Tales about goths, jokes about emo and fear of skinheads

Now these are all hipsters and angry townspeople, or at least Russian nationalists, but before, at school and in the first years, all social life determined by belonging to one or another subculture. Trancers, skaters, punks and rappers, hard and not hard goths, emo or posers. The turn of the 1990s and 2000s was a golden age for youth subcultures: they were talked about on TV, notebooks were published for them, and the newly appeared Internet helped everyone find their place in the world youth culture. W→O→S decided to remember what it was like to live surrounded by subcultures.

In Russia, goths - people in black, adherents of dark aesthetics and professing a gloomy outlook on life - turned out to be perhaps the most integrated subculture into online life, which took shape in 1999. At the same time, based on thematic conferences, FIDO.net was portal created , whose overage creator Andrei Coroner Narkevich taught the new arrivals about life. On the site they found out who was a worker and who was not a worker and received bans for asking questions like “Are blacks goths?” (actually yes). The site still operates today and catalogs species diversity is ready.

Second-rate goths hung out in the open air: in St. Petersburg - at the House of Cinema, and in Moscow - on Chistye Prudy along with others. Goths in style, observing subcultural rituals and having some musical pretensions - in Red Club and Tochka, respectively. For people interested in dark aesthetics, it was glorious time in terms of the importation of groups like Deine Lakaien or Diary of Dreams, but the actual gothic masses still listened mainly to Lacrimosa and HIM, although they carefully hid it.

The brightest and most comical were the local cyber goths - they braided wires into their already Kanekalon dreadlocks, wore gas welder glasses, danced to electric music ranging from Wumpscut to Infected Mushroom, and at the same time, as a rule, were completely deprived musical taste and, despite the morphological similarity with trancers, they were terrified of taking substances.

Goths

Severe guys with shaved temples, tattoos, dressed in camouflage trousers and KMFDM T-shirts, loved goths - at the “gotop dances” you could pick up a “gothic sucker” and feel like a superman next to the twitching cybergoths. The refuge of industrialists on the Internet became the portal, a manual created by the late Saratov figure Dmitry Tolmatsky (DMT project). Despite the formidable ceremonial paraphernalia such as chemical protective suits and the political radicalism and craving for the occult often inherent in industrialists, they treated themselves with a fair amount of self-irony. In local folklore, there were jokes like “You move your sound equipment into the bathroom because the acoustics are great and the electrical shocks keep you from relaxing” and “So does the truck.” your musical equipment". Among the industrial industrialists, it was considered a sign of good manners to fall asleep to Throbbing Gristle or How to Destroy Angels Coil, to despise NIN and the later Ministry (the girls were given concessions), to collect the products of the Wax Trax label on cassettes and to organize sessions on abandoned construction sites with sessions of sound production using sleepers, fittings and guardrail from dad's SUV.

Industrialists

In the Russian consciousness, emos have remained incomprehensible creatures in striped tights, with soft toys pinned to pink backpacks, piercings and long bangs. Emos were supposed to walk around depressed and express their emotions as openly as possible. Their main musical idols seemed to be the disgraceful German band Tokio Hotel and Russian group Amatory. In reality, it was a fairly solid subculture, rooted in American hardcore of the 80s, with beliefs mixed from veganism, youth protest and straight age (a complex system of abstaining from alcohol, drugs and other doping products). In the ranks of emo there were constant debates about whether you were a real emo (if you listen to emotional hardcore and know the origins of the subculture) or a poser (you don’t know anything). The controversial emo culture disappeared almost completely at one point and has only recently experienced a renaissance thanks to a series of nostalgia parties with names like “Give Me Back My 2007.”

Emo

Alternative point of view

It was not easy for Russian guys who loved hip-hop. Now hip-hop is mainstream and virtually a universal language that everyone understands. At the same time, many questions arose: why the performers are black and behave like gangsters in the videos, and whether this is pop music (the situation worsened after Timati appeared), whether white guys, especially from school, can rap just like the great masters. There were even problems with self-designation: it was believed that rappers were gangstas, and those who did not want to associate themselves with them called themselves “hoppers.” Rappers supposedly fought with skinheads because they were against black music. Decl even had a song for this topic. In reality, the proximity of skinheads was not so fatal. Many skins also liked hip-hop, and they listened to Salt-n-Pepa mixed with Kolovrat. Due to poor knowledge of the language, the perception of Western hip-hop music was mainly musical and rhythmic. And the heroes of real Russian hip-hop were only Bad Balance, and then Mikhey. Well, finally decide for yourself: “Onyx is a sucker” or “Onyx is a god.”

