Students are often faced with the need to identify case nouns. This should be done, say, when it is necessary to check the spelling of an unstressed vowel in the ending. Difficulty appears during the distinction between nominative and accusative case her, because auxiliary questions to the words used in the data case ah, actually identical.

Instruction

1. In order to determine case nouns, it is necessary, before each, to put a question to the word. Nominative words case y, answer the questions WHO? WHAT? If you asked WHO? or WHAT ?, then before you is a noun used in the form of an accusative case a.

2. Determine which member of the sentence is the noun. If the word is the subject, i.e. the main member of the sentence, then it is used in the form of a nominative case a. Accusative case om denotes a word that is a secondary member in a sentence, a direct object. Say, invite the guys to determine case nouns in this sentence. The girl writes a letter. Ask them to put questions to the words, determine which member of the sentence they are. They must come to a further conclusion. The word "girl" answers the question WHO ?, is the subject, which means it is used in the nominative case e. And the word "letter" is a minor member of the sentence, a direct object. It answers the question WHAT? and, consequently, is used in the accusative case e.

3. Draw the attention of schoolchildren to the fact that a noun is used with or without a preposition. Words in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative, they have the prepositions ON, FOR, THROUGH, IN, etc.

4. It is also worth while defining case and match the endings in words. So, in the names of nouns of the first declension there will be endings A, Z, if they are in the nominative form case a. Accordingly, in the accusative case e - U, Yu. Let's say that in the noun of the first declension "wall" the ending is A. It is used in the nominative case e. The word "wall" has the ending U. So it has an accusative case .

5. The case indicates the role of the word in the sentence. It is allowed to use the helper phrase WHO DOES WHAT to distinguish between nominative and accusative case her.

“Ivan gave birth to a girl and ordered to drag a diaper” - the first letters of this literary absurdity orderly announce the list of cases. There are six types of cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. All of them speak of the temporary state of one or another noun, which can change in case form. It is not difficult to determine the type of case of a noun, you just need to figure out which question all of the cases answer.

Instruction

1. case nominative- the initial one, which determines the real sound of the word. Answers the questions "who?" or "what?". If the noun is inanimate, say: window, house, book, bus, then it answers the question “what?”, And if it is animate, for example, girl, elephant, mother, Rita, then, accordingly, answers the question “who?” . This division according to the liveliness of the subject will apply to all cases; consequently, every case has two questions. Example 1. A person (who?) is an animate noun in the nominative case, a car (what?) is an inanimate noun in the nominative case.

2. Genitive case, from the word "give birth to whom?" or "what?". No matter how comical it may sound, but that's the way to ask the question. A number of questions in cases coincide, and therefore some words will sound identical, the main thing is to put the correct case question. Example 2. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the genitive case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the genitive case.

3. The dative case is determined by the phrase "give to whom?" or "what?". Example 3. To a person (to whom?) - an animate noun in the dative case, to a car (what?) - an inanimate noun in the dative case.

4. Accusative case, answers the question: “blame whom?” or "what?". In this example, an inanimate noun coincides, and therefore the case is determined logically, by meaning. Example 4. A person (whom?) Is an animate noun in the accusative case, a car (what?) Is an inanimate noun in the accusative case. But if, according to the meaning: I bought a car (genitive case), but crashed the car (accusative case).

5. The instrumental case sounds like: “to create by whom?” or "what?". Example 5. A person (by whom?) is an animate noun in the instrumental case, a machine (what?) is an inanimate noun in the instrumental case.

6. The prepositional case is exceptional, posing a question, not consonant with its name: “talk about whom?” or "about what?". It is easy to define a word in this case, because a noun in this case invariably has a preposition. Example 6. About a person (about whom?) - an animate noun in the prepositional case, about a car (about what?) - an inanimate noun in the prepositional case.

Related videos

Useful advice
Even if a case question does not match the meaning of a given sentence, it should still be asked to determine the case of a noun.

Tip 3: How to distinguish the genitive case of a noun from an accusative

Cases Russian is a category of a word that shows its syntactic role in a sentence. Schoolchildren memorize the names of cases and their signs, that is, questions, but sometimes difficulties arise. For example, when it is necessary to distinguish the genitive from the accusative.

You will need

• Knowledge of the Russian language according to the school curriculum, nouns in the accusative and genitive cases,

Instruction

1. There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. Auxiliary words and questions are used to determine the case of a noun. The spelling of the end of the word depends on this. They often confuse the genitive (no: whom? what?) and accusative (blame: whom? what?) cases, because the questions to animated objects are identical: “who?”.

