What is an author's remark. What are remarks in literature and what is their purpose

The non-plot elements of the work include description, inserted episodes and author's digressions. And any of these terms can answer the question: "What is a side note?"

The essence of the term "remark"

This word is borrowed from French(remargue), in translation it means "author's footnote". In the works they play a significant, and sometimes dominant role. The dynamic side of a novel or short story is represented by a developing plot, but the author's digressions, footnotes, remarks, explaining or supplementing it, belong to the static side. This one can be very different. With it, the author can resort to autobiographical memories, to show their emotional attitude to the action, which in the literature is called a lyrical digression.

Multifunctionality of remark

Author's remarks can even take the form of an epilogue that completes the plot. Sometimes this literary device is reduced to an indication of the place and time of the action, sometimes the author's translations of the dialogues of the characters are taken out for the text. So, in "War and Peace" such footnotes occupy two or three pages. Such as an allusion, which may take the form of a side note, refers the reader to previous plot events. There is an author's note telling about subsequent plot twists. There are ironic, moralizing reflections and clarifications of the author. All of the above techniques are able to answer the question of what remarks are in literature.

Place of remarks in dramaturgy

A special place belongs to this in dramaturgy. Most often, in the theater, the stage direction is given the role of instructions. To explain the actions, the nature of the characters, their emotional state, the place and time of the action in the play is its main function. Usually in the text of a dramatic work, the place of the remark before the start of the action is an indication of the time of day, the location of furniture, the location of a window or balcony, and further along the dialogue its place is in brackets. The author's note can indicate the tone of the conversation - (says quietly or shouts), suggests the actions of the characters conducting the dialogue - (pulling out the sword), their emotional state - (excited Petrov enters). What is a stage direction in a play? This is a purely official part of the general text, bringing clarity to the plot of the play.

Metamorphoses of the term

Since the period of antiquity, the remark has undergone certain changes, but for a long time it was assigned an insignificant explanatory function - what the work is dedicated to or what it represents. Diderot, with the aim of completely subordinating the actor to his author's and director's idea, turned the stage direction into an independent artistic and narrative part of a dramatic work. New stage techniques developed by this stage reformer turned stage directions into entire instructions with detailed description everything that needs to happen on the stage. Down to the pose, to the insignificant gesture of the characters. A detailed, detailed author's development of the future performance - that's what a stage note is from which was not only a major philosopher, but also a prominent French playwright late XVIII century.

Remarque as the dominant part of the work

The author's footnotes are also extensive in Gogol's dramatic works. In general, the play consists of replicas (the conversation of the characters) and remarks (their movements and gestures, facial expressions and intonations). This led to a certain limitation of the artistic possibilities of the genre. In order to somehow compensate for this shortcoming, the author's notes are expanding more and more, such as lesedrama appears - a drama for reading. Pushkin's "Little Tragedies" and Goethe's "Faust" are its brightest representatives. In them, the role of digressions, author's reflections, explanations of the plot is very large. In any case, one of the two components of the play, the role of which cannot be overestimated, is what a stage direction is.

remark

remark Can mean:

• remark(in lit.) - (from French. remark- remark, note) - an extra-plot element of the work; compositional and stylistic device, which consists in the author's retreat from the direct plot narrative, which is directly or indirectly related to the depicted. Sometimes replaces large volumes storyline or is an alternative to the actual plot. It can take various forms:
  • the circumstances of the place, time, current events or the reader's reference to the finale of the work; often located at the beginning of the narrative;
  • autobiographical memoirs of the author;
  • moralizing, ironic or provocative appeal of the author to the reader;
  • the emotional attitude of the author to the depicted (lyrical digression);
  • sending the reader to the subsequent events of the plot (flashforward);
  • referring the reader to previous events of the plot (allusion or flashback);
  • a concise presentation of the fate of the heroes of the work after the actual end of the plot; located at the end of the work, sometimes in the form of an epilogue;
  • explanations, translations made by the author for the actual text of the work (footnote, note);
  • other author's reasoning, reflections, clarifications.