Rappers or hoppers

Tolkienists and hippies

The most free people in this country. Future programmers and promising Russian scientists were often hippies and role players (not necessarily at the same time). Important attributes include the culture of hitchhiking as a universal way to travel around the country, an almost obligatory passion for fantasy literature, and color-coded baubles. The coding was complicated, so I had to look up explanations of all the colors on the Internet and print them out so as not to get confused. True, different lists contradicted each other. Red and black are worn by those who are suicidal or fans of the group "Alice", red and white baubles are worn by supporters of free love, which was so important at the time of puberty. Baubles had to be woven by hand and given as a gift (you couldn’t buy them). If all the baubles disappeared somewhere (they could have been cut off by the police or at home by evil parents), then you could come to any hippie gathering, even a completely unfamiliar one, and receive a bauble from everyone who was there. The places where Moscow hippies (who did not call themselves that) gathered were the clubs “Forpost” and “Living Corner”, for quite a long time “Bilingua”, and among public spaces - Chistye Prudy.

Tolkienism was a separate phenomenon, which has now almost completely degenerated or turned into a more serious and aggressive re-enactor movement. Key places In order to wave wooden (and then duralumin) swords, there were Tsaritsyno and Filevsky Park. Belonging to the subculture presupposed knowledge of the Elvish language, which led to the fact that in Russia there are still tens of thousands of people who can sing excerpts of songs from The Silmarillion from memory. Important events there were Hobbit games, where for several days in a row you could remain an orc or an elven princess (but always in ankle boots). Tolkienists called musicians “minstrels.” The most popular of them are Tam Greenhill, Chancellor Guy, Illet and the Temple rock order. During the time of the Tolkienists, the order became famous for the epic opera “Finrod-zong” based on Tolkien’s “The Silmarillion”.

A subculture that did not have any special prerequisites for development in Russia. But there was his own Christ. First-grade boys in the mid-1990s chose their friends from those who could correctly answer the question “Who killed Kurt Cobain?” The grungers did not profess a specific ideology, and the only clothing that stood out was their hoodies with the cover of Nevermind. There was no place left in their hearts for other grunge bands (maybe with the rare exception of Pearl Jam), but they had one important advantage: the Onyx logo on the fence could very easily and effectively be converted into the Nirvana logo.

Grangers

Now, teenage electronic engineers of the turn of the 1990s and 2000s seem to be the most intelligent, creative and at the same time hermetic subculture. Tech students, computer scientists and just slightly autistic music nerds didn’t really hang out, but gathered in Internet threads a la “How to solder a pocket theremin?” and carefully attended deliveries from promoters like “Light Music” and related parties. The Russian center of the electronic movement was the city of Izhevsk - not only were progressive local IDM projects born there, but all world fashion first came there, and only then reached the capitals: it turned out to be a journey from Bristol through Izhevsk. Guys in glasses and hoods sat closely on the products of Warp Records, the indisputable authorities were Amon Tobin, Aphex Twin and Autechre. The movement gave birth to its own labels like Lagunamuch or Zvezda, where almost teenage enthusiasts learned to plow the unfertile garden of the domestic music business.

Electronics engineers

A subculture with a difficult fate, which actually repeated the situation with emo. The shaven-headed guys in grinders themselves could profess a wide range of beliefs: the original English subculture did not necessarily imply racism and nationalism (and the music of skins was reggae for a long time), but the stereotype about a dangerous street subculture of racists, ready to start a fight for any reason, took root in society. And since there were still few people to fight with (the influx of migrants began much later), they looked for enemies among the white brothers who were fans of rap and other black music. In the early 2000s, the subculture began to develop: a Russian analogue of mods appeared, another British subculture, which combined aggression with a love of good clothes, as well as antifa as fighters against racism and any manifestations of skinheads, and simply a large number of skinheads who have nothing to do with national hatred. Then all these games ended and the pogroms of vegetable warehouses and the film “Okolofutbola” began. But that's a completely different story.

Subculture(English)sub – under andculture - culture)- a group of people united by a common system of values, behavior patterns and lifestyles that differ from the dominant culture to which they belong.

Subculture- part of public culture that differs from the prevailing one. In a narrower sense, the term means social groups of people - carriers of a subculture.

From the point of view of cultural studies, a subculture is such associations of people that do not contradict the values traditional culture, but complement it.

A subculture may differ from the dominant culture in language, behavior, attributes, clothing, etc. The basis of a subculture may be musical genres and styles, lifestyles, certain political views. Some subcultures are extreme in nature and demonstrate protest against society or certain social phenomena. Other subcultures are closed in nature and strive to isolate their representatives from society. Developed subcultures have their own periodicals, clubs, and public organizations.