2. Ask a question. When in doubt, ask a qualifying question to the noun: “no what?” (for the genitive) and “see what?” (for accusative). If the word takes the form of the nominative case, then in this case it is accusative. Let's say: a small fish (accusative case: I see what? a fish, it is impossible to say: there is nothing? a fish).

3. If you need to determine the case in order to arrange the endings, replace the noun with the word "cat" or any other, but certainly the first declension. Determine the case depending on the ending. Let's say: pride for a teacher is an accusative case, since, substituting the word "cat" in place of a noun, we get: glory for a cat. The ending "y" indicates the accusative case. The ending "and" in the genitive.

4. Analyze the relationship of words in the phrase. The genitive case, as usual, denotes the ratio of the part and the whole (a glass of milk), belonging to something (sister's jacket), it is used in comparison (more beautiful than the queen). The accusative is used to convey spatio-temporal relations (work for a week), the transition from action to object (drive a car).

5. Use the same ways for indeclinable nouns. Let's say: put on a coat (put on a cat - accusative case), do without coffee (do without a cat - genitive).

Note!
The accusative case denotes the complete coverage of the object by the action, a certain number (drink milk), and the genitive case denotes the extension of the action to a part of the object (drink milk).

Useful advice
An inanimate noun in the accusative case does not change in contrast to the same noun in the genitive case: I saw a house (accusative), there were no houses in the area (genitive)

In contrast to the Finnish and Hungarian languages, in which there are one and a half to two dozen cases, in Russian grammar there are six of them. The endings of words in different cases can coincide, therefore, to determine the case, you need to ask the right question to the word being checked.

Instruction

1. In order to determine the case of a noun, carefully read the phrase in which it is included. Find the word to which the noun you are checking belongs - it is from this the words you will ask a question. Let's say you are given the phrase "I love dogs", and you need to determine the case of the noun "dogs". The word "dogs" in this sentence is subordinate to the word "love". Consequently, you will ask a case question in the following way: “I love whom?”

2. Each of the six cases has its own special question. So, nouns in the nominative case answer the question "who?" or "what?". It is allowed to substitute the auxiliary word “is” for this case. Let's say there is (who?) a dog. The question of the genitive case is “whom?” or "what?". It is allowed to substitute the auxiliary word “no” to the noun in this case. The dative case answers the question "to whom? / what?" and harmonizes with the auxiliary word "give". The question of the accusative case - "whom?" or “what?”, and its auxiliary word is “blame”. Nouns in the instrumental case answer the question "by whom?" and harmonize with the words "created" and "satisfied." Finally, the prepositional case is characterized by the following questions: “about whom? / about what?”, “in whom? / in what?”. One of the auxiliary words of this case is the word "I think".

3. In order to determine the case of an adjective, first you need to find the noun or pronoun to which it refers. Having determined the case of this main word, you will also recognize the case of the adjective, because adjectives invariably agree in gender, number and case with those nouns (pronouns) on which they depend. For example, in the sentence “Kolya ate a large pear”, the noun “pear” is used in the accusative case, and therefore the case of the adjective “large” related to it is also accusative.

A noun is a part of speech that refers to a person or an object and answers the questions “who?” and what?". Nouns change according to cases, of which there are six in Russian. So that the cases are not confused with each other, there is a harsh system of rules and differences between them. In order to be able to correctly and quickly determine the accusative case, you need to know its questions, and what it is used for.

Instruction

1. In order to never make a mistake with the case of a noun, remember that each of them has unique questions defined for it, asking which you will get the corresponding case of the noun. Questions of the accusative case are the question “I see whom?” for the animate and “I see what?” for inanimate nouns.

2. In addition, learn the definitions of the accusative case of the Russian language, or rather, the cases when it is used. It turns out that the accusative case denotes the transfer of temporal and spatial relationships (rest for a week, walk a kilometer); the transition of the action entirely to the subject (driving a car, leafing through a book). Very rarely, the accusative case is formed as a dependence on the adverb (annoying for a friend).

3. However, even according to the rules or endings, it is sometimes very difficult to determine the case, therefore, invariably use special questions. In terms of questions, the accusative case partly coincides with the genitive and nominative. In order not to confuse them, do the following: if you have an animate noun in front of you, and it answers the question “who?”, The one that matches the genitive case, substitute an inanimate noun instead of it and ask a question to it. If the word answers the question “I see what?”, Then you have an accusative case.

