The appearance of surnames among the Slavs. Slavic names, surnames

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Many of us have tried to find out the meaning of our last name, how it happened, what it means. And I think that in most cases in the popular literature on this topic, they came across primitive interpretations. Like, the surname came from a nickname or nickname given to the ancestor many centuries ago, or as an option from his profession or physical disadvantages - features. Unfortunately, such an opinion about the origin of surnames can be found in most publications, even those written by venerable scientists, linguists and philologists. I think that, faced with such a primitive interpretation of surnames, many of you stopped your research on this, everything seems to be clear and there can be no other options.

My friends!
Everything is far from being so simple and you still do not know much about the meaning of your surname. Let's leave primitive interpretations on the conscience of such scientists, if I may say so, who did not tell you anything new that you yourself did not guess, even in the first grade of school, barely learning to read.
You don’t need a great mind to notice the consonance of a surname with any word and assume that the surname came from this word ...
No, my dears! Initially, each nickname is a surname (do not confuse the word nickname with a nickname, a nickname in Old Slavonic is a surname, for example, in a Ukrainian passport in place of the word surname, you still read the old Slavic word-nickname) was due to something and meant something, but why a person was called this way and not otherwise, we will try to figure it out. I would like to emphasize once again that our surname is living word, the memory of the family, and if one surname carries the history of the family, then all together they make up the history of the people.
Let's try to learn how to decipher what our surname means, what our ancestors wanted to convey to us, what they wanted to say, why they took care of it ...
We will learn from the example of the surname Razorenov, close to me.

So, from a generally imposed point of view, everything seems to be clear, Razorenov means that once his ancestors were either ruined, or they themselves were ruined. Oh, how simple everything is and was it worth studying linguistics for years, getting degrees? I don’t know, we did it on our own, in the specialized literature we read about the same thing. Well, maybe with a few variations. For example, you can read that Razorenov and Kleymenov, Zhzhenov, Kalenov, Palenov, Razzorenov, Sechenov, Solenov, Studenov, Tolchenov, Chinenov, etc., are generally the same thing .... One can only be surprised at the wildness and primitiveness of the imagination of scientists who believe that our ancestors were so primitive that they either did not understand the difference between different words, or they could only hear the endings of words - in this case, the only thing that unites these words is that they are from verbal adjectives, on -ens. The logic, as you can imagine, is absurd.

By the same principle, we are offered to decipher all the other surnames, say, Ptitsyn - from a bird, that is, the ancestor was like her or was engaged in poultry farming, or maybe just loved to eat them. Whistling, by analogy, apparently whistled well, the surname Varenikov (Varennikov) is considered to be connected with food with food. Either the progenitor was a sluggish and mild-mannered person, or he loved dumplings a lot. And the similar-sounding surname Varentsov, in their opinion, comes from the name of the milk drink Varentsov. However, Dal's cooker is the one who cooks jams or sells them, hence Varennik Varennikov could have existed. I think you understand the logic of interpretation, except that when a word is obsolete and its meaning is not clear at the moment, you can resort to Dahl's dictionary, but this does not bring us closer to the truth at all. In fairness, it must be said that, according to the same logic, Dahl interprets the origin of words, but Dahl is excusable, he is German and Russian - Slavic language had a very distant relationship, being a German by origin and by profession a rural doctor, so to speak, a guest worker - an emigrant, he hardly spoke and understood Russian. Which made him keep a dictionary with German scrupulousness, you all know the result.

So what other options are there, you ask?

So.
We take as a basis Old Slavic the word construction, interpretation. And we must categorically refuse the assertion that is being imposed on us that surnames appeared in Russia in the 18th century, and before that there were only nicknames, and even earlier there were none, but only wild tribes that could hardly speak.

The rules are as follows-
- When searching for the ancient meanings of words, and in ancient times, the letter was consonant, i.e. without vowels, vowels (and their possible meanings) are ignored.
- When searching for the meaning of words, taking into account vowels, the meanings of vowels in a word are taken into account from the time they were put into circulation.
- the first letter - denotes the central actor formulas. This is the "I" of the word. This is the "Face" of the word. It is this person who performs all subsequent actions described by the letters of the word in question following the first;
- the second letter - denotes the action performed by the central person (I), over that person, which is described by the next in order (after the second) letter. If there is no next letter in the word, then the second letter simply means the action performed by the central person of the word. For example, the word "Ra" means "God". The word "Rod" - means "Ra, doing" (doing - from the verb to do), that is - "God doing" (cf., for example, rejoice - Ra + do; give birth - Ra + give birth);
- the third letter - denotes the person on whom the action, determined by the 2nd letter, is performed, the central person of the formula (1st letter);
- the fourth letter - denotes the action performed by the person indicated by the 3rd letter, over the person indicated by the 5th letter;
- etc.

We take as a basis the ancient Slavic Russian alphabet with the interpretation of A.A. Tyunyaev and my additions

Ancient Slavic - Russian alphabet of letters and combinations
Letter God Meaning
R R Ra
Rod, [God-Sun] The word "Ra" - meant sunlight.
"Joy" - get the light!
welcoming - bright soul human.
Ra-arc, heat-ra, p-ra-vada,
The name of the god Ra in Egypt was written without the vowel "a". Therefore, the sources give different spellings of this name: Ra, Re, Re, PH, and the most interesting one is RC. Let's try to insert any vowel between these consonants, we get: Ras (Rasseya), Res, Rice, Ros (Russia), Rus (Rus), Rys (Lynx), Res, Ryus (Russian), Ryas (Ryazan).
I i Indra AND SO ON[O-A S
Phoneme, vowel connector o = a, depending on the location and pronunciation, where it is customary to say, where to say
KR Blood, red. Beautiful, cross (as protection), beauty of the Sun / Red Sun, strength (of the Sun, Rod)
Sh-Sch Dark, dark (forces), unkind, underground-underwater world

The surname Razorenov consists of 3 main syllables of the words Ra-Zor-Enov

Ra - Sun, light, God
Zor - dawn of light - those sunrise, light before the sun or Z + R
Enov- we don’t consider it, this is nothing more than an ending that came into the language later and does not carry a semantic load, that is, in ancient times this Surname was written as Rzor, later, more familiar to us, Razor. I can’t help but digress and say that, initially, vowels in words were not written at all for sacred reasons.

It was believed that if you write vowels, then the word acquires strength and soul, the written can come to life and materialize. How in Chinese parable about an artist who drew a dragon without eyes, and when asked why without eyes, he replied, if I draw eyes, he will come to life and fly away.

P - in the word Razor we meet 2 times, which means that the meanings in this surname for them (P) were different, the first should be the dominant value, in this case, it is God
It turns out - Razor means - meeting God with light or, as an option, Meeting the Sun with light.

