Who came up with the names. Soviet fashion to change the surname violated tribal traditions

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The history of the origin of surnames in Russia is almost six centuries. During this time, many concepts have been forgotten, professions and crafts have become a thing of the past, but surnames have remained. And every modern person, at least for a minute, thought about the meaning and history of the origin of his surname. Surnames are our heritage, news from the past.

But the very word "surname" entered the Russian language relatively late. The word "surname" is of Latin origin, meaning "family" in translation. Hence the main purpose of the surname is to unite under one name all family members and various relatives. The origin of surnames has an interesting history.

Surnames came to us from Europe, they were brought and introduced by the well-known Russian Tsar Peter I. However, before that, Russia had its own element of the name, which stood in the place of the surname and partially fulfilled its role - a nickname or nickname. Also, this part of the name could be called "navisha" or "reklo". During the tsarist census, each person was recorded not only by the name given at baptism, but also supplemented with a nickname. Just as in the last census of the population, modern people were rewritten by last name, first name and patronymic. But the nickname of each individual was not a common feature of the family, often each family member had his own nickname.

But not all segments of the population of Russia received their surnames at the same time. In the 15th-16th centuries, the representatives of the highest echelon of society, the princes and boyars, were the first to receive surnames. Surnames were then given mainly in connection with the names of their hereditary possessions. For example, Vyazemsky, Zvenigorodsky, Tverskoy and others.

By the 17th century, the surnames of the nobility were finally formed. The layer of the nobility in Russia was mainly made up of people who came to the country from abroad, so often the nobles had surnames of foreign origin.

The history of the origin of surnames was replenished in the 17th-19th centuries, when surnames were given to small and medium-sized merchants, as well as military people. Often, servicemen and merchants received surnames from geographical names by the fact of birth in a certain place. For example, Venediktov, Arkhangelsky, Moskvin and others.

To XIX century began to acquire surnames and representatives of the Russian clergy. They received surnames such as Dyakonov, Zvonarev, Molitvin, Popov and others directly related to the concepts of church service. Among the clergy there are also many artificial surnames obtained through various morphological transformations from words not only of Russian, but also of Latin, Church Slavonic, Greek origin. The basis of many surnames also included the names of church holidays and churches. For example, Trinity, Epiphany, Uspensky and others. In church educational institutions, in general, the names of students changed very often. There were various reasons for this: either the former surname did not sound beautiful, or there was not enough solidity, or it was quite common. There were cases when surnames were changed due to the meaning from which it was formed. For example, the surname Pyanov or Pyankov could not belong to the future clergyman, so it was changed, for example, to Sobrievsky (sobrius in translation from Latin meant "sober" or "teetotaler").

The peasant population of the country - the most numerous estate in Russia - were practically nameless almost until the beginning of the 20th century. Some representatives received their surname only in the 30s of the XX century. The last nameless people received it during general passportization. Although there is evidence that the peasant population of the country had unofficial, village surnames, although they were characterized by variability, the whole family went under the same surname of the father. For example, if the head was called Gavril, the wife and children were Gavrilov. Gavrila moved to the service of the colonel, the family immediately in the village became Polkovnikovs from Gavrilovs. Gavril changed his profession and became a tanner - the family was renamed the Kozhevennikovs.

In addition to baptismal names and professions, nicknames also took part in the history of the origin of surnames.
Surnames keep many secrets and secrets of bygone times. But it is not so easy to correctly determine the history of the origin of the surname.

Questions of national relations can also be concluded in the surname. Foreign surnames formed according to the model of Russians and Russians proper do not formally differ, but have different stories of the origin of surnames. For example, Gumerov is a Tatar surname, Karimov is an Uzbek, Davydov, Yudin, Samoilov are Jewish surnames, but nevertheless they can belong to Russian citizens. In an attempt to determine the nationality of a particular surname, one can easily make a mistake.

The number of newborns registered in 2011 by the registry office for the city of Kurgan, with the most common surnames in Russia.

Ivanov - 49

Kuznetsov - 30

Popov - 29

Petrov - 24

Smirnov - 14

Sokolov - 12

Morozov - 11

Novikov - 10

Kozlov - 6

The family is the basic unit of society and it is the family that plays leading role in everyone's life modern man, so knowing your family and common ancestry is the most important and significant issue for all people. A person grows and comprehends the essence of life precisely in a close, devoted family circle, where his fathers and grandfathers, in the same way, learned life and comprehended the foundations of existence in their time. Each of us is inseparable from a kind and therefore the knowledge of what a genealogical book is, a coat of arms of a family and a family tree is of fundamental importance. Each element of such knowledge and each grain of this teaching was passed on carefully from one generation to another, and the restoration of one's pedigree is a rather complicated process that requires a lot of knowledge and extensive experience in this matter.

The pedigree is a special aspect of the science of life, all existing pedigrees differ from each other in format, design, purity and literacy, and in order to understand all the abundance of documents about a particular genus, professional specialized knowledge and great patience are required. A very important role in such a teaching about the family and family tree is played by the history, origin and meaning of each surname, which is a generic hereditary name that speaks of belonging to a certain existing genus.

Where and when did surnames appear

The meaning of the words pedigree and family surname are strongly interconnected, and every modern self-respecting person should know the history of his surname and kind, as well as know his family tree. The word Surname itself is translated from Latin as Family, it indicates a certain community of people belonging to the same family, but this applied not only to direct members and owners of the family, but also to their slaves. It was the slaves who subsequently received the surname of their masters, which was a symbol of belonging to this genus, but today this concept is only a hereditary name that is added to the personal existing name person.

Any surname consists of a root common part, which is the basis, this part usually has its own lexical meaning and its own unique roots. Most of them come from the nickname given to the person, as well as from the profession or position held, for example, Kuptsov comes from a merchant family, and Melnik from workers at the mill, and so on. In addition to the stem, the surname includes certain prefixes, suffixes and endings that basically mean the word son or daughter, that is, in many countries, male and female generic names are different.

The study of the issue of the origin of surnames appeared rather late, for the first time the Institute of Inheritance and Genealogy was formed in Italy only in the 10th century, and then such a process of formation covered France, England, and then all of Europe and Russia. It was then that the nobles, noble people and later eminent merchants found their unique last name, which was mentioned along with a personal nickname, first name, patronymic, grandfather's name, clique and spoke of a high genealogy. This previously applied only to noble and eminent people, but slaves and serfs did not have the right to a personal surname, this situation changed in Europe only by the 17-18th century, when the slaves received the surname of their masters. In various world countries, the family tree name was formed according to different rules, for example, Latvian, Chinese and Azerbaijani surnames had their own rules of origin and formation.

Surnames in Russia

Surnames in Russia appeared later than in Europe and basically they come from the patronymic of one of the ancestors, from grandfather's name or from a nickname and occupation. The residents of Veliky Novgorod were the first to receive them from us, who were the first to adopt this important custom from the Lithuanian principality. Further, Moscow boyars and princes began to receive surnames, and then this tradition spread around the 14-15th century and throughout Russia. This applied only to noble and eminent people, but until the beginning of the 18th century, most of the general population of Russia did not have surnames, this situation continued until 1861, when serfdom in Russia was abolished.

The general process of obtaining surnames by the population ended only in 1930, while the structure of such names received by the peasants was quite simple and monosyllabic. Religion played a huge role in the formation of such names, for example, in Russia, church surnames formed from religious holidays, church nicknames or names of saints. Often they also came from the name of the area where the person lived, as well as from the name of the grandfather, but most often from the profession of a person, for example, the potter became Goncharov, the miller Melnikov, and the merchant became Torgovtsev. Surnames derived from nicknames are very interesting, for example, if a person had the nickname Elephant earlier, then he then became Elephant, and if there was an evil nickname, then Zlobin. The oldest surnames in Russia had roots coming from pagan times, when there were simply no church names yet, so Chertov, Domovukhin, Rusalkin, Besov or Gentiles and Ugomonov appeared.

Questions of formations of names, surnames and patronymics are always interesting, we recommend you one more material:

History of Russian surnames

The first surnames among Russians appeared in the 13th century, but most remained “nicknameless” for another 600 years. Enough name, patronymic and profession.

When did surnames appear in Russia?

The fashion for surnames came to Russia from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As early as the 12th century, Veliky Novgorod established close contacts with this state. Noble Novgorodians can be considered the first official owners of surnames in Russia.

The earliest of known lists dead with surnames: “Novgorodets are the same pade: Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Drochilo Nezdylov son of a tanner ...” (The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.

Boyar and princely families

It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can also be found in Czech surnames(Komensky), and in Polish (Zapototsky), and in Ukrainian (Artemovsky).

