Historical information about the Republic of Khakassia. Butanaev V.I

The Malaya Syya site (30-35 thousand years ago) on the banks of the White Iyus River, where drilled ornaments worked with chisels were found.

Historical and cultural heritage

Traditions of statehood

The first state on the territory of Southern Siberia arose in the 3rd century BC. e. Ancient Chinese chronicles called its creators the people " Dinlin" (Chinese 丁零), and the state - "Dinling-go" (丁零国).

The first contacts between the Kyrgyz and the Russians began with the construction in 1604 of the Tomsk prison on the land of the Eushta Tatars - Kyshtyms of the Kyrgyz beks. Then, for more than a hundred years, there was a very complex and painful process of Khakassia entering under the jurisdiction of the Russian kingdom.

Russian period

The date of official consolidation of Khakassia for the Russian Empire can be considered August 20, 1727, when a border treaty was concluded between Russia and China. All the lands located on the northern side of the Sayans, went to Russia, on the south - to the Chinese Empire.

The actual consolidation of the territory of Khakassia occurred later. In 1758 Chinese troops invaded the Altai and defeated Dzungaria. There was a threat of violating the officially recognized borders of the Russian Empire. On this site of theirs, the tsarist government hastily placed Cossack garrisons. From the time when the Cossacks began to carry out the border service, Khakassia was actually assigned to the Russian Empire.

In the 19th century indigenous people was called Minusinsk (Abakan, Achinsk) Tatars by the Russian authorities. They were granted self-government within the framework of the Charter on the management of foreigners: Steppe Dumas and foreign councils.

The Khakass Autonomous Region was formed on October 20, 1930, and was part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory for many years; in 1990 it was renamed the Khakass ASSR, in 1991 - the Khakass SSR. In 1992, the Khakass SSR seceded from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, receiving the name "Republic of Khakassia".

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Notes

Literature

• History of Khakassia from ancient times to 1917 / Ed. L. R. Kyzlasova. - M .: Eastern Literature, Nauka, 1993. - 528 p. - 10 700 copies. - ISBN 5-02-017080-1.(in trans.)
• Kyzlasov L.R. History of Southern Siberia in the Middle Ages. M., 1984.

Republic The edges Areas Cities of federal significance Autonomous region Autonomous regions

An excerpt characterizing the History of Khakassia

- Oh, empty talk! - said the sergeant major.
- Ali and you want the same? - said the old soldier, reproachfully addressing the one who said that his legs were shivering.
– What do you think? - suddenly rising from behind the fire, a sharp-nosed soldier, who was called a crow, spoke in a squeaky and trembling voice. - He who is smooth will lose weight, and death to the thin. At least here I am. I have no urine,” he said suddenly decisively, turning to the sergeant-major, “they were sent to the hospital, the aches had overcome; and then you stay behind...
“Well, you will, you will,” the sergeant-major said calmly. The soldier fell silent, and the conversation continued.
- Today, you never know these Frenchmen were taken; and, frankly, there are no real boots, so, one name, - one of the soldiers began a new conversation.
- All the Cossacks were amazed. They cleaned the hut for the colonel, carried them out. It's a pity to watch, guys, - said the dancer. - They tore them apart: so alive alone, do you believe it, mutters something in its own way.
“A pure people, guys,” said the first. - White, like a white birch, and there are brave ones, say, noble ones.
– How do you think? He has been recruited from all ranks.
“But they don’t know anything in our language,” the dancer said with a smile of bewilderment. - I tell him: “Whose crown?”, And he mumbles his own. Wonderful people!
“After all, it’s tricky, my brothers,” continued the one who was surprised at their whiteness, “the peasants near Mozhaisk said how they began to clean up the beaten ones, where there were guards, so what, he says, their dead lay there for a month. Well, he says, he lies, he says, theirs is how the paper is white, clean, it doesn’t smell like gunpowder blue.
- Well, from the cold, or what? one asked.
- Eka you're smart! By cold! It was hot. If it were from the cold, ours would not be rotten either. And then, he says, you will come to ours, all, he says, is rotten in worms. So, he says, we will tie ourselves with scarves, yes, turning our faces away, and dragging; no urine. And theirs, he says, is white as paper; does not smell of gunpowder blue.
Everyone was silent.
- It must be from food, - said the sergeant major, - they ate the master's food.
Nobody objected.
- Said this man, near Mozhaisk, where there were guards, they were driven from ten villages, they drove twenty days, they didn’t take everyone, then the dead. These wolves that, he says ...
“That guard was real,” said the old soldier. - There was only something to remember; and then everything after that ... So, only torment for the people.
- And that, uncle. The day before yesterday we ran, so where they do not allow themselves. They left the guns alive. On your knees. Sorry, he says. So, just one example. They said that Platov took Polion himself twice. Doesn't know the word. He will take it: he will pretend to be a bird in his hands, fly away, and fly away. And there's no way to kill either.
- Eka lie, you're healthy, Kiselev, I'll look at you.
- What a lie, the truth is true.
- And if it were my custom, if I caught him, I would bury him in the ground. Yes, with an aspen stake. And what ruined the people.
“We’ll do everything in one end, he won’t walk,” the old soldier said, yawning.
The conversation fell silent, the soldiers began to pack.
- Look, the stars, passion, are burning like that! Say, the women laid out the canvases, - said the soldier, admiring the Milky Way.
- This, guys, is for the harvest year.
- Drovets will still be needed.
“You’ll warm your back, but your belly will freeze.” Here is a miracle.
- Oh my God!
- Why are you pushing - about you alone fire, or what? You see... collapsed.
From behind the silence that was being established, the snoring of some of the sleepers was heard; the rest turned and warmed themselves, occasionally speaking. A friendly, cheerful laughter was heard from a distant, about a hundred paces, fire.
“Look, they’re rattling in the fifth company,” said one soldier. - And the people that - passion!
One soldier got up and went to the fifth company.
“That’s laughter,” he said, returning. “Two keepers have landed. One is frozen at all, and the other is so courageous, byada! Songs are playing.
- Oh oh? go see…” Several soldiers moved towards the fifth company.

