Matrenin's house is a characteristic of the image of Grigoriev's Matryona Vasilievna. The image and characteristics of Matryona in the story Matryonin yard Solzhenitsyn essay

To the number the best works A. I. Solzhenitsyn, undoubtedly, refers to the story “ Matrenin yard about a simple Russian woman with a difficult fate. Many trials fell to her lot, but the heroine until the end of her days retained in her soul love of life, boundless kindness, readiness to sacrifice herself for the well-being of others. The article offers the reader a description of the image of Matryona.

"Matrenin Dvor": the real basis of the work

He wrote his own in 1959 and at first called it “A village is not worth without a righteous man” (for censorship reasons, the title was subsequently changed). Prototype main character became Matrena Timofeevna Zakharova, a resident of the village of Miltsevo, located in Vladimir region. The writer lived with her during the years of his teaching after returning from the camps. Therefore, the feelings and thoughts of the narrator largely reflect the views of the author himself, from the first day, according to his confession, he felt something familiar and familiar in the house of a woman he did not know. close to heart. Why this became possible will help to explain the characteristics of Matryona.

"Matrenin Dvor": the first acquaintance with the heroine

The narrator was brought to Grigorieva's house, when all the options for apartments for the settlement had already been considered. The fact is that Matrena Vasilievna lived alone in an old house. All her property was a bed, a table, benches and ficuses beloved by the hostess. Yes, even a rickety cat, which a woman picked up on the street out of pity, and a goat. She did not receive a pension, since on the collective farm she was given sticks instead of workdays. I could no longer work for health reasons. Then, however, with great difficulty she issued a pension for the loss of her husband. At the same time, she always silently came to the aid of everyone who turned to her, and did not take anything for her work. This is the first characteristic of Matryona in the story "Matryona's Yard". To this we can add that the peasant woman also did not know how to cook, although the tenant was picky and did not complain. And a couple of times a month she was attacked by a severe illness, when the woman could not even get up. But even at that moment she did not complain, and even tried not to moan, so as not to disturb the tenant. The author especially emphasizes blue eyes and a radiant smile - a symbol of openness and kindness.

The difficult fate of the heroine

The history of life helps to better understand a person. Without it, the characterization of Matryona in the story "Matryona's Yard" will also be incomplete.

The peasant woman had no children of her own: all six died in infancy. She did not marry out of love: she waited for a groom from the front for several years, and then agreed to become the wife of his younger brother - the time was difficult, and there were not enough hands in the family. Shortly after the wedding of the young, Thaddeus returned, who never forgave Yefim and Matryona. It was believed that he put a curse on them, and later the heroine's husband would perish in World War II. And the woman will take Kira to bring up, youngest daughter Thaddeus, and will give her love and care. The narrator learned about all this from the hostess, and she suddenly appeared before him in a new guise. Even then, the narrator realized how far from the real his first characterization of Matryona was.

Matrenin's court, meanwhile, began to attract the eyes of Thaddeus more strongly, who wished to take the dowry assigned to Kira by her adoptive mother. This part of the chamber will cause the death of the heroine.

Live for others

Matrena Vasilievna had long foreseen trouble. The author describes her suffering when it turned out that during the baptism someone took away her pot of holy water. Then all of a sudden And before the parsing of the room, the hostess did not go at all herself. The collapse of the roof meant the end of her life. Such trifles formed the whole life of the heroine, which she lived not for herself, but for the sake of others. And when Matrena Vasilievna went along with everyone else, she also wanted to help. Sincere, open, not embittered by the injustices of life. She accepted everything as appointed by fate and never grumbled. The characteristic of Matryona leads to this conclusion.

Matrenin Dvor ends with a description of the heroine's funeral scene. She plays an important role in understanding how different this peasant woman was from the people who surrounded her. The narrator notes with pain that the sisters and Thaddeus immediately began to divide the meager property of the hostess. And even a friend, as if sincerely experiencing the loss, managed to snip off her blouse. Against the background of everything that was happening, the narrator suddenly remembered the living Matryona, so unlike everyone else. And I realized: she is the righteous man, without whom not a single village stands. Why is there a village - the whole land is ours. This is proved by the life and characteristics of Matryona.