The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.

The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in hard consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.

The suffix -Ev- joined the names and nicknames that have at the end soft sign, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.

The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.

Why Romanovs - Romanovs?

After several generations, the descendants decided that the surname from the nickname is not noble. Then they first became the Yakovlevs (after the great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka) and the Zakharyins-Yuryevs (after the names of his grandson and another great-grandson), and remained in history as the Romanovs (after the great-great-grandson of Fyodor Koshka).

Aristocratic surnames

Also, foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").

Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother inventing a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Elagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev. The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. That is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "black", Murza "lord, prince"), Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.

Surnames of servicemen

Following the nobility, simple service people began to receive surnames. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs. Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.

Surnames of the clergy

The surnames of priests were formed from the names of churches and Christian holidays (Christmas, Assumption), and were also artificially formed from Church Slavonic, Latin and Greek words. The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").

Peasant surnames

Surnames among peasants until the end of the 19th century were rare. The exceptions were non-serf peasants in the north of Russia and in the Novgorod province - hence Mikhailo Lomonosov and Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva.

The first surnames among Russians appeared in the 13th century, but most remained “nicknameless” for another 600 years. Enough name, patronymic and profession.

When did surnames appear in Russia?

In various social strata, Russian surnames appeared at different times. The first in the Russian lands to acquire surnames were citizens of Veliky Novgorod and its vast possessions in the north, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Ural Mountains. Novgorod chroniclers mention many surnames-nicknames already in the 13th century. So, in 1240, among the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva, the chronicler mentions the names: "Kostyantin Lugotinits, Gyuryata Pineshchinich, Namst, Wanking Nezdylov son of a tanner..."(The first Novgorod chronicle of the senior version, 1240). Surnames helped in diplomacy and in accounting for the troops. So it was easier to distinguish one Ivan from another.

Somewhat later, in the XIV-XV centuries, family names appeared among princes and boyars. The princes were called by the name of their inheritance, and the moment when the surname appeared was the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, nevertheless retained for himself and his descendants his name as a nickname: Shuisky, Vorotynsky, Obolensky, Vyazemsky, etc. A minority of princely surnames occur from nicknames: Gagarins, Humpbacked, Eyed, Lykovs, etc. Surnames like Lobanov-Rostovsky combine the name of the reign with the nickname.

Boyar and princely families

Boyar and noble Russian surnames were also formed from nicknames or from the names of the ancestors. The process of the formation of boyar surnames from hereditary nicknames is well illustrated by the history of the boyar (later royal) family of the Romanovs.
At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin appeared among the Russian nobles, primarily the surnames of Polish-Lithuanian and Greek (for example, Philosophers) immigrants; in the 17th century, such surnames of Western origin as the Fonvizins and Lermontovs were added to them. The surnames of the descendants of Tatar immigrants reminded of the names of these immigrants: Yusupov, Akhmatov, Kara-Murza, Karamzin (also from Kara-Murza).
But it should be noted that the eastern origin of the surname does not always indicate eastern origin its bearers: sometimes they come from Tatar nicknames that were in vogue in Muscovite Russia. Such is the surname of the Bakhteyarovs, which was worn by the branch of the Rostov princes-Rurikovich (from Fyodor Priimkov-Bakhteyar), or the surname of the Beklemishevs, derived from the nickname Beklemish (Turkic - guarding, guarding), which was worn by Fedor Elizarovich, the boyar of Vasily I.

In the XIV-XV centuries, Russian princes and boyars began to take surnames. Surnames were often formed from the names of lands. Thus, the owners of the estate on the Shuya River became Shuisky, on Vyazma - Vyazemsky, on Meshchera - Meshchersky, the same story with Tversky, Obolensky, Vorotynsky and other -skys.
It must be said that -sk- is a common Slavic suffix, it can be found in Czech surnames (Komensky), Polish (Zapototsky), and Ukrainian (Artemovsky).
The boyars also often received their surnames from the baptismal name of the ancestor or his nickname: such surnames literally answered the question “whose?” (meaning “whose son?”, “what kind?”) and had possessive suffixes in their composition.
The suffix -ov- joined worldly names ending in hard consonants: Smirnoy - Smirnov, Ignat - Ignatov, Petr - Petrov.
The suffix -Ev- joined names and nicknames that had a soft sign at the end, -y, -ey or h: Medved - Medvedev, Yuri - Yuryev, Begich - Begichev.
The suffix -in- received surnames formed from names with vowels "a" and "ya": Apukhta -Apukhtin, Gavrila - Gavrilin, Ilya -Ilyin.

Why Romanovs - Romanovs?

The most famous surname in Russian history is the Romanovs. Their ancestor Andrei Kobyly (a boyar from the time of Ivan Kalita) had three sons: Semyon Zherebets, Alexander Elka Kobylin and Fedor Koshka. The Zherebtsovs, Kobylins and Koshkins, respectively, descended from them. The descendants of Fedor Koshka for several generations bore the nickname-Surname Koshkins (not all: his son Alexander Bezzubets became the ancestor of the Bezzubtsevs, and the other son Fyodor Goltai became the ancestor of the Goltyaevs). His son Ivan and grandson Zakhary Ivanovich were called Koshkins.
Among the children of the latter, Yakov Zakharovich Koshkin became the founder of the noble family of the Yakovlevs, and Yuri Zakharovich began to be called Zakharyin-Koshkin, while the son of the latter was already called Roman Zakharyin-Yuryev. The surname Zakharyin-Yuriev, or simply Zakharyin, was also worn by Roman's son, Nikita Romanovich (as well as his sister Anastasia, the first wife of Ivan the Terrible); however, the children and grandchildren of Nikita Romanovich were already called Romanovs, including Fyodor Nikitich (Patriarch Filaret) and Mikhail Fedorovich (Tsar).

Aristocratic surnames

The Russian aristocracy originally had noble roots, and among the nobles there were many people who came to the Russian service from abroad. It all started with surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian origin at the end of the 15th century, and in the 17th century they were joined by the Fonvizins (German von Wiesen), Lermontovs (Scottish Lermont) and other surnames with Western roots.
Also, foreign stems for surnames that were given to illegitimate children of noble people: Sherov (French cher “dear”), Amantov (French amant “beloved”), Oksov (German Ochs “bull”), Herzen (German Herz “heart ").
Born children generally "suffered" a lot from the imagination of their parents. Some of them did not bother inventing a new surname, but simply abbreviated the old one: this is how Pnin was born from Repnin, Betskoy from Trubetskoy, Agin from Elagin, and the “Koreans” Go and Te came from Golitsyn and Tenishev. The Tatars also left a significant mark on Russian surnames. That is how the Yusupovs (descendants of Murza Yusup), Akhmatovs (Khan Akhmat), Karamzins (Tatar. Kara "black", Murza "lord, prince"), Kudinovs (distorted Kazakh-Tatars. Kudai "God, Allah") and other.

Surnames of servicemen

In the XVIII-XIX centuries, the surnames of the employees of the merchants began to spread. At first, only the richest - "eminent merchants" - were honored with surnames. In the 15th-16th centuries there were few of these and, mainly, of Northern Russian origin. For example, merchants Merchant - in the old days: a wealthy merchant, the owner of a trading enterprise. The Kalinnikovs, who founded the city of Sol Kamskaya in 1430, or the famous Stroganovs. They, like the princes, were also often called according to their place of residence, only with the suffixes “simpler”: families living in Tambov became Tambovtsevs, in Vologda - Vologzhaninovs, in Moscow - Moskvichevs and Moskvitinovs. Some were satisfied with a “non-family” suffix denoting an inhabitant of this territory in general: Belomorets, Kostromich, Chernomorets, and someone received the nickname without any changes - hence Tatyana Dunay, Alexander Galich, Olga Poltava and others.
Among the surnames of the merchants, there were many that reflected the "professional specialization" of their bearers. For example, the surname Rybnikov, formed from the word rybnik, that is, "fishmonger". One can also recall the citizen Kuzma Minin - who, as you know, did not belong to the nobility. The nobility is one of the upper classes of feudal society (along with the clergy), which had privileges enshrined in law and inherited. The basis of the economic and political influence of the nobility is land ownership. In 1762, the nobility achieved exemption from compulsory military and civil public service introduced by Peter I; the nobility was not subjected to corporal punishment, was exempted from recruitment duty, personal taxes. The charter (1785) of Catherine II (for the rights of liberty and advantages of the Russian nobility) established a wide range of personal privileges for the nobility, introduced noble self-government. As an estate, the nobility was liquidated after the October Revolution, but it had its own surname already at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries.