The fifth company stood near the forest itself. A huge fire burned brightly in the middle of the snow, illuminating the branches of trees weighed down with frost.
In the middle of the night, the soldiers of the fifth company heard footsteps in the forest in the snow and the squawking of branches.
“Guys, witch,” said one soldier. Everyone raised their heads, listened, and from the forest, into bright light bonfire, two strangely dressed human figures, holding each other, stepped forward.
They were two Frenchmen hiding in the forest. Hoarsely saying something in a language incomprehensible to the soldiers, they approached the fire. One was taller, in an officer's hat, and seemed completely weakened. Approaching the fire, he wanted to sit down, but fell to the ground. Another, small, stocky, soldier tied with a handkerchief around his cheeks, was stronger. He raised his comrade and, pointing to his mouth, said something. The soldiers surrounded the French, laid out an overcoat for the sick man, and brought both porridge and vodka.

Source: KYZLASOV I. The ancient name of the people. / Igor KYZLASOV, doctor historical sciences.// Treasures of the culture of Khakassia./ Ch. ed. A.M. Tarunov. – M.: NIICentre, 2008. – 512 p. - (Heritage of peoples Russian Federation. Issue 10). - P.34-39

Khakass - modern Turkic-speaking people, one of the ancient indigenous peoples of southern Siberia. The closest to it in terms of language, culture and physical appearance are its mountainous neighbors: from the west - the Shors, northern Altaians (Tubalars, Kumandins, Chelkans), from the east - Tofalars, from the forest-steppe north - Chulyms. There is no doubt that these peoples have a common ethno-cultural basis and a close historical fate. Before the collapse of the USSR, the Khakass numbered 80.3 thousand people.

Today, the Republic of Khakassia is one of the constituent entities of the Federation, small in area (61.9 thousand sq. km), but powerful in terms of economic and intellectual potential. The fertile land with enormous natural and cultural riches has attracted peoples for centuries and was rapidly developed in the 20th century. Now the Khakass themselves hardly exceed 10% of the population here.

In antiquity and early middle ages Southern Siberia was not the outskirts of the world. By the 4th century BC. on the Middle Yenisei, a state with powerful rulers and priests developed. It left irrigation networks and cyclopean structures, ore mines and cave drawings, a lot of artistic products made of bronze and iron in the "Scythian" animal style. We do not know how the people who settled from the Ob to Baikal called themselves; in ancient China it was called dinlin. The Dinlin language may have belonged to the Samoyedic and partly Ugric language family, and people who spoke Ket lived in the mountains.

The Dinlins were historically related to the Selkups, Nenets, and Enets, as well as the Khanty, Mansi, and Kets. The ancient state perished in 203 BC. under the blows of the Huns. The new rulers from somewhere in the south resettled the Gyangun people on the Yenisei (this is how the Chinese passed the name Kyrgyz). The Huns handed power over the conquered lands to these first Turkic-speaking inhabitants of the Sayan region. The Turkification of the region began.

The name of the Khakas reflects the main stages of the history of the people. It was first noted in the Chinese chronicles compiled in the 9th century according to the records of the 6th-8th centuries. The source reports: this is how the people that arose from the mixing of gyanguns with dinlins began to call themselves. The Chinese authors, who had known the names of both a few centuries before, did not understand the new word.

Khakas - the self-name of the people, which remained incomprehensible to its neighbors, - apparently, has not a Turkic, but an older - Samoyedic - origin, but it has already been inherited by people who speak Turkic. The name is included in the same row with the former name of the tofs (karagasy), which is completely translated from Samoyedic as "crane (kara) people (kas, kasa)". The name of the Khakass, "ka" + "kas" (kasa), can be understood from the Samoyedic as "their (related) people."

The Khakasses are not Mongoloids, the people were formed during a long-standing mixing of the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races. Anthropologists see a combination of the South Siberian and Ural-Altai types. It is already reflected in the burial plaster masks that were created on the Yenisei at the turn of our era. Here and pitch, and brown hair, wide and long noses with a hump. Chronicles of the Middle Ages speak of brown and blue eyes, swarthy and white skin. Everything is like today.

As in other mountainous countries, the population of Sayano-Altai is diverse, and the inhabitants of different valleys have long retained the original features of culture and language. What we now call national boundaries were fluid and dependent on political boundaries. Modern division Sayano-Altaians into Chulyms, Khakases, Tuvans, Shors and Altaians - this is the division of the last historical stage.

It has developed as a result of a new political alignment of the lands since the 17th-18th centuries.

The usual division of the Khakas into Sagais, Kachins (Khaas), Kyzyl and Koibals is not actually tribal. It is the result of an administrative reorganization carried out by the authorities at the beginning of the 19th century. The population was assigned to the artificially created Steppe Dumas (Sagai, Kachinskaya, etc.) and for a century and a half got used to such a division. Let's add a division into counties, and then provinces, and we will see that a single people was perceived in disparate parts: it was immediately Kuznetsk, Minusinsk, and Achinsk Tatars. None of the linguists will say where the Shor dialect of the Khakas language ends and the Shor language begins (but will indicate the limits of Khakassia and the Kemerovo region), nor will they distinguish between the Kyzyl dialect of the Khakas and the Middle Chulym dialect of the Chulym Turks. The Sagai and Kachinsky dialects became the basis of the literary Khakass language because they had a wide distribution zone that combined both variants of speech.