The youth subculture is created by young people themselves for young people, it is esoteric, its specific variants are understandable only to those in the know and initiated. Youth subculture is an elitist phenomenon, few young people go through it and, deviating from traditional culture, is actually aimed at including young people into society.

In 1950, American sociologist David Reisman, in his research, introduced the concept of a subculture as a group of people who deliberately choose the style and values ​​​​preferred by a minority. A more thorough analysis of the phenomenon and concept of subculture was carried out by Dick Habdige in his book “Subculture: The Meaning of Style.” In his opinion, subcultures attract people with similar tastes who are not satisfied with generally accepted standards and values.

The Frenchman Michel Mafessoli in his writings used the concept of “urban tribes” to refer to youth subcultures. Viktor Dolnik in his book “Naughty Child of the Biosphere” used the concept of “clubs”.

In the USSR, the term “Informal youth associations” was used to designate members of youth subcultures, hence the slang word “informals.” The slang word “party” is sometimes used to refer to a subcultural community.

The history of informal organizations in our country can be divided into three distinct “waves”. It all started with the appearance in the 1950s. “hipsters” - shocking urban youth who dressed and danced “stylishly”, for which they received the contemptuous term “hipsters”. The main accusation that was brought against them was “worship before the West.” The musical preferences of the “hipsters” are jazz, and then rock and roll. The state’s tough position on dissent in those years led to the fact that after some time of semi-underground existence, the “hipsters” quickly disappeared.

The “second wave” was determined by both internal and external conditions - the youth movement acquired an important component - rock music. It was during this period (late 60s - early 80s) that most youth associations began to acquire the features of “classical informality”: apoliticality, internationalism, focus on internal problems. Drugs penetrated the youth environment. The movement of the seventies was deeper, broader and longer lasting. It was in the 1970s. The so-called “System” arises - the Soviet hippie subculture, which was a whole conglomerate of groups. The “system,” being updated every two or three years, absorbed punks, metalheads, and even criminogenic lubers.

The beginning of the “third wave” of youth movements can be considered in 1986: the existence of informal groups was officially recognized, the topic of “informality” became a sensation. These associations can also be called “alternative”.

Typology of youth subcultures:

1. Politicized subcultures: actively participate in political life and have a clear ideological affiliation;

2. Ecological and ethical subcultures: are engaged in the construction of philosophical concepts and fight for the environment;

3. Non-traditional religious subcultures: mainly a passion for Eastern religions (Buddhism, Hinduism);

4. Radical youth subcultures: characterized by organization, the presence of older leaders, and increased aggressiveness (criminal youth groups, skinheads);

5. Lifestyle subcultures: groups of young people forming their own way of life (hippies, punks);

6. Subcultures based on interests: young people united by common interests - musical, sports and others;

7. Subculture of “golden youth”: typical for capital cities and focused on leisure (one of the most closed subcultures).

Internet resources:

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Today, there are many different subcultures in world society. Representatives of a particular subculture are called informals- they are distinguished by their originality, unusualness, and brightness. An informal person tries to demonstrate his individuality. We present a list of the main subcultures, and then we will talk about some of them in more detail.

• Alternatives
• Anime people
• Bikers
• Vanillas
• Glamor
• Gopniks
• Grangers
• Graffitiers
• Cyber ​​Goths
• Metalheads
• New Age
• Punks
• Fedots
• Rastafarians
• Ravers
• Rockers
• Rappers
• Skinheads
• Hipsters
• Straight-age
• Tolkienists
• Trash Models
• Freaks
• Football fans
• Hackers
• Hippie
• Hipsters

Alternatives

In the early 90s, an alternative subculture emerged, which included rappers, metalheads and punks. Representatives of this subculture are distinguished by their friendliness towards representatives of other directions. It is believed that the subculture was formed thanks to the group Rage Against The Machine.

The appearance of alternative artists is catchy; they are quite easy to distinguish from representatives of other subcultures. As a rule, they wear piercings and loose clothes. Representatives of this subculture do not have any special ideology.

Bikers

The biker subculture originated around the 60s and 70s. Representatives of the movement - bearded, long-haired men - cannot imagine their life without a motorcycle, beer and rock music. These attributes are the hallmarks of bikers.

As a rule, they ride in groups and each of the bikers belongs to a club. The stripes on his clothes determine which club he is a member of. This is a distinctive sign that makes bikers different from each other.

The biker subculture adheres to its own value system, which is strikingly different from the generally accepted norms of a “civilized society.”