Surnames of the clergy

Among the clergy, surnames began to appear only from mid-eighteenth century. Usually they were formed from the names of parishes and churches (Blagoveshchensky, Kosmodemyansky, Nikolsky, Pokrovsky, Preobrazhensky, Rozhdestvensky, Assumption, etc.). Prior to this, the priests were usually called Father Alexander, Father Vasily, Father or Pop Ivan, while no surname was implied. Their children, if necessary, often received the name Popov.
Some clergymen acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Palmin, Kiparisov, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from the Greek root meaning "sad"), Gilyarovsky (from the Latin root meaning "cheerful "). Wherein best students the surnames were given the most euphonious and carrying a purely positive meaning, in Russian or Latin literary language- 3-2 centuries BC: Diamonds, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Speransky (Russian analogue: Nadezhdin), Benevolensky (Russian analogue: Dobrovolsky), Dobrolyubov, etc.; on the contrary, bad students came up with dissonant surnames, for example, Gibraltar, or formed from the names of negative biblical characters (Sauls, Pharaohs). The most amusing of them were those that were translated from Russian into Latin and received the "princely" suffix -sk-. So, Bobrov became Kastorsky (lat. castor "beaver"), Skvortsov - Sturnitsky (lat. sturnus "starling"), and Orlov - Aquilev (lat. aquila "eagle").

Peasant surnames

Russian peasants during this period usually did not have surnames, the function of such was performed by nicknames and patronymics, as well as the mention of their owner, since in the 16th century the peasantry of central Russia was subjected to mass enslavement. For example, in archival documents of that time one can find the following entries: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, an entry of 1568; "Onton Mikiforov's son, and the nickname is Zhdan", a document of 1590; “Luba Mikiforov, son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, entry of 1495; "Danilo Snot, peasant", 1495; "Efimko Sparrow, peasant", 1495.
In those records, one can see indications of the status of still free peasants (landowner), as well as the difference between a patronymic and a surname (son of such and such). The peasants of northern Russia, the former Novgorod possessions, could have real surnames even in this era, since serfdom did not apply to these areas. Probably the most famous example this kind - Mikhailo Lomonosov. One can also recall Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva, a Novgorod peasant woman, the nanny of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Had surnames and Cossacks. Surnames were also given to a significant part of the population of the lands that were previously part of the Commonwealth - Belarus to Smolensk and Vyazma, Little Russia.
Under Peter I, by the Senate Decree of June 18, 1719, in connection with the introduction of the poll tax and recruitment duty, the earliest police records were officially introduced - travel letters (passports). The passport contained information: name, surname (or nickname), where he left, where he was going, place of residence, characteristics of his type of activity, information about family members who traveled with him, sometimes information about his father and parents.
By decree of January 20, 1797, Emperor Paul I ordered the compilation of a General Armorial of Noble Families, where more than 3,000 noble family names and coats of arms were collected.
Back in 1888, a special decree of the Senate was published, which read:

As practice shows, among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many persons who do not have surnames, that is, who bear the so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings, and even sometimes abuses ... To be called by a certain surname is not only a right, but the obligation of any full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by the law itself.
The procedure for passing a law is established by the constitution. The law is the basis of the legal system of the state, has the highest legal force in relation to the normative acts of other state bodies.

In central Russia, surnames were relatively rare among the peasantry before the 19th century. However, one can remember selected examples- the famous Ivan Susanin.
The memory of Susanin was preserved in oral folk tales and legends. His exploits are reflected in fiction and in Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka's opera A Life for the Tsar (Ivan Susanin). A monument to Susanin was erected in Kostroma, who lived in XVI-XVII centuries. In addition, the names of some peasants are known - participants in various wars, campaigns, defenses of cities or monasteries and other historical cataclysms. However, in fact, until the 19th century, surnames did not have mass distribution among the peasants of Central Russia. But this is rather due to the fact that in those days there was no need to mention all the peasants without exception, and there are no documents in which the peasants were mentioned without exception or in the majority. And for the official document flow of those years, if a peasant was mentioned in it, it was usually quite enough to mention the village in which he lived, the landowner to whom he belonged, and his personal name, sometimes along with the profession. Most of the peasants of the center of Russia were officially endowed with surnames recorded in documents only after the abolition of serfdom.
In the 12th century, close in nature to serfdom was the exploitation of role (arable) purchases and smerds in corvee. According to Russkaya Pravda, a princely smerd is limited in property and personal rights (his escheated property goes to the prince; the life of a smerd is equated to the life of a serf: the same fine is imposed for their murder - 5 hryvnias). in 1861.

Some surnames were formed from the surnames of landowners. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins, etc. appeared.
At the root of the surnames of some lay the names settlements(villages and villages), where these peasants came from. Basically, these are surnames ending in - "sky", for example - Uspensky, Lebedevsky.
However, most surnames, by origin, are family nicknames, which, in turn, came from the “street” nickname of a family member. For the bulk of the peasants, it was precisely this “street” nickname that was recorded in the document, which a different family could have more than one. Nicknamed surnames appeared much earlier than universal surnames. These same family nicknames, sometimes rooted in the depths of many generations, actually served as surnames for the peasants of Central Russia - in everyday life, even before they were universally consolidated. It was they who first of all fell into the census lists, and in fact, surnames were simply writing down these nicknames in documents.

Thus, endowing a peasant with a surname often came down simply to official recognition, legitimization, and fixing family or personal nicknames for their bearers. This explains the fact that in the era before the mass giving of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia, we still know the individual names and surnames of the peasants who took part in certain important events. When it became necessary to mention the peasant in the annals or in the narrative of some event in which he was a participant - as his surname, the corresponding nickname was simply indicated - his own, or his family. And then, in the course of the universal assignment of surnames to the peasants of Central Russia, which occurred after the abolition of serfdom, these same nicknames were for the most part officially recognized and fixed.
Worldly surnames were formed on the basis of the worldly name. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not yet exist or they were not accepted by the common people. After all, Christianity did not immediately captivate the minds, and even more so the souls of the Slavs. Old traditions were kept for a long time, the covenants of ancestors were revered sacredly. In each family, they remembered the names of their ancestors up to the 7th generation and even deeper. Traditions from the history of the family were passed down from generation to generation. cautionary tales about the past deeds of the ancestors (ancestor - a distant ancestor, ancestor) were told at night to the young successors of the clan. Many of the worldly ones were proper names (Gorazd, Zhdan, Lyubim), others arose as nicknames, but then became names (Nekras, Dur, Chertan, Malice, Neustroy). Here it should be noted that in old Russian system names, it was also customary to call babies protective names, amulets - names with a negative content - for protection, scaring away evil forces or for the reverse action of the name. This is how it is still customary to scold those who pass the exam, or wish the hunter "no fluff, no feather." It was believed that Dur would grow up smart, Nekras handsome, and Hunger would always be full. Security names then became accustomed nicknames, and then a surname.
For some, a patronymic was recorded as a surname. In the royal decrees on the conduct of the census, it was usually stated that everyone should be recorded "by name from the father and from the nickname", that is, by name, patronymic and surname. But in the XVII - the first half XVIII centuries peasants did not have hereditary surnames at all. The peasant surname lived only in the course of one life. For example, he was born in the family of Ivan Procopius, and in all metric records he is called Procopius Ivanov. When Vasily was born to Procopius, the newborn Vasily Prokopiev became, and not Ivanov at all.
The first census of 1897 showed that up to 75% of the population did not have a surname (however, this applied more to residents of the national outskirts than native Russia). Finally, the surnames of the entire population of the USSR appeared only in the 30s of the 20th century, in the era of universal passportization (the introduction of the passport system).
After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation began to improve, and by the time of universal passportization in the 1930s, every inhabitant of the USSR had a surname.
They were formed according to already proven models: suffixes -ov-, -ev-, -in- were added to names, nicknames, habitats, professions.

The structure of Russian surnames

Anthroponymy- a section of onomastics that studies the origin, change, geographical distribution, social functioning of people's proper names. surnames states that most often Russian surnames are formed from personal names through possessive adjectives. The bulk of Russian surnames have suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, from the answer to the question “whose?”. The difference is purely formal: -ov was added to nicknames or names with a hard consonant (Ignat - Ignatov, Mikhail - Mikhailov), -ev to names or nicknames with a soft consonant (Ignatius - Ignatiev, Golodyai - Golodyaev), -in to the bases on a, I (Way - Putin, Yeryoma - Eremin, Ilya - Ilyin). This also suggests that, for example, the surnames Golodaev and Golodyaev, which have the same root, are related, but Golodov, Golodnov, Golodny, outwardly similar to them, are not.
The vast majority of Russian surnames come from dedychestvo, the temporary surname of the father, that is, the name of the grandfather, thus fixing the hereditary name in the third generation. So it became easier to designate families of the same root. If the grandfather, whose name formed the basis of the established surname, had two names - one baptismal, the other everyday, then the surname was formed from the second, since the baptismal names did not differ in variety.
You should know that the name of the grandfather was recorded by Russian officials in late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, and surnames for residents of the national outskirts, thus arose most of the surnames in the Transcaucasus and Central Asia.

