For younger students, the earth rotates around its axis. How fast are we moving through the universe?

Why does the earth rotate on its axis? Why, in the presence of friction, did it not stop for millions of years (or maybe it stopped and rotated in the other direction more than once)? What determines continental drift? What is the cause of earthquakes? Why did dinosaurs become extinct? How to scientifically explain periods of glaciation? In what way or more precisely how to scientifically explain empirical astrology?Try to answer these questions in sequence.

Abstracts

1. The reason for the rotation of the planets around their axis is an external source of energy - the Sun.
2. The rotation mechanism is as follows:
   • The sun heats the gaseous and liquid phases of the planets (atmosphere and hydrosphere).
   • As a result of uneven heating, ‘air’ and ‘sea’ currents arise, which, through interaction with the solid phase of the planet, begin to spin it in one direction or another.
   • The configuration of the solid phase of the planet, like the blades of a turbine, determines the direction and speed of rotation.
3. If the solid phase is not sufficiently monolithic and solid, then it moves (continental drift).
4. The movement of the solid phase (continental drift) can lead to an acceleration or deceleration of rotation up to a change in the direction of rotation, etc. Oscillatory and other effects are possible.
5. In turn, the similarly displaced solid upper phase (the earth's crust) interacts with the underlying layers of the earth, which are more stable in terms of rotation. At the contact boundary, a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat. This thermal energy, apparently, is one of the main reasons for the heating of the Earth. And this border is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals takes place.
6. All these accelerations and decelerations have a long-term effect (climate), and a short-term effect (weather), and not only meteorological, but also geological, biological, genetic.

Confirmations

The earthquake belt is nothing but a giant accordion, which is constantly in motion under the influence of tensile and compressive variable forces.

Following the winds and currents, it is possible to determine the points (areas) of the application of untwisting and braking forces, and then using a previously built mathematical model of a terrain area, it is possible to calculate earthquakes mathematically strictly, according to the strength of the data!

The daily fluctuations of the Earth's magnetic field are explained, completely different explanations of geological and geophysical phenomena arise, additional facts arise for the analysis of hypotheses about the origin of the planets of the solar system.

The formation of such geological formations as island arcs, for example, the Aleutian or Kuril Islands, is being explained. Arcs are formed from the side opposite to the action of sea and wind forces, as a result of the interaction of a mobile continent (for example, Eurasia) with a less mobile oceanic crust (for example, the Pacific Ocean). In this case, the oceanic crust does not move under the mainland, but on the contrary, the mainland moves towards the ocean, and only in those places where the oceanic crust transfers forces to another continent (in this example, America) can the oceanic crust move under the continent and arcs are not formed here. In turn, similarly, the American continent transfers efforts to the crust of the Atlantic Ocean and through it to Eurasia and Africa, i.e. the circle is closed.

This movement is confirmed by the block structure of the faults in the bottom of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans; movements occur in blocks along the direction of the forces.

Some facts are explained:

• why dinosaurs died out (changed, decreased rotation speed and significantly increased the length of the day, possibly until a complete change in the direction of rotation);
• why periods of glaciation occurred;
• why some plants have a different genetically determined daylight hours.

Through genetics, this empirically alchemical astrology is also explained.

Environmental problems associated with even slight climate change can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere through sea currents.

The power of solar radiation when approaching the Earth is huge ~ 1.5 kWh/m

In fact, even the sea surface does not correspond to the shape of the geoid. The shape that we see in the section is the same more or less balanced gravitational shape that the globe has reached.

There are also local deviations from the geoid. For example, the Gulf Stream rises 100-150 cm above the surrounding water surface, the Sargasso Sea is elevated and, conversely, the ocean level is lowered near the Bahamas and over the Puerto Rico Trench. The reason for these small differences is winds and currents. East trade winds drive water into the western part of the Atlantic. The Gulf Stream carries away this excess water, so its level is higher than that of the surrounding waters. The level of the Sargasso Sea is higher because it is the center of the circulation of currents and water is being driven into it from all sides.

Tectonic scheme and current system of the Atlantic Ocean.

