Ancient noble families. Noble families of Russia (2010)

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1. The title of nobility is a consequence of the quality and virtue of the men who ruled in antiquity, who distinguished themselves by their merits, than turning the very service into dignity, acquired a noble title for their offspring.

3. A nobleman communicates noble dignity to his wife.

4. A nobleman communicates to his children the noble dignity of the nobility hereditarily.

9. May he not lose his noble honor without trial.

12. Let no noble be judged except by his equals.

13. The case of a noble, fallen into a criminal offense and, according to the laws, worthy of deprivation of noble dignity, or honor, or life, may not be carried out without being submitted to the Senate and confirmed by the Imperial Majesty.

15. May corporal punishment not touch the noble.

17. We confirm for eternity in hereditary birth to the Russian noble nobility liberty and freedom.

18. We confirm to the nobles, who are in the service, the permission to continue the service and to ask for dismissal from the service according to the rules made for that.

19. We confirm the noble permission to enter the services of other European allied powers to us, and travel to foreign lands.

21. A noble person has the right, by his nickname, to be written as a landowner of his estates, and as a patrimony of his ancestral, hereditary and granted estates.

22. Free power and will are left to the noble, being the first acquirer of any property, the property acquired by him to give, or bequeath, or give as dowries or for a living. Or transfer, or sell, to whom it pleases. Let him not dispose of the hereditary estate otherwise, as prescribed by the laws.

26. The right to buy villages is confirmed to the noble.

28. The nobles are allowed to have factories and plants in the villages.

34. The right of ownership in the forests growing in their dachas, and their free use in full force and reason, is confirmed by the noble, as is depicted in the gracious decree of September 22, 1782.

35. In the villages, the landowner's house has to be free from standing.

36. A noble person is personally deducted from personal taxes.

B. On the meeting of nobles, the establishment of a noble society in the province and on the benefits of a noble society

38. The nobility gathers in the province at the call and permission of the governor-general, or governor, both for elections entrusted to the nobility, and for listening to the proposals of the governor-general, or governor, every three years in winter.

39. The meeting of the nobility in the governorship is allowed to elect the provincial marshal of the nobility of that province; and for that, every three years, the assembly of the nobility should nominate two of the county noble leaders to the sovereign's governor or ruler, and which of these the governor-general or governor will appoint, that will be the provincial marshal of that province.

47. The meeting of the nobility is allowed to present to the governor-general or the governor about their public needs and benefits.

48. The permission of the assembly of the nobility to make representations and complaints through their deputies to both the Senate and the Imperial Majesty on the basis of legalizations is confirmed ...

65. The assembly of the nobility is allowed to exclude from the assembly of the nobility a nobleman who has been discredited by the court, or whose obvious and dishonorable vice is known to everyone, even though he has not yet been judged, until he is justified.

Political history of Russia. Reader. M., 1993. S. 84-96.

Since ancient times, the surname could change a person's life, it carried the whole history of the family and gave many privileges. People spent a lot of effort and money to have a good title, and sometimes they sacrificed their lives for this. It was almost impossible for a common resident to get on the list of nobles.

Types of titles

There were many titles in tsarist Russia, each of them had its own history and carried its own capabilities. All noble families followed the family tree and very carefully selected couples for their family members. The marriage of two noble families was more of a calculated calculation than a love relationship. Russian noble families kept together and did not allow members without a title into their families.

Such genera could include:

1. Princes.
2. Counts.
3. Barons.
4. Tsars.
5. Dukes.
6. Marquises.

Each of these genera had its own history and maintained its own family tree. It was strictly forbidden for a nobleman to create a family with a commoner. Thus, it was almost impossible for an ordinary ordinary resident of tsarist Russia to become a nobleman, except perhaps for very great achievements in front of the country.