"Matryona Dvor" contains the author's regret that during his lifetime he (as, indeed, others) could not fully understand the greatness of this woman. Therefore, one can perceive the work of Solzhenitsyn as a kind of repentance before the heroine for one's own and others' spiritual blindness.

Another point is indicative. On the mutilated body of the heroine, the bright face and right hand. “He will pray for us in the next world,” said one of the women in the story “Matryona Dvor”. The characteristic of Matryona, thus, makes us think about the fact that people live nearby who are able to preserve human dignity, kindness, humility. And partly thanks to them, there are still in our world filled with cruelty, such concepts as sympathy, compassion, mutual assistance.

In the magazine " New world Several works by Solzhenitsyn were published, among them Matrenin Dvor. The story, according to the writer, "is completely autobiographical and authentic." It talks about the Russian village, about its inhabitants, about their values, about kindness, justice, sympathy and compassion, work and help - qualities that fit in a righteous man, without whom "the village does not stand."

"Matrenin Dvor" is a story about the injustice and cruelty of a person's fate, about the Soviet order of the post-Stalin era and about the life of the most ordinary people living far away from city life. The narration is conducted not on behalf of the main character, but on behalf of the narrator, Ignatich, who in the whole story seems to play the role of only an outside observer. What is described in the story dates back to 1956 - three years have passed since the death of Stalin, and then Russian people did not yet know and did not realize how to live on.

Matrenin Dvor is divided into three parts:

1. The first tells the story of Ignatich, it begins at the Torfprodukt station. The hero immediately reveals the cards, without making any secret of it: he - former prisoner, and now works as a teacher at a school, came to there in search of peace and tranquility. In Stalin's time, it was almost impossible for people who had been imprisoned to find workplace, and after the death of the leader, many became school teachers (a scarce profession). Ignatich stops at an elderly hardworking woman named Matrena, with whom he is easy to communicate and calm at heart. Her dwelling was poor, the roof sometimes leaked, but this did not mean at all that there was no comfort in it: “Maybe, to someone from the village, who is richer, Matryona’s hut didn’t seem well-lived, but we were with her that autumn and winter good."
2. The second part tells about the youth of Matryona, when she had to go through a lot. The war took her fiancé Fadey away from her, and she had to marry his brother, who had children in his arms. Taking pity on him, she became his wife, although she did not love him at all. But three years later, Fadey suddenly returned, whom the woman still loved. The returned warrior hated her and her brother for their betrayal. But the hard life could not kill her kindness and hard work, because it was in work and caring for others that she found solace. Matrena even died doing business - she helped her lover and her sons drag a part of her house over the railway tracks, which was bequeathed to Kira (his own daughter). And this death was caused by Fadey's greed, greed and callousness: he decided to take away the inheritance while Matryona was still alive.
3. The third part talks about how the narrator finds out about the death of Matryona, describes the funeral and commemoration. People close to her cry not from grief, but rather because it is customary, and in their heads they only think about the division of the property of the deceased. Fadey is not at the wake.

main characters

Matrena Vasilievna Grigorieva is an elderly woman, a peasant woman, who was released from work on a collective farm due to illness. She was always happy to help people, even strangers. In the episode when the narrator settles in her hut, the author mentions that she deliberately never looked for a lodger, that is, she did not want to earn money on this basis, she did not even profit from what she could. Her wealth was ficus pots and an old domestic cat, which she took on the street, a goat, and also mice and cockroaches. Matryona also married her fiancé's brother out of a desire to help: "Their mother died ... they did not have enough hands."

