The most numerous families of the peoples of the world. The smallest nations in the world
1. The national composition of the world's population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.
2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, features of placement. Countries distinguished by the level of development of mechanical engineering.
3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
1. The national composition of the world's population. Its changes and geographical differences. The largest nations of the world.
There are about 3-4 thousand peoples or ethnic groups in the world, some of which have developed into nations, while others are nationalities and tribes.
For your information: an ethnos is a historically established, stable community of people that has a combination of such features as a common language, territory, features of life and culture, and ethnic identity.
The peoples of the world are classified:
I. By number:
In total, there are more than 300 peoples in the world, numbering over 1 million people each, which account for 96% of the total population of the Earth. Including the number of over 5 million people are about 130 peoples, over 10 million - 76 peoples, over 25 million - 35 peoples, over 100 million - 7 peoples.
For your information: 7 most numerous nations:
1) Chinese (Han) - 1048 million people (in China - 97% of the total number of people in the country);
2) Hindustanis - 223 million people (in India - 99.7%);
3) US Americans - 187 million people. (in the USA - 99.4%);
4) Bengalis - 176 million people. (in Bangladesh - 59%, in India - 40%);
5) Russians - 146 million people. (in Russia - 79.5%);
6) Brazilians - 137 million people. (in Brazil - 99.7%);
7) Japanese - 123 million people. (in Japan - 99%).
But there are peoples numbering less than 1 thousand people.
II. By linguistic proximity:
Related languages are combined into groups, which in turn form language families.
1) The Indo-European language family is the most numerous, 150 peoples of Europe, Asia, America and Australia speak its languages; the total number is more than 2.5 billion people.
This language family includes a number of groups:
Romanesque (French, Italians, Spaniards, Latin Americans);
German (Germans, British, Americans);
Slavic (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats);
Celtic (Irish)
Baltic (Lithuanians);
Greek (Greeks);
Albanian
· Armenian;
Iranian (Persians, Kurds).
2) Sino-Tibetan language group: over 1 billion people speak its languages.
Somewhat less numerous language families:
3) Afroasian.
4) Altai.
5) Niger-Kordofanian.
6) Dravidian.
7) Austronesian.
8) Ural.
9) Caucasian.
National criteria underlie the division of mankind into states.
If on their territory the main nationality is over 90%, then these are single-national states (Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Japan, etc.).
If two nations prevail - binational (Belgium, Canada, etc.).
If countries are inhabited and make up a significant proportion of dozens and even hundreds of peoples - multinational states (India, Russia, USA, Spain, Great Britain, Nigeria, Indonesia, etc.).
2. Mechanical engineering is the leading branch of modern industry. Composition, features of placement. Countries distinguished by the level of development of mechanical engineering.
Mechanical engineering is one of the oldest branches of the economy. As an industry, it arose 200 years ago during the industrial revolution in England.
Mechanical engineering provides other branches of the economy with equipment and machines, produces many household and cultural items.
In terms of the number of employees (more than 80 million people) and the cost of production, it ranks first among all sectors of the world industry.
The level of development of the economy of any country is judged by the level of development of mechanical engineering.
The following main branches (more than 70 in total) of mechanical engineering are distinguished:
1) machine tool building;
2) instrumentation;
3) electrical and electronic industry;
5) railway engineering;
6) automotive industry;
7) shipbuilding;
8) aviation and rocket industry;
9) tractor and agricultural engineering, etc.
The location of engineering enterprises is influenced by many factors.
As the main ones it should be noted: transport; availability of qualified labor resources; consumer; and for some (metal-intensive) industries - and raw materials.
Recently, there has been a decrease in the dependence of mechanical engineering on metal sources, but its orientation towards labor resources is increasing, scientific centers etc.
There are four machine-building regions in the world:
1) North America: where almost all types of engineering products are produced, from the highest to medium and low complexity.
Major corporations:
Automotive (USA): General Motors, Ford Motor, Chrysler;
Computer technology (USA): International Business Machines;
Electronics (USA): General Electric, American Telephone and Telegraph, etc.