Why and when did they change names?

When the peasants began to acquire surnames, for superstitious reasons, from the evil eye, they gave the children not the most pleasant surnames: Nelyub, Nenash, Bad, Bolvan, Kruchina. After the revolution, queues of those who wanted to change their surname to a more euphonious one began to form at the passport offices.

Samoilov Andrey

Own surname is a distinctive sign of a person in society. It also happens that a person no longer exists, but the surname lives on, and people, naming the surname, remember the person. But not all of us think about the origin, method of formation or age of our surname. The study of surnames is valuable for science. It allows you to more fully present the events of recent centuries, the history of science, literature, art. Surnames are a kind of living history.

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City scientific and practical conference

"Intellectuals of the XXI century"

Research work on the topic:

"The history of the emergence of Russian surnames"

Completed by: 10th grade student

MOAU "Secondary School No. 10", Buzuluk

Samoilov Andrey

Head: history teacher

MOAU "Secondary School No. 10", Buzuluk

Pirogov Sergey Ivanovich

Buzuluk, 2014

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3

Onomastics as a section of linguistics……………………………………...5
Origin of Russian surnames………………………………………..7
Methods of formation of Russian surnames……………………………………9
Classification of Russian surnames………………………………………… 15
The origin of my own surname…………………………..16
The most common surnames in Russia, in Buzuluk, in our school……………………………………………………………………… 17
Etymology of the surnames of my classmates……………………………22

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….27

References…………………………………………………………30

Introduction

Names are written in capital letters
From the words of others, highlighting them.
We are not given a surname for nothing:
In the world, we will find relatives by it.

The Tree of the Family - many names,
But in it the trunk - the surname is one.
It contains everything that life is endowed with,
Who is who, she will explain to us.

And its origins only on it,
Find, we can on Earth.
Without it, having lost our roots,
Let us wander like blind men in the darkness.

After all, the surname was given to us from above,
There is a family and we have a name in it.
And there are no bad and superfluous surnames,
Everyone is needed, everything is important for people.

(Markovtsev Yu. "Surname")

Purpose of the study:to study the history of the emergence of Russian surnames, their meanings.

Hypothesis: Russian surnames reflect the cultural and historical development of the nation.

Research objectives:

Get acquainted with the section of onomastics - anthroponymy

Study the history of the origin of surnames in Russia

Explore ways of forming Russian surnames

Classify Russian surnames according to their origin

Analyze the origin of your own surname

Reveal the most common surnames in Russia, in the city of Buzuluk and in our school

- analyze the etymology of the names of my classmates.

The relevance of research.It was no coincidence that I chose the topic for my research - “The History of the Origin of Russian Surnames”. In my opinion, this topic is relevant at any time, because every person would like to know the history of the surname, its meaning and its predecessors. ATIn the 21st century, people were especially interested in surnames, and as a result, many commercial firms appeared ready to provide information from the archives. The study of surnames is of great interest to scientists: sociologists, historians and ethnographers.Each of us interacts with different people friends, colleagues, relatives. Every day we hear, read, pronounce or write dozens of names of different people. We watch TV programs, movies, where the main characters are almost always people. All citizens of our country have surnames recorded in documents. His own surname is a distinctive sign of him in society. It also happens that a person no longer exists, but the surname lives on, and people, naming the surname, remember the person. But not all of us think about the origin, method of formation or age of our surname. The study of surnames is valuable for science. It allows you to more fully present the events of recent centuries, the history of science, literature, art. Surnames are a kind of living history. Indeed, the information given by surnames is very wide: it is toponymy, and information about disappeared professions, the history of work and life, the history of the country, the history of the language.

In my work I used the followingresearch methods:structuring, analysis, generalization.

Organization of the study:

On the first stage were carried out: theoretical analysis research problems, hypothesis building.

On the second stage was carried out: the selection of research methods, the search for material.

On the third stage were carried out: the generalization of experience and the rationale for logic, the study of the elements of culture, given by traditions in the analysis of the research text.

Onomastics as a branch of linguistics.

Onomastics is a branch of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of their occurrence and transformation as a result of long-term use in the source language or in connection with borrowing into other languages. The word comes from the Greek word onomastikos - referring to the name. Onomastics consists of several sections. Toponymy studies the name of geographical objects (toponyms), their meaning, structure, origin. Zoonymy considers the proper names (nicknames) of animals. Astronymy is the name and origin of astronomical objects, cosmonymy is the name of zones and parts of the Universe, theonymy is the names of gods. Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics that studies anthroponyms, that is, the proper names of people, the origin, change of these names, geographical distribution and social functioning, structure.

Anthroponymy as a science developed abroad in the first half of the 20th century. The literature on it is huge. The fundamental works were created by Albert Doza (France), Adolf Bach (Germany), Witold Taszycki (Poland). Surname dictionaries have been created in many countries of the world. Academician A. I. Sobolevsky, N. M. Tupikov, and later A. M. Selishchev and his student V. K. Chichagov worked in the field of Russian anthroponymy. The beginning of a broad study of Russian surnames was laid in 1968 by the First All-Union Anthroponymic Conference and the works of ON Trubachev on the etymology of surnames in Russia.

Thus, onomastics is engaged in the study of the origin of surnames, and more specifically, its section - anthroponymy.

In the modern Russian anthroponymic system, each person has a personal name (selected from a limited list), patronymic and surname.

Before you start researching the issue of the origin of surnames, you need to figure out what this word means. It turns out that this word comes from the Latin language familia, which means family. Historically, a surname is a community of people, consisting of masters and slaves belonging to it. At the dawn of its origin, it meant an inherited generic name, indicating to which genus its carrier belongs. In the modern sense, the surname denotes an inherited family name added to a person's name. Historians who have studied the origin of surnames have come to the conclusion that the first surnames arose in economic developed countries Europe in the 10-11 centuries in the waist, and then spread to France, Germany, England. In Russia, the origin of surnames began somewhat later than in Europe - in the 13-14 centuries. This was due to the technological, economic backwardness of Russia from other countries. The beginning of Russian surnames was laid in the Novgorod province. They were more like "nicknames", nicknames. They were not common. Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, the first Russian surnames arose among representatives of the wealthy, noble estates. Most of the Russian peasantry did without surnames for many years. And only after the abolition of serfdom under Alexander II in 1861 did she acquire surnames.

In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov, this word has several meanings:

1. Surname - a hereditary family name added to a personal name.

2. A surname is a series of generations descending from one ancestor, as well as a generation in general.

3. Same as family (obsolete).

The emergence of surnames in the modern sense occurred late, and was associated with expanding economic ties and the need to regulate the institution of inheritance. They first appeared in the economically developed regions of Northern Italy in X-XI centuries. In the future, the process of active formation of surnames began in the south-east of France, in Piedmont, and gradually covered the whole of France. In England, the process of formation of surnames began after its conquest by the Normans in 1066 and ended by the 15th century, although in Wales and Scotland the formation of surnames continued in the 18th century. A similar situation developed in Germany, where the formation of the names of German peasants went on even in the 19th century. At the turn of the XV-XVI centuries, the surnames reached Denmark. In 1526, the king ordered all Danish nobles to acquire surnames. From Denmark and Germany, the surnames passed to the Swedes.

Origin of Russian surnames.

Surnames in Russian nominal formulaappeared rather late. Citizens were the first to acquire surnames in Russian landsVeliky Novgorod, probably adopting this custom from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. So, the Novgorod chroniclers mention many surnames-nicknames already in the 13th century. For example, in the annals of those years, among the Novgorodians who fell in the Battle of the Neva, appear Kostyantyn, Lugotinits. Then in XIV-XV centuries acquired surnames Moscow specific princes and boyars . It is interesting that the emergence of the surname began to be associated with the moment when the prince, having lost his inheritance, nevertheless retained his name as a nickname for himself and his descendants (Tverskoy, Vyazemsky). At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin appeared among the Russian nobles: Akhmatovs (descendants of the Tatars), Fonvizins, Lermontovs (surnames from Western countries). To end 18th - mid 19th century the majority of the population of central Russia did not have surnames. Mass appropriation of surnames began after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The peasants became independent, and then there was a need for surnames. As a rule, Russian surnames were single and passed only through the male line.The history of most Russian surnames is only about 100 years old. Officially, the bulk of the population of Russia received surnames only after the first and only All-Russian census of the population of 1897. Until that moment, surnames existed in villages only in the form of nicknames (“street surnames”). Those who conducted this census did not philosophize slyly when choosing a surname for the peasants. Basically, they were given by the patronymic of the father or grandfather. Therefore, from the list of the 100 most popular Russian surnames, the first places are occupied by Ivanov, Vasiliev, Petrov, Mikhailov, Fedorov, Yakovlev, Andreev, Alexandrov ...

