Russian architecture of the first half of the 19th century. Architecture and painting in the first half of the 19th century

First decades of the 19th century in Russia took place in an atmosphere of popular upsurge associated with the Patriotic War of 1812. The ideals of this time found expression in poetry young Pushkin. The war of 1812 and the Decembrist uprising largely determined the character of Russian culture in the first third of the century.

The contradictions of the time became especially acute in the 1940s. That's when it started revolutionary activity A.I. Herzen, with brilliant critical articles V.G. Belinsky, passionate disputes were waged by Westernizers and Slavophiles.

Romantic motifs appear in literature and art, which is natural for Russia, which has been involved in the pan-European cultural process for more than a century. The path from classicism to critical realism through romanticism determined the conditional division of the history of Russian art in the first half of the 19th century. as if into two stages, the watershed of which was the 1930s.

Much has changed since the 18th century. in pictorial, plastic arts. The social role of the artist, the significance of his personality, his right to freedom of creativity, in which social and moral problems were now more and more acute, increased.

Growing interest in artistic life Russia put it in the building of certain art societies and the publication of special journals: "The Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Sciences and Arts" (1801), "Journal fine arts"first in Moscow (1807), and then in St. Petersburg (1823 and 1825), the Society for the Encouragement of Artists" (1820), the "Russian Museum." P. Svinin (1810s) and the "Russian Gallery" in the Hermitage (1825 ), provincial art schools, like the school of A.V. Stupina in Arzamas or A.G. Venetsianov in St. Petersburg and the village of Safonkovo.

The humanistic ideals of Russian society were reflected in the highly civic examples of architecture of that time and monumental and decorative sculpture, in synthesis with which decorative painting and applied art which often ends up in the hands of the architects themselves. The dominant style of this time is mature, or high, classicism, in scientific literature, especially at the beginning of the 20th century, often referred to as the Russian Empire style.

The architecture of the first third of the century is, first of all, the solution of large urban planning problems. In St. Petersburg, the planning of the main squares of the capital is being completed: the Palace and the Senate. The best ensembles of the city are being created. Moscow was built especially intensively after the fire of 1812. Antiquity in its Greek (and even archaic) form becomes the ideal; the civic heroism of antiquity inspires Russian architects. The Doric (or Tuscan) order is used, which attracts with its severity and conciseness. Some elements of the order are enlarged, especially colonnades and arches, the power of smooth walls is emphasized. The architectural image strikes with grandeur and monumentality. A huge role in the overall appearance of the building is played by sculpture, which has a certain semantic meaning. Color decides a lot, usually the architecture of high classicism is two-tone: columns and stucco statues are white, the background is yellow or gray. Among the buildings, the main place is occupied by public buildings: theaters, departments, educational institutions, palaces and temples are built much less often (with the exception of regimental cathedrals at the barracks).

Russian classicism in the 19th century gives way to eclecticism or historicism. New style was in imitation of Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance and ancient Russian art. The Grand Kremlin Palace and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, built in the Russian-Byzantine style by the architect K. Ton, were the most significant architectural structures of that era.

Remark 1

A new direction has opened up for architects - functional buildings: factories and factories, railway stations, huge shops.

The buildings are striking in their novelty, replete with glass and metal, the use of concrete has begun.

Russian architecture of the first half of the 19th century

The Patriotic War of 1812 and the general upsurge that followed it largely determined the development of Russian architecture in the first half of the 19th century. Moscow is recovering to the fullest after the fire of 1812, in St. Petersburg the construction of Senate and Palace Squares is being completed. Antiquity becomes an ideal for many architects of that era, the elements of buildings are enlarged, the power of colonnades, arches and walls is especially emphasized.

Architecture in the first half of the 19th century surprised with color schemes, the background of buildings was mostly yellow or gray, columns and statues were white. theater buildings, educational institutions, still occupied a dominant position among architectural structures. Palaces and temples were built much less frequently.

