, protecting her parents. But even in such a family, by the “fifth year” she had to start working, at seven she was already walking behind a cow, grazing geese, picking mushrooms and berries, turning hay, and after labor day and bathhouses - back to work, to the spinning wheel.

And such a life full of hard work is remembered by Matryona Timofeevna at her thirty-eight years as happiness. Because everything that awaited her after marriage was sheer suffering. No wonder the mother lamented when they came to woo her daughter. After the wedding, she "fell to hell with a girl's holi." Bullying by the husband's relatives, beatings, hard labor, terrible death beloved firstborn - that was only the beginning of her terrible, but, alas, such a common fate for a Russian peasant woman.

After the death of the first-born, other children were born every year: “there is no time to think or grieve, God forbid to cope with the work and cross the forehead,” Matryona's parents died. Timofeevna submitted to everything: “first from bed, last to bed”, humiliated herself in front of her father-in-law with her mother-in-law, and only in one thing became rebellious: she stood up for the children, did not allow them to be offended. When the village lynched Fedot, who, working as a shepherd, failed to take the sheep from the she-wolf, his mother lay down under the rod for him.

A hungry year fell to Matryona's lot, and then an even more terrible test: they took her husband out of turn into recruits. And again Matrena Timofeevna did not submit. The pregnant woman went on foot to the city to seek the truth and intercession from the governor. She achieved the truth, having received the intercession of the governor, who also herself baptized the child born before the time. Since then, Matrena Timofeevna "has been denounced as a lucky woman, nicknamed the governor's wife." A peasant woman raises five sons. One has already been recruited, her family burned twice, she walked, "like a gelding in a furrow." And in her opinion, this is not the case - "to look for a happy woman between women." And another heroine of the poem, a pilgrim who entered the village, will bitterly say that "the keys to women's happiness, from our free will, are abandoned, lost from God himself."

Reading Nekrasov, you come to the conclusion that the poet himself makes in one of his poems - “You share! - Russian woman's share! Hardly harder to find." Throughout the poem, the thought of the impossibility of living like this goes on. With undisguised sympathy, the author treats those who do not put up with their hungry and powerless existence. Not the meek and submissive are close to the poet, but such bold, rebellious and freedom-loving rebels as Saveliy, the “hero of the Holy Russian”, Yakim Nagoi, the seven truth-seekers, Grisha Dobrosklonov. The best of them have retained true humanity, the ability to sacrifice, spiritual nobility. Among them is Matrena Timofeevna.

1. The theme of the poem.
2. The image of a peasant woman.
3. Matryona Timofeevna bright representative peasant woman.
4. A feature of the female character of Nekrasov.

N. A. Nekrasov devotes his final work, the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia”, to a symbolic search in Russia happy person. The author explores the life of various strata of Russian society: peasants, landowners, clergy. The fate of the Russian peasant woman becomes a special topic, because it turns out to be even harder than the fate of the other peasants. “It’s not a matter between women / to look for a happy one,” Matryona Timofeevna, the heroine of the chapter “Peasant Woman,” directly answers the wanderers who turned to her. But the image of a peasant woman, enslaved by both serfdom and the despotism of her husband's family, worries Nekrasov more.

This type was most fully revealed by Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” in the image of Matryona Korchagina. The bitter lot of a peasant woman, eternally humiliated by poverty, overworking and not seeing happiness, evokes deep sympathy in the soul of the poet, but at the same time, he notes in her character both human dignity, and pride, and unshakable moral purity. The image of Matrena Timofeevna is given in the poem in dynamics, in development.

The heroine had a happy, carefree early childhood, and from the age of five she began to get involved in feasible work: “she carried her father for breakfast, she grazed the ducklings”, “turned the hay”, etc. Yes, happiness - got caught good husband. Matryona did not have to, like many other peasant women, live with the “hateful”, endure beatings. Matryona lived with her husband in love and harmony. It was this harmony in the family that helped the heroine endure troubles and misfortunes. Philip was a stove-maker, constantly leaving to work in St. Petersburg. Matryona was very upset by constant separation. She had to adapt to life in a strange family. young beautiful woman in the absence of a husband-intercessor, the master's manager persecuted. None of the relatives, except for the hundred-year-old grandfather Savely, the heroine did not find support.

The character of Matrena Timofeevna is tempered precisely in severe trials. This is a smart, selfless, strong-willed, resolute woman. This is the image of a peasant woman not only strong in spirit, but also gifted and talented. Matrena's story about her life is a story about the fate of any peasant woman, a long-suffering Russian woman. The chapter itself is not named after her, but "Peasant Woman". This emphasizes that the fate of Matryona is not at all an exception to the rule, but the typical fate of millions of Russian peasant women. Best spiritual qualities- willpower, the ability to love, fidelity - make Matryona related to the heroines of the poem "Russian Women". long story Matryona Timofeevna about her (still quite prosperous and extremely lucky!) fate is both an ode to the beauty of the soul of a Russian peasant woman, and an accusation to those who doomed her to terrible torment.