Gopniks

The Gopnik subculture began its existence in last years before the collapse of the USSR. The ideology and behavior of representatives of this trend are similar to the behavior of hooligans. A distinctive feature of Gopniks is a penchant for violence, a low level of intelligence and prison slang, which in terms of difficulty of understanding can sometimes be compared with complex languages ​​of the world.

Gopniks, as a rule, like to listen to music in the style of prison chanson. They are often aggressive towards other subcultures. In particular, movements such as emo, goths, rappers, and gopniks are not recognized and conflict with their representatives.

Gopniks have short hair and wear tracksuits. These are the main distinguishing features of adherents of this subculture.

Goths

The formation of the Goth subculture originates from music. The distinctive features of the Goths are the predominance of black clothing; the girls wear dark makeup. Representatives of the subculture wear accessories that symbolize death - teeth, crosses, pentagrams, etc. The Goths do not have their own ideology.

The mood of adherents of this movement is dominated by decadence and a gloomy look. The Gothic movement gave rise to a separate subculture - Satanists.

Metalheads

The metal subculture originated in the 1960s and spread almost throughout the world. The impetus for the emergence of the subculture was music in the style Heavy Metal. Metalheads, as a rule, are fans of heavy rock music and all types of metal.

The image of a representative of the subculture includes leather clothing, images of skulls, a lot of metal jewelry on the body (chains, spikes, bracelets, etc.), heavy boots, ear piercings, and bandanas. They have no ideology or philosophy as such; all beliefs and views are focused entirely on music.

Punks

The punk subculture began to form back in 1930 in England. The first punks were people from poor areas of Wales. They were engaged in robberies, fights, debauchery. The ideology and worldview of punks boils down to anarchy.

The distinctive features of punks are the “Mohawk” - a symbol of the punk movement, as well as leather jackets worn on a naked body, torn T-shirts, and a large number of facial piercings.

Hipsters

The subculture of dudes was formed in the second half of the 40s - 50s. At this time, young people dressed in provocative clothes appeared on the streets of cities. Representatives of the movement were distinguished by cynicism in their judgments and indifference to Soviet norms of behavior.

The hipsters of those times protested against standard stereotypes of behavior and monotony in clothing. The subculture undoubtedly left a bright imprint on the Soviet era.

Men-dandies wore tight trousers (“pipes”), long double-breasted jackets, bright shirts combined with colorful ties, pointed boots and dark glasses.

The girls decorated their clothes with sewn bows and a lot of jewelry. Hipsters, as a rule, were the children of high-ranking officials or professors.

Freaks

The freak subculture formed in the 20th century in the territory North America. Representatives of the movement adhere to the main idea - to stand out among the crowd of surrounding people. For these purposes, not only clothing is used, but also behavior and philosophy. The term "freak" comes from English word Freak, which means - a strange man. Each follower of the subculture strives to create his own unique image.

Freaks are ardent supporters of piercing - they pierce themselves en masse in all sorts of places, and also cover their bodies with tattoos with images, inscriptions and patterns.

Hippie

The hippie subculture emerged in America in the 1960s. In a short period of time, it quickly spread throughout the world, but as a separate movement, it ceased to exist closer to the 1980s. Representatives of the subculture were distinguished by their peacekeeping position (pacifists); they opposed nuclear weapons and any violence.

Hippies were involved in the distribution of drugs among young people, supposedly to expand consciousness.

Representatives of the hippies wore loose clothes, a large number of baubles on their arms and long hair.

The world is colorful, diverse and unpredictable. In every era, there were those who were opposed, who went perpendicular to the majority and challenged. In the last century, communities of such individuals were called subcultures.

Youth subcultures were initially hermetic communities that opposed themselves to the majority and were reluctant to assimilate into mass culture and were equally reluctant to accept people from the outside.
However, nothing stands still. The once marginal groups, which in Soviet official language were called informal associations of youth, gradually ceased to be something alien. Such processes are easiest to track at the level of accessories and elements of external style. Mohawks, bangs, wristbands and tunnels, which once caused consternation, sidelong glances, scandals and fights, now in one form or another happily exist on the streets, in offices, on catwalks and are no longer a cause for noise. And even questions.

List of youth subcultures

Punks are the most well-known and odious of subcultures. Over the history of its existence, an innumerable variety of varieties have grown within punk culture, which differ strikingly: both in the sense of external surroundings and in part ideological content. Nowadays, many attributes of the punk subculture have become popular and are no longer considered something out of the ordinary, even when exploited by representatives of pop culture. However, punk culture is alive - thanks to ideological adherents, for whom punk is not a fashion of the day, but a way of thinking.