Major architects of the first half of the 19th century:

• Jean Francois Thomas de Thomon
• K.I. Russia
• V.P. Stasov
• A.N. Voronikhin
• HELL. Zakharov

In 1799 he arrived in St. Petersburg at the invitation of Prince A.M. Golitsyn, where he taught at the Academy of Arts. Emperor Alexander I in 1801 wished to increase the St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater. The task was successfully implemented by Tom de Thomon in 1805, for which he received the title of court architect. Also in the works of Jean-Francois are the design and construction of the ensemble of the Spit of Vasilyevsky Island and the building of the Stock Exchange on Vasilyevsky Island.

Figure 1. Construction of the Exchange building. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

In 1809, he rebuilt the Travel Palace of Princess Ekaterina Pavlovna in Tver. Upon his return to St. Petersburg in 1815, he reconstructed the Anichkov Palace, the library and pavilions in the Pavlovsk Palace in St. Petersburg. Thanks to Rossi, St. Petersburg has acquired a new look, creating unique urban ensembles.

The embodiment of Rossi's skill is realized in the ensembles of the Mikhailovsky Palace, Senate Square with the buildings of the Synod and the Senate, Alexandria Square with the building of the theater of the same name and much more.

In 1819, the building of the Academy of Sciences was built on Vasilevsky Island, the Yamskaya market on Razyezzhaya Street, in 1821 the Pavlovsky barracks on the Field of Mars, the Spaso-Preobrazhensky and Trinity-Izmailovsky cathedrals in 1829 and 1835, respectively. The solemnity and grandeur of forms distinguished Stasov from his contemporaries.

The academician of architecture, who received the title in 1800 for the design of the colonnades in Peterhof, became the author of one of the largest churches in Russia - the cathedral in honor of the icon of Kazan Mother of God In Petersburg. The building of the Mining Institute, the house of the State Treasury are also the merit of a talented architect.

Figure 2. The building of the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

In addition to the implementation of various projects in Gatchina and the restructuring of Vasilyevsky Island, Zakharov was appointed chief architect of the Admiralty building. Performing work from 1806 to 1811, Zakharov managed, while maintaining the existing plan, to create a new, majestic building with a total length of 407 meters.

Russian architecture of the second half of the 19th century

In the second half of the 19th century, the architecture of Russia experienced severe upheavals. The architects could not offer bold and truly worthwhile ideas. Elements various styles and eras began to mix in the same buildings. A new direction began to develop - eclecticism or imitation of past eras. In foreign terminology, the direction was called romanticism, or historicism.

Eclecticism is divided into two stages of development:

• Nikolaevsky (1830-1860),
• Aleksandrovsky (1870-1890).

Remark 2

Nikolaev eclecticism entirely consisted of the styles that preceded it - rococo and baroque. Alexandrovskaya was defined by the graceful and lively Art Nouveau style.

Stages shared by one of the most important reforms in Russia - the abolition of serfdom.

Free modeling of the facade, the creation of concave and protruding planes - neo-baroque, another direction in eclecticism in architecture. AT this direction the symmetry of the elements with respect to the central axes was preserved.

The largest architects of Russia in the second half of the 19th century:

• K.A. Tone
• I.A. Moneghetti
• N. Shokhin
• A.I. Rezanov

The founder of the Russian-Byzantine style and temple architecture. Among the most famous creations of the architect are the Grand Kremlin Palace and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Cathedral of Christ the Savior a prime example application of eclecticism in architecture, with 36 columns along the outer contour, 60 windows, 20 arches and 12 external doors. Domes with gilding, tapering upwards.

Completed projects on the embankments of the Moika River - the mansion of M.V. Vorontsova and Obvodny Canal - T. Dylev's mansion.

He mainly designed the reconstruction of existing buildings in Moscow.

He worked on the project of the palace of Prince Vladimir Alexandrovich in St. Petersburg, the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Seraphim-Diveevsky Monastery, the park of Mikhailovskaya Dacha in Peterhof.

Remark 3

The beginning of the 20th century changed the era of electism with the development of the "neo-Russian style", modernism and neoclassicism.