Princes Rurikovich

Princes is one of the highest titles of nobility. Members of such a family always had a lot of land, finance and slaves. It was a great honor for a family member to be at court and help the ruler. Having shown himself, a member of the princely family could become a trusted special ruler. The famous noble families of Russia in most cases had a princely title. But the titles could be divided according to the methods of obtaining them.

One of the most famous princely families of Russia were the Rurikovichs. The list of noble families begins with her. Rurikovichs are immigrants from Ukraine and descendants of Igor's great Russia. The roots of many European rulers come from This is a strong dynasty that brought to the world many famous rulers who have long been in power throughout Europe. But a number of historical events that took place in those days divided the family into many branches. Russian noble families, such as Pototsky, Przemyslsky, Chernigov, Ryazan, Galician, Smolensky, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Belozersky, Suzdal, Smolensky, Moscow, Tver, Starodubsky belong specifically to the Rurik family.

Other princely titles

In addition to the descendants of the Rurik family, the noble families of Russia can be such as the Otyaevs. This clan received its title thanks to the good warrior Khvostov, who had the nickname Otyai in the army, and has been going on since the year 1543.

The Ofrosmovs are an example of a strong will and a great desire to achieve a goal. The founder of the clan was a strong and courageous warrior.

The Pogozhevs are from Lithuania. Oratory and the ability to conduct military negotiations helped the founder of the family to receive a princely title.

The list of noble families also includes Pozharsky, Field, Pronchishchev, Protopopov, Tolstoy, Uvarov.

Count's titles

But surnames of noble origin are not only princes. The count dynasties also had a high title and powers at court. This title was also considered very high and gave many powers.

To receive the title of count was a great achievement for any member of the royal society. Such a title first of all made it possible to have power and be closer to the ruling dynasty. The noble families of Russia for the most part consist of counts. The easiest way to achieve this title was when conducting successful military operations.

One of these surnames is Sheremetev. This is a county family that still exists in our time. The army general received this title for his achievements in military operations and service to the royal family.

Ivan Golovkin is the ancestor of another surname of noble origin. According to many sources, this is a count who appeared in Russia after the wedding of his only daughter. One of the few count families that ended with a single representative of the dynasty.

The noble surname Minich had many branches, and the main reason for this was the large number of women in this family. When marrying, Milich women took a double surname and mixed titles.

Courtiers received many count titles during the reign of Ekaterina Petrovna. She was a very generous queen and awarded titles to many of her military leaders. Thanks to her, such names as Efimovsky, Gendrikov, Chernyshev, Razumovsky, Ushakov and many others appeared in the list of nobles.

Barons at court

Famous noble families also had many holders of the titles of baron. Among them are ancestral families and granted barons. This, like all other titles, could be obtained with good service. And of course, the simplest and most effective way was to conduct military operations for the homeland.

This title was very popular in the Middle Ages. The family title could be obtained by wealthy families who sponsored the royal family. This title appeared in the fifteenth century in Germany and, like everything new, gained great popularity. The royal family practically sold it to all wealthy families who had the opportunity to help and sponsor all royal undertakings.

In order to bring wealthy families closer to him, he introduced a new title - baron. One of the first owners of this title was the banker de Smith. Thanks to banking and trade, this family earned its finances and was elevated by Peter to the rank of barons.

Russian noble families with the title of baron also replenished with the surname Fridriks. Like de Smith, Yuri Fridriks was a good banker who lived and worked at the royal court for a long time. Born into a titled family, Yuri also received a title under Tsarist Russia.

In addition to them, there were a number of surnames with the title of baron, information about which was stored in military documents. These are warriors who have earned their titles by actively participating in hostilities. Thus, the noble families of Russia were replenished with such members as: Baron Plotto, Baron von Rummel, Baron von Malama, Baron Ustinov and the family of the brothers of the barons Schmidt. Most of them were from European countries and came to Russia on business.

royal families

But not only titled families are included in the list of noble families. Russian noble families headed the royal families for many years.