Why are there so many Ivanovs in Russia? In the Russian Orthodox Church there were (and still are) special books - the calendars, or calendars. In the Menologion for each day of each month, the names of the saints are recorded, whom the church honors on that day. Before the rite of baptism, the priest offered a choice of several names that appeared in the calendar for the child's birthday. True, sometimes the priest made concessions and, at the request of the parents, gave a different name, which was not listed in the calendar for that day. This, in fact, explains that sometimes a name that is rarely found in the calendar of calendars was encountered quite often in life. So, the Slavic names Faith, Hope and Love in pre-revolutionary times were often given to children, despite the fact that Faith in the calendar occurs only 2 times a year (September 30 and October 14), and Hope and Love - only once. But, in any case, the child could only be given a name that was in the calendar. No "free-thinking" was allowed here.

The name Ivan (John) is most often found in the full calendar, 170 times (!), i.e. almost a day later. That is why the surname "Ivanov" is the most common Russian surname.

It is curious, but when conducting a study of the official Russian surnames of the Moscow province in 1858 in the Dmitrovsky and Zvenigorod districts, it turned out that such surnames as Ivanov, Vasiliev and Petrov in the middle of the last century did not occur in the villages even once! The most common surnames were Kozlov (36th place among the most popular surnames in 1900, according to B. O. Unbegaun), Volkov (22), Komarov (80) ...

It turns out that the most common Russian surname Ivanov is of artificial, “bureaucratic” origin, and what is most interesting, its occurrence could partly be attributed to ... lack of time! Officials simply had no time to think and find out the true nicknames that exist in the villages. If the peasants did not have an officially fixed surname, the official should have come up with one. For reasons that are not yet clear, the census compilers in most cases did not recognize the real village nicknames from the peasants, but acted as it was easier. Since your father is Ivan, you will be Ivanov! Such an approach to distinguishing people in the village itself was unacceptable. Agree, it was strange to call a street name-nickname in the village of Ivanovs, if every second (or third) in this village was Ivan. More significant distinguishing features were needed.

Methods of formation of Russian surnames.

In order to professionally talk about surnames, you need to start with the most important thing - how did they form?

Gorbanevsky's book gives 5 main ways of forming Russian surnames:

1. Surnames formed from canonical and various folk forms of Christian baptismal names.

2. Surnames that have preserved worldly names in their basis. Worldly names came from pagan times, when church names did not exist: many of them were just proper names, others arose as nicknames, but then their basis was forgotten and they became just names. Superstitious parents gave third names to their children in order to save them from various everyday problems: it was then that princes named Farmhand and Golik appeared, priests named Devil and Satan, and, finally, numerous Fools and Boltheads who were not such. One was the concern of the parents: let the child safely avoid the troubles that the name given to him takes upon himself.

Z. Surnames formed from professional nicknames of ancestors, telling which of them did what. Hence the Goncharovs, Ovsyannikovs, Cherepennikovs, Bondarchuks, Kuznetsovs, etc.

4. Surnames formed from the name of the area where one of the ancestors came from (the basis of such surnames was various geographical names - cities, villages, villages, rivers, lakes, etc.): Meshcheryakov, Semiluksky, Novgorodtsev, Moskvitinov, etc. d.

5. The most interesting group of Russian surnames - belonging to the Orthodox clergy: Apollonov, Gilyarovsky, Troitsky, Rozhdestvensky. By the way, Luzhkov, Vysotsky, Ozerov and even Majors and Luminants.

Some connoisseurs will have a question: "But many Russian surnames are of Muslim, Buddhist or Jewish origin?" The answer is simple: all the surnames of the peoples of the world that exist in our time arose under approximately the same circumstances. But only the Russian Orthodox clergy, which, unlike other confessions, never tried to "press to nails of the Bessermens", introduced an enviable variety into Russian surnames. It was here that the names of Hyacinths and Tuberoses, Cypresses and Ptolemies, Caesars and Emperors and many others arose as a result of special word creation.

The bulk of Russian surnames have suffixes -ov / -ev, -in, from the answer to the question “whose?”. -ov (Maxim-Maxim-ov) is added to nicknames or names with a hard consonant, -ev (Andrei-Andre-ev) is added to names or nicknames with a soft consonant, -in -to the bases on a, i (Ilya - Il- in). This also includes surnames by occupation: miller - Melnik-ov, weaver - Tkach-ev, kozhemyaka - Kozhemyak-in.

The second largest group of surnames was formed from the suffixes -sky / -sky and -sky / -sky. These suffixes are most often found in princely surnames and surnames of the gentry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. If the prince owned, for example, a lake, then his surname could be Ozersky (the owner of the lake), Gorsky (the owner of the mountains), that is, the territorial inheritance was transferred with the surname. Many surnames are associated with the clergy: Voznesensky (from the feast of the Ascension of the Lord), Troitsky (from the feast of the Holy Trinity).AT early XVIII century clergy, the only one of the estatesRussian Empire, had the privilege free change of surname and became the only social group in Russia that introduced artificial surnames into everyday life: Sinai-sky, Athensky, Athos-sky. This was due to the fact that many clergy who came from serfs had dissonant surnames (for example: Pyankov).

The spread of the once aristocratic endings -ovich, -inich in the lower strata of society was accompanied by a reduction (with careless pronunciation) of their form by skipping the syllables -ov and -in, for example: Fominich, Ilyinich => Fomich, Ilyich.

At first, surnames arose among the feudal lords. There was hereditary landownership, and it was this that attracted hereditary names to the appearance. Most of the princely (and later boyar) surnames indicated those lands that belonged to the feudal lord, or entirely to the area where he was from. So the names of the boyars arose

Shuisky (by the name of the river and the city of Shuya), the princes of Vyazemsky (the Vyazemsky family also owes the existence of this surname to the river - Vyazma). No less "transparent" from this point of view and such old surnames, like Yeletsky, Zvenigorodsky, Meshchersky, Tver, Tyumen and others.

The first Russian surnames are found in ancient documents dating back to the 15th century. But they may have existed before. Sometimes fierce class feuds took place around the surnames. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter I) forbade the princes Romodanovsky to add to the first surname the second, traditional - Starodubsky, since the second surname corresponded to the ancient lot of the Romodanovskys, and this did not quite correspond to the ideas of the Moscow tsars about centralization. So, after the royal decree, one of the Romodanovskys, Grigory, tearfully blew his brow at the “Quiet One” (as we remember, that was how Alexei Mikhailovich was called): “Have mercy, don’t tell me to take away our old honor!” You see how tightly the princes clung to their generosity ...

But most of the people who inhabited our country did not have surnames. But what happened? One has only to look into archival documents that have come down to us from the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, and the answer will be found. Nicknames and patronymics - that's what, in addition to names, performed the function of a social sign for our ancestors. We will open the yellowed pages of old documents, act records: “Ivan Mikitin is the son, and the nickname is Menshik”, a record of 1568 of the Year “Onton Mikiforov is the son, and the nickname is Zhdan”, a document of 1590”; “Lip Mikiforov is the son of Crooked cheeks, landowner”, a record of 1495 ; “Danilo Soplya, a peasant”, 1495; “Efimko Sparrow, a peasant”, 1495 ... Thus, the names Mikitin, Nikitin, Menshikov, Mikiforov, Nikiforov, Zhdanov, Krivoshchekov, Soplin, Vorobyov could subsequently arise.

Nicknames were given to people by their relatives, neighbors, class and social environment. Moreover, nicknames, as a rule, reflected some characteristic features inherent in this particular person, and not another. Having been fixed in surnames, these traits and features of our distant ancestors have survived to this day. Here's how it could be.

Once there lived a white-haired man. They called him White. His children began to be called the Belyakovs: “Whose are they?” - "Yes, whose, Belyakovs." The surname Belyakov appeared. But the person wearing it now may well not be blond, but brown-haired or even brunette. On the other hand, some citizen Chernyshev, whose distant ancestor was called Chernysh for the tar-black color of his hair, may well be blond now. Another person for his addiction to chatter - "squealing" - could be called Vereshchaga, and his children Vereshchagin. But he could well have a silent neighbor, who also had a nickname - Molchan. The Molchanovs could come from him.