In fact, it was so, the Priests always went out with fire in their hands to meet the Sun at dawn, as if showing him the way, and saw him off in the evening, leaving with fire, as if keeping light and hope for dawn in the night. And the surname indicates to us the purpose of the clan - priestly, to carry and store light, divine goodness. Actually, the rarity of this surname indirectly confirms what has been said, there could not be many priests.

Consider, for practice, another surname, for example, Ulyanov.
So, Ulyanov = st-l-yan
At a meeting, a call, the eve of something
L l Lada [Shower (flow of something)]
yang = yang = Yang - male energy, which was identified with the soul.
y=ahead=meeting=hello=call for something
We get Ulyanov \u003d st-b-yang \u003d invoking a soft stream-shower of male strength \u003d military

My friends! I will make a reservation right away. In this, my article, of course, not all interpretations are given, not all possible meanings are disclosed. Why? I just didn’t want to complicate what in itself is very voluminous and multifaceted, so that the apparent complexity would not push you away from further research. For now, start with this. Reveal the main meanings of your last name and not only the last name, this is the key to revealing the essence of many words.

What else is important to know - never in Old Russian-Slavic there were no offensive or evil meanings in the surnames, there simply were no “dirty” words-images, this came later from the outside. And any Russian-Slavic The surname carries only a positive meaning-strength.

For example, the surname Smirnov, cm + i + r
We meet the combination with and m in such a word as death (death), s-axis, core, that is, the essence + m (M- Mara (Goddess of death, closing the essence)), that is, the essence of Mara Death, as it would seem a negative concept , but then we have the letter P, so what happens to death that brings light, the sun? Exactly! In other words, peace. We get - Smirnov is nothing more than calm, and the purpose of the family is to bring peace, the calming power of light, one can say - to spread peace around you, that is, not just to be calm yourself, but by the power of this Ra to calm others, and these are both people and animals, and natural element.

In addition, it even seemed not pleasant to the ear now, and the surname that attracts ridicule today, while understanding the meaning as it was seen by the ancestors, shows that in ancient times it evoked nothing but pride in one’s Family.

Well, for example, let's consider the surname - Krivosheev. Modern associations and interpretations of origin, I think many before reading this article were the same. Crooked neck and that says it all.

In fact, Krivosheev \u003d KR-i-VoSh- (we do not take into account it)
KR - beauty, beautiful
V- Know, Magic, Power
Sh- dark unkind
We get - beauty leading (having) power over the dark (darkness) or, as an option, dispersing darkness with beauty

It may be difficult for you to operate and reveal images in this way in the beginning. And it’s not surprising - after all, you didn’t do this before, don’t let it bother you, very soon this ability of our ancestors will return to you, and you will begin to understand the language in the first place, you will see the light of ancient word images, many of which have been perverted (from-gates-or (turned) them into darkness), and we, deprived of the key to understand the images, agreed with this, believed.

What else do you need to know. Many surnames have still retained their ancient spelling (as a rule, these are Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc.), but let's say to the modern one, let's say a Russian, in this case, even the external meaning will not be visible. For example, Spivak will not cause any associations, except with the musician of the same name, but the Ukrainian will immediately translate - the nightingale.
The most surprising thing is that for the concept of an image-hidden meaning, we don’t even need such a translation, because this is only a superficial meaning. You can immediately open this word using our key without translation. The only thing you need to know in such cases is that foreign surnames just require a reverse translation, here your common sense will help you. For example, the surname Sakharov, it is clear that there was no sugar in Russia, the word was sugar, but in Slavic tsukr, and the surname originally sounded like tsukerman, but even in this case the meaning is not lost (tsukr - pouring blood, here you are by the way and symptoms and consequences of sugar disease), Zuckerman - blood-drinking men.

You also need to understand that there are surnames under Russian, the purpose of their appearance is clear, we do not take other people's surnames and do not hide, pick it up, because I forge documents and surnames for the most part swindlers and robbers. Those who did this understood why they changed their surnames, they also knew the power contained in words, and they could not simply take and appropriate bright surnames devoid of evil, in which case they would have betrayed their master, and not only would they have lost his patronage, but they would have been they were punished, therefore, no matter how sweet their names would seem at first glance, when deciphering, the thirst for kr and death becomes visible early

As for changing the surname in marriage, you can find out your background, knowing your maiden mother's surname, but with the change of surname, go to another clan and begin to live in it, and it becomes important and decisive for you new surname. Therefore, those who wish to preserve the lineage of their parents (if its branches were interrupted by you) did not change it in marriage.

For whom will the described keys of understanding be valid, for all Russians, who is this? This is a Kalmyk and a Tatar, a Mordvin and a Ukrainian, all who live and lived (in their ancestors) initially in the vast Russia-Tartaria, those who will always be a stranger in another place and country, those who understand that they will not become their own among strangers ...

I can't give you more than you can understand, so that's enough for now, but we're on our way...

Doctor of Psychology Valery Rozanov- Razorenov- Razomir

P.S. If you didn’t manage to read your last name correctly, don’t be upset, write, we’ll try together.

To be continued…

Reprinting of this article is possible only in full, with the consent of the author, quoting and partial use is prohibited.

The name determines the fate of a person. This is the key to his inner self. After all, it was not without reason that in Russia a person had two names, one - false, for everyone, and the other - secret, only for the person himself and his very close people. This tradition existed as a protection against unkind spirits and unkind people. Often the first Slavic name was deliberately unattractive (Kriv, Nekras, Malice), for even greater protection from the unkind. After all, without having the key to the essence of man, it is much more difficult to cause evil. The ceremony of the second naming was carried out in adolescence, when the main character traits were formed. The name was given based on these traits. Slavic names abounded in their diversity, there were groups of names:
1) Names from the animal and flora(Pike, Ruff, Hare, Wolf, Eagle, Walnut, Borscht)
2) Names in order of birth (Pervusha, Vtorak, Tretyak)
3) Names of gods and goddesses (Lada, Yarilo)
4) Names by human qualities(Brave, Stoyan)
5) And the main group of names - two-basic (Svyatoslav, Dobrozhir, Tikhomir, Ratibor, Yaropolk, Gostomysl, Velimud, Vsevolod, Bogdan, Dobrogneva, Lyubomila, Miroljub, Svetozar) and their derivatives (Svyatosha, Dobrynya, Tishilo, Ratisha, Putyata, Yarilka , Miloneg).
From the listed names, it is easy to trace the process of creating a derivative name: the second part is cut off from the two-base one and a suffix or ending is added (-neg, -lo, -ta, -tka, -sha, -yata, -nya, -ka).
Example: Svyatoslav: Holy + sha = Holy.
Of course, the names of people carry a significant part of the culture and traditions of the whole people. In Russia, with the advent of Christianity, Slavic names almost completely fell into oblivion. There were lists of Slavic names forbidden by the church. Why this happened is not difficult to guess. One part of the names (Lada, Yarilo) were names Slavic gods, the owners of the second part were people who, even after the Christianization of Russia, tried to restore the cult and traditions (magicians, heroes). To date, only 5% of children in Russia are called Slavic names, which certainly impoverishes the already meager Slavic culture.
The purpose of this section is not only the introduction of the concept of truly Russian names into the people. The following not rare situation can serve as an example: The girl was named Gorislava. Neighbors wondering unusual name they say: “They couldn’t call me Ira or Katya in Russian” - without comment.