2) Foreign Europe (in relation to the CIS): produces mainly mass machine-building products, but also retains its positions in some of the latest industries.
Major corporations:
automobile (Germany): "Daimler-Benz"; "Volkswagenwerk";
electronics: Germany - "Siemens", the Netherlands - "Philips", etc.
3) Eastern and Southeast Asia: Japan is in the lead here.
The region combines the products of mass engineering with products of the highest technology - the centers of science.
Large corporations:
Cars (Japan): Toyota Motor, Nissan Motor;
Electronics (Japan): Hitachi, Matsushita Electric Industrial, Samsung, etc.
4) Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus are leading in it.
Recently, the pace of development of mechanical engineering has decreased in the region, although it produces a wide range of engineering products.
Developing countries produce less than 1/10 of the world's engineering products. In most of these states, there is not mechanical engineering, but it is more correct to call it metalworking, in addition to this, there are many assembly plants that receive machine parts from the USA, Western Europe and Japan.
But recently in some of them - Brazil, India, Argentina, Mexico - mechanical engineering has already reached a fairly high level.
3. Determination of the main export and import items of one of the countries of the world (at the choice of the teacher).
According to the following response plan, you can characterize any state in the world.
Take for example, Japan is one of the 7 economically developed countries peace.
For the answer we used: statistical materials; maps of economic sectors of the world; atlas maps for Japan (economy).
Import in Japan (import of products):
1) raw materials: fuel - 49%, ore, for the textile industry (textile fiber), etc.;
2) products of the chemical industry (acids, alkalis, fertilizers, oil products);
3) food products (grain, etc.).
Export in Japan: products, products of the following industries:
1) mechanical engineering (cars, ships, electronics, machine tools, watches);
2) ferrous metallurgy (steel, rolled products);
3) non-ferrous metallurgy;
4) chemical industry (synthetic fibers, rubber);
5) light industry (fabrics, clothes).
From the above, we can conclude that in Japan, as one of the developed countries, the following trend is observed: the import of mainly raw materials and food products (preferably from developing countries) due to the lack of their own natural resources; and the export of finished expensive products, both to the developing countries of Asia and to the developed countries of Europe and America.
Ticket number 17
Russia is famous as a multinational state, more than 190 peoples live on the territory of the country. Most of them ended up in the Russian Federation peacefully, thanks to the annexation of new territories. Each nation is distinguished by its history, culture and heritage. Let us analyze in more detail the national composition of Russia, considering each ethnic group separately.
Large nationalities of Russia
Russians are the most numerous indigenous ethnic group living in Russia. The number of Russian people in the world is equated to 133 million people, but some sources indicate a figure of up to 150 million. AT Russian Federation more than 110 (almost 79% of the total population of the country) million Russians live, most of the Russians also live in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus. If we consider the map of Russia, then the Russian people are distributed in large numbers throughout the entire territory of the state, living in every region of the country ...
Tatars, compared with Russians, make up only 3.7% of the total population of the country. Tatar people has a population of 5.3 million people. This ethnic group lives throughout the country, the most densely populated city of Tatars is Tatarstan, more than 2 million people live there, and the most sparsely populated region is Ingushetia, where there are not even a thousand people from the Tatar people ...
The Bashkirs are the indigenous people of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The number of Bashkirs is about 1.5 million people - this is 1.1% of the total number of all residents of the Russian Federation. Of the one and a half million people, most (about 1 million) live on the territory of Bashkortostan. The rest of the Bashkirs live throughout Russia, as well as in the CIS countries ...
Chuvash are indigenous people Chuvash Republic. Their number is 1.4 million people, which is 1.01% of the total national composition of Russians. According to the census, about 880 thousand Chuvashs live on the territory of the republic, the rest live in all regions of Russia, as well as in Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
Chechens are a people who settled in the North Caucasus, Chechnya is considered their homeland. In Russia, the number of the Chechen people was 1.3 million people, but according to statistics, since 2015 the number of Chechens in the territory of the Russian Federation has increased to 1.4 million. This people accounts for 1.01% of the total population of Russia ...