1 - Gulf Stream, 2 and 3 - equatorial currents(North and South Trade Winds),4 - Antilles, 5 - Caribbean, 6 - Canary, 7 - Portuguese, 8 - North Atlantic, 9 - Irminger, 10 - Norwegian, 11 - East Greenland, 12 - West Greenland, 13 - Labrador, 14 - Guinean, 15 - Benguela, 16 - Brazilian, 17 - Falkland, 18 -Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)

(according to laser satellite observations over the past 15 years)

As you know, the gene is more or less stable formation. To obtain mutations, significant external influences are necessary: ​​radiation (irradiation), chemical influence (poisoning), biological influence (infections and diseases). Thus, in the gene, as by analogy in the annual rings of plants, newly acquired mutations are fixed. This is especially known for the example of plants, there are plants with long and short daylight hours. And this already directly indicates the duration of the corresponding light period, when this species was formed.

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Some hypotheses and conclusions arising from this theory of the Earth's rotation

In 1754, the German philosopher I. Kant explained the changes in the acceleration of the Moon's motion by the fact that the tidal humps formed by the Moon on the Earth are dragged along with the Earth's solid body in the direction of the Earth's rotation as a result of friction (see figure). The attraction of these humps by the Moon together gives a couple of forces that slow down the rotation of the Earth. Further, the mathematical theory of "secular deceleration" of the Earth's rotation was developed by J. Darwin.

From the point of view of this theory,if an alien civilization originated, it was not on Mars, but on Venus. And we should look not for the Martians, but for the descendants of the Venusians, which, perhaps, we are to some extent.

1. Ecology and climate

Thus, this theory refutes the idea of ​​a constant (zero) heat balance. In the balances known to me, there is no energy of earthquakes, continental drift, tides, heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Moon, biological life. (It turns out that biological life is one way of absorbing energy). It is known that the atmosphere for the production of wind uses less than 1% of the energy to maintain the system of currents. At the same time, out of the total amount of heat carried by currents, 100 times more can potentially be used. So this 100 times larger value and also wind energy are used unevenly in time for earthquakes, typhoons and hurricanes, continental drift, tides, the heating of the Earth and the formation of rocks, maintaining the rotation of the Earth and the Moon, etc.

Environmental problems associated with even slight climate change due to changes in sea currents can significantly affect the Earth's biosphere. Any ill-considered (or deliberate in the interests of one nation) attempts to change the climate by turning the (Northern) rivers, laying canals (Kanin's nose), building dams across the straits, etc., due to the speed of implementation, in addition to direct benefits, will certainly lead to a change in the existing "seismic balance" in the earth's crust i.e. to the formation of new seismic zones.

In other words, you must first understand all the relationships, and then learn how to control the rotation of the Earth - this is one of the tasks for the further development of civilization.

P.S.

As noted above (see thesis No. 5), a large amount of energy is released in the form of heat at the contact boundary (Mohorovichich boundary). And this border is one of the areas where the formation of rocks and minerals takes place. The nature of the reactions (chemical or atomic, apparently even both) is unknown, but on the basis of some facts, the following conclusions can already be drawn.

1. V.A. Volynsky. "Astronomy". Education. Moscow. 1971
2. P.G. Kulikovsky. "Amateur's Guide to Astronomy". Fizmatgiz. Moscow. 1961
3. S. Alekseev. "How Mountains Grow" Chemistry and life of the XXI century №4. 1998 Marine Encyclopedic Dictionary. Shipbuilding. St. Petersburg. 1993
4. Kukal "Great Mysteries of the Earth". Progress. Moscow. 1988
5. I.P. Selinov "Isotopes Volume III". The science. Moscow. 1970 "Rotation of the Earth" TSB volume 9. Moscow.
6. D. Tolmazin. "Ocean in motion" Gidrometeoizdat. 1976
7. A. N. Oleinikov “Geological clock“. Bosom. Moscow. 1987
8. G.S.Grinberg, D.A.Dolin and others. “The Arctic on the threshold of the third millennium“. The science. Saint Petersburg 2000

More than one generation of students was shaking in front of our physics teacher. I come, as if having learned everything, I pull a ticket - and in the second question there is a problem about the planets! We are fast! And now I’m happy to explain everything, I’m already preparing for the top five - and I hear the question: “In which direction does the Earth rotate?”. In general, I had to go for a retake - since I don’t know the answer to the “school question”.