LIST OF SLAVIC NAMES:

Bazhen is a desired child, desired.
The names have the same meaning: Bazhai, Bazhan. Surnames arose from these names: Bazhanov, Bazhenov, Bazhutin.
Bazhen is a female form named after Bazhen.
Beloslav - From BEL - white, turn white and GLORY - praise.
Abbreviated names: Belyay, Belyan. Surnames arose from these names: Belov, Belyshev, Belyaev.
Beloslava is the female form named after Beloslav.
Short name: Belyan
Berimir - caring about the world.
Berislav - taking glory, taking care of glory.
Berislav is a female form named after Berislav.
Blessing - glorifying kindness.
Blagoslav is a female form named after Blagoslav.
Abbreviated names: Blaga, Blagana, Blagina.
Fornication - dissolute, unprofitable.
One of the "negative" names. From this name arose the surname: Bludov. Historical figure: Fornication - governor of Yaropolk Svyatoslavich.
Bogdan is a child given by God.
The name has the same meaning: Bozhko. Surnames arose from these names: Bogdanin, Bogdanov, Bogdashkin, Bozhkov.
Bogdana is a female form named after Bogdan.
Short name: Goddess.
Bogolyub - loving God.
From this name arose the surname: Bogolyubov.
Bogomil - dear to God.
The name has the same meaning: Bogumil.
Bozhidar - gifted by God.
Bozhidara is a female form named after Bozhidar.
Boleslav - famous.
Historical figure: Boleslav I - Polish king.
Boleslav is the female form named after Boleslav.
Borimir is a fighter for peace, a peacemaker.
Borislav is a fighter for glory.
Abbreviated names: Boris, Borya. Surnames arose from these names: Borin, Boriskin, Borisov, Borisikhin, Borichev, Borischev. Historical personality: Boris Vseslavich Polotsky - Prince of Polotsk, founder of the Drutsk princes.
Borislav is a female form named after Borislav.
Borsch is one of the personalized names of the plant world.
In the literal translation: Borscht is the tops of plants. From this name came the surname Borshchev.
Boyan is a storyteller.
The name was formed from the verb: bayat - speak, tell, sing. The names have the same meaning: Bayan, Bayan. From these names came the surname: Bayanov. Legendary personality: songwriter - Boyan.
Boyana is the female form named after Boyan.
Bratislav - From BRATI - to fight and GLORY - to praise.
Bratislava is the female form named after Bratislava.
Bronislav is a defender of glory, protecting glory.
The name has the same meaning: Branislav. Short name: Armor.
Bronislava is the female form named after Bronislav.
Bryachislav - from BRYACHI - rattling and SLAV - praise
Historical personality: Bryachislav Izyaslavich - Prince of Polotsk.
Budimir is a peacemaker.
From this name came the surnames: Budilov, Budischev.
Velimir is a big world.
Velimira is a female form named after Velimir.
Velimudr - knowledgeable.
Velislav - great glory, the most glorious.
Velislav is a female form named after Velislav.
Abbreviated names: Vela, Velika, Velichka.
Wenceslas - dedicated to glory, crowned with glory.
Wenceslas is the female form named after Wenceslas.
Faith is faith, true.
Veselin - cheerful, cheerful.
Vesselina is a female form named after Veselin.
The name has the same meaning: Vesela.
Vladimir is the owner of the world.
The name has the same meaning: Volodimer. From this name came the surnames: Vladimirov, Vladimirsky, Volodimerov, Volodin, Volodichev. Historical personality: Vladimir I Svyatoslavich the Red Sun - Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke Kyiv.
Vladimir is the female form named after Vladimir.
Vladislav - owning fame.
The name has the same meaning: Volodislav. Short name: Vlad. Historical personality: Volodislav is the son of Igor Rurikovich.
Vladislava is the female form named after Vladislav.
Short name: Vlad.
Vojislav is a glorious warrior.
Abbreviated names: Voylo, Warrior. Surnames originated from these names: Voeikov, Voinikov, Voinov. Historical personality: Warrior Vasilyevich - from the family of Yaroslavl princes.
Vojislava is a female form named after Vojislav.
The wolf is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Volkov.
Raven is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surnames: Voronikhin, Voronov.
Vorotislav - returning glory.
Vsevolod is the ruler of the people, who owns everything.
From this name came the surnames: Vsevolodov, Vsevolozhsky. Historical personality: Vsevolod I Yaroslavich - Prince of Pereyaslavsky, Chernigov, Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Vsemil - beloved by all.
Vsemila is the female form named Vsemila.
Vseslav - all-glorifying, famous.
The name has the same meaning: Seslav. From this name came the surname: Seslavin.
Historical personality: Vseslav Bryachislavich Polotsky - Prince of Polotsk, Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Vseslav - the female form named after Vseslav.
Vtorak is the second son in the family.
The names have the same meaning: Second, Vtorusha. Surnames came from these names: Vtorov, Vtorushin.
Vyacheslav - the most glorious, the most glorious.
The name has the same meaning: Vatslav, Vysheslav. Surnames came from these names: Vysheslavtsev, Vyacheslavlev, Vyacheslavov. Historical personality: Vyacheslav Vladimirovich - Prince of Smolensk, Turov, Pereyaslavsky, Vyshgorodsky, Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Vyachko is a legendary person: Vyachko is the progenitor of the Vyatichi people.
Godoslav - The name also matters: Godlav. Historical personality: Godoslav - prince of the Bodrich-rarogs.
Dove - meek.
From this name came the surnames: Golubin, Golubushkin
Much - skillful, capable.
From this name came the surname Gorazdov.
Gorislav - fiery, burning in glory.
Gorislava is a female form named after Gorislav.
Gorynya - like a mountain, huge, indestructible.
Legendary personality: hero - Gorynya.
Gostemil - dear to another (guest).
From this name came the surname: Gostemilov.
Gostomysl - thinking about another (guest).
Historical personality: Gostomysl - Prince of Novgorod.
Gradimir - keeping the world.
Gradislav - guarding glory.
Gradislava is the female form named after Gradislav.
Granislav - improving glory.
Granislav is a female form named after Granislav.
Gremislav - famous.
Gudislav is a renowned musician trumpeting glory.
Short name: Gudim. From these names came the surname: Gudimov.
Darren - donated.
Darena is the female form of Daren.
The names have the same meaning: Darina, Dara.
Devyatko is the ninth son in the family.
From this name came the surnames: Devyatkin, Devyatkov, Devyatov.
Dobrognev
Dobrolyub - kind and loving.
From this name came the surname: Dobrolyubov.
Dobromil - kind and sweet.
Dobromila is a female form named after Dobromil.
Dobromir is kind and peaceful.
Abbreviated names: Dobrynya, Dobrysha. From these names came the surnames: Dobrynin, Dobryshin. Legendary personality: hero - Dobrynya.
Dobromir is the female form named after Dobromir.
Goodwill - kind and reasonable.
From this name came the surname: Dobromyslov.
Dobroslav - glorifying kindness.
Dobroslav - female form named after Dobroslav.
Domaslav - glorifying relatives.
Abbreviated name: Domash - one's own, dear. From this name came the surname: Domashov.
Dragomir is more precious than the world.
Dragomir is a female form named after Dragomir.
Dubynya - similar to oak, indestructible.
Legendary personality: hero - Dubynya.
Druzhina - comrade.
It also matters common name: Friend. Surnames came from these names: Druzhinin, Drugov, Drunin.
Ruff is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Ershov.
The lark is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Zhavoronkov.
Zhdan is a long-awaited child.
From this name came the surname: Zhdanov.
Zhdana is a female form named after Zhdan.
Zhiznomir - living in the world.
The hare is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Zaitsev.
Zvenislava - announcer of glory.
Winter is harsh, merciless.
From this name came the surname: Zimin. Legendary personality: Ataman Zima from Razin's army.
Zlatomir - the golden world.
Zlatotsveta - golden-colored.