Modern Khakasses are not the only fragment of that ancient state: his heirs are all indigenous peoples from the Irtysh to Baikal. But it was the Khakass intelligentsia, sensing the will of the February Revolution, that immediately returned to their people ancient name Khakass discovered by Russian orientalists.

Khakasses as a people have developed and exist among visible antiquities. It is difficult to find other lands where man is everywhere surrounded by barrows and stone steles, sculptures, rock paintings, inscriptions carved into stone, and mountain fortresses rise above each valley. The eternity of the natural and man-made penetrates into the consciousness of people along with the appearance of the Motherland.

BUROV V. WHAT IS IN YOUR NAME? WHO ARE THE ANCIENT KHAKAS AND THE ANCIENT KYRGYZ./ Viktor BUROV.// Khakassia: Literary and journalistic journal. - 2006. - March, No. 1. - p. 62-63

It has long been known that the name (word) has an inner magical power. Every living being on earth has a name; nations live by it. An ethnonym is a name under which any nation perceives and recognizes itself in an endless temporal stream of events and accomplishments. The preservation of the name largely determines the historical memory of the people, the meaning of its existence and purpose in the history of mankind.

Modern trends in the development of peoples and cultures are characterized by their natural desire to preserve their own identity, which is taking place against the backdrop of global processes taking place in the world. The identity constant is realized through the ratio of one ethnic community to other communities - close and distant as a result of the historical and cultural gap between different peoples and cultures. This causes a desire to compare oneself with others, a desire to know: who we are, the fate of our ancestors.

Looking for answers to questions like this modern man refers to the works of historians-researchers, hoping to find what they want in them. However, here he faces various kinds of dangers, which are directly related to our boundless faith in the printed word, in the objectivity of what is said and written. Such romantic attitudes in the knowledge of history lead to its distortion, misinterpretations and endless discussions that sometimes last for decades or even centuries. As an illustrative example, one can point to the ongoing controversy around the ethnonym "Kyrgyz" and the term "Khakas". The next and, I hope, a turning point in the scientific discussion was the publication of a book by two well-known research scientists V.Ya. Butanaeva and Yu.S. Khudyakov "History of the Yenisei Kyrgyz". It boldly expresses a concept that, according to the authors, will help to clarify many intricate issues of the ethnic history of modern Khakass. The book is also interesting in that for the first time in scientific and educational literature, the historical past of the Kyrgyz, “the militant and persistent Turkic-speaking nomadic people who inhabited South Siberia and Central Asia for about two millennia ... ”(p. 4) and is the ancestor of the modern Khakass ethnos.

The first mention of the Kyrgyz, as the inhabitants of Central Asia, we find in the ancient Chinese chronicles relating to III in. BC. This is connected with the conquest of the Kyrgyz by the founder of the mighty Hun state Moda. The Chinese called the Kyrgyz the Gyanguns and pointed to their close relations for several centuries with the Dinlins, who fought the Huns and their historical successors, the Xianbeis.

But before continuing historical narrative about the Turkic-speaking people "Kyrgyz", let's ask ourselves, what does this ethnonym mean? In the scientific literature, there are two points of view on the essence of the problem. Most of those who study the South Siberian Middle Ages call the population of the steppe regions of the Minusinsk Basin as Kyrgyz, referring to a number of written, including ancient, sources. In contrast to them, there is a completely opposite opinion, according to which the same population is called "ancient Khakass", and the Kyrgyz are recognized only as "an aristocratic dynastic family of ancient Khakass". Along with this, attempts are being made to identify these two terms - “Kyrgyz/Khakas”, “Kyrgyz-Khakas” (p. 18). Without going into the essence of the controversy, brilliantly presented on the pages of the book, it should be noted that the first version is supported by the fact that not only the Kyrgyz, but also their historical opponents, the Turks and Uighurs, are recorded in the runic monuments of the Yenisei Valley. The term "Khagyas", according to the authors, is one of the transcriptions of the ethnonym "Kyrgyz" of Chinese chroniclers. But this conclusion, at one time, remained the property of only academic science, while among the “Minusinsk intelligentsia” of the early 20th century, “the name of Khakass”, according to N.Kozmin, became “an ideological slogan for cultural and national revival” ( p. 19). In other words, scientific truth was sacrificed to ideological, opportunistic considerations. This corresponded to the tasks of national-state building in the south of Siberia, thanks to which the term "Khakas" gained official recognition, became the ethnonym of the indigenous population of the Minusinsk Basin. And, what is especially interesting, the medieval population of the Minusinsk Basin began to be called “Khakass”, not because the sources call it that, but because they see the ancestors of modern Khakasses in it, which was especially clearly manifested in the principle of the double name “Kyrgyz - Khakasses” (with .twenty). This ambiguity in the interpretation of terms is largely due to phonetic features ancient Chinese. Ignorance of the norms of Chinese historical phonetics leads to a distortion of the sound of the terms used for the medieval population of the Minusinsk Basin. This led to the reconstruction of the Chinese transcription of "hyagyas" as "Khakas", and then to the assertion" that the ethnonym "Khakas" is the transfer of the local self-name of the multilingual and multiethnic population of the Middle Yenisei, and the term "Kyrgyz" is found in the same sources in parallel and means " aristocratic dynastic family of the ancient Khakass” (p. 23). From this it follows logically that there was an ancient Khakassian state on the Yenisei in the Middle Ages, and not the state of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. The controversy unfolds according to all laws historical genre, and the reader will have to act as an arbitrator in order to determine his position in this dispute. It is interesting in all respects: cognitive, personal, and universal.