Types of Earth rotation

To begin with, it is worth mentioning that there is two types of planetary motion(adjusted for the fact that we are talking about solar system):

• Rotation around the Sun, which for us is expressed in the change of seasons.
• Rotation around its axis, which we can see by the change of day and night.

Now let's deal with each of them separately.

In which direction does the earth rotate on its axis

The fact is that any movement is relative. The direction of the planet's rotation will depend on where the observer is. In other words, this characteristic of the planet reference point affects.

• Imagine that you are right on North Pole. Then it will be possible to boldly declare that the movement is on counterclock-wise.
• If you move to the opposite end of the globe - to the South Pole- it would be correct to say that the Earth moves clockwise.
• In the general case it would be better to answer that The earth moves from west to east.

You can prove this by observing the movement of the sun across the sky. Every day, no matter where you are, the sun will rise on the same (east) side, and is guaranteed to set in the west. True, at the poles a day lasts for half a year, but even here this rule will not be violated.

Rotation around the Sun

Here it would be nice to first deal with the fact that what is the ecliptic.

The ecliptic is the circle along which the Sun moves to an observer from Earth.

Now imagine that we can easily get to any point on the ecliptic. Vzhuh - and we instantly moved. So what will we see?

Having told all this at the retake, I was able to get my five. Of course, it would be better to learn everything in a timely manner - but now I will be smarter.

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"The earth rotates, we were told that, but how to understand where it rotates, we don't feel it?" - my daughter asked me and, I must say, she was right - they usually don’t go into details at school, especially in primary grades. I had to stock up on patience, a globe and a couple of interesting stories so that the baby would not be bored.

Why is she spinning

There are three reasons why our planet rotates not only around the heavenly body, but also like a top, around its axis:

• rotation by inertia;
• due to the influence of magnetic fields;
• as a response to solar radiation.

All these factors together set our planet in motion, but how can we understand in which direction it is moving?

In what direction is our planet moving?

This question was answered by the scientist Johannes Kepler back in the 17th century. He determined the elliptical orbit of our planet and calculated the direction of its movement. The easiest way to understand this is when we look at the globe from above - if you put a dot in its center, then it will move from west to east, like the planet itself.

However, the focus of astronomy lies in the position from which the observation is made - if you look at the globe from below, then it will move clockwise. It is for this reason that in Australia the water in the sink, forming a funnel, twists in the other direction.

How to determine the direction of the Earth's motion

Scientists decided to start from the point at which the earth's axis is directed, namely from the North Star. That is why the direction of movement from the northern hemisphere is accepted as the only true one.

And she spins again

But already around the Sun. As you know, our planet has two directions of movement - around its axis and around the celestial body, and in both cases it rotates from west to east.

Why can't we feel her movements

Our planet is moving at an enormous speed - 1675 kilometers per hour, and we are moving along with it. Being in the Earth's atmosphere, we are actually one whole, and even standing still, we move with the planet at the same speed, which is why we do not feel it.

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As far as I remember from childhood, I have always been fascinated by the evening sky, covered with countless stars. How many of them, how far are they, are there planets like our Earth near them, and maybe some of them are also inhabited by thinking beings? And it was always interesting to imagine that every second we are not in place motionless, but together with our planet we rotate and fly at great speed among the endless space.

How the earth rotates

Our planet actually moves along a very complex trajectory and simultaneously moves in three planes:

• rotates around its axis;
• around your star- Sun;
• together with our star system we make a giant revolution around the galactic center.

We cannot physically feel the Earth's rotation the way we feel speed while in a moving car. However, external signs of planet rotation we observe in change of time of day and seasons and relative position celestial bodies .

Earth's daily rotation

Axial rotation Earth commits from West to East. We call the axis a conditional line that connects the poles of the planet, which remain motionless during rotation - the North and South. If we rise exactly above the North Pole, we can see that the Earth, like a big ball, is rolling counterclock-wise. The earth's axis is not strictly perpendicular, but has an inclination of 66°33´ with respect to the plane.