The Mordovian people have a population of about 800 thousand people (about 750 thousand), which is 0.54% of the total population. Most of the people live in Mordovia - about 350 thousand people, followed by the regions: Samara, Penza, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk. Least of all given ethnos lives in the Ivanovo and Omsk regions, even 5 thousand belonging to the Mordovian people will not gather there ...
The Udmurt people have a population of 550 thousand people - this is 0.40% of the total population of our vast Motherland. Most of the ethnic group lives in the Udmurt Republic, and the rest is dispersed in neighboring regions - Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk region, Perm region, Kirov region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. A small part of the Udmurt people migrated to Kazakhstan and Ukraine ...
Yakuts represent indigenous people Yakutia. Their number is 480 thousand people - this is about 0.35% of the total national composition in the Russian Federation. Yakuts make up the majority of the inhabitants of Yakutia and Siberia. They also live in other regions of Russia, the regions most densely populated by Yakuts are the Irkutsk and Magadan regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Khabarovsk and the Primorsky District ...
According to statistics available after the census, 460,000 Buryats live in Russia. This is 0.32% of the total number of Russians. Most of the Buryats (about 280 thousand people) live in Buryatia, being the indigenous population of this republic. The rest of the people of Buryatia live in other regions of Russia. The territory most densely populated by Buryats is Irkutsk region(77 thousand) and the Trans-Baikal Territory (73 thousand), and less populated - the Kamchatka Territory and the Kemerovo Region, even 2000 thousand Buryats cannot be found there ...
The number of the Komi people living on the territory of the Russian Federation is 230 thousand people. This figure is 0.16% of the total population in Russia. For living, this people chose not only the Komi Republic, which is their immediate homeland, but also other regions of our vast country. The Komi people are found in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk and Omsk regions, as well as in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs ...
The people of Kalmykia are indigenous to the Republic of Kalmykia. Their number is 190 thousand people, if compared as a percentage, then 0.13% of the total population living in Russia. Most of these people, not counting Kalmykia, live in Astrakhan and Volgograd regions- about 7 thousand people. And least of all Kalmyks live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Stavropol Territory - less than a thousand people ...
Altaians are the indigenous people of Altai, therefore they live mainly in this republic. Although some part of the population has left the historical habitat, they now live in the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk regions. Total population Altai people is 79 thousand people, as a percentage - 0.06 of the total number of Russians ...
The Chukchi are a small people from the northeastern part of Asia. In Russia, the Chukchi people have a small number - about 16 thousand people, their people make up 0.01% of the total population of our multinational country. This people is scattered throughout Russia, but most of them settled in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Yakutia, the Kamchatka Territory and the Magadan Region ...
These are the most common peoples that you can meet in the vastness of Mother Russia. However, the list is far from complete, because there are also foreigners in our state. For example, Germans, Vietnamese, Arabs, Serbs, Romanians, Czechs, Americans, Kazakhs, Ukrainians, French, Italians, Slovaks, Croats, Tuvans, Uzbeks, Spaniards, British, Japanese, Pakistanis, etc. Most of the listed ethnic groups make up 0.01% of the total, but there are peoples with more than 0.5%.
You can continue endlessly, because the vast territory of the Russian Federation is capable of accommodating many peoples under one roof, both indigenous and those arriving from other countries and even continents.
Chinese actor and director Jackie Chan
In second place among the most big nations The lands are Arabs, which currently number about 350 million people.
In fifth place among the largest nations of the planet are Bengalis- the main population of the state of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India. Total number There are more than 250 million Bengalis in the world (about 150 million in Bangladesh and about 100 million in India).
Indian writer and poet Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali by nationality
bengali girl
In sixth place among the largest peoples of the Earth are Brazilians(193 million people) - a nation that was formed in the same way as the American nation - by mixing different ethnic groups.