Matryona herself also had children, six, but they all died in early childhood, so she later took her youngest daughter Fadeya Kira to be raised. Matryona got up early in the morning, worked until dark, but did not show fatigue or discontent to anyone: she was kind and responsive to everyone. She was always very afraid of becoming someone's burden, she did not complain, she was even afraid to call the doctor once again. Matryona, who had matured, Kira, wanted to donate her room, for which it was necessary to share the house - during the move, Fadey's things got stuck in a sled on the railway tracks, and Matryona fell under a train. Now there was no one to ask for help, there was no person ready to selflessly come to the rescue. But the relatives of the deceased kept in mind only the thought of gain, of sharing what was left of the poor peasant woman, already thinking about it at the funeral. Matryona stood out very much against the background of her fellow villagers; she was thus irreplaceable, invisible and the only righteous man.

Narrator, Ignatich, to some extent is the prototype of the writer. He left the link and was acquitted, after which he set off in search of a calm and serene life wanted to work as a school teacher. He found refuge at Matryona. Judging by the desire to move away from the bustle of the city, the narrator is not very sociable, he loves silence. He worries when a woman mistakenly takes his quilted jacket, and finds no place for himself from the volume of the loudspeaker. The narrator got along with the mistress of the house, this shows that he is still not completely asocial. However, he does not understand people very well: he understood the meaning that Matryona lived only after she passed away.

Topics and issues

Solzhenitsyn in the story "Matryona Dvor" tells about the life of the inhabitants of the Russian village, about the system of relationships between power and man, about the high meaning of selfless labor in the realm of selfishness and greed.

Of all this, the theme of labor is most clearly shown. Matryona is a person who does not ask for anything in return, and is ready to give herself everything for the benefit of others. They don’t appreciate it and don’t even try to understand it, but this is a person who experiences a tragedy every day: at first, the mistakes of youth and the pain of loss, then frequent illnesses, hard work, not life, but survival. But from all the problems and hardships, Matryona finds solace in work. And, in the end, it is work and overwork that lead her to death. The meaning of Matrena's life is precisely this, and also care, help, the desire to be needed. Therefore, active love for neighbor is the main theme of the story.

Same way important place The story focuses on the issue of morality. Material values ​​in the village are exalted over human soul and her work, over humanity in general. Understand the depth of Matryona's character minor characters they are simply incapable: greed and the desire to possess more cover their eyes and do not allow them to see kindness and sincerity. Fadey lost his son and wife, his son-in-law is threatened with imprisonment, but his thoughts are how to save the logs that they did not have time to burn.

In addition, there is a theme of mysticism in the story: the motive of an unidentified righteous man and the problem of cursed things - which were touched by people full of self-interest. Fadey made Matryona's upper room cursed, undertaking to bring it down.

Idea

The above themes and problems in the story "Matryona Dvor" are aimed at revealing the depth of the pure worldview of the main character. An ordinary peasant woman is an example of the fact that difficulties and losses only harden a Russian person, and do not break him. With the death of Matrena, everything that she figuratively built collapses. Her house is being torn apart, the rest of the property is divided among themselves, the yard remains empty, ownerless. Therefore, her life looks pitiful, no one is aware of the loss. But won't the same thing happen to palaces and jewels the mighty of the world this? The author demonstrates the frailty of the material and teaches us not to judge others by wealth and achievements. The true meaning is the moral image, which does not fade even after death, because it remains in the memory of those who saw its light.

Maybe, over time, the heroes will notice that they are missing a very important part of their lives: invaluable values. Why disclose global moral issues in such poor scenery? And what then is the meaning of the title of the story "Matryona Dvor"? Last words about the fact that Matryona was a righteous woman, erase the boundaries of her court and push them to the scale of the whole world, thereby making the problem of morality universal.

Folk character in the work

Solzhenitsyn argued in the article “Repentance and Self-Restriction”: “There are such born angels, they seem to be weightless, they seem to glide over this slurry, without drowning in it at all, even touching its surface with their feet? Each of us met such people, there are not ten or a hundred of them in Russia, they are the righteous, we saw them, were surprised (“eccentrics”), used their good, in good moments answered them the same, they dispose, - and immediately sank back to our doomed depths."