But let's get back to where we started - the history of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. From the 6th century AD the Kyrgyz are known on the lands of the middle Yenisei north of the Sayan Mountains. It was from this time that the monuments of the Kyrgyz culture spread throughout the Minusinsk basin to the headwaters of the Chulym (p. 65). This is the time of the formation of the Kyrgyz state, which was in the position of a tributary of the rulers of the Turkic Khaganate, which arose on the ruins of the Juan steppe empire. The Kyrgyz were supposed to supply as a tribute the "weapons that are extremely sharp" they produce. After the collapse of the first Turkic Khaganate in 581, the Kyrgyz are freed from vassalage and hatch plans for active intervention in Central Asia (p. 66). For three centuries, there has been a desperate struggle for gaining and strengthening the independence of the young state in the south with the Juan, Turks and Uighurs, and in the north with the "Bomo" - a confederation of Ket and Samoyed tribes who lived along the Yenisei, quite strong militarily. According to Yu.S. Khudyakov, one of the authors of the book, despite the continuous wars, “the Kyrgyz survived as a single people and retained their statehood, culture, leading position among the immediate ethnic environment” (p. 73).

The finest hour of Kyrgyz history was the period of the 9th-10th centuries, known as the era of the “Kyrgyz great power”. This is the time of "the amazing success of the Kyrgyz weapons in the long war with the Uighurs, the era when the Kyrgyz were able to subdue the vast expanses of Central Asia" (p. 75). However, then the Kyrgyz repeat the fate of their historical predecessors - the rise in power was followed by a period of decline, and by the end of the 12th century there was no trace of the former strength. In the course of the Mongol conquests, the state of the Kyrgyz ceases to exist, and individual possessions cannot provide worthy resistance to the Mongols. In 1207, the rulers of certain Kyrgyz lands expressed their obedience to Jochi Khan, the eldest son of Genghis Khan, who was sent to conquer the "forest peoples" of Siberia. As a sign of humility, they offered Jochi white gyrfalcons, white geldings and sables. Subsequently, the Mongols began to use the military force of the Kyrgyz as punitive troops, but in 1218 the Kyrgyz rebelled, and Jochi moved against them. As a result of this campaign, the Minusinsk steppes were depopulated. Part of the population fled to inaccessible taiga places. The Mongols practiced in relation to the rebellious Kyrgyz the practice of their resettlement in various regions of the empire. Throughout the 13th century, these measures pursued one goal - tightening control over subjects. The resettlement caused great damage to the Kyrgyz ethnic group on the Yenisei and sharply reduced its numbers. With the fall of the Yuan (Mongolian) dynasty in China at the end of the 14th century, its power in the territory of the Sayano-Altai Highlands ceased to exist.

After that, as evidenced by written sources of the 17th - early 18th centuries, as well as the folklore heritage of the peoples of Southern Siberia, during the 15th-16th centuries. there was probably a unification of all the tribes living in the Yenisei valley under the auspices of the Kyrgyz into a single ethno-political union "Khongor" or "Khongorai". According to V.Ya. Butanaev, “in the Khakass language, as a result of vowel contraction, this historical name began to sound like “Khoorai”. It was widely used in the heroic epic, historical traditions and poetic speech.

The role of the Kyrgyz in the Khongorai union was so great that in Russian documents of the 17th century. The Khakass-Minusinsk Territory was called the "Kyrgyz land ...". The Khakass, who are the heirs of the Kyrgyz culture, in their historical legends identified the Khoorai people with the Kyrgyz (p. 153).

The territory of Khongorai was divided into four ulus-principalities: Altyr, Isar, Altyr, Tubinsky. The capital of this ethno-political association was located at the beginning of the 17th century in the interfluve of the Black and White Iyus, where there was a “Kyrgyz white stone town”. The appearance of Russian service people on the Yenisei in the second half of the 17th century, the construction of the first forts and settlements sharply complicated the political situation in the “Kyrgyz land”. Multi-way political and military combinations ended in the end with the annexation of Khongorai to Russia, reinforced by the Burinsky Treaty of 1727. Mongolia renounced its claims to the lands of Khongorai. However, the Dzungars still continued to collect Alban (yasak) from the aimags of the former Altyr ulus until the fall of the Dzungar Khanate.

After the annexation of Khongorai to Russia and the withdrawal a large number of the Kyrgyz to Dzungaria, their disparate groups, together with the kishtyms (tributaries), united into various volosts and zemlets created by the Siberian administration (p. 183). The Kyrgyz, who took a political course towards Dzungaria, lost their historical homeland and found themselves lost in the expanses of Central Asia, becoming part of many Turkic and Mongolian peoples.

In conclusion, I would like to note the importance of the book for the preservation of the ancient heritage, which brings the “truly human” to the world, as the most important factor in the formation of the spiritual structure of the human personality, the development of social memory, and a new reading of history.

Human ancestors settled in the territories of the Sayano-Altai highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin over 300 thousand years ago. For thousands of years on the territory of modern Khakassia, numerous cultures of the Ugro-Finnish, Iranian, and ancient Turkic peoples clashed, and the ancient Chinese states had a certain influence. At the end of the XIII century. The Kyrgyz (Khakassian) state fell. Only by the beginning of the seventeenth century. on the territory of Khakassia, 4 feudal uluses (principalities) were formed - Altysarsky, Altyrsky, Ezersky and Tubinsky.