Brazilian soccer player Ronaldinho
The seventh largest people on the planet - Mexicans, of which there are 156 million people in the world, of which 121 million people. live in Mexico and 34.6 million live in the US. On the example of the Mexicans, one can note the conventionality of dividing people into nations. Those Mexicans who live in the US can be considered Mexicans and Americans at the same time.
Mexican Ximena Navarrete - Miss Universe 2010
Mexican football player Rafael Marquez, captain of the Mexico national team
The eighth largest people on Earth - Russians, of which there are about 150 million people in the world, of which 116 million live in Russia, 8.3 million in Ukraine, 3.8 million in Kazakhstan. Russians are the largest people in Europe.
Russian actress Irina Ivanovna Alferova
The ninth largest people in the world - Japanese(130 million people).
Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki
Close the ten largest peoples of the Earth Punjabis. In total, there are 120 million Punjabis in the world, of which 76 million people. lives in Pakistan and 29 million in India.
14th largest people in the world - marathi(80 million people) - the main population of the Indian state of Maharashtra.
Indian actress Madhuri Dixit of the Maratha people
15th largest people on Earth - tamils, of which there are 77 million people in the world, of which 63 million live in India.
Tamil Indian actress Vyjayanthimala
Indian chess player Viswanathan Anand (Tamil by nationality), current world chess champion.
Approximately the same number as Tamils (77 million people) in the world, there are Vietnamese(Viet).
There are also no less than 75 million people Telugu- the main population of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
About 70 million people are Thais- the main population of Thailand.
Thai Piyaporn Deejin, Miss Thailand 2008
Another big nation Germans. There are 65 million Germans in Germany. If we also count the persons German descent, then a more impressive figure is obtained - 150 million people. For example, in the US, 48 million people have German roots, making it the largest ethnic group among Americans.
German actress Diane Kruger
Despite the efforts of historians and ethnographers, the history of these peoples still keeps its mysteries.
1. Russians
Yes, Russians are one of the most mysterious peoples. Scientists still cannot come to a consensus either about when the Russians became "Russians", or about where, in fact, this word came from. The question of the origin of the people remains controversial. Normans, Scythians, Sarmatians, Wends, and even the South Siberian people of the Usuns were recorded as the ancestors of the Russians.
We do not know the origin of the Mayan people, nor where they disappeared to. Some scientists trace Mayan roots to the legendary Atlanteans, others believe that the Egyptians were their ancestors. The Maya created an efficient system of agriculture, had deep knowledge in the field of astronomy. The calendar developed by the Maya was used by other peoples of Central America. They used a hieroglyphic writing system, partially deciphered. The Mayan civilization was very advanced, but by the time the conquistadors arrived, it was in deep decline, and the Mayans themselves seemed to have disappeared into history.
3. Laplanders
The Laplanders are also called Sami and Lapps. The age of this ethnic group is at least 5000 years old. Scientists are still arguing who the Laplanders are and where they came from. Some consider this people to be Mongoloid, others argue that the Laplanders are Paleo-Europeans. The Sami language is classified as a Finno-Ugric language, but the Laplanders have 10 dialects of the Sami language, which are so different from each other that they can be called independent. This even makes it difficult for some Laplanders to communicate with others.
4. Prussians
The very origin of the name of the Prussians is shrouded in mystery. The first time it occurs only in the 9th century in the form of Brusi in the draft of an anonymous merchant, and later - in Polish and German chronicles. Linguists find analogies for it in many Indo-European languages and believe that it goes back to the Sanskrit purusa - "man". Sufficient information about the language of the Prussians has also not been preserved. Its last carrier died in 1677, and the plague of 1709-1711 exterminated the last Prussians in Prussia itself. Already in the 17th century, instead of Prussian history, the history of “Prussianism” and the kingdom of Prussia began, the local population of which had little in common with the Baltic name of the Prussians.
5. Cossacks
The question of where the Cossacks came from is still unresolved. Their homeland is found in the North Caucasus, and in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, and in Western Turkestan. The genealogy of the Cossacks is traced back to the Scythians, to the Alans, to the Circassians, to the Khazars, to the Goths, to the wanderers. Supporters of all versions have their own arguments. Today, the Cossacks are a multi-ethnic community, but they themselves like to insist that the Cossacks are a separate people.