One of the oldest royal families in Russia was the Godunovs. This is the royal family, which has been in power for many years. The first of this family was Tsarina Godunova, who formally ruled the country for only a few days. She renounced the throne, and decided to spend her life in a monastery.

The next, no less famous surname of the royal Russian family is the Shuiskys. This dynasty spent a little time in power, but entered the list of noble families in Russia.

The Great Queen of Skavron, better known as Catherine the First, also became the founder of the royal family dynasty. Do not forget about such a royal dynasty as Biron.

Dukes at Court

The noble families of Russia also have the title of dukes. Getting the title of duke was not so easy. Basically, these clans included very rich and ancient families of tsarist Russia.

The owners of the title duke in Russia were the Chertozhansky family. The clan existed for many centuries and was engaged in agriculture. It was a very wealthy family that owned a lot of land.

The Duke of Nesvizh is the founder of the town of the same name Nesvizh. There are many versions of the origin of this family. The Duke was a great connoisseur of art. His castles were the most remarkable and beautiful buildings of that time. Owning large lands, the duke had the opportunity to help tsarist Russia.

Menshikov is another of the famous ducal families in Russia. Menshikov was not just a duke, he was a famous military leader, army general and governor of St. Petersburg. He received his title for the achievement and service to the royal crown.

Marquis title

The title of marquis in Tsarist Russia was mainly received by wealthy families with foreign origins. It was an opportunity to attract foreign capital into the country. One of the most famous surnames was Traversi. This is an ancient French family, whose representatives were at the royal court.

Among the Italian marquises was the Paulluchi family. Having received the title of marquis, the family remained in Russia. Another Italian family received the title of marquis at the royal court of Russia - Albizzi. This is one of the richest Tuscan families. They earned all their income from entrepreneurial activities in the manufacture of fabrics.

The meaning and privileges of the title

For the courtiers, having a title gave many opportunities and wealth. Upon receiving the title, it often carried lavish gifts from the crown. Often such gifts were land and wealth. The royal family gave such gifts for special achievements.

For rich families who earned their wealth on the generous Russian land, it was very important to have a good title, for this they financed the royal undertakings, which bought their family a high title and a good attitude. In addition, only titled families could be close to the royal family and participate in the government of the country.

Economic differentiation among the nobility clearly shows the heterogeneity of the nobility. An important factor dividing the nobles was also the presence of a title, division into titled nobility(princes, counts, barons) and untitled nobility(the majority of the class) has always been present in the life of the noble society.

Family titles appeared in medieval Europe to indicate the degree of vassal dependence on the lord. In modern times, neither in Russia nor in Europe, the possession of a title did not bring its owner any special legal rights, the title made it possible to join the chosen circle, was an indicator of either the nobility of the family, or special merits before the throne.

PRINCES

In Russia, until the XVIII century, there was only a princely title, which was inherited. The title of prince meant belonging to a family that once ruled a certain territory of the country. Among the Slavs, the leaders of the squad were called princes, and then the rulers of individual lands - principalities.

From the 11th century the princely title belonged only to the descendants of Rurik, who ruled in various lands. In the XIV century. the descendants of the Lithuanian grand-ducal dynasty - the Gediminoviches - pass to the Russian service. In the Muscovite state of the XVII century. the princely title was held by the descendants of these two families - the Rurikoviches (Obolensky, Volkonsky, Repnin, Odoevsky, Gagarin, Vyazemsky, etc.), the Gediminoviches (Kurakins, Golitsyns, Khovansky, Trubetskoy), as well as some descendants of the Golden Horde nobility and Caucasian families (Urusovs, Yusupovs , Cherkassky). In total there were 47 princely families.

Until the 18th century princely title passed only by inheritance, it could not be received as a royal favor. The granting of a princely title for the first time occurs under Peter I, when A.D. Menshikov in 1707 began to be called Prince of Izhora.