Like Yermil Girin, Matryona is known throughout the district. But in the poem she tells about her life herself, and only seven wanderers listen to her. The veracity of the story is emphasized by the request of the wanderers: “Ata lay out your soul to us!” And the heroine of the chapter herself promises: "I will not hide anything."

Matryona Timofeevna's extraordinary creative talent allows her not only to keep folklore in her memory, but also to update it. The story is full of elements folklore works dedicated to the bitter fate of a woman: songs, "proverbs, sayings, lamentations, lamentations.

Songs play a special role in describing the life of a Russian woman (it is no coincidence that the second chapter of this part of the poem is called “Songs”). Nekrasov depicts the life of a peasant woman in its entirety, from childhood, until the moment when she meets with the seekers of a happy person. There are several moments in the life of Matrena Timofeevna when those feelings that could lead her to decisive action are about to burst out. The first time - when, despite her pleas, the doctors begin the autopsy of Demushka's body. But the guard then orders to bind the mother. The second - when the headman decides to punish her son Fedotushka, who took pity on the hungry she-wolf.

The master decides to forgive the child, but to punish the "impudent woman" herself. And Nekrasov shows very important feature strong-willed character of the heroine: she proudly lays down. under the rod, without stooping to ask for forgiveness, endures the pain and shame of public punishment. And only the next day she cried out her grief over the river. The only time when Matrena Timofeevna decides to fight for her happiness is when her husband is taken to the soldiers. She turns with a frantic prayer to the Mother of God, and this prayer, apparently, gives her strength: Matryona Timofeevna finds the courage to turn to the governor, who not only helps the peasant woman, but also becomes the godmother of her child. After this incident, Matryona begins to be called happy. This, it turns out, is the happiness of a peasant woman: not to become a soldier, to find the strength to remain silent and endure and raise children.

The keys to women's happiness, - From our free will, Abandoned, lost ... - such is the gloomy result of Matrena Timofeevna's conversation with seven wanderers. Outer beauty, cordiality, ingenuity, the glory of a lucky woman make it possible to speak of Matryona Timofeevna as a unique, exceptional personality.

By depicting the fate of Matrena Timofeevna, the author makes deep generalizations: Russian women live in constant work, the joys and sorrows of motherhood, in the struggle for a family, for a home. The theme of the female share in the poem merges with the theme of the homeland. Female characters the heroines of Nekrasov speak of the strength, purity and incorruptibility of the common people. Those inhuman conditions of life, against which these images appear, point to the urgent need for changes in the order, style and way of life in the villages and cities of old-regime Russia.

Perhaps not a single writer or poet in his work has ignored a woman. Attractive images of a beloved, a mother, a mysterious stranger adorn the pages of domestic and foreign authors, being an object of admiration, a source of inspiration, consolation, happiness ... But, probably, not a single male creator, except Nekrasov, thought about what it is - female happiness, and especially the happiness of a simple peasant woman.

The great and truly national Russian poet N. A. Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” depicted the fate of the simple Russian people during the period of the abolition of serfdom. The main characters of the work are looking for happy people throughout Russia. Desperate to find a lucky man among the "men", they begin to ask the Russian villagers if they are happy. Matryona Korchagina told them about what it is - an woman's happiness.

What is female happiness and is it? Matrena recalls that she was happy in her childhood and youth: I had happiness in girls ... For father, for mother, As in Christ's bosom, I lived.

The happiness of young Matryona was not at all

in order to sleep longer and eat more deliciously: from an early age she was accustomed to work and loves it:

And a good worker

And sing and dance the huntress

I was young.

The heart becomes warm from the description of the simple happiness of a peasant woman: to work hard, to freshen up in the bathhouse and gain strength, to sing songs with her friends and ride on a sleigh ... Honest, direct, modest, Matryona does not make eyes at the guys, but on the contrary, shuns them. But all the same, “for trouble”, a fiancé turned up for her from distant St. Petersburg and nevertheless achieved her love and hand. “Then there was happiness,” Matrena sighs.

And then - a strange family, "great, grumpy", where she is an eyesore to everyone, everyone wants to humiliate and insult her. Hard work and constant reproaches from her husband's relatives, frequent separation from her beloved turned her life into hell.

With the birth of Demushka's first child, Matrena's life was illuminated with divine light: now she easily endures any hardships and hardships, endures any attacks from her relatives ... But the short-lived happiness was cut short by the tragic death of Demushka. And although after Matryona she gave birth to five sons, she still cannot forget her first.

Such is it - woman's bitter happiness: work tirelessly, be patient and keep quiet, raise children - “Is it a joy? (…) They already took one!” And so, you look from the outside - it seems that there is nothing to complain about: healthy, strong, everything is with her, and economic, and not beaten by her husband. But Matryona says:

For me - quiet, invisible -

The storm has passed,

Will you show her?

The image of Matryona - collective image all ordinary Russian women. The author revealed in it all maternal love and the pain that deep and tender female soul. Matryona Korchagin is the embodiment of simple straightforwardness, good nature, moral purity and marital fidelity. This image takes over the soul, despite the fact that the village woman talks about her life simply, artlessly, without showing off and without trying to exaggerate. And every reader finds something close in her story.