6. Parsis
The Parsis are an ethno-confessional group of followers of Zoroastrianism in South Asia, of Iranian origin. Its number now is less than 130 thousand people. The Parsees have their own temples and the so-called "towers of silence", where, in order not to desecrate the sacred elements (earth, fire, water), they bury the dead (corpses are pecked by vultures). Parsees are often compared to Jews, they were also forced to leave their homeland and are meticulous in matters of observance of cults. The "Iranian League" in India at the beginning of the 20th century promoted the return of the Parsi to their homeland, reminiscent of the Zionism of the Jews.
7. Hutsuls
The meaning of the word "hutsul" is still debated. Some scientists believe that the etymology of the word goes back to the Moldavian "gots" or "guts", which means "robber", others - to the word "kochul", which means "shepherd". Hutsuls are also called "Ukrainian Highlanders". Among them, the traditions of quackery are still strong. Hutsul sorcerers are called molfars. They can be white and black. Molfars enjoy unquestioned authority.
8. Hittites
The Hittite state was one of the most influential forces on the geopolitical map ancient world. The first constitution appeared here, the Hittites were the first to use war chariots and revered the double-headed eagle, but information about the Hittites is still fragmentary. In their "tables of courageous deeds" of the kings, there are many notes "for the next year", but the year of the report is unknown. We know the chronology of the Hittite state from the sources of its neighbors. Remains open question: Where did the Hittites disappear? Johann Lehmann in his book The Hittites. The people of a thousand gods ”gives the version that the Hittites went north, where they assimilated with the Germanic tribes. But this is just a version.
9. Sumerians
The Sumerians are the most interesting and still one of the most mysterious peoples of the Ancient World. We do not know where they came from, nor what language family their language belonged to. A large number of homonyms suggests that it was tonal (as, for example, modern Chinese), which means that the meaning of what was said often depended on intonation. The Sumerians were one of the most advanced peoples of their time, they were the first in the entire Middle East to use the wheel, created an irrigation system, invented a unique writing system, and the knowledge of the Sumerians in mathematics and astronomy is still amazing.
10. Etruscans
The ancient people of the Etruscans suddenly arose in human history, but also suddenly dissolved in it. According to archaeologists, the Etruscans settled northwestern part the Apennine Peninsula and created there quite advanced civilization. It was the Etruscans who founded the first cities in Italy. Historians also believe that Roman numerals can also be called Etruscan. It is not known where the Etruscans disappeared. According to one version, they moved to the east and became the ancestors of the Slavic ethnic group. Some scholars argue that the Etruscan language is very close to Slavic in its structure.
11. Armenians
The origin of the Armenians remains a mystery. There are many versions. Some scientists correlate Armenians with the people of the ancient state of Urartu, but the genetic component of the Urartians is present in genetic code Armenians as well as the genetic component of the same Hurrians and Luvians, not to mention the proto-Armenians. There are Greek versions of the origin of the Armenians, as well as the so-called "Hayasian hypotheses", in which Hayas, the territory to the east of the Hittite kingdom, becomes the ancestral home of the Armenians. Scientists have not given a final answer to the question of the origin of the Armenians and most often adhere to the migration-mixed hypothesis of Armenian ethnogenesis.
12. gypsies
According to linguistic and genetic research, the ancestors of the Gypsies left the territory of India in an amount not exceeding 1000 people. There are about 10 million Roma in the world today. In the Middle Ages, gypsies in Europe were considered Egyptians. The very word Gitanes is derived from the Egyptian. Tarot cards, which are considered the last surviving fragment of the cult of the Egyptian god Thoth, were brought to Europe by the gypsies. They were not in vain called "Pharaoh's tribe." It was also striking for the Europeans that the gypsies embalmed their dead and buried them in crypts, where they laid everything necessary for life after death. These funeral traditions are alive with the gypsies today.