Short name: Zlata.
Malice is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surnames: Zlobin, Zlovidov, Zlydnev.
Izyaslav - who took glory.
Historical personality: Izyaslav Vladimirovich - Prince of Polotsk, founder of the Polotsk princes.
Sincere - sincere.
The name has the same meaning: Iskra.
Iskra is the female form named after Iskren.
Istislav - glorifying the truth.
Istoma - languishing (possibly associated with difficult childbirth).
From this name came the surnames: Istomin, Istomov.
Casimir - showing the world.
Casimir is the female form named after Casimir.
Koschey - thin, bony.
From this name came the surnames: Koshcheev, Kashchenko.
Krasimir - beautiful and peaceful
Krasimira is a female form named after Krasimir.
Short name: Beauty.
Curve is one of the "negative" names.
From these names came the surname: Krivov.
Lada - beloved, dear.
Name Slavic Goddess love, beauty and marriage.
Ladimir - getting along with the world.
Ladislav - glorifying Lada (love).
Swan is a personified name of the animal world.
The name has the same meaning: Lybid. From this name came the surname - Lebedev. Legendary personality: Lybid is the sister of the founders of the city of Kyiv.
Luchezar - a luminous beam.
We love - beloved.
From this name came the surname: Lyubimov.
Love is beloved.
The name has the same meaning: Lyubava. Surnames originated from these names: Lyubavin, Lyubimtsev, Lyubavin, Lyubin, Lyubushin, Lyubimin.
Lyubomila - beloved, dear.
Lubomir is a loving world.
Lubomira is a female form named after Lubomir.
Curiosity - loving to think.
Lyuboslav - loving glory.
Lyudmil is dear to people.
Ludmila is the female form named after Ludmila.
Historical personality: Ludmila - Czech princess.
Mal - small, younger.
The name has the same meaning: Malay, Mladen. Surnames came from these names: Maleev, Malenkov, Maltsov, Malyshev. Historical personality: Mal - Drevlyansky prince.
Malusha is a female form named after Mal.
The name has the same meaning: Mlada. From these names came the surname: Malushin. Historical personality: Malusha is the wife of Syatoslav Igorevich, the mother of Vladimir Svyatoslavich.
Mechislav - glorifying sword.
Milan is cute.
The name has the same meaning: Milen. Surnames originated from these names: Milanov, Milenov.
Milana is the feminine form of Milan.
The names have the same meaning: Milava, Milada, Milena, Milica, Umila. From these names came the surname: Milavin. Historical personality: Umila is the daughter of Gostomysl.
Milovan - caressing, caring.
Milorad - sweet and joyful.
From this name came the surname: Miloradovich.
Miloslav - nicely glorifying.
Short name: Miloneg.
Miloslava is the female form named after Miloslav.
Peaceful - peace-loving.
From this name came the surname: Mirolyubov.
Miroslav - glorifying the world.
Miroslava is a female form named after Miroslav.
Molchan - taciturn, silent.
From this name came the surname: Molchanov.
Mstislav - glorifying revenge.
Historical personality: Mstislav Vladimirovich - Prince Tmutorakansky, Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Mstislava is a female form named after Mstislav.
Hope is hope.
The name has the same meaning: Hope.
Nevzor is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surname Nevzorov.
Nekras is one of the "negative" names.
From this name came the surname: Nekrasov.
Nekras is the female form of Nekras.
The eagle is one of the personified names of the animal world.
From this name came the surname: Orlov.
The eighth is the eighth child in the family.
The name has the same meaning: Osmusha. Surnames originated from these names: Osmanov, Osmerkin, Osmov.
Ostromir
Peredslava - The name Predslava also matters. Historical personality: Predslava - wife of Svyatoslav Igorevich, mother of Yaropolk Svyatoslavich.
Peresvet - very light.
Historical personality: Peresvet - warrior of the Battle of Kulikovo.
Putimir - reasonable and peaceful
Putislav - praising reasonably.
The name has the same meaning: Putyata. Surnames came from these names: Putilov, Putilin, Putin, Putyatin. Historical personality: Putyata - Kyiv governor.
Radigost - caring for another (guest).
Radimir - caring about the world.
The name has the same meaning: Radomir. Short name: Radim. Surnames came from these names: Radilov, Radimov, Radishchev. Legendary personality: Radim is the progenitor of the Radimichi.
Radimira is a female form named after Radimir.
The name has the same meaning: Radomira.
Radislav - caring about glory.
The name has the same meaning: Radoslav.
Radislava is the female form of Imney Radislav.
Radmila is caring and sweet.
Radosveta - sanctifying with joy.
Joy is joy, happiness.
The name has the same meaning: Rada.
Razumnik - reasonable, reasonable.
From this name came the surname: Razin. Historical personality: Razumnik is a student of Cyril and Methodius.
Ratibor is a defender.
Ratmir is the defender of the world.
Rodislav is a glorifying family.
Rostislav - growing glory
Historical personality: Rostislav Vladimirovich - Prince of Rostov, Vladimir-Volynsky; Tmutarakansky; The ancestor of the princes of Galicia and Volyn.
Rostislava is a female form named after Rostislav.
Svetislav - glorifying light.
The name has the same meaning: Svetoslav.
Svetislava is a female form named after Svetislav.
Svetlan - bright, pure soul.
Svetlana is the female form named after Svetlana.
Svetovid - seeing light, perspicacious.
The name has the same meaning: Sventovid. The name of the West Slavic God.
Svetozar - illuminating with light.
Svetozara is a female form named after Svetozar.
The name has the same meaning: Svetlozara.
Svyatogor - indestructible holiness.
Legendary personality: Svyatogor is an epic hero.
Svyatopolk is the leader of the sacred army.
Historical personality: Svyatopolk I Yaropolkovich - Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Svyatoslav - sacred glory.
Short name: Saint. Historical personality: Svyatoslav I Igorevich - Prince of Novgorod and Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Svyatoslav - female form named after Svyatoslav.
Slavomir - peace glorifier.
Nightingale is a personified name of the animal world.
From this name came the surnames: Nightingale, Solovyov. Legendary personality: Nightingale Budimirovich - a hero from epics.
Som is the personified name of the animal world.
Snezhana - white-haired, cold.
Stanimir - establishing the world.
Stanimira is a female form named after Stanimir.
Stanislav - establishing glory.
From this name came the surname: Stanishchev. Historical personality: Stanislav Vladimirovich - Prince of Smolensk.
Stanislav is the female form named after Stanislav.
Stoyan is strong, unbending.
Tverdimir - from TVERD - solid and WORLD - peaceful, peace.
Tverdislav - from TVERD - solid and GLORY - to praise.
From this name came the surnames: Tverdilov, Tverdislavov, Tverdislavlev.
Tvorimir - creating the world.
Tikhomir is quiet and peaceful.
From this name came the surname: Tikhomirov.
Tikhomir is a female form named after Tikhomir.
Tur is a personified name of the animal world.
Legendary personality: Tur - the founder of the city of Turov.
Brave - brave.
Chaslav - looking forward to glory.
Chaslava is a female form named after Chaslav.
The name has the same meaning: Cheslava.
Chernava - dark-haired, swarthy
The name has the same meaning: Chernavka. Surnames came from these names: Chernavin, Chernavkin.
Pike is a personified name of the animal world.
Yarilo - the sun.
Yarilo - God of fruits in the form of the sun. From this name came the surname: Yarilin.
Jaromir is a sunny world.
Yaropolk is the leader of the solar army.
Historical personality: Yaropolk I Svyatoslavich - Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Yaroslav - praising Yarila.
From this name came the surname: Yaroslavov. Historical personality: Yaroslav I Vladimirovich - Prince of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Duke of Kyiv.
Yaroslav is a female form named after Yaroslav.
See also:

Surnames Slavic peoples sometimes it is difficult to separate according to "national apartments", although recent times they are trying to do it in Ukraine. For centuries, the so-called writing people aspired to Slavic unity. They used the same books to study in Russia and Serbia. The Kyiv monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he wrote in a "luxurious" language (that is, Russian), although his own language was already Ukrainian by that time. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included in his dictionary the words of all East Slavic languages, not dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only marking "Western", "Southern" (East Slavic).

Especially all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our homeland there were mass migrations, and moving of individuals, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone at one time documentation was carried out on Polish.

The most pronounced Polish (and Belarusian) elements are felt in surnames, including a combination of letters dz, dl, partially - hw. For example, Belarusian surname Dzianisau corresponds to Russian Denisov and so it is written in Russian. Polish surname Jeshuk formed on behalf of Dzesh, derived from Dzeslav(two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do(Xia) + component glory) with suffix -uk, showing them that Jeshuk- the son of a man named Dzesh.

Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to Russian Orekhovskaya , Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya. Since these surnames end in - skye, they do not come directly from the words mushroom or nut, and, most likely, are formed from the names of localities with such bases.

Polish surname Shidlo corresponds to Ukrainian Awl, Polish Sverdlov- Russian Sverlov.

Polish surname Dzenzelyuk formed from a name or nickname Zendzel derived from the word zenzol- woodpecker. Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. Surnames go back to the same basis. Dzenzelovsky , Dzenzelevsky(with the transformation of the second dz in h) and mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk, Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk .

Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk formed from the word hunger(Polish glud). Polish dictionary surnames, compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally spelled Kazimir in Russian), along with the forms Glud and Glod also gives names Hunger, hunger, hunger. The form Golodyuk indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person by the surname Hunger.

Murienko derived from nickname Mury(Ukrainian Murius), which a person could get by the color of their hair. V. I. Dal explains: murky(about the wool of cows, dogs), - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and an addition is made - "with a red, swarthy face." Surname Murienko says that its carrier is a descendant of a person with the nickname Murius. Suffix -enko, more common in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix -ovich/-evich. Compare in fairy tales: Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko.

Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kwitun formed from the verb get even- pay off, avenge an insult, pay a debt; -un- suffix of the person's name, as in screamer, squeaker, talker. With the same basis Polish surnames: Kvit, Kvitash, Kviten, Kvitko.

Surname Sitar most likely Czech. It is formed from a nickname by profession: sitar- one who makes sieves.

Very interesting last name Kuts, which can be matched with the words different languages. I always perceived it as coming from a short adjective kuts corresponding full form stubby. But from the semantics of this word "short-tailed, tailless, short-haired" it is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a “German dress” was called a short dress or a short caftan, in contrast to Russian long-brimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short captain of a plucked team (according to V.I. Dahl), but this does not explain the surname formed from short form adjective.

Surname Kuts is in Polish. It is formed from the same word, which developed some other meanings there. For example, the verb cut- squat down, which indicates small growth. So the nickname Kuts could get a short person. Word kuts Poles call a small horse, including a pony.

Finally, last name Kuts may be German descent, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. Surname of the same origin Kunz.

Surname What - Greek origin. in Greek kako means evil, damage, loss, misfortune; cocoa- bad, evil, not good, compare the word cacophony- bad ewuk, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given "from the evil eye."

It is sometimes difficult to separate the surnames of the Slavic peoples according to "national apartments", although recently they have been trying to do this in Ukraine. For many centuries, the so-called writers have striven for Slavic unity. They used the same books to study in Russia and Serbia. The Kyiv monk Pamvo Berynda, who created an excellent lexicon, believed that he wrote in a "luxurious" language (that is, Russian), although his own language was already Ukrainian by that time. The famous lexicographer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal included in his dictionary the words of all East Slavic languages, not dividing them into Ukrainian and Belarusian, but only marking "Western", "Southern" (East Slavic).