March 1707. Peter I signed the Decree on the construction of a prison in Khakassia - the date Khakassia became part of Russia. Over the next two centuries, the territory of Khakassia was settled and mastered by the Russian population. The 20th century was a turning point in the history of Khakassia. October 20, 1930 The Khakass people were granted statehood in the form of an autonomous region. In the post-war period, the region was filled with modern industrial enterprises. In July 1991 the region was transformed into the Republic of Khakassia.

The Republic of Khakassia is located in the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei River basin, on the territories of the Sayano-Altai Highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk Basin.

The territory of the Republic of Khakassia is 61,900 km2. The length from north to south is 460 km, from west to east (in the widest part) - 200 km. In the north, east and southeast, Khakassia borders on the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the south - on the Republic of Tuva, in the southwest - on the Republic of Altai, in the west - on the Kemerovo Region.

Khakassia differs from other regions of Russia in its special climate, completely original relief, unique flora and fauna, which give these places a unique flavor.

The largest rivers of Khakassia are the Yenisei, Abakan, Chulym and Tom. There are more than 500 lakes, rivers and small streams in the republic.

Khakassia is divided into 8 districts. Cities of republican subordination - Abakan, Abaza, Sayanogorsk, Sorsk, Chernogorsk. In total, there are 271 settlements on the territory of the republic. The area of ​​the Republic of Khakassia is 0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The distance from the capital of the Republic of Khakassia - Abakan - to Moscow is 4218 km. The permanent population of the Republic of Khakassia is 546 thousand people. human. About 70 nationalities live on the territory of the republic.

Khakassia is almost the only region in Siberia where landscapes are shaped by archaeological sites. Steppe landscapes are complemented by burial mounds and menhirs (lonely standing stone steles), and many mountain peaks and rocky ridges keep traces of centuries of human activity.

In all regions of Khakassia there are rocks with petroglyphs. The tradition of communication between a person and a stone was formed in the Paleolithic era and has continued almost to the present day. Information about human activities, his ideas about the world have come down to us through drawings on stones. rock art dedicated to images of spirits, ancestors, cult animals, rituals, magical symbols and objects. Petroglyphs make up the treasury of the cultural heritage of Khakassia.

Mounds occupy a special place in the historical and cultural fund of the republic. To date, more than 30 thousand burial mounds have been identified and accounted for, which is about 30% of all visible archeological monuments. Most of these monuments have no analogues anywhere in the world.

In Khakassia, many traditions of holding folk holidays, which have come down to us from ancient times, numerous elements of living culture continue their lives: national Khakass folklore, traditional technologies production of goods and national dishes.

An inquisitive reader will find a lot of interesting things about Khakassia and its people. Who studies, investigates the history of his small homeland, always full creative plans, tempting ideas!

Khakases (self-name Tadar, Khoorai), obsolete name Minusinsk, Abakan (Yenisei), Achinsk Tatars (Turks) - Turkic people Russia, living in southern Siberia on the left bank of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin.

The Khakass are divided into four ethnographic groups: Kachins (Khaash, Khaas), Sagais (Saay), Kyzyl (Khyzyl) and Koibals (Khoibal). The latter were almost completely assimilated by the Kachins. Anthropologically, the Khakass are divided into two types of mixed origin, but generally belonging to a large Mongoloid race: Ural (Biryusins, Kyzyls, Beltyrs, part of the Sagays) and South Siberian (Kachins, the steppe part of the Sagais, Koibals). Both anthropological types contain significant Caucasoid features and occupy an intermediate position between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races.

The Khakas language belongs to the Uighur group of the Eastern Xiongnu branch of the Turkic languages. According to another classification, it belongs to the independent Khakass (Kyrgyz-Yenisei) group of the Eastern Turkic languages. The Kumandins, Chelkans, Tubalars (they belong to the Western Turkic North Altai group), as well as the Kirghiz, Altaians, Teleuts, Telengits (they belong to the Western Turkic Kyrgyz-Kypchak group) are close to Khakass in language. The Khakas language includes four dialects: Kachinsky, Sagay, Kyzyl and Shor. Modern writing is based on the Cyrillic alphabet.

Story

According to ancient Chinese legends, the semi-legendary Xia empire entered into a struggle with other tribes that inhabited the territory of China in the 3rd millennium BC. These tribes were called Jun and Di (perhaps they should be considered one Jun-di people, since they are always mentioned together). There are references that in 2600 BC. The "Yellow Emperor" undertook a campaign against them. Echoes of the struggle of the "black-headed" ancestors of the Chinese with the "red-haired devils" have been preserved in Chinese folklore. The Chinese won the "thousand-year" war. Some of the defeated di (Dinlins) were driven west to Dzungaria, East Kazakhstan, Altai, the Minusinsk Basin, where, mingling with the local population, they became the founders and bearers of the Afanasiev culture, which, it must be said, had a lot common culture northern China.

The Dinlins inhabited the Sayano Altai Highlands, the Minusinsk Basin and Tuva. Their type "is characterized by the following features: medium height, often tall, dense and strong build, oblong face, white skin color with a blush on the cheeks, blond hair, protruding nose, straight, often aquiline, bright eyes." Anthropologically, the Dinlins constitute a special race. They had a “sharply protruding nose, a relatively low face, low eye sockets, a wide forehead - all these signs indicate that they belong to the European trunk. The South Siberian type of Dinlins should be considered proto-European, close to Cro-Magnon. a branch that deviated back in the Paleolithic.