4. Remember also that in Russian there are some nouns that look identical in all cases: metro, cinema, coat, cafe, etc. In order to determine their case, ask a question for the keyword. For example, in the sentence “Yesterday they bought me an expensive coat,” the word “coat” is in the accusative case, because the question “I see what?” it is allowed to answer "beautiful coat." In addition, replace the word “coat” here with a variable, say, “decoration”. Then belonging to the accusative case immediately becomes more clear.

Related videos

Useful advice
When determining the case of any noun, invariably apply all the rules and methods that you know, then it will be much easier for you to make sure that the word belongs to one or another case.

The nominative case is the original dictionary form of nouns, opposed to every other form of indirect cases: genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. The word in the nominative case is never used with a preposition and in a sentence traditionally performs the syntactic function of the subject or the nominal part of the compound predicate.

Instruction

1. Define nominative case noun on grammatical questions "who?" or "what?". For example, in the sentence "His mother was kindness itself" the word "mother" answers the question "who?", and the word "kindness" ? to the question "what?".

2. For nominative case and the main ones are subjective and attributive meanings. In the first case, this form denotes an agent performing an action, or an object, on the one that it is directed to. Compare: "A mother loves her son." The word "mother" denotes the doer. "The son is loved by the mother." The word "son" denotes an animated object, the one that the action is directed to.

3. Determine the subjective meaning of the nominative form case and according to the syntactic role of the subject in a two-part sentence (“The son is a student, but at the same time he works”) or the subject in a one-part denominative (“Whisper, cowardly breathing, trills of a nightingale ...”).

4. Determinative meaning of the nominative form case but is expressed in a compound nominal predicate or in the syntactic construction of the application. "The new building is a factory." The word "factory" is the nominal part of the predicate, which answers the question "what is a new building?". "The female doctor invited me to the office." The word "doctor", answering the question "who?",? this is the application that performs the syntactic function of the definition. Note that the nominative case, used in a definitive sense, gives a different name to an object by property, quality, sign, and adverbial meanings are not characteristic of it.

5. Additional meanings of the nominative case and the noun are: - an estimated value expressed in the nominal part of the predicate ("He was a good-natured man"); - an expression of a temporary sign related to the past ("At that time her husband was still a fiancé"); - the meaning of the informatively replenishing form used both with a proper name (“She was named Olya”), and a common noun (“He is listed as a watchman”). Most often nominative case used in this sense with geographical names ("Then the city began to be called Petrograd").

Note!
In addition to nouns, the category of case has declinable parts of speech: adjective, numeral, participle and pronoun. Determine the nominative case of adjectives and participles on the questions “what? which? which? what?”, given from the noun being defined, “how much?” ? for cardinal numbers, "what's the number?" ? for ordinals. Pronouns, depending on the category, can answer in the nominative case the questions “who? what?" (I, that), “what? whose?" (certain, own), "how much?" (so many).

Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. It means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold such an opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to understand this issue.

Case system

The term "case" in translation from Greek sounds like "fall", and from Latin - "fall".

Case (declension) is a grammatical category designed to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change in cases. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

• Nominative (initial form of declension).
• Genitive.
• Dative.
• Accusative.
• Instrumental.
• Prepositional.

These cases are called the main ones due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

For the correct declension of words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's get acquainted with each in more detail.

Nominative case

Correspond to the questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, you need to add the word "is" to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular has the following endings:

• 1 declension: -a, -z.
• 2 declension: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -s, -i, -a, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its duties include:

• give a name to the subject of an action or state ( mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
• define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
• name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
• Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby how old are you?).

Genitive

The questions “who?”, “What?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "no" for the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, before, from, with. The singular number is defined by the following endings:

• 1 declension: -s, -i.
• 2 declension: -a, -z.
• 3rd declension: -i.

It has an ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case can indicate:

• Item ownership ( son's car).
• The property carrier ( blue sky).
• The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
• The subject doing the action mom's arrival).
• parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions "to whom?", "what?". To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "dam" to the noun. For example: ladies (to whom?) sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -u, -u.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural declension is characterized by the endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to denote:

• Action destination ( gave a magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to mom);
• The subject of an action or state ( the kids couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The questions “who?”, “What?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “I see” for the noun. For example: I see (whom?) Mom. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. Endings correspond to the singular number:

• 1 declension: -u, -u.
• 2 declension: -o, -e.
• 3rd declension: zero ending.

Plural: -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey.

The accusative case, in turn:

• Designates an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
• Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions “by whom?”, “by what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I am proud of (whom?) Son. Used with prepositions for, over, under, before, with

• 1 declension: -oy (-oy), -ey (-ey).
• 2 declension: -om, -em.
• 3rd declension: -u.

Plural: -ami, -ami.