Especially all this applies to surnames. After all, people do not sit still; in the history of our homeland there were mass migrations, and moving of individuals, and marriages between representatives of different branches of the Slavs. It is especially difficult to determine the linguistic affiliation of the surnames of people in the Smolensk region, in Belarus, in Western Ukraine, where Orthodoxy and Catholicism met, where there were significant Polish penetrations, and in some parts of this zone at one time documentation was kept in Polish.

The most pronounced Polish (and Belarusian) elements are felt in surnames, including a combination of letters dz , dl , partially - hw . For example, a Belarusian surname Dzianisau corresponds to Russian Denisov and so it is written in Russian. Polish surname Jeshuk formed on behalf of Dzesh , derived from Dzeslav (two-part name formed from the stem of the verb do (Xia ) + component glory ) with suffix -uk , showing them that Jeshuk - the son of a man named Dzesh.

Polish surname Orzhekhovskaya corresponds to Russian Orekhovskaya , Grzhibovskaya - Gribovskaya . Since these surnames end in - skye , they do not come directly from the words mushroom or nut , and, most likely, are formed from the names of localities with such bases.

Polish surname Shidlo corresponds to Ukrainian Awl , Polish Sverdlov - Russian Sverlov .

Polish surname Dzenzelyuk formed from a name or nickname Zendzel derived from the word zenzol - woodpecker. Breaking away from the original word, surnames develop dozens of similar variants. Surnames go back to the same basis. Dzenzelovsky , Dzenzelevsky (with the transformation of the second dz in h ) and mentioned by the author of the letter, Elena Dzenzelyuk , Ukrainianized surname Dzynzyruk .

Polish-Belarusian surname Golodyuk formed from the word hunger (Polish glud ). Polish dictionary of surnames compiled by Professor Kazimierz Rymut (this is the modern Polish pronunciation of the name, which is traditionally spelled Kazimir in Russian), along with the forms Glud and Glod also gives names Hunger , hunger , hunger . The form Golodyuk indicates that the bearer of this surname is a descendant of a person by the surname Hunger .

Murienko derived from nickname Mury (Ukrainian Murius ), which a person could get by the color of their hair. V. I. Dal explains: mury (about the wool of cows, dogs), - reddish-brown with a black wave, dark motley. In the Ukrainian-Belarusian dictionary of V.P. Lemtyugova, these meanings of the adjective are confirmed and an addition is made - "with a red, swarthy face." Surname Murienko says that its carrier is a descendant of a person with the nickname Murius . Suffix -enko , more common in the eastern part of Ukraine than in the western part, is similar to the Russian patronymic suffix -ovich /-evich . Compare in fairy tales: Russian Ivan Tsarevich corresponds to Ukrainian Ivan Tsarenko.

Ukrainian-South Russian surname Kwitun formed from the verb get even - pay off, avenge an insult, pay a debt; -un - suffix of the person's name, as in screamer , squeaker , talker . There are Polish surnames with the same stem: Kvit , Kvitash , Kviten , Kvitko .

Surname Sitar most likely Czech. It is formed from a nickname by profession: sitar - one who makes sieves.

Very interesting last name Kuts , which can be compared with the words of different languages. I always perceived it as coming from a short adjective kuts corresponding to the full form stubby . But from the semantics of this word "short-tailed, tailless, short-haired" it is far from any characteristic of a person. True, in the XVII-XVIII centuries. a “German dress” was called a short dress or a short caftan, in contrast to Russian long-brimmed caftans, and there was also an expression: a short captain of a plucked team (according to V.I. Dahl), but this does not explain the surname formed from the short form of the adjective.

Surname Kuts is in Polish. It is formed from the same word, which developed some other meanings there. For example, the verb cut - squat down, which indicates small growth. So the nickname Kuts could get a short person. Word kuts Poles call a small horse, including a pony.

Finally, last name Kuts may be of German origin, as formed from one of the many derivatives of the name Conrad. Surname of the same origin Kunz .

Surname What - of Greek origin. in Greek kako means evil , damage, loss, misfortune; cocoa - bad, evil, not good, compare the word cacophony - bad ewuk, bad sound. The surname could be formed from the name given "from the evil eye."

ORIGIN OF SURNAMES, 2003, No. 8

EVDOKIM - EVDOKIMOV - EVDOKIMENKO

I subscribe to the journal "Science and Life" since the sixties. I really want to know the truth about our surname. My grandfather came to Siberia for resettlement in 1910. His last name is Evdokimenko. He said that one of our ancestors, by the name of Evdokimov, participated in the commission for the reunification of Ukraine with Russia. The stamp paper on the diplomatic mission of our ancestor (his surname was changed to the Ukrainian way) was lost during dispossession. Can you find any confirmation?

N. Bochkareva (village of Pomyany, Primorsky Territory).

During Ukrainian-Russian contacts, there were constant transformations of surnames according to types that are more natural for the majority of the inhabitants of this area: Evdokimov turned into Evdokimenko , and the latter even in Evdokimenkov . All these surnames are derived from Orthodox name Evdokim . But even the mention of a surname Evdokimova among the participants in the meetings at which the issue of the reunification of Ukraine with Russia was decided, is not an accurate proof that it was your ancestor - you need to have a list of all the generations of your family, but it is impossible to get it now.

LENTICOL - GERM, KIDNEY

My family subscribes to the journal "Science and Life" for a long time. We read with interest the section of Doctor of Philology A. Superanskaya about the origin of names and surnames. I would like to know about the origins of our family. In our area, except for relatives, we did not meet the name Chechevichkin. Father comes from the village of Diveevo, in the south Nizhny Novgorod region, which borders on the Mordovian Republic.

M. Chechevichkina (Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region).

Surname Chechevichkin may come from the name of the plant - lentils and its edible seeds. There are many surnames formed from the names of food products. But another explanation is also possible: in Russian dialects lentil - this is something small, an embryo, a kidney. Old Russian name lentil could have been given at the time of the birth of the child. Then the last name Chechevichkin derived from old Russian name.

KHOKHRYAK - OLD RUSSIAN NAME

Please explain the meaning of the names of my ancestors Khokhryakov (from the Vologda province he left for Siberia in the 19th century) and Cherkashin (according to the stories of my great-grandmother, he came to Siberia with Yermak).