• remark(theatre) - explanations with which the playwright precedes or accompanies the course of action in the play. R. can explain the age, appearance, clothes of the characters, as well as their state of mind, behavior, movements, gestures, intonations. In R., presupposed to the act, scene, episode, a designation, sometimes a description, of the place of action, of the situation is given.

• Remarque (cinema) - the verbal embodiment of the continuous action of the script.
• Remarque, Erich Maria - German writer.

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Synonyms:

See what "Remarque" is in other dictionaries:

remark- and, well. remarque f. 1. Note, note. BAS 1. And if something goes wrong, so that the remarks are put and for each remark an explication of the guilt of the case. 23. 2. 1720. Decree of Peter I. // Kartashev 2 348. Moreover, I am sending your nobility a copy about remarks on ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

- (from fr. remarquer to notice, mark). Mark, note, note, callout in a book. Dictionary foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. REMARK note, remark. Complete dictionary foreign words included in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (French remarque "remark", "note") a dramatic term. The main content of R. is an indication of the place and time of the action, as well as the stage actions and the psychological state of the characters. How general rule, R. performs cleanly ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Cm … Synonym dictionary

remark- in dramatic work text with instructions from the author to the director, director, actors about the situation on the stage, the behavior of the characters, their age, clothes, character, etc. See External note, Internal note ... Publishing Dictionary

- (French remarque) 1) a note by the author of the text (book, manuscript, letter), clarifying or supplementing any details. 2) In engraving, a sketch away from the main image. 3) In dramaturgy, theater, an explanation, an indication of the playwright for the reader, … … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

REMARK, remarks, wives. (French remarque). 1. Mark, written remark (book). || An explanation of the author to the text of the play (usually in brackets), giving instructions about the setting, the performance of the artists, entrances, exits, etc. (lit. theatre.). Dictionary… … Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

REMARK, and, wives. 1. Mark, note (obsolete). Notes in the margins of the book. 2. In the play: the author's explanation of the text regarding the situation, the behavior of the characters, their appearance. | adj. note, oh, oh (to 2 values). Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

- (from French remarque note), a small image on the margins of the print, often not related to the plot of the engraving. The origin of the remark is connected with a kind of test of the pen by testing the tool at the beginning of work on the engraving board ... Art Encyclopedia

Note on the margins of the book, a note in the trading book, on the account, etc. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. 2nd ed., rev. M .: INFRA M. 479 s .. 1999 ... Economic dictionary

Books

• Lecture “The Return of Remarque. Lecture 1 ", Dmitry Bykov. "Remarque is very popular now, and was the most popular prose writer of his generation. Generations, all the rules and principles of which cracked when young people were from 18 to 20 years old. ... audiobook

The purpose of the remark is to clarify what happens to the characters, how the environment around them changes, etc. This is one of the compositional and stylistic devices that the author uses to make the narrative more vivid and imaginative. A remark can be directly related to the plot or have an indirect relation to it. The most striking author's remarks can be found in dramatic works. These are, for example, phrases written at the beginning of each act about where the action takes place, what objects are present on the stage, which of the characters moves in this moment etc. Sometimes the author's note is just one word. For example, if we are talking about a character, the remark may look like “fits”, “falls asleep”, “turns away”, etc. There are also very long remarks, taking up a page or even more. Such a remark will interfere with part of the plot. It can either emphasize the main story line or contradict it, creating an auxiliary plot.

Forms of remarks

The author's remark at the beginning of the narrative or its fragment can clarify the circumstances of the place or time, supplement data on the events taking place simultaneously with the main narrative. Such remarks are most often (but not necessarily) found in dramatic works. The author's note may also refer the author to the finale. AT fiction quite often there is another kind of remarks. The writer may, for example, include in the narrative his own personal reminiscences related to his autobiography or to events unrelated to the main plot that he witnessed.