Matryona is distinguished from the rest by the ability to maintain humanity and a solid core inside. To those who shamelessly used her help and kindness, it might seem that she was weak-willed and malleable, but the heroine helped, based only on inner disinterestedness and moral greatness.

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Matryona Vasilievna - the main character of the story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". She was about sixty years old. She lived in the village of Talnovo, which was not far from the peat extraction.
I believe that Matrena Vasilievna was the right person in the village, because she always came to everyone's aid. And most importantly, there was some help from her help. After all, you can help without any result, just to show off. But Matrena Vasilievna is not like that. Her help is sincere, from the bottom of her heart, and therefore with benefit.
best sides The character of Matryona Vasilievna is revealed by several episodes. First of all, this is the episode in which Thaddeus and his sons break down the upper room of Matryona Vasilievna, which she decided to give to Kira. The author says: “Matryona never spared her labor or her goodness.”
There are also such small, but important episodes for revealing the character of the heroine, such as the request of the chairman's wife to help the collective farm, the request of a neighbor to dig up potatoes. And in all the episodes, Matryona is asked to help in some way, to do something. But she does not refuse, she helps, even if she is sick, and does not take anything in return, she has not taken a single penny for all her work.
Matrena Vasilievna was "at odds with her conscience." Her soul was open to everyone, internally she was pure, like a child. The author said about such people that they "always have good faces", that is, they are kind, sincere, accessible to others.
And this kindness brought Matryona Vasilievna to her death. People couldn't understand her, her inner world, soul. They used her help, her desire for work to achieve their personal goals, without even trying to give anything in return. No, not money, not food, but understanding, respect - that's what Matryona Vasilievna was waiting for, but she didn't wait.
She did not tell anyone about her difficult life, afraid, I think, of appearing weak in front of people. All her children died, her husband disappeared in the war. She had no love, no one loved her. And she devoted herself to work, caring for others. And I believe that the author is right in calling Matryona a righteous man, because she "is ... the same righteous man without whom ... the village does not stand."
The meaning of the title of the story, I think, is that without Matryona Vasilievna in the village of Talnovo normal life will not. She was the center of everything that happened, she added a particle of herself to the whole village life, work. She can rightly be considered the mistress, because even the authorities, who, in fact, should help everyone, I turn to Matryona for help, “not a single plowing of the garden could do without Matryona,” nothing could do without Matryona.
And we can also say that Matryona's yard is her home, after the destruction, which destroys her life, the yard of selflessness, righteousness.
Without such people, Russia will perish.

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You, perhaps, more than once met such people who are ready to work with all their might for the benefit of others, but at the same time remain outcasts in society. No, they are not degraded either morally or mentally, but no matter how good their actions are, they are not appreciated. A. Solzhenitsyn tells us about one such character in the story "Matryona Dvor".

It's about the main character of the story. The reader gets acquainted with Matrena Vasilievna Grigoreva at an already advanced age - she was about 60 years old when we first see her on the pages of the story.

Audio version of the article.

Her house and yard are gradually falling into disrepair - "the wood chips were rotting, the logs of the log house and the gate, once mighty, were gray from old age, and their lining was thinned out."

Their hostess often gets sick, cannot get up for several days, but once everything was different: everything was built with a large family in mind, with high quality and good quality. The fact that now only a single woman lives here already sets the reader up for the perception of tragedy. life history heroines.

Matryona's youth

Solzhenitsyn does not tell the reader anything about the childhood of the main character - the main focus of the story is on the period of her youth, when the main factors of her further unhappy life were laid.

When Matryona was 19 years old, Thaddeus wooed her, at that time he was 23. The girl agreed, but the war prevented the wedding. There was no news about Thaddeus for a long time, Matryona was faithfully waiting for him, but she did not wait for news, nor the guy himself. Everyone decided that he was dead. His younger brother- Yefim offered Matryona to marry him. Matryona did not love Yefim, so she did not agree, and, perhaps, the hope of Thaddeus' return did not completely leave her, but she was nevertheless persuaded: “the smart one comes out after the Intercession, and the fool comes out after Petrov. They were missing hands. I went." And as it turned out in vain - her lover returned to Pokrova - he was captured by the Hungarians and therefore there was no news about him.