M. Kozlovsky. Monument to A. Suvorov on the Field of Mars. 1801
Suvorov appeared in the guise of Mars, dressed in armor, a helmet and a cloak.
On the pedestal of the monument are allegorical figures of the geniuses of Glory and Peace. On the shield is the inscription: "Prince of Italy, Count Suvorov
Rymniksky"

Russian architecture of the first half of the 19th century

First quarter XIX in. in Russia - the time of the scope of urban planning. In architecture, the construction of civil and administrative buildings becomes the main thing. Architecture is inextricably linked with sculpture. The synthesis of arts is one of the manifestations of a single stylistic principle, which for Russian art was high classicism, otherwise called Russian Empire, whose masters were A.N. Voronikhin, A.D. Zakharov, K.I. Rossi, V.P. Stasov.
Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759-1814), the son of a serf, studied painting in Moscow. After his owner A.S. Stroganov gave him freedom, Voronikhin independently studies architecture.

The main creation of Voronikhin is the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg. The task facing the architect was difficult. Cathedral Petersburg was supposed to have a colonnade, as in front of the Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Voronikhin placed the colonnade on the side of the side facade facing Nevsky Prospekt, it was assumed that on the other side there would be the same colonnade, but this plan was not carried out.
The cathedral was decorated with a variety of sculptural compositions, on which the largest Russian sculptors of that time worked - Prokofiev, Martos, Shchedrin. After the war with Napoleon, the temple became a monument of military prowess: Kutuzov was buried here, in the 30s. monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly were erected in front of the cathedral.

Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov (1761-1811), after graduating from the Academy of Arts and a boarding trip to France, taught at the Academy. In 1805 Zakharov was appointed "chief architect of the Admiralty". In 1806, he began the reconstruction of the Admiralty, which combined administrative buildings, docks and production buildings. Main facade 406 m long is divided into five main parts: the central tower, two wings and two buildings between them. Zakharov preserved the gilded spire of the tower, enriching its decorative frame. The sculptural decoration in an allegorical form reflects the idea of ​​Russia as a maritime power. Thus, the relief frieze of the attic is dedicated to the “Establishment of the Fleet in Russia”, above the entrance arch there are figures crossed banners - allegories of the victories of the Russian fleet. On high pedestals, paired groups of nymphs holding spheres are allegories of sea voyages around the world. The composition of the building uses a Doric order, and an Ionic order in the tower.

At the beginning of the century, a number of buildings that determined the architectural appearance of St. Petersburg were created by the Swiss Thomas de
Thomon (1760-1813). One of them was the Exchange on the spit of Vasilyevsky Island. The body of the building is raised on a high plinth.
After the victorious war with Napoleon, active construction began in Moscow, which was burned down by the occupiers, large-scale construction work was carried out at that time in St. Petersburg. Under the leadership of O.I. Beauvais (1784-1834) in the Kremlin, the towers and parts of the wall, blown up by the French during the retreat, were restored. Solemnity and triumphalism intensified in architecture. Unfolded ensemble building, the use of monumental sculpture.

The largest representative of the Empire was Karl Ivanovich Rossi (1775-1849), who erected the building of the General Staff, the center of which was the triumphal arch. At the same time, the architect began to create an ensemble of the Mikhailovsky Palace. Rossi proceeded from the planning scheme traditional for Russian architecture: main building and service wings form a single whole with the front yard. Behind was a vast park. The palace blocked the prospect with a street leading to Nevsky Prospekt. In the second half of the 20s. Rossi created the ensemble of the Alexandrinsky Theater, finding good location theater in relation to Nevsky Prospekt. The last large ensemble of Rossi was the buildings of the Synod and the Senate united by an arch thrown over Galernaya Street, corresponding to the composition of the Admiralty, located on the other side of the square.