Modern youth subcultures

Visual Kei - “Our answer” to the glam rock culture that originated in Japan. If in 1977 band KISS didn't perform at Tokyo's Nippon Budokan Stadium - probably no visual kei would have existed at all. However, this event caused a surge in the popularity of glam rock and related genres, and then the formation of a local subculture.
In visual-kei, the image component seems to have become even more important than in its Western predecessor...

The history, features and list of modern youth subcultures around the world are in our “Subcultures” section!
Don’t forget to check in regularly - and our experts will tell you not only about goths and role-players, but also about many exotic trends in culture. You will be surprised!

youth subculture

In a broad sense, under subculture is understood as a partial cultural subsystem of the “official” culture, which determines the lifestyle, value hierarchy and mentality of its bearers. That is, a subculture is a subculture or a culture within a culture.

In a narrower sense subculture- a system of values, attitudes, modes of behavior and life styles of a certain social group, different from the dominant culture in society, although associated with it.

Frolov S.S. proposed the following typology of subcultures:

1. Romantic-escapist subcultures - focused on avoiding real life, building their own philosophical systems (hippies, Tolkienists, Indianists, bikers).

2. Anarcho-nihilistic groups - rejection of generally accepted standards, a critical attitude towards many phenomena of life (anarchists, punks).

3. Entertainment-hedonistic - focused on providing leisure time (“golden youth”, ravers, snowboarders, rappers).

4. Criminal subculture - focused on opposition to law and order (goths, skinheads, gangs, gopniks, lubbers).

Characteristics of individual subcultures

Hippie. Social composition hippies are heterogeneous, but first of all they are creative youth: aspiring poets, artists, musicians.

Appearance, dress code: regardless of gender - long hair combed in the middle, a special ribbon around the head ("hair" from the English word "hair"), on the arms - "baubles", i.e. homemade bracelets or beads, most often made of beads, wood or leather, often a disproportionately large knitted sweater, decorated with beads or embroidery, a denim pouch around the neck for storing money and documents (“xivnik”: from ksiv - document, thieves’ jargon), color of clothing mostly light (experienced hippies never wear black), but not flashy. The latest generation of hippies is distinguished by such attributes as a backpack and three or four rings in the ears, less often in the nose (piercing). Musical style: When it comes to Western music, hippies prefer psychedelic rock and love the Doors band. Among Russian performers Boris Grebenshchekov is highly copied. Language, jargon: a large number of English borrowings, such as “bolt” - bottle, “vine” - wine, “flat” - apartment, “hair” - hair, “people” - people (common addresses: “man”, “people”), “ "ringushnik" - a notebook (from the English. Ring - call). In addition, there is a frequent use of diminutive suffixes and words that have no analogues in the literary language to denote specific concepts characteristic only of hippies (for example, the already mentioned “bauble”, “xivnik”, etc.). Entertainment: from alcoholic drinks hippies prefer wines and ports. Frequent use of drugs (usually mild) has been noted. Part of the hippie ideology is “free love” - with all the ensuing consequences. Hippies are not warlike, they are usually pacifists. One of the first was the slogan “Make love, not war.” (Make love, not war). Ideology: The hippies themselves often express it with the words “Peace, friendship, bubblegum.” Disregard for material values ​​such as money and expensive things is typical; There was genuine indignation among hippies when someone tried to buy expensive things instead of cheap ones. Popular Eastern religions and teachings, among which we can highlight Rastoman movement, admirers of the cult of Jah. Meeting places: in the first half of the 90s, the favorite hangout for hippies in Moscow was Gogolevsky Boulevard (“Gogol”). Now either there is no single place, or the author does not know it.

In youth culture of the 90s. The Tolkien movement and the Tolkien subculture associated with it and generated by it appeared. Tolkienists and generally speaking role players ( fans of role-playing games) were originally part of the hippie subculture, but in Lately their movement grew so large that they began to include many non-hippies in their ranks. Tolkienists are fans of the famous English philologist and writer John Ronald Reuel Tolkien, (in Tolkienist slang - Professor), he was born in 1892 and died in 1973. Books by J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", "Silmarion" and others belong to the fantasy genre - fairy tale fiction. Tolkien created in his works Magic world Middle-earth, inhabited by wonderful creatures, some of which were borrowed by him from the folklore of various peoples of the world (elves, trolls, gnomes, etc.), others were invented by the writer (for example, hobbits, a hybrid of a human and a rabbit), each with their own history, geography and even the beginnings of their language (say, Elvish). Tolkienists get used to this world, imagining themselves as its inhabitants. Hence the unusual behavior patterns in everyday life. Thus, a Tolktenist who considers himself an elf tries to behave in the same way as, in his opinion, a real elf would act. During games (“hichek” in Tolkien jargon), a group of young people goes into the forest, where, having assigned roles, they act out scenes from Tolkien’s works. Within itself, the movement is divided into two tensions: representatives of the first prefer to act out scenes from the book without changing anything in the plot, supporters of the other take only establishing data (names and characters of the characters, time, place and goals of the action) and bring a real competition, reminiscent of the pioneer game " Zarnitsa”, where you need to run, jump, swim, fight with swords, and navigate the terrain well.