During one complete revolution of the Earth around its axis, a day equal to 24 hours lasts. Rotational speed it is not the same over the entire surface and decreases with distance to the poles, at the equator it is the largest and amounts to 465 m / s.

Earth's annual rotation

Like its axial movement, the Earth also rushes around the Sun from West to East and its speed is already much greater, as much as 108,000 km / h. The length of one such revolution is one Earth year, or 365 days, as well as the change of four seasons.

Interestingly, in the southern and northern hemispheres on our planet winter and summer don't coincide and depend on which of the hemispheres in a given period the Earth is facing the Sun. So, if it is summer in London, then at the same time it is winter in Wellington.

Knowledge about the direction of the Earth's rotation and the relative position of celestial bodies has practical applications not only in science and many areas of the life of human society, but can also be useful to each of us in a certain life situation. For example, in a tourist trip such knowledge will always help navigate the area and determine the current time.

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I remember a geographer talking about an experiment with a drain. The water in the sink flows clockwise or in the opposite direction, depending on the hemisphere. And at the equator there is no such whirlpool at all. Isn't it a miracle!

Who was the first to clearly show in which direction the earth rotates

Last year I accidentally watched one educational program. They said that the first Pgave people the rotation of the earth- physicist from France Leon Foucault, in the middle of the 19th century. He conducted his experiments at home, and after successful presentations began to show the "attraction" to the general public in the observatory and the Paris Pantheon.

Monsieur Foucault's pendulum looked like this. Imagine ball weighing 28 kg, suspended on a thread of 67 m. Under the ball ring. The ball was deflected from the axis and released without starting speed. As a result, the pendulum oscillated, drawing strokes along the contour of the ring. On and on moving clockwise. The experiment proves that the pendulum moves only under the force of gravity. BUT direction of earth movement opposite to the movement of the pendulum, that is - counterclock-wise.

East direction

Physicists have calculated that falling objects are deflected to the east. For example, if you climb to the top of a high mountain and throw a stone off it, it will fall at the foot, slightly deviating from the axis in an easterly direction.

You can also watch the sun and think logically. In the east it appears, in the west it disappears. This means that the planet also rotates towards the east of the sun.

How does the Earth's motion manifest itself in nature?

In addition to the well-known change of day and night, the cyclical nature of the seasons, the movement of the planet is also reflected in such phenomena:

• trade winds- tropical winds constantly blowing towards the equator (from the northeast and southeast on both sides of the equator).
• Displacement of cyclones east (going from south to north).
• Washing away river banks(in the northern part - right, in the south - left).

If you want to observe the movement of the planet for real, and not think out the facts with conclusions, look at the Earth satellite. Planetariums, scientific sites, videos - all this is accessible and very exciting.

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After reading the question, I immediately wanted to rephrase it and ask not if it rotates at all. Sometimes such a paradoxical look at familiar things helps to better understand their essence. Thinking "on the contrary" is a good way to "counterattack" your opponent's arguments and quickly win the discussion. If someone thinks that fact of rotation our home planet no one doubts and there seems to be no one to argue with, then I will remind you about the existence of the Flat Earth Society. Hundreds of people who are members of this completely official organization are absolutely sure that this is the Sun and the stars revolve around the motionless disk-shaped Earth.

Is our planet spinning

Even in ancient times, the followers of the famous mathematics of Pythagoras. A huge breakthrough in solving this problem was made in the 16th century Nicholas Copernicus. He put forward the idea of heliocentric system of the world, and the rotation of the Earth was an integral part of it. But it is reliable to prove that The earth revolves around the sun could only many years later - in the 18th century, when the British scientist Bradley annual aberration of stars.

Daily Rotation Confirmation had to wait even longer and only in the 19th century Jean Foucault demonstrated pendulum experiments and thereby proved that The earth is really spinning around its imaginary axis.

Which way is the earth spinning

About, in which direction does the earth rotate around the axis, sunrises and sunsets speak eloquently. If the Sun rises in the East, then the rotation is in the east direction.