Technical author's remarks

A separate type of author's remarks includes explanations, which are quite often drawn up as or notes. These notes can clarify a variety of things - dates, information about historical figures and events, where the author took certain facts for his work, and much more.

Irony and morality

The author's remarks also include all kinds of author to readers. A striking remark of this kind is the moral in the fable, which is not related to what was said earlier, but at the same time clarifies what was said. It refers to the same form in the French ballad. The author can address the reader with moralizing or ironically. Sometimes the author's remark provokes the reader to one or another attitude to events.

Digressions, flash forwards and flashbacks

These mysterious names also denote types of remarks. Lyrical digression used to show the emotional attitude of the author to the events described. Flash forward refers the reader to subsequent events. This type of remark is quite often used in historical prose. Flashback is a reference to previous events in the story. This kind of remark is still an allusion. Sometimes the author tells what happened to the characters next. This is also an author's remark.

When they say to a naughty tomboy, shaking his head: “Well, well done!”, - this is irony. When an employee trembling in fear at the boss's door is told, "You're a hero," it's ironic. And when they say to a stupid person who speaks banal truths: “Smart-smart ...”, then this is also irony. Traditional irony is condemnation disguised as praise. They resort to her help when they want to give their statement the exact opposite meaning, but they act subtly and even kindly.

Instruction

The word "irony" comes from eironea - pretense. Irony is a category of aesthetics; literary scholars find its origins in the traditions of ancient rhetoric. It is from there that "" the European ironic tradition of modern times.

There are several forms of irony:
- a straight line, with the help of which there is a clear reduction, phenomena or. A way of giving what is happening a negative or funny character (“Well, you are a hero ...”);
- anti-irony, is the exact opposite of direct irony. Using it, the object seems possible as something underestimated (“Where can you, stupid, convince him” - to a person who has received a reprimand from the boss);
- self-irony, which is directed at oneself. As a rule, it is hiddenly endowed with a positive connotation (“Where can we, fools, climb forward”);
- Socratic irony is a variant of self-irony, constructed in such a way that the object to which it is directed independently deduces natural logical conclusions for itself and hidden meaning said in an ironic way. This is a very skillful kind of irony, requiring knowledge of logic and fine literature.

There is another form of irony, which some scholars elevate to a completely separate view because we are talking about an ironic worldview. This is not just about expressing one’s thoughts in a certain form, but about a state of mind in which blind faith in common statements and stereotypes is excluded, and when a person does not consider various “generally recognized values” to be so significant and serious.

Many dictionaries give the following as synonyms for “irony”: sarcasm, mockery, pricklyness, malice, mockery, causticity, ridicule, mockery, banter. Taking into account the greatness and power of the language, as well as the many semantic ones per lexical unit (word), it should still be taken into account that all of these mean far from the same thing. So, sarcasm is a tougher type of irony, causticity is rather acrimony and mockery, and malice is malice and deceit.

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A stylistic figure is an unusual construction of sentences, a special turn of speech that contributes to the achievement of extraordinary expressiveness. It serves as a means of individualization and is widely used by authors of works of art.

Types of stylistic figures

The stylistic figure includes such devices as anaphora, assonance, pleonasm, default, ellipse, rhetorical question, etc. The meaning of such figures of speech becomes clear only in the context of a particular artwork. In everyday speech, such turns are practically not used.

More about some figures of speech

It is a violation of the sequence of speech, which makes it more expressive. Inversion is especially common in works written in poetic form. For example, in the poetic lines “His poems are captivating sweetness Centuries will pass envious distance” (To the portrait of Zhukovsky) A.S. Pushkin, with the help of inversion, emphasized the "captivating" romantic poetry of the 19th century.