Intended to refer to:

• Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
• Subject of action - for passive constructions ( house demolished by workers).
• Action object ( breathe oxygen).
• Tool or means of action ( peroxide).
• Locations ( follow the path).
• Method, mode of action ( sing bass).
• Measures of time or amount of something ( carry buckets).
• Item parameter ( the size of a fist).
• Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The questions “about whom?”, “About what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “I think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, oh, about, both, at. The singular has the endings:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -e. -and.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural cases end in: -ah, -ah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it stands for. Namely:

• Action object ( think of a girl).
• Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
• Time after doing some action upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status, close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended solely for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-separative), the second prepositional (locative, local), the second accusative (transformative, inclusive, collective), the vocative form (vocative), counting, waiting, deprivative cases. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited circle of words. In addition, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second is intended for the declension of some masculine words in the singular related to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely “-y”, is more often used in colloquial speech and is not mandatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). Exceptions are certain cases: let's have a cup of tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, slice of bread.

The second prepositional declension has special endings for a group of nouns, in the singular having a masculine gender. The case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by the transfer of stress to the ending of certain nouns of the 3rd declension, which are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the oven.

The second occurs with some verbs ( enroll, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition "in". In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up as a pilot).

The expectant case practically coincides with the genitive, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (whom? what?) telegrams and wait for (who? what?) brother.

The countable case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three canteens.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The deprivative case is a kind of accusative case, but it is used only with negation with the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many additional cases are there in Russian? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: local (second prepositional) and transformative (second accusative). Others argue that the wait case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of the declension. The vocative and countable are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Summing up

After reviewing the above information, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study six basic cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, in addition to them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases do you get in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But it is possible to offer acquaintance with them in out-of-class time for general development.

Have you ever been bothered by cases? There was no case that your son's or daughter's notebooks, "shot through" with red in many places, were corrected. Rare people who have an innate sense of language and linguistic flair do not stumble when declining in cases of nouns, especially in school childhood.

With the help of case variability, the noun is put into the necessary form, which is consistent with other words that name an object, feature or action. This property allows nouns to combine with other nouns, as well as with adjectives and verbs, within the framework of the grammatical rules of the language, creating phrases and sentences. The nominative case is the first of six, the initial form of nouns that name persons, objects, phenomena, etc. The question can be posed to the names of animated objects: "who?". To inanimate nouns in this case, you can put the question: "what?"

The nominative case is a grammatical case form inherent in the subject-producer of an action or the carrier of a state, a sign in a syntactic construction. The name of the subject is an independent grammatical form, that is, a question is raised from it to the dependent word of the phrase included in the sentence.

The nominative case is usually used correctly. There are errors associated with its use instead of the creative form or For example, sometimes they say: “There is nothing to go there with three hundred dollars,” instead of “There is nothing to go there with three hundred dollars.” Or: “More than 500 kilometers to be covered” instead of “More than 500 kilometers to be covered.”

The nominative case of words in the singular in Russian grammar is indicative of the absence of an ending, or rather, the presence of the so-called in many masculine nouns, for example: poplar, finger, table. And for feminine nouns and denoting names or masculine, there are endings -a, -ya, for example: feminine - girl, winter, cover, masculine - Vova, uncle, Kolya, dad.

The nominative plural of these nouns gets the ending -i, -ы, for example: girls, winters, covers, uncles, dads. Although masculine nouns can also receive endings -a, -ya, for example: teachers, professors. The nominative plural form is also formed with the help of an additional sound in the stem and the ending -я, for example: leaf - leaves, son - sons (a divisive appears in the letter It happens that the plural ending is attached to a truncated base, for example: Christian - Christians.

The spectrum of syntactic functions of the nominative case is limited by the fact that it is not controlled by a verb and cannot be combined with prepositions. In order to correctly form case forms, even the simplest ones, you need to be a native speaker and know the rules of word formation.

Cases of nouns.

The Russian language is difficult to imagine without cases. They help us to speak, write and read correctly.
In total, there are six cases in modern Russian, each case has its own question and its own ending.
In order to make it more clear, we will consider each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Nominative case is the only case in Russian, the question of which is answered by the subject.

Genitive case determines belonging, kinship and some other relationships.
Dative case defines the exact end point of the action of the addressee of the message.
Accusative case denotes the immediate object of the action.
Instrumental case determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging.
Prepositional the case can be represented as a question: “Who are you thinking about, what?”.

Nominative case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " there is"

Who? Dog	What? Book	What? Sea
Who? Human	Who? Children	What? Forest

Genitive case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " No"Prepositions: from, to, from, without,at, for, around,near, near.