Often, as a nickname, a person received the name of some animal or bird, so the appearance of a person, his character or habits were noted in the nickname.

One for pugnacity could be nicknamed the Rooster, the other for long legs Crane, the third snake - for the ability to always wriggle out, avoid punishment or danger. The surnames Petukhov, Zhuravlev and Uzhov could subsequently arise from them. By the way, you probably noticed yourself that there are a lot of bird surnames in Russian. This is easily explained: birds played a big role both in peasant economy and hunting, as well as in folk beliefs.

What kind of nicknames do researchers come across when leafing through old documents! Here is an entry from 1495, it lists the peasant Ignatko Velikiye Lapti. And here is a document from 1335, it names dozens of people who received their nicknames by profession, by their occupations:

Potter, Degtyar, Zubovolok, Kozhemyaka, Melnik, Rogoznik, Rudomet, Silversmith, Dyer, Saddler, Skomorokh, Shvets ... All of them could form the basis of the corresponding surnames.

We all know the once popular Russian name Basil. In Russian, it came from Greek, where it meant "royal". More than 50 surnames have been formed on behalf of Vasily, which differ from each other in various shades - diminutive, affectionate, contemptuous, etc. or changed for harmony: Vasin, Vaskin, Vasyatnikov, Vasyutin, Vasilevsky, Vasilchikov, Vasiliev. And on behalf of Ivan, more than a hundred (!) Surnames were formed. But in the surname Ishchuk, you are unlikely to "recognize" the name ... Joseph. It originated in Ukraine in the 15th century approximately on the territory of the present Vinnitsa, Zhytomyr, Rivne and Khmelnytsky regions. Exactly there orthodox name Joseph turned into Josip, and then into Isko. The son of a man named Isko and received the nickname Ishchuk. That's it!

In the past, even among merchants, only the richest - "eminent merchants" - were honored to receive a surname. In the 16th century there were only a few of them. For example, the Stroganov merchants. By the way, among the surnames of the merchants there were many that reflected the "professional specialization" of their bearers. Take, for example, the surname Rybnikov. It is formed from the word rybnik, that is, "fishmonger".

A no less numerous stratum of the population of Russia was made up of ministers of the church. The clergy began to receive surnames en masse only at the end of the 18th - the first half of the 19th century. We meet with "church" surnames quite often, often without suspecting it.

Often surnames were given to priests according to the names of those churches in which they served: deacon Ivan, who served in the Trinity Church, could receive the surname Trinity. Some clergy acquired surnames upon graduation from the seminary: Athensky, Dukhososhestvensky, Brilliants, Dobromyslov, Benemansky, Kiparisov, Palmin, Reformatsky, Pavsky, Golubinsky, Klyuchevsky, Tikhomirov, Myagkov, Liperovsky (from the Greek root meaning "sad"), Gilyarovsky (from Latin root meaning "merry").

Most of the surnames of priests ended in -sky, in imitation of Ukrainian and Belarusian surnames: at that time, many people from these regions were among the church administration, teachers of seminaries and theological academies.

When serfdom fell in Russia, the government faced a serious task. It was necessary to give surnames to former serfs, who, as a rule, did not have them before. So the second half of the 19th century can be considered the period of the final "naming" of the country's population. Some peasants were given the full or changed surname of their former owner, the landowner - this is how entire villages of the Polivanovs, Gagarins, Vorontsovs, Lvovkins appeared. Others in the document wrote down the "street" surname, which a different family could have more than one. In the third, the patronymic was turned into a surname. But this whole process was very complicated, often people continued to do without surnames. This situation was caused by the publication in September 1888 of a special decree of the Senate: “... As practice shows, among persons born in a legal marriage, there are many persons who do not have surnames, that is, who bear the so-called surnames by patronymic, which causes significant misunderstandings , and sometimes even abuse ... To be called by a certain surname is not only the right, but also the duty of every full-fledged person, and the designation of the surname on some documents is required by the law itself.

Classification of Russian surnames.

Surnames formed from personal names; patronymic surnames formed from male names; non-patronymic surnames; adapted surnames; unadapted surnames; surnames of non-Russian origin; surnames formed from baptismal names, from the names of professions, from disappeared professions; matronymic surnames formed from female names; surnames arising from toponyms (geographical names); surnames formed from nicknames, from words denoting kinship, from words denoting social status a person, from the names of body parts, from the names of animals, birds, fish, mammals, insects; from botanical terms: names of trees, cultivated plants, fruits; surnames formed from the names of food and drinks; from the names of fabrics, clothes, hats, shoes; from the names of residential and commercial buildings; from the names of tools and objects household items; from titles Vehicle; from the names of weapons and armor; from the names of various objects; from abstract nouns; from family names; from names associated with the circumstances of the child's birth; from affectionate, protective, Old Russian (non-church) or unusual names; surnames of the Orthodox clergy; surnames formed from the names of saints, from the names of church holidays; surnames based on biblical and Christian traditions; surnames of illegitimate children; pseudonym surnames; surnames of literary heroes; "speaking" surnames; deliberately changed surnames; Ukrainian surnames, Belarusian origin; surnames descending from others Slavic languages; surnames of (non) European, Turkic, Mongolian origin.

The origin of my own surname.

The surname Samoilov comes from the central regions ancient Russian state and is one of the old Slavic surnames, the first mention of which dates back to the 16th century.

The surname Samoilov belongs to the ancient type of Russian surnames, formed from the full folk form of the baptismal name of the ancestor. According to religious canons, the child was named after one or another saint, revered by the church on a strictly defined day of the year. The Christian religion came to Russia in the 10th century from Byzantium, which borrowed it from the Roman Empire, into which it penetrated from the Middle East. Therefore, most personal Christian names are borrowed from ancient languages: Hebrew, Greek and Latin. These names took root in the language until they began to sound quite Russian.

The surname Samoilov is based on the baptismal name of Hebrew origin Samuel, which means "heard by God." The name Samuil received the folk form Samoilo.

Surnames, formed from the full folk form of the baptismal name, had only the social elite and the nobility, in contrast to other classes, which were called diminutive, everyday names.

Samoilov means "son of a man named Samoilo".

According to family legends, Count Samoilovs, their ancestor was the Belarusian nobleman Nikita Samuyko, the coat of arms of Sulim, who entered Russia in the first half of the 16th century. Varfolomey Lavrentievich Samoilov was under Peter the Great governor in Pereslavl Zalessky. Another genus of Samoilovs comes from Karp Samoilov, a streltsy head in Siberia. In addition, the Samoilovs are one of the richest dynasties of the Yenisei merchant class XVIII century. Another family of the Samoilovs originates from the remarkable opera singer Samoilov Vasily Mikhailovich (1782-1839).

The most common surnames in Russia, in the city of Buzuluk, in our school.

A group of researchers led by E.V. Balanovskaya in 2005 published a list of all-Russian surnames. There are 250 of them.Criteria for inclusion in the list surnames was as follows: it turned on if within three generations at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region. First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames".Here is what the twenty most popular surnames in Russia look like:

Thus, the top three emerged: 1) Smirnov; 2) Ivanov; 3) Kuznetsov. Consider the meanings of these surnames.

1) There are two versions about the origin of the surname Smirnov. Let's consider each of them.

According to the first version, the surname Smirnov is based on a very popular non-Christian male personal name Smirna. It is formed from an archaic form of meek - "meek, quiet, obedient." Perhaps the name reflected the real qualities of the child or, more likely, the wishes of the parents regarding the behavior of the child in the future. The personal name Smirna was widespread in all territories and in all social strata, which is why the surname Smirnov is so common now. As a result, the descendant of a person with the name Smirna eventually received the surname Smirnov.

According to the second version, the surname Smirnov originated from the class of people wandering (roaming) on the Russian land. They were characterized by: practicality, curiosity and spiritual enlightenment. The appearance of these wandering people in some remote settlement brought with it: the discovery of new ways of housekeeping for the inhabitants, the emergence of new knowledge about the laws of nature.In those days, the head of the family wandering clan greeted the indigenous people (encountered on the way) with the standard phrase: "Hello, good people!

We have come to you WITH A NEW WORLD."
This phrase served as the formation of a surname consisting of the roots of the two words "WORLD" and "NEW" ....After the nomadic way of life of a number of family dynasties remained in the past, their descendants continued to call themselves the Smirnovs.The wandering way of life explains the wide territorial distribution of this surname.