The news of the marriage of his brother and Matryona was a blow to him - he wanted to chop up the young, but the notion that Yefim was his brother stopped his intentions. Over time, he forgave them for such an act.

Yefim and Matryona remained to live in parental home. Matrona still lives in this courtyard, all the buildings here were made by her father-in-law.

Thaddeus did not marry for a long time, and then he found himself another Matryona - they have six children. Yefim also had six children, but none of them survived - they all died before the age of three months. Because of this, everyone in the village began to believe that Matryona had an evil eye, she was even taken to a nun, but a positive result could not be achieved.

After the death of Matryona, Thaddeus tells that his brother was ashamed of his wife. Yefim preferred to "dress culturally, and she - somehow, everything is rustic." Once the brothers had to work together in the city. Yefim cheated on his wife there: he started a sudarka, didn’t want to return to Matryona

A new grief came to Matryona - in 1941 Yefim was taken to the front and he never returned from there. Efim died or found another one for himself - it is not known for sure.

So Matryona remained alone: ​​“not understood and abandoned even by her husband.”

Living alone

Matryona was kind and sociable. She maintained contact with her husband's relatives. Thaddeus's wife also often came to her "to complain that her husband was beating her, and her stingy husband was pulling the veins out of her, and she cried here for a long time, and her voice was always in her tears."

Matryona felt sorry for her, her husband hit her only once - as a protest, the woman went away - after this it did not happen again.

The teacher, who lives in an apartment with a woman, believes that, quite likely, Yefim's wife was more fortunate than Thaddeus' wife. The elder brother's wife has always been severely beaten.

Matryona did not want to live without children and her husband, she decides to ask “that second downtrodden Matryona - the womb of her snatches (or the blood of Thaddeus?) - their youngest girl Kira. For ten years she raised her here as her own, instead of her weak ones. At the time of the story, the girl lives with her husband in neighboring village.

Matrena worked diligently on the collective farm for the cost “not for money - for sticks”, in total she worked for 25 years, and then, despite the hassle, she still got a pension.

Matryona worked hard - she needed to prepare peat for the winter and gather lingonberries (in lucky days, she "brought six bags" a day).

cranberries. They also had to make hay for the goat. “In the morning she took a bag and a sickle and left (...) Having stuffed a bag with fresh heavy grass, she dragged it home and laid it out in a layer in her yard. From a bag of grass, dried hay was obtained - navilnik. In addition, she also managed to help others. By her nature, she could not refuse anyone to help. It often happened that one of the relatives or just acquaintances asked her to help dig up potatoes - the woman "left her turn of affairs, went to help." After the harvest, she, along with other women, harnessed to a plow instead of a horse and plowed the gardens. She didn’t take money for her work: “you can’t help but hide it.”

Once in a month and a half, she had troubles - she had to cook dinner for the shepherds. On such days, Matrena went shopping: “she bought canned fish, and she sold sugar and butter, which she herself did not eat.” Such were the orders here - it was necessary to feed her as best as possible, otherwise she would have been made a laughing stock.

After applying for a pension and receiving money for renting out housing, Matryona's life becomes much easier - the woman “ordered new felt boots for herself. Bought a new sweatshirt. And she straightened her coat. She even managed to set aside 200 rubles “for her funeral”, which, by the way, did not have to wait long. Matrena takes an active part in the transfer of the upper room from her plot to relatives. At a railway crossing, she rushes to help pull out a stuck sled - an oncoming train knocks her and her nephew to death. Dropped the bag to wash. Everything was a mess - no legs, no half of the torso, no left arm. One woman crossed herself and said:

- The Lord left her the right hand. There will be prayers to God.

After the death of the woman, everyone quickly forgot her kindness and began literally on the day of the funeral to divide her property and condemn the life of Matryona: “and she was unscrupulous; and she didn’t chase the equipment, she was stupid, she helped strangers for free (and the very reason to remember Matryona fell out - there was no one to call the garden to plow the plow).