Under Catherine, there were a number of princely awards from the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire - G. A. Potemkin, P. A. Zubov, G. G. Orlov and others. Under Paul, 5 people were elevated to princely dignity, among them A. V. Suvorov, named Prince of Italy. Suvorov was later granted the title of the Most Serene Prince. Most Serene Princes(among them were M. I. Golinishchev-Kutuzov, N. I. Saltykov, A. K. Razumovsky) were called "Your Mightiness"; hereditary princes, unlike them, had the title "Your Excellency".

By the end of the XIX century. due to the suppression of some clans (Bezborodko, Lopukhins, Razumovskys), the number of princely families that received the title through an award, it was about 20.
New princely families arose in the 19th and early 20th centuries. also as a result of morganatic marriages. So called the marriages of members of the imperial family with persons who did not belong to the sovereign houses. Such marriages were legal, except for inheritance rights. If the husband was a member of the imperial family, then the wife and children had a different surname, being the founders of a new family.

GRAPHS

The title of count originally existed in Western European monarchies. It has appeared in Russia since the time of Peter the Great. In 1706 B.P. Sheremetev became the first proper Russian count. Among the first nobles elevated to the dignity of a count were G. I. Golovkin, F. M. Apraksin, P. A. Tolstoy. The first morganatic marriage in the Russian royal dynasty was the union of the prince Konstantin Pavlovich with the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya, who later became known as the Most Serene Princess Lovich.

In 1880, the family of the Yuryevsky princes appeared, this title was bestowed on E. M. Dolgorukova, with whom Emperor Alexander II entered into a morganatic marriage. Empress Elizaveta Petrovna awarded the Razumovsky and Shuvalov brothers with the title of count, Ekaterina - the Orlov brothers.

NOBILITY SURNAME

Some surnames are transformed from foreign ones, the owners of which arrived in Russia from other states. Thus, the Russian noble family of the Golovins descended from the famous Byzantine family of Khovrins, and the nobles Empress Elizaveta Petrovna awarded the Razumovsky and Shuvalov brothers with the title of count, Ekaterina - the Orlov brothers.

Counts at this time often became favorites of emperors and empresses, the closest relatives of the imperial family, people who distinguished themselves on the battlefields, in the diplomatic and public service. These representatives of the nobility often stood closer to the throne than the descendants of the old, dying princely families, therefore, in the 18th century. the title of a count was sometimes valued higher than that of a prince. At the beginning of the XX century. 320 count families were taken into account.

BARONS

The baronial title also came to Russia from Western Europe in the 18th century. Among the first Russian barons were P. P. Shafirov, A. I. Osterman, the Stroganov brothers. Traditionally, the baronial title was granted to financiers and industrialists (Fredericks, Stieglitz) and foreigners who distinguished themselves in the Russian service (Nikolai, Delvig, Bellingshausen).

Most of the hereditary baronial families were of Baltic origin. Among the most famous Baltic barons are Wrangels, Richters, Palens. By the beginning of the XX century. in Russia there were more than 250 baronial families.

At all times, among the nobility, the antiquity of the family was still valued above any title, therefore the most honorable was the title of pillar nobles, leading their noble family tree for more than 100 years. After all, a title, even a princely one, could be acquired, and noble ancestors, if they do not exist, cannot be given by any power. An illustrative example is the noble family of the Naryshkins, who never had any titles, but were among the first among the nobles and courtiers.

NOBILITY SURNAME

Noble dignity in the Russian nominal formula was not expressed in any way, there were no special prefixes indicating noble origin (for example, background in German or de in French names). The very possession of a name, patronymic and surname at a certain stage already spoke of a noble rank. Other estates did not have surnames at all for a long time. For the nobles, belonging to a certain surname meant tribal self-identification.