Now try to imagine that you have ascended into space. over the North Pole and look down at the earth. From this position, you can clearly see how the planet moves with all the oceans and continents! But why such tricks, if astronomers have long determined that with respect to the pole of the world is strictly counterclock-wise revolve around its own axis and around the sun: South Pole , the globe will rotate in the direction clockwise, and quite the opposite for north pole. It is logical that the rotation occurs in the direction of the east - after all, the Sun appears from the east and disappears in the west. Scientists have found that the planet is gradually slows down thousandths of a second per year. Most of the planets in our system have the same direction of rotation, the only exceptions are Uranus and Venus. If you look at the Earth from space, you can notice two types of movement: around its axis, and around the star - the Sun.

Few people noticed whirlpool water in the bathroom. This phenomenon, despite its routine, is a rather big mystery for the scientific world. Indeed, in northern hemisphere whirlpool directed counterclock-wise, and vice versa. Most scientists consider it a manifestation of power Coriolis(inertia caused by rotation Earth). Some other manifestations of this force can be cited in favor of this theory:

• in northern hemisphere winds of the central part cyclone blow counterclockwise, in the south - vice versa;
• the left rail of the railway wears out the most in southern hemisphere, while in the opposite - right;

• by the rivers northern hemisphere pronounced right steep bank, in the South - on the contrary.

What if she stops

It is interesting to guess what will happen if our planet stop spinning. For an ordinary person, this would be equivalent to driving cars at a speed of 2000 km / h and then hard braking. I think it is not necessary to explain the consequences of such an event, but it will not be the worst. If you are at this moment equator, the human body will continue to “fly” at a speed of almost 500 meters per second, however, those who are lucky enough to be closer to poles will survive, but not for long. The wind will become so strong that in terms of the strength of its action it will be comparable to the force nuclear bomb explosion, and the friction of the winds will cause fires all over the world.

After such a disaster life on our planet will disappear and will never recover.

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The earth is spherical, however, it is not a perfect sphere. Due to the rotation, the planet is slightly flattened at the poles, such a figure is usually called a spheroid or geoid - "like the earth."

The earth is huge, its size is hard to imagine. The main parameters of our planet are as follows:

• Diameter - 12570 km
• Equator length - 40076 km
• The length of any meridian is 40008 km
• The total surface area of ​​the Earth is 510 million km2
• The radius of the poles - 6357 km
• Equator radius - 6378 km

The earth simultaneously rotates around the sun and around its own axis.

What types of earth motion do you know?
Annual and daily rotation of the Earth

Rotation of the Earth around its axis

The earth rotates around an inclined axis from west to east.

Half of the globe is illuminated by the sun, it is day there at this time, the other half is in the shade, there is night. Due to the rotation of the Earth, there is a change of day and night. The Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 24 hours - a day.

Due to rotation, moving streams (rivers, winds) in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right, and in the southern hemisphere - to the left.

Rotation of the Earth around the Sun

The Earth revolves around the sun in a circular orbit, a complete revolution takes 1 year. The Earth's axis is not vertical, it is inclined at an angle of 66.5° to the orbit, this angle remains constant during the entire rotation. The main consequence of this rotation is the change of seasons.

Consider the extreme points of rotation of the Earth around the Sun.

• December 22- winter solstice. Closest to the sun (the sun is at its zenith) at this moment is the southern tropic - therefore, summer is in the southern hemisphere, winter is in the northern hemisphere. The nights in the southern hemisphere are short, at the southern polar circle on December 22 the day lasts 24 hours, the night does not come. In the Northern Hemisphere, the opposite is true; in the Arctic Circle, the night lasts 24 hours.
• 22nd of June- the day of the summer solstice. The northern tropic is closest to the sun, in the northern hemisphere it is summer, in the southern hemisphere it is winter. In the southern polar circle, night lasts 24 hours, and in the northern polar circle, night does not come at all.
• March 21, September 23- the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes. The equator is closest to the sun, the day is equal to the night in both hemispheres.