2) The surname Ivanov belongs to a common type of Russian surnames and is formed from a baptismal name. After 988, each Slav received a baptismal name from a priest during an official baptism ceremony, which served only one purpose - to provide a person with a personal name.

The surname Ivanov goes back to the Russian version of the canonical male name John (from Hebrew - "God's mercy"). It is known that in ancient Judea it was pronounced as Jochanaan. The Russian name probably comes from Van, the progenitor of the Slavs, since in ancient times all Slavs were called "vans". Christianity added only one letter "and" to the name.

3) The surname Kuznetsov comes from the nickname Blacksmith. The surname is based on the patronymic, formed from the naming of the father by occupation. Since the blacksmith was the most necessary and well-known person in the village, naming according to this sign was everywhere. Therefore, the surname Kuznetsov is one of the most frequent in Russia. Blacksmith, eventually received the name Kuznetsov.

According to the migration service, the most common surname in Buzuluk is Ivanov. Its origin and significance has been discussed above.

The twenty most common surnames in Buzuluk look like this:

Ivanov (169)
Popov (167)
Petrov (102)
Grigoriev (101)
Vasiliev (93)
Kuznetsov (84)
Nazarov (77)
Dmitriev (76)
Andreev (67)
Stepanov (66)
Fedorov
Yakovlev
Kalinin
Kolesnikov
Korchagin
Frolov
Alekseev
Zakharov
Zaitsev
Nikiforov

In the course of my research, I could not get past the namesakes of famous Russian historical and cultural figures. So, 11 Kutuzovs, 5 Suvorovs, 21 Romanovs, 7 Minins, 5 Ulyanovs, 2 Gagarins, 2 Khrushchevs, 23 Zhukovs, 23 Gorbachevs, 6 Chekhovs, 7 Shevchenkos, 2 Surikovs, 8 Repins and 44 Shishkins live in Buzuluk.

What are the most common surnames in my school?

Having studied the list of students of our school, I came up with the following rating of the most popular surnames:

Ivanov - 11 people
Petrov, Popov - 6 people
Fedorov, Zhalybin - 5 people
Komarov, Nikolaev, Tarasov - 4 people

Surname Ivanov leading by a good margin, and it is clear why. The surname Ivanov is the most common in Russia. According to various sources, from 16% to 25% of Russian men have given surname. We have already considered its meaning.

Last name Petrov is also among the ten most popular in Russia. The basis of the surname Petrov was the church name Peter. The surname Petrov goes back to the canonical male name Peter (translated from other Greek - “stone, rock”). The name Peter became especially widespread in the 18th century, when this name began to be given in honor of Emperor Peter I.

The patron saint of the name Peter was a Christian saint, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ - Peter. In Catholicism, it is believed that the apostle Peter was the first bishop of Rome, that is, the first pope. He was canonized in both the Catholic and Orthodox churches. In Rome, the feast of Saints Peter and Paul was introduced, as the two most revered apostles, called the chief holy apostles for their especially zealous service to the Lord and the spread of the faith of Christ.
In Russia, they believed that if you give a child the name of a saint or great martyr, then his life will be bright, good or difficult, because there is an invisible connection between the name and the fate of a person. Peter, eventually received the name Petrov.

Surname Fedorov is also present in the ranking of the most common Russian surnames. The surname Fedorov comes from the male church name Theodore (from the ancient Greek Theodoros - "gift of the gods"). In everyday pronunciation, the combination of vowels EO, which is not characteristic of the Russian language, has disappeared. Most often, the surname Fedorov is found in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, where it ranks fourth among others, and, for example, in the Middle Volga region - much less often. From the derivative dialect forms of the name, other forms of surnames also arose. In other forms, this name came into Russian from other languages, for example: Polish Teodor, Bulgarian Todor. The sound [f] alien to the Old Russian language was transmitted as [x] or [xv] - Khodor, Khvedor, dozens of surnames arose from them: Fedin, Fedonin, Fedoreev, Khodorov, Todorov and many others. Theodore, eventually received the surname Fedorov.

Etymology of the names of my classmates.

I tried to find material about each of the 15 people.

Surname Akhmedov It has richest history and belongs to the type of family names of Turkic origin common in Russia. She came from the name of a distant male ancestor Ahmed. The ancient Arabic name Ahmed in translation means "the most famous, famous, glorified", as well as "worthy of praise." Such an epithet belonged to the Prophet Muhammad himself. The naming is very popular with everyone Turkic peoples and is often used as a component of compound names such as Ahmedshakur, Ahmedbay, Ahmedbaki. The name Ahmed could be given to a child with a wish for wealth and recognition. Such a name became for the young heir a kind of symbol of a happy fate and a sign of a great destiny. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the surname Akhmedov arose on behalf of the ancestor Ahmed. Undoubtedly, it is a wonderful monument of oriental writing and a clear evidence of the interaction of various national cultures.

basis Surnames Antyukhinserved the church name Anthony. The surname Antyukhina is derived from the name Antyukh, a diminutive form of the baptismal male name Anthony (Anton), which is presumably related to the Greek word "anteo", which in Russian means "to fight, compete." This name has many patrons, one of which is Anthony the Roman. He was born in Rome in 1067 to wealthy Orthodox parents and was brought up by them in piety. After the death of his parents, he distributed part of the inheritance to the poor, and invested the other in a wooden barrel and let it into the sea. He himself took monastic vows in a desert monastery, where he lived for 20years .

During the persecution of the Orthodox, Anthony wandered until he found a large stone on the seashore, on which he lived for a whole year in fasting and prayer. A terrible storm tore off the stone and carried it to the sea. On the eve of the feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, the stone stopped 3 versts from Novgorod on the banks of the Volkhov River. Anthony founded a monastery on this site. Antyukha, eventually received the surname Antyukhin.

Surname Bisultanovformed from the Tatar male name Bisultan, which goes back to two bases: Bi (from bek / bik - "master, lord") and Sultan, which means "lord, ruler, ruler, head of state, monarch, emperor." Similar names, where the two parts have approximately the same meaning, are often found in the East.

Original surname Belova formed from the word "white" - about color, suit, paint: colorless, opposite to black. In addition, the Slavs so called a neat person.

In the Vologda dialects "belyak" - "shoes made of white rawhide". The ancestor-ancestor could be engaged in the sale or manufacture of such shoes.

According to another version, the name Belova belongs to ancient type Slavic family names derived from geographical names. There was a county town of Belovo in the Kemerovo region. The ancestor of the Belovs, whose nickname was formed from the name of this city, could have been its resident.

O Surnames of Vatolkinvery little is known. Scientists only assume that it appeared in the Republic of Udmurtia.

Surname Goncharovderived from the nickname Potter. It originates from the common noun "potter" - "a craftsman who makes products from baked clay (dishes, toys, etc.)". Most likely, the nickname refers to the so-called "professional" names containing an indication of the activities of the founder of the family name. Perhaps the ancient Slavs put a special symbolic meaning into this nickname. In folk beliefs, the potter was associated with fire, the underworld, and evil spirits. At the end of the day, the master baptized the potter's wheel or drew a cross on it; left a piece of clay on a circle and made a cross on it so that the devil would not rotate it at night. Pottery marks in the form of crosses on the bottoms of pots are known from archeological data. Gonchar, eventually received the surname Goncharov.

There are two versions of the origin surnames Grebnev . According to one of them, this surname is formed from the non-church name Comb. Such names in the old days were widespread in all sectors of society. According to another, more plausible hypothesis, the surname was based on the nickname Comb, which could have been received by a master in the manufacture of this household item.

The basis of the surname Ilyasov served the church name Ilya. The surname Ilyasov is formed from the name Ilyas, which is a derivative form of the male baptismal name Ilya, which is a modified form of the biblical name Eliyahu. The latter is translated from Hebrew as "my God is the Lord", that is, "My God is the true God." The patron of this name is Elijah the Prophet - a legendary figure in the Jewish and Christian tradition, a miracle worker and soothsayer, a formidable denouncer of idolatry. For his fiery zeal for the glory of God, he was taken to heaven alive in a fiery chariot. In Russia, this saint was especially revered. It was he who, in popular pagan ideas, replaced the ancient god of thunder Perun and began to be called Ilya the Thunderer. According to another version, the surname is associated with the Hebrew-Arabic name Ilyas, which, translated into Russian, means "power, power, the mystery of Allah." Ilyas, eventually received the surname Ilyasov.