The surnames of the ancient noble families often came from the names of the places of reign. This is how the names of Vyazemsky, Beloselsky, Obolensky, Volkonsky, Trubetskoy associated with the names of rivers, lakes, cities and villages appeared. Often the surnames of the whole family came from some ancient ancestor who left a mark on history (Golitsyns, Tolstoy, Kurakins).

Some surnames are transformed from foreign ones, the owners of which arrived in Russia from other states. So, the Russian noble family of the Golovins descended from the famous Byzantine family of the Khovrins, and the nobles of the Khomutovs had the Scottish Hamilton as their ancestor. The German surname Levenshtein eventually turned into a Russian one - Levshins, and the descendants of immigrants from Florence, Chicheri, began to be called Chicherins in Russia. Many surnames originated from Tatar noble families - Godunovs, Karamzins, Kudashevs.

Usually surnames in Russia were single, but sometimes, especially among the nobility, there was a doubling of surnames. The reasons for this could be different, sometimes the surname of a separate branch was added to the surname of a large family. An example is the princes of Rostov, whose various branches became known as Buynosov-Rostov, Lobanov-Rostov, Kasatkin-Rostov. In order not to lose the well-known extinct surname, it was attached to its heirs along the female or lateral line. This is how the Repnin-Bolkonsky, Vorontsov-Dashkov, Golitsyn-Prozorovsky, Orlov-Denisov, etc. appeared.

Another group of double surnames arose as a result of the award of a higher title and the addition of an honorary prefix to the family surname. Often such prefixes were given for military victories, as a result, these famous names became part of Russian history: Orlov-Chesmensky, Rumyantsev-Zadu-Naisky, Potemkin-Tavrichesky, Suvorov-Rymniksky.

FAMILY TIES

The nobleman never lived on his own, he was always a member of the family, he always felt belonging to a certain family, he thought of himself as the successor of his many ancestors, he was responsible for his descendants. For the noble world in this regard, close attention to family ties and relationships, sometimes very complex, is very characteristic.
The ability to understand all the intricacies of kinship was caused by necessity, because the title of nobility, and family titles, and, finally, lands and property were inherited according to the kinship principle. In addition, noble families were, as a rule, numerous, in each generation they entered into family relations with several clans *.

The basis of noble family ties was belonging to a certain family; the concept of "kind" meant that people of different generations had one common ancestor - the ancestor. The figure of the ancestor is rather arbitrary, because he also had ancestors. Usually the ancestor was the earliest ancestor, about whom information has been preserved, who committed some high-profile deeds, who has merits before the fatherland or who arrived to serve in Russia from foreign lands.

With the general scarcity of the nobility, family ties could be an obstacle to marriage, because the church banned marriages between close relatives. Therefore, knowledge of one's own and someone else's family circle was the most important part of noble life. The tribal generation, or tribe, is made up of descendants who are at an equal distance from a common ancestor. If kinship is transmitted through the male line, and this was precisely the tradition among the Russian nobility, the descendants of the brothers form different branches of the family.

In the event that one of the representatives of the clan received the title, his descendants represented a special line of the clan - count or prince. So, in the Orlov family tree, three lines were noted: noble (most of the representatives of the family), count (descendants of the five Orlov brothers, who became counts under Catherine II), princely (heirs of A. F. Orlov, whose title was granted in 1856 by Alexander II).

Based on the materials of the book "Noble and merchant families of Russia" Zhukov A.V.

The documentary film "Noble families of Russia" is a story about the most famous noble families of Russia - Gagarins, Golitsins, Apraksins, Yusupovs, Stroganovs. The nobles were originally in the service of the boyars and princes and replaced the combatants. For the first time in history, the nobles are mentioned in 1174 and this is due to the murder of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky. As early as the 14th century, nobles began to receive estates for their service. But unlike the boyar layer, they could not inherit land. During the creation and formation of a single state, the nobles became a reliable support for the grand dukes. Starting from the 15th century, their influence in the political and economic life of the country increased more and more. Gradually the nobles merged with the boyars. The concept of "nobles" began to denote the upper class of the population of Russia. The final distinction between the nobility and the boyars disappeared at the beginning of the 18th century, when estates and estates were equated with each other.