Nekrasov describes a Russian woman with respect and admiration - loving wife and a mother who, God alone knows where, takes spiritual strength to give her loved ones warmth, affection and happiness, even if the keys to her own happiness are lost.

Other works on this topic:

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2. key in a feminine way of the poem “Who should live well in Russia” is Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, nicknamed the governor. According to one of the residents of the village of Nagotina, a more suitable ...
3. In all his works, N. A. Nekrasov addresses the people. And the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia” is no exception. Nekrasov wrote about the people and for ...
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Dec 12 2016

“The burning anxiety felt by Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, thinking about the fate of a peasant woman, was also reflected in the poem “Who should live well in Russia”. Everyone knows that the Russian woman is sung by the poet in many works. On the fate of Matrena Timofeevna, Nekrasov shows a typical biography of a peasant woman. Many separate episodes of the poem are devoted to the life of this woman, as well as the entire second part of the work as a whole. She was joyful only in early childhood and then because she “fell out in the girls”: Matryona Timofeevna had a “good, non-drinking family”, but even in this caring, affectionate family she had to start working “after her fifth year”, as they were in deep need.

Hard work, however, did not break her: And a kind worker, And a hunter to sing and dance I was from my youth ... so she says about herself. According to the popular idea of female beauty Nekrasov lovingly paints a portrait of a peasant toiler: Matrena Timofeevna A portly woman Broad and thick, Years all soch 2005 thirty-eight Beautiful; hair with gray hair, Big, strict eyes, Eyelashes of the richest, Harsh and swarthy. However, little fell to her lot.

Having married, she "fell from a girl's will into hell." The constant bullying of her husband's relatives, countless beatings, unbearable hard labor began, but the greatest misfortune for the heroine of the work was the death of her beloved child. Very early, Matrena Timofeevna became a widow, so the constant need began to be felt even more acutely. “In me, she says, there is no bone that is not broken, there is no vein that is not pulled ...”. This is how the life of this beautiful woman turned out to be joyless.

“Multiple twisted”, “long-suffering” peasant woman has no happiness in Russia - Nekrasov comes to this conclusion. Or Matrena Timofeevna herself tells the wanderers the same thing: “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women.” But the painful life, full of deprivation and suffering, did not belittle the character of the peasant woman, did not turn her into a dumb, submissive slave. The rebellious spirit of Saveliy remained to live in her heart, not without reason Matryona Timofeevna was the wife of the grandson of this freedom-loving old man.

The woman's story about Savely is evidence that she remembers him, sympathizes with him. It even seems to Matryona Timofeevna that folk hero Savely reminds Ivan Susanin: It is forged of copper, Exactly like Savely's grandfather, A man in the square. So, this woman is true to the rebellious spirit. “I have a downcast head, I carry an angry heart!…” says the long-suffering mother.

Not resignation to fate, not stupid patience, but pain and anger are expressed in the words with which she ends about her life: “For me, mortal insults have passed unrequited ...”. This is evidence that protest and indignation are growing more and more in the soul of the peasant woman. According to the author, holy anger is the key to the future happiness of a Russian woman, in whose soul treasures of kindness, love, fidelity, intelligence and nobility are hidden. That is why, no matter how great Nekrasov's grief, when he thinks about the disenfranchised life of a Russian peasant woman crushed by grief, he firmly believes in her future. However, Nekrasov is faithful to the historical truth to the end.

Despite the fact that the anger of the peasant woman is accumulating, the habitual belief in intercession has also been preserved in her mind. mother of god by the power of prayer. And yet we see that Matryona Timofeevna is saved by her own spiritual strength, her will to live. Not knowing how to get the truth, she is ready to reach the king, complaining about the headman to the governor. The heroine does not bow her head in front of the formidable bosses, in front of whom "the peasants trembled." The unfortunate mother speaks on behalf of the whole people: They have not a soul in their chest, They have no conscience in their eyes, There is no cross on their neck.

The image of Matrena Timofeevna is, as it were, woven from folk poetry. It should be noted that the second part of the poem - "Peasant Woman" is built almost entirely on the material folk art. Lyrical and wedding songs, lamentations have long told about the life of a peasant woman, and Nekrasov drew from this source, creating the image of his beloved heroine. Almost without change, the songs entered the poem: “My hateful husband rises”, “I dream, my little one, dozes”.

Also based on folk songs appeals of the bride-girl to the groom were created: “You become, good fellow, against me straight, ”and the mother’s cry for her daughter to be married off:“ Someone else’s little side is not sprinkled with sugar, not watered with honey. The mournful cry of a mother for a dead child is imbued with a special tragedy: “Oh, carpenters-workers! What house did you build for my son?

» The grief, torment and hatred of the people were embodied in these songs. The story about the peasant woman Korchagina leads us to the thought6 if even in a woman, the most destitute and downtrodden person, spirituality ripens, then changes are close. Faith in the people, in their awakening, is expressed in the words of the poet, which have become winged: In slavery, the saved Heart is free - Gold, gold The heart of the people!