The direct heirs of the Afanasievites were the tribes of the Tagar culture, which survived until the 3rd century BC. BC. The Tagars are first mentioned in Sima Qian's "Historical Notes" in connection with their subjugation by the Huns in 201 BC. e. At the same time, Sima Qian describes the Tagars as Caucasians: "they are generally tall, with red hair, a ruddy face and blue eyes, black hair is considered a bad sign."

It should also be mentioned that there are gaps in the documented history of the Xiongnu from about 1760 to 820, then to 304 BC. It is only known that at that time the ancestors of the Xiongnu, defeated by the Jungs and the Chinese, retreated to the north of the Gobi, where the area of ​​their distribution also captured the Minusinsk Basin. Thus, the "visit" of Sayano-Altai by the Huns under Mode was far from being the first.

In the V-VIII centuries, the Kyrgyz were subordinated to the Juan, the Turkic Khaganate, the Uighur Khaganate. Under the Uighurs, there were quite a lot of Kyrgyz: more than 100 thousand families and 80 thousand soldiers. In 840, they defeated the Uighur Khaganate and formed the Kyrgyz Khaganate, which was the hegemon in Central Asia for more than 80 years. Subsequently, the khanate broke up into several principalities, which retained relative independence until 1207, when Jochi was included in the Mongol Empire, where they were located from the 13th to the 15th centuries. It is noteworthy that Chinese historiographers in more ancient times designated the Kyrgyz with the ethnonyms "gegun", "gyangun", "gegu", and in the 9th-10th centuries (the time of the existence of the Kyrgyz Khaganate) they began to transfer the name of the ethnic group in the form "hyagyas", which, in general - something corresponds to the Orkhon-Yenisei "Kyrgyz". Russian scientists, investigating this issue, called the ethnonym "hyagyas" in a form of pronunciation "Khakass" convenient for the Russian language.

In the era of the late Middle Ages, the tribal groups of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin formed the Khongorai (Khoorai) ethno-political association, which included four ulus principalities: Altysar, Isar, Altyr and Tubinsky. Since 1667, the state of Hoorai was in vassal dependence on the Dzungar Khanate, where in 1703 she was resettled most of its population.

Russian exploration of Siberia began in the 16th century, and in 1675 the first Russian prison in Khakassia was built on Pine Island (on the site of today's city of Abakan). However, Russia finally managed to gain a foothold here only in 1707. The accession was carried out under strong pressure from Peter 1. From July 1706 to February 1707, he issued three nominal decrees demanding the establishment of a prison on Abakan and thereby ending the hundred-year war on the annexation of Khakassia. After the accession, the territory of Khakassia was administratively divided between four counties - Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk and Krasnoyarsk, and from 1822 became part of the Yenisei province.

With the advent of the Russians, the Khakass were converted to Christianity, but for a long time they believed in the power of shamans, and individual rituals of worshiping spirits have remained to this day. AT late XIX century Khakasses were divided into five ethnic groups: Sagais, Kachins, Kyzyls, Koibals and Beltyrs.

Life and traditions

The traditional occupation of the Khakass was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. Horses, cattle and sheep were bred, which is why the Khakass called themselves "the three-herd people". significant place in the economy of the Khakasses (except for the Kachins) hunting (a male occupation) was occupied. By the time Khakassia was annexed to Russia, manual farming was widespread only in the subtaiga regions. In the XVIII century, the main agricultural tool was abyl - a type of ketmen, with late XVIII- beginning of the 19th century plow - salda. The main crop was barley, from which talkan was made. In autumn in September, the subtaiga population of Khakassia went to collect pine nuts (khuzuk). In spring and early summer, women and children went out to hunt for edible roots of kandyk and sarana. Dried roots were ground in hand mills, milk porridge was made from flour, cakes were baked, etc. They were engaged in dressing leather, rolling felts, weaving, twisting lassoes, etc. XVII-XVIII centuries The Khakasses of the subtaiga regions mined ore and were considered skilled iron smelters. Small melting furnaces (khura) were built of clay.

At the head of the steppe dumas were run (pigler), called in official documents the ancestors. Their appointment was approved by the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia. Chaizans, who were at the head of administrative clans, were subordinate to the run. Clans (seok) - patrilineal, exogamous, settled dispersedly in the 19th century, but tribal cults were preserved. Tribal exogamy began to be violated from the middle of the 19th century. The customs of levirate, sororate, avoidance were observed.

The main type of settlements were aals - semi-nomadic associations of several households (10-15 yurts), as a rule, related to each other. Settlements were divided into winter (hystag), spring (chastag), autumn (kusteg). In the 19th century, most of the Khakass households began to roam only twice a year - from the winter road to the summer road and back.

In ancient times, "stone towns" were known - fortifications located in mountainous places. Legends connect their construction with the era of the struggle against the Mongol rule and the Russian conquest.

A yurt (ib) served as a dwelling. Until the middle of the 19th century, there was a portable round frame yurt (tirmelg ib), covered with birch bark in summer and felt in winter. To prevent the felt from getting wet from rain and snow, it was still covered with birch bark on top. From the middle of the 19th century, stationary log yurts "agas ib" began to be built on winter roads, six-, eight-, and decagonal, and for bays, twelve- and even fourteen-angle ones. At the end of the 19th century, felt and birch bark yurts no longer existed.

In the center of the yurt there was a hearth, above it a smoke hole (tunuk) was made in the roof. The hearth was made of stone on a clay pallet. An iron tripod (ochi) was also placed here, on which there was a cauldron. The door of the yurt was oriented to the east.