Gagarins
The Russian princely family, whose ancestor, Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Golibesovsky, a descendant of the princes of Starodub (XVIII generation from Rurik), had five sons; of these, the three eldest, Vasily, Yuri and Ivan Mikhailovich, had the nickname Gagara and were the founders of the three branches of the Gagarin princes. The older branch, according to some researchers, ceased at the end of the 17th century; representatives of the last two exist to this day. Princes Gagarins are recorded in the fifth part of the genealogical books of the provinces: Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Saratov, Simbirsk, Tver, Tambov, Vladimir, Moscow, Kherson and Kharkov.

Golicins
Russian princely family, descended from the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gediminas. The immediate ancestor of the family was Mikhail Ivanovich, nicknamed Golitsa, the son of the boyar Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Bulgak. In the 5th generation from the ancestor, the family of the princes Golitsyn was divided into four branches, of which three still exist. From this family there were 22 boyars, 3 okolnichi, 2 kravchi. According to the genealogy of the princes Golitsyns (see "The family of the princes Golitsyns", op. N. N. Golitsyn, St. Petersburg, 1892, vol. I), in 1891 there were 90 males, 49 princesses and 87 princesses Golitsyns alive. One branch of the Golitsyns, represented by the Moscow governor-general, Prince Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn, received in 1841 the title of lordship. The genus of the princes Golitsyn is included in the V part of the genealogy book of St. Petersburg, Moscow, Tver, Kursk, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula and Chernigov provinces (Gerbovnik, I, 2).

Apraksins
Russian noble and count family, descended from Salkhomir-Murza. In the old days they were written by the Opraksins. Salkhomir had a great-grandson Andrey Ivanovich, nicknamed Opraks, from whom the clan descended, whose representatives were first written Opraksins, and then - Apraksins. The grandchildren of Andrei Opraksa (Apraksa), Yerofey Yarets and Prokofy Matveyevich, under the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, moved from Ryazan to serve in Moscow. From Yerofey Matveyevich, nicknamed Yarets, a branch went, the representatives of which were later elevated to the dignity of a count. From the brother of Erofey, Ivan Matveyevich, nicknamed Dark, another branch of the Apraksin family went. Stepan Fedorovich (1702-1760) and his son Stepan Stepanovich (1757/47-1827) Apraksins belonged to it.

Yusupovs.
Russian extinct princely family descended from Yusuf-Murza (d. 1556), the son of Musa-Murza, who in the third generation was a descendant of Edigei Mangit (1352-1419), the ruling Khan of the Nogai Horde and a military commander who was in the service of Tamerlane. Yusuf-Murza had two sons, Il-Murza and Ibragim (Abrey), who were sent to Moscow in 1565 by the murderer of their father, Uncle Ishmael. Their descendants in the last years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich received holy baptism and were written by the princes Yusupov or Yusupovo-Knyazhevo until the end of the 18th century, and after that they began to be written simply by the princes Yusupov.

Stroganovs.
A family of Russian merchants and industrialists, from which came large landowners and statesmen of the 16th-20th centuries. Natives of the rich Pomeranian peasants. From the 18th century - barons and counts of the Russian Empire. A direction in Russian icon painting of the late 16th - early 17th centuries (the Stroganov school of icon painting) and the best school of ecclesiastical facial sewing of the 17th century (Stroganov facial sewing), as well as the Stroganov direction of the Moscow baroque, are named after them. The Stroganov family is descended from the Novgorodian Spiridon, a contemporary of Dmitry Donskoy (first mentioned - 1395), whose grandson owned lands in the Dvina region. According to another version, not confirmed by anything, the surname allegedly comes from a Tatar who adopted the name Spiridon in Christianity.

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