The rotation of the Earth around its axis and around the Sun The shape and dimensions of the Earth wikipedia
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Year

Time one turn Earth around sun . In the process of annual movement, our planet moving in space with an average speed of 29.765 km/s, i.e. over 100,000 km/h.

anomalistic

An anomalistic year is the interval time between two successive passages earth his perihelion . Its duration is 365.25964 days . It is about 27 minutes longer than the duration tropical(see here) years. This is caused by a continuous change in the position of the perihelion point. In the current time period, the Earth passes the point of perihelion on January 2nd

leap year

Every fourth year in use now in most countries of the world calendar has an extra day - February 29 - and is called a leap year. The need for its introduction is due to the fact that Earth makes one revolution around sun for a period not equal to a whole number days . The annual error is almost a quarter of a day, and every four years it is compensated by the introduction of an “extra day”. see also Calendar Gregorian .

sidereal (stellar)

Time turnover Earth around sun in the coordinate system of “fixed stars ”, i.e., as if “when looking at solar system from the side." In 1950 it was 365 days , 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9 seconds.

Under the perturbing influence of the attraction of others planets , mainly Jupiter and Saturn , the length of the year is subject to fluctuations of several minutes.

In addition, the length of the year decreases by 0.53 seconds per hundred years. This is due to the fact that the Earth slows down the rotation of the Sun around its axis by tidal forces (see Fig. Ebb and flow ). However, according to the law of conservation of angular momentum, this is compensated by the fact that the Earth is moving away from the Sun and, according to the second Kepler's law the period of its circulation increases.

tropical

The movement of the planet in orbit is determined by two reasons:
- linear inertia of motion (it tends to rectilinear - tangent)
and the gravitational force of the sun.

It is the force of gravity that will change the direction of movement from rectilinear to circular. And gravitational forces applied to a smaller radius will act
stronger on the planet.
If we consider gravity as a force applied to the center, then this gives a change in the direction of movement to a circular one.
If we consider gravity as the sum of forces applied to the entire mass of the planet,
then this gives both a change in the motion vector to a circular one and a rotation around the axis.

Look at the drawing.
The planet has points closer to the Sun and points more distant.
Point A will be closer to the Sun than point B.
And the attraction of point A will be greater than point B. Recall that the force of gravity depends on the squared radius.
When the planet moves clockwise, the gravitational force through point A will pull the planet more than through point B. This difference in forces, gravity applied to diametrically opposite points of the planet, while moving, creates rotation.

Thus, the period of revolution of the planet around its axis directly depends on the equatorial radius of the planet.
With large planets such as Jupiter and Saturn, the difference in the attraction of opposite points is greater and the planet rotates faster.

Table of solar days for planets and equatorial radius:

Mercury..... - 175.9421 .... - 0.3825
Venus..... - 116.7490 ... ... - 0.9488
Earth ...... - 1.0 .... .. - 1.0
M a r s .... - 1.0275 ... .... - 0.5326
Jupiter..... - 0.41358 ... - 11.209
Saturn..... - 0.44403 .... - 9.4491
U r a n ..... - 0.71835 ... - 4.0073
Neptune..... - 0.67126 ... - 3.8826
Pluto..... - 6.38766 .... - 0.1807

The first number is the period of rotation of the planet around its axis in Earth days, the second number is similar - the equatorial radius of the planet. And it can be seen that the largest planet, Jupiter, rotates the fastest, and the smallest, Mercury, the slowest.

In general, the reason for the rotation of the Earth can be explained simply.
When the planet moves in orbit, there is a constant change in the direction of its movement from direct to circular. And at the same time, the planet simultaneously rotates, due to the fact that the points of attraction of the planets located closer to the Sun will pull the planet more than the distant ones.

For example, on Jupiter, where the planet is not a monolith, rotation occurs in layers. The equatorial motion of the layers stands out in particular.

Reviews

Dear Nikolay!
There is no gravity. Newton's and Einstein's laws do not work.
It is impossible to justify the causes of rotation by such methods.
But the topic is interesting.
I hope that by joint efforts, and not on this platform, we will solve it.