The essence of anaphora is the repetition of identical words or consonances at the beginning of a work of art. He was very fond of using anaphora in his work F. Tyutchev, S. Yesenin, N. Gogol and others. An example is the poetic lines “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...” (S. Yesenin).

Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a poetic work also in order to enhance expressiveness. Assonance also includes inaccurate rhyme. Only some sounds are consonant in it, mostly vowels under stress.

Pleonasm, like assonance, refers to such a stylistic figure as repetition. However, in this case, it is not sounds that are repeated, but similar words and phrases, thus creating an injection effect. A.P. Chekhov in the story "Mysterious" with the help of pleonasms expressed the growing guilt of the man who stepped on Kashtanka: "Dog, where are you from? Did I hurt you? O poor, poor... Well, don't be angry, don't be angry... Guilty."

The figure of default consists in understatement, leaving some topic uncovered due to the excitement that has arisen, etc. And the silence in the art world acquires special meaning. It has long been associated with folk wisdom“the word is silver, silence is gold”, but over time it has undergone significant changes and could even mean some hidden threat. This unspoken threat is felt, for example, in the final remark of Boris Godunov: "The people are silent."

All stylistic figures, one way or another, are connected with literary creativity. They revive artistic speech, allow you to highlight the main points in the plot.

remark(from the French remark- remark, note) - in literature - an extra-plot element of the work; compositional and stylistic device, which consists in the author's retreat from the direct plot relationship to the depicted. Sometimes replaces significant amounts of the storyline or is an alternative to the actual story. It can take various forms:

• the circumstances of the place, time, current events or the reader's reference to the finale of the work; often located at the beginning of the narrative;
• autobiographical memoirs of the author;
• moralizing, ironic or provocative appeal of the author to the reader;
• the emotional attitude of the author to the depicted (lyrical digression);
• sending the reader to the subsequent events of the plot (flashforward);
• referring the reader to previous events of the plot (allusion or flashback);
• a concise presentation of the fate of the heroes of the work after the actual end of the plot; located at the end of the work, sometimes in the form of an epilogue;
• explanations, translations made by the author for the actual text of the work (footnote, note);
• other author's reasoning, reflections, clarifications.

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An excerpt characterizing Remarque (in literature)

From that day on, that passionate and tender friendship was established between Princess Mary and Natasha, which happens only between women. They kissed incessantly, spoke tender words to each other, and spent most of their time together. If one went out, the other was restless and hurried to join her. Together they felt a greater harmony with each other than separately, each with himself. A feeling stronger than friendship was established between them: it was an exceptional feeling of the possibility of life only in the presence of each other.
Sometimes they were silent for whole hours; sometimes, already lying in their beds, they began to talk and talked until the morning. They talked for the most part about the distant past. Princess Marya talked about her childhood, about her mother, about her father, about her dreams; and Natasha, who previously with calm incomprehension turned away from this life, devotion, humility, from the poetry of Christian self-denial, now, feeling herself bound by love with Princess Marya, fell in love with Princess Marya's past and understood a side of life that she had not understood before. She did not think of applying humility and self-sacrifice to her life, because she was accustomed to seek other joys, but she understood and fell in love with another this previously incomprehensible virtue. For Princess Mary, who listened to stories about Natasha's childhood and early youth, a previously incomprehensible side of life was also revealed, faith in life, in the pleasures of life.

Briefly:

Remarque (from French remarque - note, note) - explanations given by the author in a dramatic work indicating age, external features, behavior, gestures, intonation of the characters, as well as the stage setting, etc. They are addressed to readers, directors and performers.

Some playwrights attached special importance to the stage direction. For example, N. Gogol in the comedy The Inspector General described the characters in detail in the introductory remarks, and then wrote “Remarks for the gentlemen of the actors”, in which he clarified the meaning of the notes given during the play, and especially the final “silent” scene: “Spoken words hit everyone like thunder. The sound of amazement unanimously emanates from the ladies' lips ... ".