It can be stated that the subculture of Tolkienists and role-players has been developing most actively and dynamically in recent years.

Punks (from the English Punk - garbage, rottenness, something unnecessary) to some extent are antagonists of hippies, despite the fact that they have many similarities with them. Social composition: unlike elitist hippies, most Punks are children of working-class areas, although, of course, there are exceptions. Appearance, dress code: The standard punk hairstyle was considered to be a “mohawk” - a strip of long vertical hair on a cropped head, but shaved half of the head with long hair and even just shaved temples with long hair were also common. Punks prefer torn, dirty clothes. You can often see a punk in jeans, where strips of fabric alternate with holes secured with pins and chains (in general, Punks’ love for safety pins is extremely great; they are inserted everywhere - in jackets, T-shirts, jeans and even in their ears). For footwear, punks mostly wear high combat boots. Musical style: The English group “Sex pistols” is considered the founder of punk culture. Besides her, there are “Ramones” and “Dead Kenedies” in the mail. In the mid-80s, the group “Exployted” appeared, which played hard punk, which was called “hardrock” and became an independent musical style. In Russia prominent representatives punk are Siberian groups(the most famous - " civil defense", whose fans formed an independent movement - summer punks, named after the founder of the team Egor Letov).

Language, jargon: Characteristic is the use of words from thieves' jargon (“maza”, “havat”, “labat”) and the marginal use of “smart” words (“parallel” in the meaning of “all the same”, “purely” in the meaning of “indifferent”). Entertainment: Unlike hippies, punks prefer vodka among alcoholic drinks and willingly use drugs. Another interesting entertainment is “walking around the goodies”, i.e. eat leftover food left uneaten by someone, pick up and finish smoking cigarette butts. Ideology Pankow is quite close to the hippie in everything related to neglect of material values, however, if the hippie idea is expressed as “why have money, the world is already infinitely beautiful”, then Pankow’s is more likely to be “the world is still g...o and nothing will help him” . Unlike hippies, punks are quite aggressive in their political leanings and are considered anarchists (with light hand“Sex pistols”, who wrote the cult punk pension “Anarchy in the UK”). Meeting places: in the early and mid-90s, the main places in Moscow were Pushkinskaya Square and the rock store “Give-Come On”.

The musical style “oh” is extremely close to hard rock (hard punk), a favorite music that recently appeared in Moscow skinheads, or skins (from the English Skin head - shaven-headed, lit. Skin-head). Appearance: True to their self-name, skins are distinguished primarily by their clean-shaven heads. The skin's standard attire is high combat boots, camouflage pants or high-rolled jeans with suspenders and another jacket ("bomber"). Ideology: Almost all Russian skins profess extremely aggressive nationalism and racism. The ideal regime is German National Socialism. In the West, there are “sharps”, “sharp-skins” (from the English Sharp - sharp, sharp), acting under the slogan “skins against racial prejudice” and being an extreme left-wing, pro-communist ex-peremist organization, also “gay skins” (from the English . Gay - homosexual), although ordinary skins hate sexual minorities even more than racial ones. Entertainment: The skins' frequent entertainment is fights with blacks in the vicinity of the Patrice Lumumba People's Friendship University, as well as beating up representatives of other national and racial minorities wherever they meet. In addition, most skins, especially young ones (“pioneers”), are fans of some football (hockey) club. They are united in groups and often play matches of their favorite team, where they start fights with fans of other clubs. The most famous fan groups in Moscow are: “Flint’s crew” and “Gladiators” (Spartak), “Red Blue Warrions” (CSKA) “Blue White Dinamite” (Dynamo), and in St. Petersburg - “Nevsky Front”.