The main type of clothing was a shirt for men, a dress for women. For everyday wear, they were sewn from cotton fabrics, festive - from silk. The men's shirt was cut with poliks (een) on the shoulders, with a slit on the chest and a turn-down collar fastened with one button. Folds were made at the front and back of the collar, thanks to which the shirt was very wide at the hem. Poliks' wide pleated sleeves ended in narrow cuffs (mor-kam). Square gussets were inserted under the armpits. Women's dress had the same cut, but was much longer. The back hem was made longer than the front and formed a small train. Red, blue, green, brown, burgundy and black fabrics were preferred for dresses. Poliks, gussets, cuffs, a hem (kobee) running along the hem, and the corners of the turn-down collar were made of fabric of a different color and decorated with embroidery. Women's dress was never girdled (with the exception of widows).

Belt clothing for men consisted of lower (ystan) and upper (chanmar) trousers. Women's trousers (subur) were usually sewn from blue fabric (so that) and did not differ from men's in their cut. The trousers were tucked into the tops of the boots, because the ends of them were not supposed to be seen by men, especially the father-in-law.

Men's chimche robes were usually sewn from cloth, festive ones - from plush or silk. The long shawl collar, cuffs and sides were trimmed with black velvet. The robe, like any other men's outerwear, was necessarily girded with a sash (khur). A knife in a wooden sheath decorated with tin was attached to its left side, and a flint and steel inlaid with corals was hung behind the back by a chain.

married women on holidays, they wore a sleeveless sigedek over robes and fur coats. Girls and widows were not allowed to wear it. Sigedek was sewn open, with a straight cut, from four glued layers of fabric, thanks to which it retained its shape well, covered with silk or plush from above. Wide armholes, collars and floors were decorated with a rainbow border (cells) - cords sewn closely in several rows, manually woven from colored silk threads.

In spring and autumn, young women put on an open caftan (sikpen, or haptal) made of fine cloth of two types: detachable and straight. The shawl collar was covered with red silk or brocade, mother-of-pearl buttons or cowrie shells were sewn onto the lapels, and the edges were bordered with pearl buttons. The ends of the cuffs of the sikpen (like the other female outerwear) in the Abakan valley they made with a beveled ledge in the form of a horse's hoof (omah) - to cover the faces of shy girls from annoying looks. The back of the straight sikpen was decorated floral ornament, the armhole lines were sheathed with a decorative seam orbe - "goat". The detachable sikpen was decorated with appliqués (pyraat) in the shape of a three-horned crown. Each piraat was sheathed with a decorative seam. Above it was embroidered a pattern "five petals" (pis azyr), resembling a lotus.

In winter they wore sheepskin coats (tone). Loops were made under the sleeves of women's fur coats and dressing gowns, where large silk scarves were tied. Wealthy women instead hung long bags (iltik) made of plush, silk or brocade, embroidered with silk and beads.

A typical female adornment was the pogo breastplate. The base, carved in the form of a crescent with rounded horns, was covered with plush or velvet, sheathed pearl buttons, coral or beads in the form of circles, hearts, shamrocks and other patterns. A fringe of beaded shorts (silbi rge) with small silver coins at the ends was launched along the lower edge. Pogo was prepared by women for their daughters before the wedding. Married women wore yzyrva coral earrings. Corals were bought from the Tatars, who brought them from Central Asia.

Before marriage, girls wore many braids with braided decorations (tana poos) made of tanned leather covered with plush. From three to nine mother-of-pearl plaques (tana) were sewn in the middle, sometimes interconnected with embroidered patterns. The edges were ornamented with a rainbow border of checks. Married women wore two braids (tulun). Old maids wore three pigtails (surmes). Women with an illegitimate child were required to wear one braid (kichege). Men wore a kichege pigtail, from the end of the 18th century they began to cut their hair "under the pot".

The main food of the Khakasses was meat dishes in winter, and dairy dishes in summer. Soups (eel) and broths (mun) with boiled meat. The most popular were cereal soup (charba ugre) and barley soup (koche ugre). Blood sausage (han-sol) is considered a festive dish. The main drink was ayran made from sour cow's milk. Airan was distilled into milk vodka (airan aragazy).

Religion

Shamanism has been developed among the Khakas since ancient times. Shamans (kams) were engaged in treatment and led public prayers - taiykh. On the territory of Khakassia, there are about 200 tribal places of worship where sacrifices (a white lamb with a black head) were made to the supreme spirit of the sky, the spirits of mountains, rivers, etc. They were designated by a stone stele, an altar or a piled stone pile (boaa), next to which birch trees were installed and tied red-white-blue chalam ribbons. Borus, the five-domed peak in the Western Sayans, is revered by the Khakas as a national shrine. They also worshiped the hearth, family fetishes (tesy).

After becoming part of Russia, the Khakass were converted to Orthodoxy, often by force. However, despite this, ancient traditions are still strong among the Khakass. So since 1991 began to be celebrated new holiday- Ada-Hoorai, based on ancient rituals and dedicated to memory ancestors. It is held, as a rule, in old places of worship. During prayer, after each ritual walk around the altar, everyone kneels (men - on the right, women - on the left) and three times fall face to the ground in the direction of sunrise.

The Republic of Khakassia is located in the south Western Siberia in the left-bank part of the Yenisei river basin, in the territories of the Sayano-Altai highlands and the Khakass-Minusinsk basin. In the west, the Republic of Khakassia borders on the Kemerovo region, in the south on the republics of Altai and Tyva, in the east on the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Khakassia stretches from north to south for 450 km, from west to east - up to 250 km. The area of ​​the republic is 61.9 thousand sq. km. The population is 538,054 people (according to the 2009 census), the population density is 8.7 people / sq. km, the proportion of the urban population is 71.1%.