V.P. Stasov (1769-1848) rebuilt the Stable Yard on the Moika embankment in St. Petersburg, created the Barracks of the Pavlovsky Regiment on the Field of Mars. The center of the new façade facing the Champ de Mars was adorned with a solemn Doric colonnade. In the 30s. Stasov participated in the restoration of interiors after a fire Winter Palace.
Auguste Ricard de Montferrand (1786-1858). major event St. Isaac's Cathedral was erected according to the project of O. Montferrand, which lasted from 1818 to 1842. The height of the building is 101.5 m, the length with porticos is 111 m, the diameter of the dome is 21.8 m. Outside, the building is surrounded by 112 granite columns 17 m high The cathedral was built in the style of classicism with elements of baroque and renaissance, which manifested itself in the sculptural decoration. The pediments of the temple are decorated with high reliefs, on the corners of the roof of the building there are figures of kneeling angels, on the pediments - evangelists. In total, the cathedral is decorated with 350 statues and reliefs cast in bronze. The mighty bell, weighing 29.8 tons, made a sound heard on the outskirts of the city. The interior of the cathedral was striking in its splendor. The walls are lined with white Italian marble, the panels are made of green, red marble, multi-colored jasper, red porphyry. The interior contains mosaic and
picturesque paintings by K.P. Bryullov, F.A. Bruni, V.K. Shebuev and other Russian and foreign artists. The shrine of the cathedral was the icon of the miraculous Image of the Savior, which belonged to Peter I.

Sculpture of classicism

The heyday of sculpture was associated with the socio-political upsurge in Russia. the largest master, a representative of classicism, whose works were in Arkhangelsk, Odessa, Taganrog, was Ivan Petrovich Martos (1754-1835). An outstanding work of Martos was the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, on which the sculptor began work in 1804. The monument erected on Red Square represents Kuzma Minin, pointing to Moscow, and the wounded Prince Pozharsky rising from his bed. For the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Martos created the monumental high relief “Moses Draining Water in the Desert” on the attic of the cathedral colonnade, as well as the figure of the archangel and the statue of John the Baptist. In the late period of creativity, Martos performed the monument to Richelieu in Odessa and M.V. Lomonosov in Arkhangelsk.

Among the sculptors who communicated with architecture are V.I. Demut-Malinovsky (1779-1846) and S.S. Pimenov (1784-1833), who worked on sculptures for the Kazan Cathedral together with Voronikhin. Pimenov made a sculpture of Alexander Nevsky, and Demut-Malinovsky - a statue of St. Andrew the First-Called. For the Admiralty, the sculptors created three colossal figures that personified the countries of the world. Since 1817, sculptors began to cooperate with K.I. Rossi, creating sculptures of the arch General Staff. The arch was crowned with the composition “Victory” made of sheet copper, the central figure of which was the winged Glory, standing in a chariot with a raised emblem of the state. I.I. Terebenev (1780-1815) made sculptures for the Admiralty, including the 22-meter high relief "Establishment of the Fleet in Russia", placed on the attic of the lower cube of the Admiralty tower.

B.I. Orlovsky (1796-1837) created monuments to Field Marshal Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly in front of the Kazan Cathedral.
F.P. worked in small forms of sculpture. Tolstoy (1783-1873), who created a series of medallions made of plaster, porcelain, bronze, cast iron, events Patriotic War of 1812 and military actions of 1813-1814. Most of medallions represents allegorical compositions. In 1814-1816. Tolstoy made four bas-reliefs with scenes from Homer's Odyssey.

F.P. Tolstoy. People's militia 1812 Medallion. 1816
A woman is depicted sitting on a throne, personifying Russia. She hands swords to nobleman, merchant and peasant

Late 18 - early 19 century- Epoch classicism in Russian architecture. Classicism is a European cultural - aesthetic trend that focused on ancient (Ancient Greek and Roman art). Character traits classicism: 1) Buildings are distinguished by balance, a clear and calm rhythm, and the alignment of proportions. 2) The main laws of composition are symmetry, emphasizing the center, general harmony. 3) The main entrance was located in the center and was designed in the form of a portico (the protruding part of the building with columns and a pediment). 4) The columns differed in color from the walls. (columns were usually painted in White color, and the walls in yellow).