One of the most “severe” subcultures, both here and in the West, has always been considered bikers (from the English colloquial Bike - bicycle, motorcycle), who, with the light hand of Soviet propaganda, were often called rockers. However, almost all rock fans consider themselves rockers - punks, metalheads and many others. Therefore this definition cannot be considered correct. Appearance: was widely circulated by Soviet films depicting the corrupted West. In this form, he came to Russia, where he underwent significant changes: long hair, combed back, and, as a rule, tied in a ponytail, a scarf on the head (“bandan”, “bandana” or even “bandanna”), a beard, a leather jacket with slanting zippers (“biker jacket”), leather pants, cowboy boots (“Cossacks”). Musical style: hard Rock. In general, bikers are distinguished by a fairly wide variety of musical tastes, which is noticeable at least from the bike show held annually in the Moscow region, where performers who are completely different from each other perform: Garik Sukachev and the group “Malchishnik”, Time Out and “IFK”. Language, jargon: Apart from words denoting specific concepts related to a motorcycle or “outfit,” the language of bikers has no other specificity, except, perhaps, significant inclusions of obscene language. Ideology: The main concept in biker ideology is a motorcycle. The whole world is divided into those who move on it, and those who prefer any other method, and the latter do not arouse any interest in themselves among bikers. Meeting places: Bikers are divided into members of a motorcycle club and individuals. Of all the motorcycle clubs, the most famous is undoubtedly the “Night Wolves” (the leader is nicknamed “The Surgeon”). Every year in the summer a bike show is held for several days, which is open to all bikers demonstrating the art of “horse riding”.

By external signs close to bikers metalheads , or metalworkers , probably the most famous of the current youth subcultures (metalheads themselves protest against this term, considering it the same as the name musical style, "metal"). In their opinion, there are at least three main directions of “metal” (in fact, much more): thrash, doom and death(from the English thrash - to beat, doom rock, fate and dead - dead man, respectively) and, therefore, thrashers, doomers and death metallers. Appearance: actually the same as that of bikers. Of all the colors, black is preferred. Metallists of the late 80s - early 90s were characterized by the presence of large quantity metal rivets and a chain, but now it’s mostly the “pioneers” who dress this way. Ideology: Of all the movements, metalheads are the least ideological. In some ways they are close to punks, but without contempt for material values. Meeting places: The main place in Moscow is the “pipe”, an underground passage from the Arabskaya metro station to the Prague restaurant, where until mid-1996 heavy music concerts were held every weekend.

Almost completely disappeared as a large-scale phenomenon, such subcultural movements as Alisomaniacs and film buffs (numerous groups of “Alice” and “Cinema” fans in the early 90s). The boom of Viktor Tsoi. Immediately after this, one of the Arbat alleys was secretly renamed by fans into Viktor Tsoi Alley, and the wall near it became a favorite hangout spot. The appearance is dominated by black clothes, and on it is a badge with the image of Tsoi. Alisomaniacs (self-named “Alice’s army”) consisted of teenagers who were “disillusioned with life” and found solace only in the fiery songs of their favorite artists. The main thesis of the existence of Alisomaniacs can be expressed as follows: “we are the best, but no one understands us.” Suicide was quite actively cultivated as a way out of a spiritual impasse.

youth subculture Indianists . They study the cultures of the Indians, mainly North American, striving to accurately reproduce their customs and rituals. According to the observation of T. Shchepanskaya, the Indianists are something between a club American Indians and the religious-mystical movement 19 Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic.” Sociological research 1998 No. 11. p. 99.. With all the “ethnographic” attributes of the Indianist subculture, its values: collectivism (community), environmentalism, cosmism, echo traditional Russian values. In the 70s - early 80s. Kazan was one of the centers of the emerging Indianist movement and Indianist subculture. Later, the initiative passed to more numerous and energetic groups of Indianists in Leningrad and Moscow. The peak of the Indianist movement occurred in 1985-90. By now it has been passed, and in Kazan Indianists are represented by a little more than a dozen people. They are not closed, but they are of little interest in contacts with representatives of other youth subcultures of Indianists.

Hackers (computer fans) is a youth subculture in the process of formation. The number of characters is still insignificant - they are mainly students of technical universities, high school students of schools with a physics and mathematics focus. It is also difficult to determine the exact number of characters because they communicate mainly through computer networks. In addition, not all computer fans recognize themselves as a community with their own values, norms, and specific style. This is probably a matter of the future.

Criminal youth subculture. Youth groups, having turned into structures of organized crime, have divided spheres of influence and prefer to sort things out without resorting to mass fights. Scores were settled in most cases through contract killings.

In the mid-90s. a new generation is emerging "Gopniks" ", uncontrolled by organized crime or controlled by to a lesser extent. They quickly proved themselves to be the “cultural enemies” of most youth subcultures: bikers, ravers, roller skaters, etc. Any teenager, not only those belonging to a different subculture, can be beaten, sexually assaulted, or robbed. The confrontation between youth gangs also has not become a thing of history, but has moved to the periphery.