Whom? wolf	What? Stola	Whom? Natasha
What? Toys	What? swamps	Whom? student

Dative case answers the questions “to whom? "," what? »

Auxiliary word " ladies"Prepositions: to, by.

To whom? Athlete	What? Gingerbread	To whom? grandmother
What? road	What? field	To whom? Schoolgirl

Accusative case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " see"Prepositions: in, on, for, about,through.

Whom? bird	What? Beach	What? roof
Whom? shark	Whom? doctor	What? reeds

Instrumental case answers the questions "by whom? ", "how? »

Auxiliary word " I create"Prepositions: under, over, behind, with,before, between.

By whom? as a child	How? home	How? bed
By whom? Bear	By whom? teacher	How? puddle

Prepositional case answers the questions “about whom? ", "about what? »

Auxiliary word " think"Prepositions: in, on, oh, oh, at.

About whom? (O) Mom	About what? (O) Tractor	About what? (O) Mathematics
About whom? (O) giraffe	About whom? (O) dad	About whom? (O) Mouse

In the nominative case, the noun is in the sentence subject.
In the morning Tanya(I. p.) went to the window.

To determine the case of other nouns, you need to:
a) find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and put a case question from it;
b) on the case issue, determine the case of the noun.
The sparrow thumped the glass with its beak.
pounded(what?) beak (T.p.)
Knocked (on what?) on the glass (D.p.)

Three declensions of nouns.

Feminine, masculine, and neuter nouns have different case endings.
By endings, nouns are divided into three declensions.
To determine the declension of a noun, you need:

1. Determine the gender of the noun
2. Select ending in initial form

To 1st declension include feminine and masculine nouns with the endings -а, -я in the nominative case ( winters a, grandfather a, one hundred I ).

Co. 2nd declension include masculine nouns with a zero ending in the nominative case and neuter nouns with endings -about, -e in the nominative case ( table, rain, sparrow her, floor e, sea e ).

To 3rd declension include feminine nouns with a soft sign at the end and with a zero ending in the nominative case ( horse, night, spruce).

To determine the declension of a noun in the oblique case, you need to find its initial form.

Parts of speech are taught in elementary school. Some of them are combined into special groups on special grounds. The pronoun, the numeral, the noun and the adjective are included in the group of inflected parts of speech, that is, they change in numbers and cases. You need to understand what declension is in order to correctly write the endings of the forms of one word that changes in cases.

How to determine the case of a noun - learning to determine the declension

The Russian language divides all nouns into 3 declensions:

• Type 1 - words m.r. and f.r. ending in -a or -я. For example, rainbow, road, snake, track.
• Type 2 - words m.r. and cf., ending in -o or -e or having a zero ending. For example, education, house, oatmeal.
• Type 3 - words of female language ending in a soft sign. They have a null ending. For example, doe, tribute, spruce, night.

Words of the same type of declension have the same endings when changing in cases. Therefore, when doubts arise when spelling case endings, you need to look at the change rules for the entire declension group to which the word belongs.

How to determine the case of a noun - features of cases

• We ask the question to the noun from those members of the sentence with which it is associated.
• Nominative case - questions who? what? For example, healer, forest. You can use an additional word: ( there is) who? – medicine man, (is) what? - forest.
• Questions whom? what? answers the genitive case with an additional word No. For example, ( no) who? - medicine man, (no) what? - the woods.
• Dative. Questions about the noun to whom? what? with an added word to give. For example, (give) to whom? - healer, (give) what? – forest.
• Accusative. Using questions whom? what? with an added word see. For example, ( see who? - healer, (see) what? - forest.
• Instrumental. Asking questions by whom? how?. You can use an additional word admire. For example, ( admire) who? - a healer, (admire) what? - forest.
• Last, Prepositional, answers questions about whom? about what? with the help of a word think. For example, think about who? - sorcerer, think about what? - forest.

How to determine the case of a noun - how to distinguish the Nominative from the Accusative

Some forms of the Nominative and Accusative sometimes overlap because they answer the same question. what?

Consider suggestions:

• The snow was falling in big flakes.
• When we went outside, we saw snow.

Word snow answers the question what? in both sentences, has the same form, but different syntactic meaning.

In the first case, snow is the subject, in the second, the circumstance. That is snow performs the action in the first sentence, and in the second the action is performed on it.

Noun snow in 1 sentence is in the Nominative case, in 2 - in the Accusative.

We examined the questions and auxiliary words of each of the cases. We considered the case of the coincidence of the word forms of the Nominative and Accusative cases. We analyzed how the syntactic role helps to determine the case in case of difficulties.