T. Sergeeva (Algeria).

Surname Khokhryakov known in Russia since ancient times. It comes from an old Russian name or nickname Khokhryak . Word hogryak related to the verb to chuckle, to chuckle . It meant a bump, a hump, a bump, and besides, a frail, weak person who always shudders, hunches over. If a Khokhryak was the nickname of your distant ancestor, then he obviously had a hump or some kind of bump. Name Khokhryak could give the child "from the evil eye" so that he would actually be beautiful and healthy.

Word Cherkashin called in different places different people. It comes from the name of the nation Cherkasy/Circassian , but has long lost its ethnographic connection with this people. Cherkasy called Don Cossacks; compare the name of their capital - Novocherkassk. Cherkasy and Cherkashenins in some places they began to call people from the Don; in Zaporozhye, that was the name given to people from Moscow. To say for sure, you need to know the whole history of your family. On the basis of surnames, only a linguistic analysis can be done.

SURNAMES FORMED FROM NICKNAMES AND OLD RUSSIAN NAMES

Nicknames that existed in the 19th-20th centuries can be difficult to separate from ancient Russian names. For example, in ancient times (before the adoption of Christianity), Russians had personal names Bear, Wolf, Hare, Box, etc. After the adoption of Christianity, such names could be given as nicknames: Bear - to a large strong man, Wolf - lonely and to some extent predatory, Hare - a man of small stature, cowardly, Box - dense, striving to save everything. There were also nicknames by profession: Turner, Leatherworker, Carpenter. Such nicknames passed on to the descendants of the named and, taking shape with the corresponding suffixes, turned into surnames.

In the following presentation, no distinction is made between Old Russian names and nicknames (all are given in a single alphabet). But, if the basis of a particular surname was known as an old Russian name, this is noted.

Brylev - bryla, bryla - lip, especially upper; b dug - at least cook jelly (about a thick-lipped person); flew - pendulous lips of dogs like boxers, bulldogs. This feature of a person has long attracted the attention of others, compare the names and nicknames of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries: Timofey Nikonovich Wrylo Buturlin; bryla , peasant; Vasily Shumilov Brylkin .

Bolkunov - to chatter, to chatter - to speak out of place, chatter. Surname Bolkunov recorded in 1618.

Vereshak - an ancient Russian name not decorated with a special suffix, more commonly known in the form Vereshchaga - talker, talker, grumpy person; screech (about a child) - squeal, squeak, cry. Known: Vereshchaga Faded, the end of the 15th century, Uglich; Vereshchaga , peasant, 1510, Uglich.

Volts - word volt borrowed from Italian. In Russian, it is accepted in several meanings: turnover, circle, especially in special speech, for example: among musicians - a repetition of some passage; for riders - turning the horse according to special rules. Some musician or equestrian instructor could get the nickname Volt because he often repeated this word. At the sharpers volt It was called card overlay. Nickname Volt could give to someone who did it cleverly. Finally, colloquially, the word volt corresponds to the literary jack . Nickname holder Volt could become a man similar to a jack. Among the gentlemen, the jack was sometimes called a lackey and a boor.

Zhugan / beetle - Old Russian name, derived from the name Bug , very common.

Zhigar - an old Russian name not suffixed, formed from the verb burn , (under) burn . Zhigar means "incited, the instigator in the game, revelry, dance, indignation" (V. Dal). Stepan lived in Novgorod in 1495 Zhigar .

Zverev - The beast - Old Russian name: Vasily Semenovich The beast Kutuzov, XVI century, surname Zverev noted in 1497. Perhaps the name The beast it was given as a protective one, so that the named person would not suffer from any beast. In the XIX-XX centuries, the nickname The beast given to evil, ferocious people.

Kozhevnikov - surname from nickname Leatherworker (by profession). The surname is common, since tanners - people involved in leather dressing, were everywhere. Word Leatherworker , given as a name or nickname to a person, met for the first time in the 15th century: Leatherworker Karpovich Holopishchev, Suzdal.

Kolobkov -Kolobok - a diminutive form of an old Russian name Kolob. Kolob - a lump of dough, a thick cake, a small round bread. Everyone knows the story about Kolobok . In 1550, Alabysh lived in the Moscow region Kolobov , son of Perepechin, which indicates that Kolob He doesn't have a nickname, but a name. So:

son - Alabysh / Olabysh - small round bread;

father - Kolob - small round bread or pie, flatbread;

grandfather - Perepecha - a kind of Easter cake, loaf.

Thus, the whole family was named after the names of round bread products.

Kolobok - son Koloba, diminutive form. From here - Kolobkovs .

Korobkin - Box - Old Russian name, derived from the word box - a box, a container for putting something. Perhaps such a name was given as a wish, so that the named person would have everything in abundance. Gogol had one elderly landowner called box . A peasant named Kalina Box lived at the end of the 15th century in Novgorod.

Lomovtsev - Lomovets - a person from the owner's house by name or nickname Scrap . Nickname Scrap could give to a large, physically strong person. Word scrap vanity, turmoil. Old Russian name Scrap could give to a child born during some kind of family commotion.

Meshcheryakov - the surname is formed from the word meshcheryak - a citizen Meshchery - geographical area on the river Oka. Word miner designate an ancient Finno-Ugric tribe that lived on the Oka.

Ants - from the old Russian name Ant . In the 15th century, Ivan lived in the Moscow district Ant Olupovsky.

Mushkatov - the surname is formed from the nickname Muscat / Muscat . This is the name of the grape variety, as well as the nutmeg tree - a tropical plant whose fruit, nutmeg, is eaten as a spicy seasoning. Nickname Muscat could give to a person who mispronounced a word muscat . Could give to the one who used nutmeg walnut, grape muscat or wine made from it, which stood out against the background of other people who did not use these rare dishes for Russia.

Polishchuk / Poleshchuk - the surname is formed from the designation of a resident Polissya - a natural area located on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and partly Russia and Poland. Because the area is inhabited different nations(although all Slavic), in some parts of it the names of the inhabitants sound differently: Russian polesyans , polesyanin, polesyanka; poleshki, poleshuk; Poleshchuk, Poleshchuk; pole pike ; Ukrainian polishchuks, polishchuk, polishchuk ; Belarusian palyashuki, palyashuk, palyashuk . All this variation is reflected in the spelling of surnames.

Reut - surname without a special suffix, derived from the old Russian name Reut . Word reut called the big bell. The word is sometimes explained in such a way that at the beginning of the ringing of this bell, a note is heard re , gradually turning into before (which is also called ut ). One of the bells on the Ivan the Great Bell Tower in Moscow is called reut or howler . Perhaps it is more correct to explain this word with a verb roar . Old Russian name Reut known already in the 15th century, when the peasant Yuriy lived in Novgorod Reut . Perhaps this name was given to a child who cried in a particularly low voice. Surname Reutov and names of settlements Reutov , Reutovo found in different parts of the country.