13. Jews
Jews are one of the most mysterious of the living peoples. For a long time it was believed that the very concept of "Jews" is more cultural than ethnic. That is, that "Jews" were created by Judaism, and not vice versa. In science, there are still fierce discussions about what the Jews originally were - a people, a social stratum or a religious denomination.
There are many mysteries in the history of the Jewish people. At the end of the 8th century BC, five-sixths of the Jews completely disappeared - 10 out of 12 ethno-forming genera. Where did they disappear to? big question. There is a version that Finns, Swiss, Swedes, Norwegians, Irish, Welsh, French, Belgians, Dutch, Danes, Irish and Welsh come from the Scythians and Cimmerians, as descendants of 10 tribes, that is, almost all European peoples. The question of the origin of the Ashkenazim and their closeness to the Jews of the Middle East also remains debatable.
14. Guanches
The Guanches are the natives of Tenerife. The mystery of how they ended up in the Canary Islands has not yet been solved, since they did not have a fleet and did not have sailing skills. Their anthropological type did not correspond to the latitudes where they lived. The rectangular pyramids on the island of Tenerife, similar to the Mayan and Aztec pyramids in Mexico, also cause controversy. Neither the time of their construction nor the purpose for which they were erected is known.
15. Khazars
Neighboring peoples wrote a lot about the Khazars, but they themselves left practically no information about themselves. How unexpectedly the Khazars appeared on historical stage just as suddenly they left her. Historians still do not have sufficient archaeological data about what Khazaria was like, nor an understanding of what language the Khazars spoke. It is also unknown where they eventually disappeared. There are many versions. There is no clarity.
16. Basques
The age, origin and language of the Basques is one of the main mysteries modern history. The Basque language - Euskara, is considered the only relict pre-Indo-European language that does not belong to any existing language family. As for genetics, according to a 2012 study by the National Geographic Society, all Basques contain a set of genes that significantly distinguishes them from other peoples around them.
17. Chaldeans
The Chaldeans are a Semitic-Aramaic people who lived at the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC. in southern and middle Mesopotamia. In 626-538 BC. in Babylon, the Chaldean dynasty ruled, which founded the Neo-Babylonian kingdom. The Chaldeans were a people still associated with magic and astrology. AT Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome priests and soothsayers of Babylonian origin were called Chaldeans. The Chaldeans made predictions to Alexander the Great and his heirs Antigonus and Seleucus.
18. Sarmatians
The Sarmatians are one of the most mysterious peoples in world history. Herodotus called them "lizard-headed", Lomonosov believed that the Slavs descended from the Sarmatians, and the Polish gentry called themselves their direct descendants. The Sarmatians left a lot of mysteries. They probably had a matriarchy. Some scientists lead the roots of the Russian kokoshnik from the Sarmatians. Among them, the custom of artificial deformation of the skull was widespread, due to which the human head took on the shape of an elongated egg.
19. Kalash
The Kalash are a small people living in northern Pakistan in the Hindu Kush mountains. He is probably the most famous "white" people of Asia. Disputes about the origin of the Kalash continue today. The Kalash themselves are sure that they are the descendants of the Macedonian himself. The Kalash language is called phonologically atypical; it has retained the basic composition of Sanskrit. Despite attempts at Islamization, many Kalash retain polytheism.
20. Philistines
The modern name "Palestine" comes from "Philistia". The Philistines are the most mysterious people of those mentioned in the Bible. In the Middle East, only they and the Hittites owned the technology of steel smelting, marking the beginning of the Iron Age. The Bible says that this people comes from the island of Caphtor (Crete), although some historians correlate the Philistines with the Pelasgians. Egyptian manuscripts testify to the Cretan origins of the Philistines, and archaeological finds. Where the Philistines disappeared to is still not clear. Most likely, they were assimilated by the peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean.