Source: Schoolchildren's Handbook: Grades 5-11. — M.: AST-PRESS, 2000

More:

Remarque (from French remarque - remark, explanation) - in dramatic work: the author's remark, located in the initial and / or final position of the phenomenon, action, placed between the characters' replicas.

Purpose of remark:
1) describe the environment in which the action takes place (usually at the beginning or end of the action, phenomenon), give a physical or psychological picture actor, at the same time in some cases to give author's assessment events. For example, at the end III actions Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", after Chatsky's famous accusatory monologue "There is an insignificant meeting in that room ...", we read: "He looks around: everyone is spinning in a waltz with the greatest zeal. The old people dispersed to the card tables." With these two phrases, Griboedov makes it clear a lot. First, it is clear that at the beginning of his monologue the hero is in the center of attention of the characters. Attention dissipates as he pronounces his pathetic speech: no one but himself is interested in it. So " famous society"rejects a foreign body. Secondly, a rigid boundary is drawn between different models behavior: standard "secular" and, according to Yu. Lotman, "Decembrist". Representatives of progressive youth considered pastime for dancing, cards, etc. a waste of time (see: Lotman Yu. Life and traditions of the Russian nobility (XVIII - early XIX centuries)).

2) Help the actor and director explain the details of the scenery and costumes when staging the play, general organization stage space, the behavior of the actor on stage, even facial expressions and gestures. In a number of cases, the stage direction serves as a direct way of dividing the play into actions and phenomena. She always announces the appearance and departure from the stage of one or another character.

3) Over the centuries, the play began to be thought of by the author not only as a performance played on theater stage, but also as a text itself, which the reader can perceive alone, outside the theatrical space, reading like any other work. What is a remark in literature in this context? This is an indication of the situation that the reader must imagine in order to understand what is happening. Then the remark resembles an ordinary prose description, given in a very compressed form.

4) In the history of literature, the appearance of more and more detailed, detailed remarks means a changing interpretation of the author's personality. If in ancient times the author is more likely a conductor of some divine action and text, then in subsequent eras his activity is perceived as personal, his role increases, assessments, reflections, priorities, etc. become increasingly important. Remarque in literature denotes the process of increasing the role of the subject of creativity.

Antique drama almost did not know stage directions - with rare exceptions. The author of the play thus, as it were, distanced himself from what was happening, removed himself, giving the action an “objective” character. As you move literary process and the development of authorial subjectivism, remarks in literature not only became more detailed, but also began to be determined by the genre and style of the dramatic work.

A widespread, descriptive-subject remark is a feature of the realistic dramaturgy of the 19th - early 20th centuries. They are especially detailed in naturalistic drama. For example, in Hauptmann's play "The Carter Genschel" are described simultaneously and physical actions, and psychological states: "Hanschel, without visible excitement, grabs Gaufe by the chest, gets up and pushes the vainly resisting old man to glass door; sharply turning around, he presses the door handle with his left hand and pushes Gaufe out; while the following conversation takes place<...>"(Act IV). The remarks in the plays of Chekhov and Ibsen acquire a symbolic character. Let's compare two remarks from The Cherry Orchard: "Everyone is sitting, thinking. Silence. You can only hear Firs mumbling softly. Suddenly there was a distant sound, as if from the sky, the sound of a broken string, fading, sad ”(act. II); “A distant sound is heard, as if from the sky, the sound of a broken string, fading, sad. Silence sets in, and only one can hear how far in the garden they knock on wood with an ax "(act. IV). The almost verbatim repetition of the same description creates a figurative, emotional leitmotif of the play.

In Leonid Andreev's plays, remarks have a philosophical and symbolic coloring (the very beginning of the play "The Life of a Man", which gives the key to understanding the whole work - both for the director or actor, and for the reader).

In general, we can say that the stage direction in literature develops along with the development of understanding of the author's subjectivism, the role of the author and the author's principle in the creation of a work of art.