According to one version, surname Lapin comes from the nickname Lapa. So they could call a person with big, strong hands, colloquially - "paws". It is possible that the surname is associated with the dialect verb "to paw" - "roughly grab, crush, feel." In this case, Lapa could be called a prankster and naughty.According to another hypothesis, the surname is formed from an abbreviated form of the male baptismal names Evlampy and Kharlampy. For convenience, the pronunciation of "m" in these names was omitted, and in a diminutive form they began to be used as the name Lapa. Also, women with the name Olympias, which is rare these days, were affectionately called not Limps, but Lips, Lipochki.

Surname Pirogovgoes back to the nickname of the ancestor Pie. In Russia, the best pies in the world are baked even now. The attitude to dough, to baking, to bread in general, was almost sacred. In the old days, it was not in vain that there were sayings: “Bread is the head of everything”, “The hut is not red with corners, but red with pies”. Probably, the person who bore the nickname Pie, was distinguished by great love for this type of pastry, was a cordial and hospitable host. It is also possible that he was a baker or a merchant selling pies.

Surname Simatovahas a very interesting history of origin and belongs to the common type of the most ancient oriental surnames. It is formed from the nickname Simat, which goes back to the Ossetian dialect common noun "simad (or simd)" - "the name of the Ossetian folk dance". Probably, such a nickname refers to the so-called "professional" names, indicating the type of human activity. It can be assumed that the ancestor of the Simatovs was a dancer.

O surnames Tyanterevlittle material has survived. One can only assume that the surname originated from the name of the bird - black grouse through the evolution of the language. A person with poor hearing could have such a surname, because the black grouse almost does not hear.

Surname Ulrich can appreciate the history of their kind, since their surname belongs to a numerous layer German surnames who left a significant mark on European culture. The surname Ulrich, obviously, is a personal name fixed as a surname or a nickname of a distant male ancestor. Known German male name Ulrich, which in translation from the ancient German language means "rich, powerful." The adoption by the family of the personal nickname of the ancestor as their family name means that the ancestor of the surname Ulrich was a great authority for the household, and was also a famous person in his native settlement.

The basis of the surname Fatnev served the church name Photius. The male baptismal name Photius is derived from the ancient Greek word "fos" - "light". In "akaya" dialects, it began to be pronounced and written as Fatey. The surname was based on its colloquial form - Faten. The patron saint of the name is the martyr Photius, who, during the persecution of Christians, denounced the pagan king for ungodliness and vain torments of Christians, and then he himself suffered torment for the faith of Christ (4th century).

The basis of the surname Yakushkin served the church name Jacob. The surname Yakushkin is probably formed from the church name Yakov, more precisely from its colloquial form Yakush, Yakushka. Translated from Hebrew, this name means "follower" or "second born."

According to another version, the basis for the surname Yakushkin was a nickname from the dialect “yakush” - this is how a carpenter-carver who made decorations for huts and ships was called in some dialects. In this case, the surname may contain an indication of the type of activity of the ancestor of the Yakushkins.

Conclusion

Each surname has its own history and etymology, its own semantic root, from which it comes. But we should not forget that surnames have long lost their internal form, since they were inherited for many generations, reflecting the nickname of a distant ancestor.

Studying the secret of surnames special science- anthroponymy, which is also subject to other types of proper names of people - individual, patronymics, nicknames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc. Together with anthroponyms, all proper names (toponyms, that is, geographical names, ethnonyms - names of peoples, cosmonyms - names of space objects, zoonyms - nicknames of animals, etc.) with the branches of science studying them constitute onomastics.

The study of the secret of surnames is productive only with the unity of linguistics, historical phonetics, historical word formation, historical vocabulary, history and ethnography.Of the totality of Russian surnames, those that reflect the social structure of Russia over the many centuries of its existence are of the greatest interest. These surnames capture the entire social hierarchy, all class differences in Russia in the distant past: peasants and landowners, factory owners and workers, gentlemen and their servants, merchants, officials, churchmen, military men. Surnames are also interesting, in which various professions are reflected, as well as various human qualities, vices and virtues, dreams and everyday reality. These are original documents of the history of the Russian people.

Surnames were often given under a variety of circumstances. For example, a person with the surname of the Governors could be both the son and the servant of the governor, his employee, the peasant of the governor's landowner's estate, etc.

Other similar surnames are the same: Landowners, Esaulov, Gospodinov, Hetmanov, Tsaritsyn, Khozyainov, Barsky, Grafsky or - Slugin, Smerdov, Kholopov, Janitors, Konyukhov, Zapryagaev, Chelyadin, Polovaya, Lakeev, Boys, Cooks and others. The Popovs, Pevchevs, Dyakonovs, Parish, Obednins, Kolokolovs, Zvonarevs, Molitvins, Bozhevs, Dyachkovs, Khramovs, Vladykins, Bogodukhovs are connected, in all likelihood, with the church, which in the past occupied a huge place in public life people.

If the names of the Soldatovs, Officers, Kapitonovs, Generalovs, Polkovnikovs are perceived as familiar, then the Ulanovs, Grenadiers, Dragunovs, Kornetovs, Kadetovs evoke certain historical associations. Such surnames as the Dvoryankins, Dvoryaninovs, Meshchaninovs, Gorodnichevs, Ispravnikovs, Podyachevs, Pisarevs, Predvoditelevs, Zavodchikovs, Fabrikantovs, Hosts, Khozyainovs, Factory, Mechanikovs, Rabochevs, Shops, Prikazchikoeys, Baryshnikovs, Korobeynikovs and others go deep into history.

Professions and handicraft industries are reflected in the very common surnames of the Melnikovs, Goncharovs, Kuznetsovs, Bocharovs and Bochkarevs. Somewhat less common are the Krupoderovs, the Zhivoderovs (a flayer is a worker who skinned dead animals), the Pivovarovs, the Sbitenkovs (sbiten is an old Russian sweetish drink brewed in samovars), the Telegins, the Khomutovs, the Tkachevs and the Pryakhins. Urban professions are captured in the names of the Izvozchikovs, Konkins, Karetnikovs, Syurtukovs, Binders, Mramornovs, Dubodelovs, Alabastrevs and others, as well as not typically urban ones - in the names of Toporyshchevs, Lanterns, Kastryulins, Arshinovs, Vedernikovs and others. The names Obedkin, Nuzhdin, Khudokormov, Korochkin, Bezdomnikov, Tired, Hungry, Podpalkin, Nevzgodov, Semigorelov, Podvalny, Ogryzkov, Tyurmin, Cherdakov, Nebogatikov, Kusochkin speak of poverty and hardship.

Words are connected with the distant past, from which such surnames as Sokhin, Brichkin, Tarantasov, Kutyin, Grivennikov, Polushkin come.

In many surnames there are quite modern words and concepts: Aptekarev, Cutters, Pochtarev, Painters, Doctors, Lekarev, Students, Pilots, Cooks, Painters, Stokers, Screws, Dowels, Nails, Hammers, Vitriols, Mortars, Turpentines, Lancets, Ethers and other. Even more modern seem to be the words underlying the names of Grazhdankin, Soviets, Pyatiletkin, Deputies, Communards, Copies, Styles, Goods. However, their origin may not be modern at all.

Russian surnames are an encyclopedia of Russian life, history, ethnography. They keep and will always keep in their foundations the memory of events, objects, phenomena characteristic of those eras when they were created, from the most ancient (Smerdov, Knyazev) to the latest (Pervomaisky, Oktyabrsky).

Literature:

1. Glushko E. A., Medvedev Yu. M. Encyclopedia of Russian surnames. - M .: EXPO - Press, 2000

2. Nikonov V. A. Dictionary of Russian surnames. M., 1993

3. Petrovsky N. A. Dictionary of Russian personal names. M., 1984

4. Superanskaya A. V. Modern Russian surnames. M., 1981

5. Fedosyuk Yu. A. Russian surnames. M. 1981

6. Burtseva V. V. A new spelling dictionary-reference book of the Russian language. "Russian language-Media", M., 2007

7. Sayakhova L. G. Thematic Dictionary of the Russian Language. M., 2008

8. Dal V. I. Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Russian Language. M .: "Russian language-Media", 2007

9. Ivanova T. F. New orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation. stress. Grammar forms. "Russian language-Media", M., 2004

10. Tikhonov A. N. Complex dictionary of the Russian language. "Russian language-Media", M., 2007

11. Ushakov D. N. Big explanatory dictionary of the modern Russian language. "Alta-Print", M., 2007

12. V. A. Nikonov. PRECIOUS WITNESSES. - M.: Etymology, 1988-1990,

13. Chichagov V. K. From the history of Russian names, patronymics and surnames, M., 1959

14. Superanskaya A. V. General theory of the proper name, M., 1973;

15. Barashkov VF Surnames based on calendar names / VF Barashkov // Anthroponymy. - M.: Nauka, 1970.

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