The study of the ethnic (national) composition of the population is carried out by a science called ethnology (from the Greek ethnos - tribe, people), or ethnography. Formed as an independent branch of science in the second half of the 19th century, ethnology still retains a close connection with geography, history, sociology, anthropology and other sciences.The basic concept of ethnology is the concept of ethnicity. An ethnos is a stable community of people that has developed in a certain territory, possessing, as a rule, a single language, some common features culture and psyche, as well as a common self-consciousness, i.e., the consciousness of their unity, in contrast to other similar ethnic formations. Some scientists believe that none of the listed signs of an ethnic group is decisive: in some cases leading role territory plays, in others - language, in others - cultural features, etc. (Indeed, for example, Germans and Austrians, British and Australians, Portuguese and Brazilians speak the same language, but belong to different ethnic groups, and the Swiss, on the contrary, they speak four languages, but form one ethnic group.) Others believe that, nevertheless, ethnic self-consciousness should be considered a defining feature, which, moreover, is usually fixed in a certain self-name (ethnonym), for example, “Russians”, “Germans”, “ Chinese, etc.
The theory of the emergence and development of ethnic groups was called the theory of ethnogenesis. Until recently, Russian science was dominated by the division of peoples (ethnic groups) into three stadial types: tribe, nationality and nation. At the same time, they proceeded from the fact that tribes and tribal unions - as communities of people - historically corresponded to the primitive communal system. Nationalities were usually associated with the slaveholding and feudal system, and nations as the highest form ethnic community- with the development of capitalist, and then socialist relations (hence the division of nations into bourgeois and socialist). Recently, in connection with the reassessment of the former formational approach, which was based on the doctrine of the historical continuity of socio-economic formations, and with an increasing focus on modern civilizational approach, many of the previous provisions of the theory of ethnogenesis began to be revised, and in scientific terminology - as a generalization - the concept of "ethnos" began to be increasingly used.
In connection with the theory of ethnogenesis, it is impossible not to mention one fundamental dispute that has long been waged by Russian scientists. Most of them adhere to the view of the ethnos as a historical, social, historical and economic phenomenon. Others proceed from the fact that the ethnos should be considered a kind of bio-geo-historical phenomenon.
This point of view was defended by the geographer, historian and ethnographer L. N. Gumilyov in the book Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth and in his other works. He considered ethnogenesis to be primarily a biological, biospheric process, connected with the passionarity of man, that is, with his ability to overstrain his forces to achieve a great goal. At the same time, the condition for the emergence of passionary impulses that affect the formation and development of an ethnos is not solar Activity, but a special state of the Universe, from which ethnic groups receive energy impulses. According to Gumilyov, the process of the existence of an ethnos - from its emergence to disintegration - lasts 1200-1500 years. During this time, it goes through phases of ascent, then breakdown, obscuration (from Latin obscurous - darkened, in the sense of reactionary) and, finally, relic. When the highest phase is reached, the largest ethnic formations appear - superethnoi. L. N. Gumilyov believed that Russia entered a phase of growth in the 13th century, and in the 19th century. passed into a phase of fracture, which in the XX century. was in its final stages.
After getting acquainted with the concept of ethnicity, you can proceed to consider ethnic composition(structure) of the world's population, i.e., its distribution according to the principle of ethnic (national) affiliation.
First of all, naturally, the question arises about the total number of ethnic groups (peoples) inhabiting the Earth. It is usually believed that there are from 4,000 to 5,500 of them. It is difficult to give a more precise figure, since many of them have not yet been sufficiently studied, and this does not make it possible to distinguish, say, a language from its dialects. In terms of numbers, all peoples are distributed extremely disproportionately (Table 56).
Table 56
Analysis of table 56 shows that in the early 1990s. 321 peoples, numbering more than 1 million people each, accounted for 96.2% of the total population the globe. Including 79 peoples with more than 10 million people accounted for almost 80% of the population, 36 peoples with more than 25 million people - about 65% and 19 peoples with more than 50 million people each - 54% of the population. By the end of the 1990s. number of most large nations increased to 21, and their share in the world population approached 60% (Table 57).
It is easy to calculate that the total number of 11 peoples, each of which has more than 100 million people, is about half of humanity. And at the other extreme there are hundreds of small ethnic groups living mainly in tropical forests and in the regions of the North. Many of them number less than 1,000 people, such as the Andamanese in India, the Toala in Indonesia, the Alakalufs in Argentina and Chile, and the Yukagirs in Russia.