No. Gravity is everything! But the reasons for its appearance have not yet been established by us.
"Gravity force" - the term conditionally accepted hereinafter, means an external influence on the body. Conditionally in physics it is called "force" the force of gravity.

And the rotation comes from the action of two forces: the inertia of the rectilinear motion and its change to a circular motion under the action of the gravitational force, which is perpendicular to the vector of inertia in terms of the vector.

Dear Nikolay!

Dear Nikolay!
In your works there are already calculations, I will not say, justifying the absence of gravity. These works aroused my interest in you, because. it is clear that there is a large statistical material and on it, together and quickly build a science for ourselves, where many things will fall into place. And whether they accept it or not, it should not concern us. Let Volosatov prove it, and we will do it.

I can formulate my position on gravity as follows.
Gravity, as a force of attraction that occurs between two bodies, does not exist.
Exists - an external influence on bodies, the consequence of which is the appearance of a force that causes them to move towards each other. Force leads not to the appearance of another force, but to movement. In this case, the vector of this force is directed along the line connecting these two bodies.
Not attraction, but movement towards.
And not the force arising in the bodies themselves, but the force of external influence.
As the wind blows on the sail.
In general, I understand force as a factor of external influence.

Dear Nikolay!
You, having refuted the forces and their reactions, return to them again.
Yes, these are the "weights" of our teachings. It is difficult to break away from them. I still break away from the remnants of the "institute" teachings. But the physics of the world is completely different. You intuitively felt it. The rest is in personal correspondence.

Our planet is in constant motion. Together with the Sun, it moves in space around the center of the Galaxy. And that, in turn, moves in the universe. But the most important thing for all living things is the rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its own axis. Without this movement, the conditions on the planet would be unsuitable for sustaining life.

solar system

The Earth as a planet of the solar system, according to the calculations of scientists, was formed more than 4.5 billion years ago. During this time, the distance from the sun practically did not change. The speed of the planet and the gravitational pull of the sun balance its orbit. It is not perfectly round, but stable. If the force of attraction of the luminary were stronger or the speed of the Earth decreased noticeably, then it would fall on the Sun. Otherwise, sooner or later it would fly into space, ceasing to be part of the system.

The distance from the Sun to the Earth makes it possible to maintain the optimum temperature on its surface. The atmosphere also plays an important role in this. As the Earth rotates around the Sun, the seasons change. Nature has adapted to such cycles. But if our planet were further away, then the temperature on it would become negative. If it were closer, all the water would evaporate, since the thermometer would exceed the boiling point.

The path of a planet around a star is called an orbit. The trajectory of this flight is not perfectly circular. It has an ellipse. The maximum difference is 5 million km. The closest point of the orbit to the Sun is at a distance of 147 km. It's called perihelion. Its land passes in January. In July, the planet is at its maximum distance from the star. The greatest distance is 152 million km. This point is called aphelion.

The rotation of the Earth around its axis and the Sun provides, respectively, a change in daily regimes and annual periods.

For a person, the movement of the planet around the center of the system is imperceptible. This is because the mass of the Earth is enormous. Nevertheless, every second we fly through space about 30 km. It seems unrealistic, but such are the calculations. On average, it is believed that the Earth is located at a distance of about 150 million km from the Sun. It makes one complete revolution around the star in 365 days. The distance traveled in a year is almost a billion kilometers.

The exact distance that our planet travels in a year, moving around the sun, is 942 million km. Together with her, we move in space in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 107,000 km / h. The direction of rotation is from west to east, that is, counterclockwise.

The planet does not complete a complete revolution in exactly 365 days, as is commonly believed. It takes about six more hours. But for the convenience of chronology, this time is taken into account in total for 4 years. As a result, one additional day “runs in”, it is added in February. Such a year is considered a leap year.

The speed of rotation of the Earth around the Sun is not constant. It has deviations from the mean. This is due to the elliptical orbit. The difference between the values ​​is most pronounced at the points of perihelion and aphelion and is 1 km/sec. These changes are imperceptible, since we and all the objects around us move in the same coordinate system.

change of seasons

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and the tilt of the planet's axis make it possible for the seasons to change. It is less noticeable at the equator. But closer to the poles, the annual cyclicity is more pronounced. The northern and southern hemispheres of the planet are heated by the energy of the Sun unevenly.