Football fans. A group close to criminal subcultures are fans of football teams. Football fans are a complex community to organize. Among the fans of the Moscow “Spartak”, in particular, such groups as “Red White Hooligans”, “Gladiators”, “Eastern Front”, “Northern Front”, etc. stand out. The group that maintains control over the entire community is “ rights". It consists mainly of young people who have served in the army. The “rightists” go to all the team’s matches, their main function is to run the stadium, organize the fans’ reaction (“wave”, etc.), but also to command “military actions” - battles with fans of hostile teams and the police. Travel to other cities is very often associated with fights - often on the station square. In general, the hooligan mass of young people is well controlled by the leaders (leaders) from the “Right” V.A. Lukov “Features of youth subcultures in Russia.” 2002 No. 6. p.82..

Satanist subculture . Back in the 80s. A group of “black metalheads” separated from the heavy metal subculture and became close to adherents of the Church of Satan. By the mid-90s. We can already talk about the formation of a Satanist subculture in Russia. Interviews with Satanist leaders appear from time to time; the latter, of course, try to deny or obscure the antisocial and antihuman nature of the rituals and values ​​of Satanism.

Rave subculture (from the English Rave - nonsense, incoherent speech) occurs in the USA and Great Britain. Distributed in Russia since 1990-91. IN musically rave style is a successor to techno and acid house styles. An integral part of the raver lifestyle is night discos with powerful sound, computer graphics, laser beams. Ravers' clothing is characterized by bright colors and the use of artificial materials (vinyl, plastic). Core values, underlying this subculture: an easy, carefree attitude to life, the desire to live for today, to be dressed in the latest fashion... The development of the rave subculture went in parallel with the spread of drugs, in particular “ecstasy”. Taking hallucinogens for the purpose of “expanding consciousness” has, unfortunately, become an almost integral part of the raver subculture. At the same time, many youth culture figures, including DJs - key figures in the rave subculture - have expressed and continue to express an extremely negative attitude towards drug use Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic”. Sociological Research 1998 No. 11. p. 99..

Among the relatively recently emerging subcultures in Russia, the following four should be noted: roller skaters, rappers and skateboarders.

Rollerballs called roller skate lovers. They prefer sportswear bright colors: they can also be identified by multi-colored patches on the knees. The ideology of roller skaters is similar to that of bikers, with the difference that the motorcycle is replaced by roller blades. Mostly roller skaters are high school students (13-16 years old), but there are also students junior schoolchildren. Interestingly, roller skating companies are led by girls. Roller skaters, as a rule, are children from wealthy families, which is probably due not least to the price of the roller skates - from 50 to 150 dollars and more Sergeev “Youth subcultures in the republic.” Sociological Research 1998 No. 11. p. 100.

Skateboarding subculture , lovers of riding a skateboard (board on wheels). Ideology and appearance similar to roller ones.

Rap subculture. Rap is the music of black Americans. Russian rappers dress like black American rappers (mostly sports style with a predominance bright colors), borrow many words from them and sometimes even give themselves hairstyles characteristic only of African Americans. The rap subculture largely overlaps with the subcultures of roller skaters and skateboarders, since many roller skaters and skateboarders listen to rap music, and rappers roller skate and skateboard.

3. Youth counterculture

Counterculture is a form of expression for the limited social groups, layers of their cultural specificity and way of life, different from those generally accepted in a given society.

Counterculture is a certain attitude and worldview, a scheme of lifestyle, principles of behavior of young people.

There are three areas of youth counterculture:

1. Left-eccentric orientation (criticism of lifestyle).

2. A mixture of existentialism, Freudianism, anarchism, Marxism (criticism of mass culture)

3. Liberation of the unconscious, including with the help of drugs; violation of public decency.

Highlight following reasons emergence of counterculture:

1. Contradictions within the capitalist system

2. Unemployment

3. Imperfection of the education system

4. Spiritual gap between generations

5. Bourgeois-philistine lifestyle

6. Utilitarianism, conformism of mass culture

7. Oppression of individual freedom

8. Lack of communication with nature

9. Bourgeois society is a society of organized violence

10. Suppression of creative impulses and vital energy.

Youth counterculture values:

Emphasis on the unconscious, emotional sphere;

Sexual desires;

Revaluation of skin and auditory sensations with the help of music, drugs;

Denial of discipline and science;

Affirmation of unlimited freedom and loving and friendly relationships;

Communication with nature;

Opposition against violence, for unlimited creative impulses, for revolution with the help of consciousness Sociology of culture. Theoretical course. M. 1993.