By the nature of the relief, mountainous (eastern slopes of the Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakansky ridge, northern slopes of the Western Sayan - height up to 2930 m) and flat (Minusinsk, Chulym-Yenisei basins) parts are distinguished. Plain areas are located along river valleys and are called steppes (Abakanskaya, Koibalskaya). The main rivers are the Yenisei, the Abakan. There are numerous lakes with fresh (Chernoye, Fyrkal, Itkul) and salty (Bele, Shira) water. The climate is sharply continental. Winter is cold and with little snow (in the hollows), average temperature January -18 °С. Summer in the basins is hot (the average July temperature is +18 °C), in the foothills and mountains it is cooler. Precipitation is from 300 mm per year in the basins to 700 mm in the mountains. The entire west and south of Khakassia is occupied by mountain-taiga forests, the area covered with forests is 3.3 million hectares. In the steppe and foothill regions of Khakassia, mole, ermine, weasel live, in the mountains - squirrel, hare, wolf, fox, bear, from birds - hazel grouse, capercaillie, in rivers - taimen, tench, burbot.

At the beginning of the Middle Ages, the Kyrgyz (Khakass) Khaganate was formed in the upper reaches of the Yenisei. locals used their own script, which existed before the Mongol conquest. From the 13th century, Mongol pressure intensified, culminating in the Mongol invasion of the territory of the Khaganate in 1293. The Mongolian period in the history of Khakassia is characterized by human losses, the decline of culture, feudal fragmentation. In the 17th century, four uluses (principalities) were formed: Altysarsky, Altyrsky, Ezersky and Tubinsky. The uluses were ruled by princes from the Kyrgyz clan.

In the 18th century, the development of Khakassia by the Russians began. In 1707, by decree of Peter I, a prison was built in Khakassia. This year is considered the date of entry of Khakassia into Russia. To consolidate Khakassia as part of Russia, the Sayan prison was built on its southern border in 1718. The development of Khakassia was largely facilitated by open deposits of copper and iron ore. By the beginning of the 1730s, copper deposits were discovered: Syrskoye, Mainskoye, Bazinskoye. In 1740, two factories were built: the Lugansk copper smelter and the Irbinsk ironworks. To provide raw materials for metallurgical plants in the 1730s-1740s, the Karyshsky and Zastupovsky mines were developed on the Bely Iyus River, Erbinsky - on the Yerba River, Askizsky, Bazinsky, Syrsky and Tashtypsky - on the Abakan River, Mainsky and Uysky on the Yenisei River. important place gold mining also played a role in the development of the economy of the Khakass-Minusinsk Territory. By 1860, 127 mines were operating on the territory of the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts. The main gold mining areas were the mines of Sarala, Bogodarovny (now the Kommunar mine) and Balakhchino. In 1852, about 4 thousand people worked in the gold mines and mines in the Minusinsk district. The territory of Khakassia was mastered by the Russian population in the first quarter of the 19th century, then there were 90 Russian settlements here. Cattle breeding prevailed in the Khakass farms. Hunting farms hunted, kept a few livestock and sowed grain on a small scale. In all cattle-breeding farms, herd horse breeding occupied the first place in the structure of the herd. Fur trade in the 19th century becomes a commodity. According to the census of 1890-1891, there were 1,714 hunters in Khakassia.

In the 18th century, the Khakass remained shamanists. According to their ideas, the world was inhabited by master spirits; rivers, mountains, taiga had their own master spirit. In the 17th century, with the arrival of the Russians, Orthodox churches were built in the Russian prisons of Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Karaulny. At first, Khakasses who entered the service of royal authorities, later Orthodoxy began to be planted throughout Khakassia. Despite the adoption of Christianity, the Khakass believed in the power of shamans, until now, the worship of spirits has remained in everyday consciousness. In the 18th century, the social class structure of Khakass society changed significantly. The concept of "Kyrgyz princes" gradually disappeared from use, and the bai from the Kachin tribal groups began to stand out more and more with their wealth. The Kartin family stood out for its wealth. The poor part of the Khakass population worked for hire from the bais, sometimes went to work in Russian villages to rich peasants and to the gold mines. In the 1880s, at the mines of the Minusinsk and Achinsk districts, Khakass made up 5.5%, in the 1890s - 8.6% of all workers. By the end of the 19th century, the Khakass consisted of five ethnic groups: Sagays, Kachins, Kyzyls, Koibals and Beltyrs, they almost completely retained their native language. According to data for 1910, 31% of the Khakass population knew the Russian language. On the territory of the Khakass departments, the indigenous population in 1910 was 98.3%.

In Soviet times, at the end of 1923, the Khakasssky national district of the Yenisei province was formed, which was then transformed into a national district with a center in Ust-Abakansk. In 1925, the county was transformed into a district with the renaming of its center to Khakask. On October 20, 1930, the Khakass Autonomous Region was formed with the same center, renamed Abakan. At that time, the autonomous region was part of the Siberian Territory with the center in Novosibirsk, and then - part of the West Siberian Territory, and on December 7, 1934 became part of the newly formed Krasnoyarsk Territory. On July 3, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation supported the decision of the session of the Khakass Regional Council of People's Deputies on the transformation of the Khakass Autonomous Region into the Khakass Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. January 29, 1992 The newly elected Supreme Soviet renamed the Khakass Soviet Socialist Republic into the Republic of Khakassia.

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