St. Petersburg classicism is not the architecture of individual knowledge, but of entire ensembles. Admiralty. Architect Andriyan Dmitrievich Zakharov (1761 -1811). The architect emphasized the central tower.

Andrei Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759 - 1814). The son of a serf. Kazan Cathedral - St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome was taken as a model. The ashes of M. Kutuzov were transferred to the cathedral. In front of the cathedral there are monuments to Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly, made by B. Orlovsky.

St. Isaac's Cathedral, one of the most majestic buildings in St. Petersburg, was built in the middle of the 19th century according to the project of O. de Montferrand. , Its upper part, crowned with an immense dome with noble dark gilding, rises above all the surrounding buildings and is clearly visible from the roof of the Winter Palace. .

Auguste Montferrand (1786 -1858). Saint Isaac's Cathedral(1818 -1858). Inside the cathedral at the same time could be 13,000 people.

Pyotr Klodt of horses "Peter Karlovich Klodt" Tamers - a monument to Nicholas the First on (1805 -1867). Isaac's Square.

In the center of the capital, on Palace Square K. I. Rossi erects the building of the General Staff (1819 -1829).

The Alexandrinsky Theater is one of the oldest professional theaters in Russia. The theater building was designed by the architect K. Rossi. The Alexandrinsky Theater is part of the ensemble of two squares and a street, the latter is named after K. Rossi and is truly an architectural marvel, and by the way, the theater itself is a masterpiece of Russian classicism. The grand opening of the theater took place in 1832, it was named after the wife of Nicholas I

Senate and Synod, construction 1829 -1834 , architect K. I. Rossi. The building of the Senate and Synod is the last great work great architect. Two buildings, decorated with 8-columned loggias of the Corinthian order, are connected by an arch. The architectural monument is distinguished by rich sculptural decor.

The Mikhailovsky Palace was conceived as a gift to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich from his brother Emperor Alexander I. The construction was carried out from 1819 to 1825 according to the project and under the direction of K. I. Rossi. The estate scheme, traditional for Russian classicism, has found its application in the composition of the palace.

Karl Ivanovich Rossi (1775 - 1849). According to his project, the buildings of the Senate, the Synod, the Alexandria Theater, the Russian Museum were built.

The Manege in Moscow was built in 1817 on the occasion of the 5th anniversary of Russia's victory in Patriotic War 1812 designed by architect A. A. Betancourt. In 1824-1825 it was decorated in the Empire style by O. Beauvais. The arena was designed for military reviews, so it was designed for 2000 people.

Moscow classicism is captured not in ensembles, but in separate buildings. O. Bove. According to his project, the Bolshoi Theater and the Manege were built.

Building Bolshoi Theater(construction in 1824, architects Beauvais, Gilardi and others) one of the best examples of Russian, classical architecture

In 1839, on the banks of the Moskva River, the Cathedral of Christ the Savior was laid in memory of the deliverance of Russia from the Napoleonic invasion. Founded in 1839 by architect K. A. Ton. He combined classicism with the "Russian style". The temple is located in the center of Moscow, not far from the Kremlin, on the banks of the Moskva River. It took almost 44 years to build, and in 1883 it was opened for worship. On December 5, 1931, the temple building was destroyed to the ground by an explosion. The temple was restored in the 90s of the twentieth century and has been reopened for visits and services since 2000.

The Grand Kremlin Palace is located on the high Borovitsky Hill. Its facade faces the Moscow River and stretches from west to east for 125 meters. The palace was built in 1838-1849 by a group of Russian architects led by K. A. Ton. The palace was the temporary residence of the imperial family during their stay in Moscow.

30th years of the 19th century - the period of the crisis of classicism. The period of Eclecticism has come - a mixture of styles.

Karl Bryullov (1799-1852) Academic classicism Plots on antique and biblical themes Exposition of characters according to the principle stage action Idealization of characters, images of heroes (public interests are higher than personal ones) The supremacy of "reason" over "feelings"

Orest Kiprensky (17821836)