Ronzhin - the surname is formed from the old Russian name or nickname ronja . ronja - this is the name of the bird, otherwise it is called the forest funnel.

Solovyov - from an old Russian name Nightingale , widespread. Known, for example, Ilya Elizarovich Nightingale Borshchev, 1558, Yaroslavl. His son - Starling Ilyich Solovyov son Borshchev. god name starling Ilyich was not included in the act records.

united - rare surname, possibly derived from the verb eat (each other), that is, to scold, quarrel, meals, meals - scolding, quarrel. Sedun, seduga - a grumpy person.

Syrokvasha - not specially designed surname suffix formed from the word cheese milk - curdled milk from raw milk. Names or nicknames Syrokvasha was not in my materials. Apparently, it was given to a child with very white skin, similar to the name Sour cream .

Shamarov, Shamarin - a very difficult surname to explain. There is nothing similar in dictionaries. It is known that the sound w frequented the place With , as well as the syllable sha was replaced by she and shea . Based on this, we will try to make a small review.

Samar - the name of the tribal division of the Bashkirs. Samara - the name of a tributary of the Volga and the city that arose at its confluence with the Volga. In the 15th century, the name is attested Samara Stepan Rodionovich Kvashnin. Whether this name is connected with the fact that Kvashnin had Bashkirs in the family is unclear, since V. Dahl's dictionary contains the word Samar in the meaning of "long-brimmed clothes" (in the Vladimir region). In the old Russian language there was a word Samar in the meaning of "bag", borrowed from Turkic languages. So last name Shamarov , apparently associated with the name of the Bashkir tribal division. In mixed marriages, these names were usually retained. Borrowing from one language to another With often replaced by Russian w , how muscat - musket, cord - lace . Surname Shamarin , possibly derived from the name of a river or city Samara , can also be associated with long-length clothing or a bag.

Shevyakov - from an old Russian name Shevyak . Such a name was given "from the evil eye." It is derived from the word shevyak - litter of livestock and wild animals. There was a saying: "By shevyakam You recognize every beast." The name was registered in 1624 in Belev: Leo Shevyak , peasant.

Sheko - the surname is formed, obviously, from the old Russian name Cheek with the replacement of the initial sch on the w . Name Cheek given to a child with complete cheeks . Could be a nickname Cheek - a lively talker. When a surname was formed from this name or nickname, the final a changed to about , which is more consistent with the names of men.

It is not so easy to answer the question of when Russians got surnames. The fact is that surnames in Russia were formed mainly from patronymics, nicknames or generic names, and this process was gradual.

Novgorod surnames

It is believed that the first in Russia to bear the names of the citizens of Veliky Novgorod, which was then a republic, as well as residents of Novgorod possessions, stretching throughout the north from the Baltic to the Urals. It happened presumably in the XIII century.

So, in the annals for 1240, the names of the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva are mentioned: “Kostyantin Lugotinits, Guryata Pineshchinich”. In the annals of 1268, there are the names of "Tverdislav Chermny, Nikifor Radiatinich, Tverdislav Moisievich, Mikhail Krivtsevich, Boris Ildyatinich ... Vasil Voiborzovich, Zhiroslav Dorogomilovich, Poroman Podvoisky." In 1270, according to the chronicler, Prince Vasily Yaroslavich went on a campaign against the Tatars, taking with him "Petril Lever and Mikhail Pineshchinich."

As you can see, these surnames had little resemblance to modern ones and were formed, most likely, by patronymics, family or baptismal names, nicknames or place of residence.

Come from the North

Perhaps the most ancient surnames should still be considered surnames ending with the suffixes -ih and -ih. According to experts, they appeared at the turn of the 1st-2nd millennium and came mainly from family nicknames. For example, members of the same family could be given nicknames such as Short, White, Red, Black, and their descendants were called in the genitive or prepositional: "Whose will you be?" “Short, White, Red, Black.” Doctor of Philology A.V. Superanskaya writes: “The head of the family is called Golden, the whole family is Golden. A native or native of a family in next generation- Golden.

Historians suggest that these surnames were born in the north, and subsequently spread to the central regions of Russia and the Urals. Many such surnames are found among Siberians: this was associated with the beginning of the conquest of Siberia in the second half of XVI century. By the way, according to the rules of the Russian language, such surnames are not inclined.

Surnames from Slavic names and nicknames

There were also surnames that arose from ancient Russian secular names. For example, the surnames Zhdanov and Lyubimov later came from the Slavic proper names Zhdan and Lyubim. Many surnames are formed from the so-called "security" names: it was believed that if you give a baby a name with a negative connotation, it will scare him away dark forces and failure. So from the names-nicknames Nekras, Dur, Chertan, Malice, Neustroy, Hunger came the names Nekrasov, Durov, Chertanov, Zlobin, Neustroev, Golodov.

Noble families

Only later, in the XIV-XV centuries, surnames began to appear among princes and boyars. Most often they were formed from the name of the inheritance owned by the prince or boyar, and subsequently passed on to his descendants: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky. Some of the noble families came from nicknames: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Eyed, Lykovs, Scriabins. Sometimes the surname combined the name of the inheritance with the nickname, such as Lobanov-Rostovsky. One of the most ancient noble families - Golitsyn - originates from old word"galitsy" ("galitsy"), which meant leather mittens used in various works. Another ancient noble family- Morozov. The first to wear it was Misha Prushanin, who distinguished himself in 1240 in the battle with the Swedes: his name was glorified in the Life of Alexander Nevsky. This clan also became known thanks to the famous schismatic - boyar Fedosya Morozova.

Merchant surnames

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, service people, clergy and merchants began to bear surnames. However, the richest merchants acquired surnames even earlier, in XV-XVI centuries. Basically, these were again residents of the northern regions of Russia - say, the Kalinnikovs, Stroganovs, Perminovs, Ryazantsevs. Kuzma Minin, the son of the salt-worker Mina Ankudinov from Balakhna, received his own surname already at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. Often, merchant surnames reflected the occupation of their owner. So, the Rybnikovs traded fish.

Peasant surnames

The peasants did not have surnames for a long time, with the exception of the population of the northern part of Russia, which once belonged to Novgorod, since there was no serfdom there. Take, for example, the "Arkhangelsk peasant" Mikhail Lomonosov or Pushkin's nanny, the Novgorod peasant woman Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.

They had surnames and Cossacks, as well as the population of the lands that were formerly part of the Commonwealth: the territory of present-day Belarus to Smolensk and Vyazma, Little Russia. Most of the indigenous inhabitants of the black earth provinces had surnames.

Massively assigning surnames to peasants began only after the abolition of serfdom. And some even received surnames only during the years of Soviet power.