Thus, Matrena's life was full of troubles and tragedies: she lost both her husband and children. For everyone, she was strange and abnormal, because she did not try to live like everyone else, but retained a cheerful and kind disposition until the end of her days.

The life of Matryona in the story "Matryona Dvor" by A. Solzhenitsyn in quotes

Grigorieva Matrena Vasilievna- a peasant woman, a lonely woman of sixty years old, released from the collective farm due to illness. The story documented the life of Matryona Timofeevna Zakharova, a resident of the village of Miltsevo (near Solzhenitsyn Talnovo) in the Kurlovsky district of the Vladimir region. The original name "A village without a righteous man is not worth it" was changed at the suggestion of Tvardovsky, who believed that it was too straightforward to reveal the meaning central image and the whole story. M., according to the words of fellow villagers, “did not chase after the equipment”, dressed somehow, “helped strangers for free.”

The house is old, in the door corner by the stove - Matryona's bed, the best window-side part of the hut is lined with stools and benches, on which tubs and pots with her favorite ficuses are her main wealth. From living creatures - rickety old cat, which M. took pity on and picked up on the street, a dirty-white goat with crooked horns, mice and cockroaches.

Married M. even before the revolution, because "their mother died ... they did not have enough hands." She married Yefim, the younger, and loved the elder, Thaddeus, but he went to war and disappeared. She waited for him for three years - "no news, no bones." On Peter's Day, they married Yefim, and Thaddeus returned from the Hungarian captivity to Mykola in winter and almost chopped them both with an ax. She gave birth to six children, but they "did not stand" - they did not live up to three months. During World War II Yefim disappeared and M. was left alone. Eleven post-war years(the action takes place in 1956) M. decided that he was no longer alive, Thaddeus also had six children, all were alive, and M. took the youngest girl, Kira, to her and raised her.

M. did not receive a pension. She was ill, but was not considered an invalid, and worked for a quarter of a century on a collective farm “for sticks”. True, later on they nevertheless began to pay her eighty rubles, and she also received more than a hundred from the school and the guest teacher. She did not start "good", did not rejoice at the chance to get a lodger, did not complain about illnesses, although her illness brought down her illness twice a month. On the other hand, she unquestioningly went to work when the chairman's wife came running for her, or when a neighbor asked for help digging potatoes - M. never refused anyone and did not take money from anyone, for which they considered her stupid. “She always interfered in men's affairs. And the horse once almost knocked her down under the ice hole in the lake, ”and finally, when they took away her upper room, they could do without her - no,“ Matryona suffered between the tractor and the sleigh. That is, she was always ready to help another, ready to neglect herself, to give the last. So she gave the upper room to the pupil Kira, which means that she will have to break the house, halve it - an impossible, wild act, from the point of view of the owner. Yes, she rushed to help transport.

I got up at four or five o'clock, there was enough to do before the evening, a plan was made in my mind what to do, but no matter how tired, I was always friendly.

M. was characterized by innate delicacy - she was afraid to burden herself, and therefore, when she was sick, she did not complain, did not moan, she was embarrassed to call a doctor from the village first-aid post. She believed in God, but not devoutly, although she began every business - “With God!”. Saving the property of Thaddeus, stuck on a sleigh at a railway crossing, M. fell under a train and died. Her absence on this earth affects immediately: who will now go sixth to harness to the plow? Who to contact for help?

Against the background of M.'s death, the characters of her greedy sisters, Thaddeus - her former lover, Masha's friend, all those who take part in the division of her impoverished belongings, appear. Weeping rushes over the coffin, which turns into "politics", into a dialogue between applicants for Matrenino's "property", which is just a dirty white goat, a rickety cat and ficuses. Matrenin, the guest, observing all this, remembering the living M., suddenly clearly understands that all these people, including him, lived next to her and did not understand that she is the same righteous man, without whom "the village does not stand."