Table 57
No less interesting and important is the question of the national composition of the population of individual countries of the world. In accordance with its features, five types of states can be distinguished: 1) one-national; 2) with a sharp predominance of one nation, but with more or less significant national minorities; 3) binational; 4) with a more complex national composition, but relatively homogeneous in ethnic terms; 5) multinational, with a complex and ethnically heterogeneous composition.
The first type of states is quite widely represented in the world. For example, in overseas Europe about half of all countries are almost single-national. These are Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Austria, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal. In foreign Asia, there are much fewer such countries: Japan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, some small countries. There are even fewer of them in Africa (Egypt, Libya, Somalia, Madagascar). And in Latin America almost all states are one-national, since Indians, mulattoes, mestizos are considered parts of a single nation.
Countries of the second type are also quite common. In foreign Europe, these are Great Britain, France, Spain, Romania, the Baltic countries. In foreign Asia - China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Iraq, Syria, Turkey. In Africa - Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Zimbabwe, Botswana. In North America - the United States, in Oceania - the Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand.
The third type of countries is much less common. Examples of it are Belgium, Canada.
Countries of the fourth type, with a rather complex, although ethnically homogeneous composition, are most often found in Asia, Central, Eastern and South Africa. They also exist in Latin America.
Most characteristic countries fifth type - India and Russia. Indonesia, the Philippines, many countries of West and South Africa can also be attributed to this type.
It is known that inter-ethnic contradictions have noticeably aggravated recently in countries with a more complex national composition.
They have different historical roots. Thus, in the countries that emerged as a result of European colonization, the oppression of the indigenous population (Indians, Eskimos, Australian Aborigines, Maori) persists. Another source of controversy is the underestimation of the linguistic and cultural identity of national minorities (Scots and Welsh in Great Britain, Basques in Spain, Corsicans in France, French Canadians in Canada). Another reason for the intensification of such contradictions was the influx of tens and hundreds of thousands of foreign workers into many countries. AT developing countries interethnic contradictions are primarily associated with the consequences of the colonial era, when the boundaries of possessions were drawn for the most part without taking into account ethnic boundaries, resulting in a kind of "ethnic mosaic". Constant contradictions on national grounds, reaching the point of militant separatism, are especially characteristic of India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Somalia, and many other countries.
The ethnic composition of the population of individual countries does not remain unchanged. Over time, it gradually changes, primarily under the influence of ethnic processes, which are divided into processes of ethnic division and ethnic unification. Separation processes include those processes in which a previously single ethnic group either ceases to exist or is divided into parts. Unification processes, on the contrary, lead to the merging of groups of people of different ethnicity and the formation of larger ethnic communities. This happens as a result of inter-ethnic consolidation, assimilation and integration.
The process of consolidation is manifested in the merging of ethnic groups (or parts of them) close in language and culture, which as a result turn into a larger ethnic community. This process is typical, for example, for Tropical Africa; It also happened in the former USSR. The essence of assimilation lies in the fact that separate parts of any ethnic group or even whole nation, living in the environment of another people, as a result of long-term communication assimilates its culture, perceives its language and ceases to consider itself belonging to the former ethnic community. One of the important factors of such assimilation is intermarriage. Assimilation is more typical for economically developed countries with long-established nations, where these nations assimilate less developed ones. national groups of people. And interethnic integration is understood as rapprochement various ethnic groups without merging them into a single whole. It occurs in both developed and developing countries. It can be added that consolidation leads to the consolidation of ethnic groups, and assimilation - to the reduction of national minorities.
Russia is one of the most multinational states in the world. It is inhabited by more than 190 peoples and nationalities. According to the 2002 census, Russians make up more than 80% of the total population. In second place in terms of numbers are the Tatars (more than 5 million people), the third - the Ukrainians (over 4 million), the fourth - the Chuvash. The share of each of the other nations in the population of the country did not exceed 1%.
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