Moving around the star, they pass four conditional points of the orbit. At the same time, twice in turn during the semi-annual cycle, they turn out to be further or closer to it (in December and June - the days of the solstices). Accordingly, in a place where the surface of the planet warms up better, the ambient temperature is higher there. The period in such a territory is usually called summer. In the other hemisphere at this time it is noticeably colder - it is winter there.

After three months of such movement, with a frequency of six months, the planetary axis is located in such a way that both hemispheres are in the same conditions for heating. At this time (in March and September - the days of the equinox) the temperature regimes are approximately equal. Then, depending on the hemisphere, autumn and spring come.

earth axis

Our planet is a spinning ball. Its movement is carried out around a conditional axis and occurs according to the principle of a top. Leaning with the base in the plane in the untwisted state, it will maintain balance. When the speed of rotation weakens, the top falls.

The earth has no stop. The forces of attraction of the Sun, the Moon and other objects of the system and the Universe act on the planet. Nevertheless, it maintains a constant position in space. The speed of its rotation, obtained during the formation of the nucleus, is sufficient to maintain relative equilibrium.

The earth's axis passes through the planet's ball is not perpendicular. It is inclined at an angle of 66°33´. The rotation of the Earth on its axis and the Sun makes it possible to change the seasons of the year. The planet would "tumble" in space if it did not have a strict orientation. There would be no question of any constancy of environmental conditions and life processes on its surface.

Axial rotation of the Earth

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun (one revolution) occurs during the year. During the day it alternates between day and night. If you look at the Earth's North Pole from space, you can see how it rotates counterclockwise. It completes a full rotation in about 24 hours. This period is called a day.

The speed of rotation determines the speed of the change of day and night. In one hour, the planet rotates approximately 15 degrees. The speed of rotation at different points on its surface is different. This is due to the fact that it has a spherical shape. At the equator, the linear speed is 1669 km / h, or 464 m / s. Closer to the poles, this figure decreases. At the thirtieth latitude, the linear speed will already be 1445 km / h (400 m / s).

Due to axial rotation, the planet has a slightly compressed shape from the poles. Also, this movement "forces" moving objects (including air and water flows) to deviate from the original direction (Coriolis force). Another important consequence of this rotation is the ebbs and flows.

the change of night and day

A spherical object with the only light source at a certain moment is only half illuminated. In relation to our planet in one part of it at this moment there will be a day. The unlit part will be hidden from the Sun - there is night. Axial rotation makes it possible to change these periods.

In addition to the light regime, the conditions for heating the surface of the planet with the energy of the luminary change. This cycle is important. The speed of change of light and thermal regimes is carried out relatively quickly. In 24 hours, the surface does not have time to either overheat or cool below the optimum.

The rotation of the Earth around the Sun and its axis with a relatively constant speed is of decisive importance for the animal world. Without the constancy of the orbit, the planet would not have stayed in the zone of optimal heating. Without axial rotation, day and night would last for six months. Neither one nor the other would contribute to the origin and preservation of life.

Uneven rotation

Mankind has become accustomed to the fact that the change of day and night occurs constantly. This served as a kind of standard of time and a symbol of the uniformity of life processes. The period of rotation of the Earth around the Sun to a certain extent is influenced by the ellipse of the orbit and other planets of the system.

Another feature is the change in the length of the day. The axial rotation of the Earth is uneven. There are several main reasons. Seasonal fluctuations associated with the dynamics of the atmosphere and the distribution of precipitation are important. In addition, the tidal wave, directed against the motion of the planet, constantly slows it down. This figure is negligible (for 40 thousand years for 1 second). But over 1 billion years, under the influence of this, the length of the day increased by 7 hours (from 17 to 24).

The consequences of the Earth's rotation around the Sun and its axis are being studied. These studies are of great practical and scientific importance. They are used not only to accurately determine stellar coordinates, but also to identify patterns that can affect human life processes and natural phenomena in hydrometeorology and other fields.