Little Tragedies" as a cycle. Genre specifics

Lesson extracurricular reading in the 9th grade on the topic “A.S. Pushkin. "Little Tragedies" " Miserly knight»

Lesson Objectives:

to teach to analyze a dramatic work (to determine the theme, idea, conflict of drama),

give an idea of ​​the dramatic character;

develop writing skills literary work (selective reading, expressive reading, reading by roles, selection of quotes);

educate the moral qualities of the individual.

During the classes

1. The history of the creation of "Little Tragedies" by A.S. Pushkin (the word of the teacher).

Today we continue our conversation about the dramatic works of Pushkin, namely the "Little Tragedies". In one of the letters, the poet gave the plays a capacious and the correct definition is “little tragedies”.

(Small in volume, but capacious and deep in content. With the word “small”, Pushkin emphasized the extreme compactness of tragedies, the thickening of the conflict, the instantaneous action. They were destined to become great in terms of depth of content).

- What kind dramatic genres you know? What is the genre of tragedy?

Tragedy - a type of drama opposite to comedy, a work depicting a struggle, personal or social catastrophe, usually ending in the death of the hero.

- When were Little Tragedies created?(1830, Boldin autumn)

In 1830, A.S. Pushkin received a blessing to marry N.N. Goncharova. The chores and preparations for the wedding began. The poet had to urgently go to the village of Boldino, Nizhny Novgorod province, to equip the part of the family estate allocated to him by his father. The sudden outbreak of cholera kept Pushkin in rural seclusion for a long time. Here the miracle of the first Boldino autumn happened: the poet survived a happy and unprecedented tide creative inspiration. In less than three months, he wrote a poetic story "The House in Kolomna", dramatic works"The Miserly Knight", "Mozart and Salieri", "Feast during the Plague", "Don Giovanni", later called "Little Tragedies", and also Belkin's Tale, "History of the Goryukhin Village" were created, about thirty wonderful lyric poems, completed the novel "Eugene Onegin".

"The Miserly Knight" - Middle Ages, France.

"Stone Guest" - Spain

"A Feast in the Time of Plague" - England, the great plague of 1665

"Mozart and Salieri" - Vienna 1791, last days Mozart. Although events take place in different countries Ah, all Pushkin's thoughts are about Russia, about human destiny.

It would seem that Pushkin combines completely different works into a whole - a cycle and gives the general name "Little Tragedies"

Why the cycle?

A cycle is a genre formation consisting of works united common features. "Little Tragedies" are similar in organization artistic material: composition and plot, figurative system(a small amount of actors), - as well as on ideological and thematic grounds (for example, the goal of each tragedy is to debunk some negative human quality).

- Remember the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri". What vice does Pushkin denounce in her? (Envy).

The relationship between a person and the people around him - relatives, friends, enemies, like-minded people, casual acquaintances - is a topic that has always worried Pushkin, so in his works he explores various human passions and their consequences.

Each tragedy turns into a philosophical discussion of love and hate, life and death, the eternity of art, greed, betrayal, true talent…

2. Analysis of the drama "The Miserly Knight" (frontal conversation).

1) - What do you think, which of the following topics is this work devoted to?

(The theme of greed, the power of money).

What problems related to money can a person have?

(Lack of money, or, conversely, too much of it, inability to manage money, greed ...)

2) "Stingy Knight". What does "stingy" mean? Let's turn to the dictionary.

- Can a knight be stingy? Who were called knights in medieval Europe? How did the knights appear? What are the characteristics of knights?(individual message).

The word "knight" comes from the German "ritter", i.e. rider, in French there is a synonym for "chevalier" from the word "cheval", i.e. horse. So, originally this is the name of the rider, the warrior on horseback. The first real knights appeared in France around 800. These were fierce and skillful warriors who, led by the leader of the Frankish tribe Clovis, defeated other tribes and conquered the territory of all of present-day France by the year 500. By 800 they also owned most of Germany and Italy. In 800, the Pope proclaimed Charlemagne Emperor of Rome. This is how the Holy Roman Empire was born. Over the years, the Franks increasingly used cavalry in military operations, invented stirrups, various weapons.

By the end of the 12th century, chivalry began to be perceived as the bearer of ethical ideals. The knightly code of honor includes such values ​​as courage, courage, loyalty, protection of the weak. Sharp condemnation was caused by betrayal, revenge, stinginess. There were special rules behavior of a knight in battle: it was impossible to retreat, show disrespect to the enemy, it was forbidden to inflict death blows behind, kill the unarmed. The knights showed humanity to the enemy, especially if he was wounded.

The knight dedicated his victories in battle or tournaments to his lady of the heart, so the era of chivalry is also associated with romantic feelings: love, falling in love, self-sacrifice for the sake of your beloved.)

What is the contradiction in the title itself? (the knight could not be stingy).

3) Introduction to the term "oxymoron"

Oxymoron - an artistic device based on a lexical inconsistency of words in a phrase, a stylistic figure, a combination of words that are opposed in meaning, “a combination of the incompatible”.(The term is written in a notebook)

4) - Which of the heroes of the drama can be called a miserly knight?(Baron)

What do we know about the Baron from scene 1?

(Students work with the text. Read quotes)

What was the fault of heroism? - stinginess
Yes! It's easy to get infected here
Under the same roof as my father.

Would you tell him that my father
Rich himself, like a Jew, ...

The Baron is healthy. God willing - ten years, twenty
And twenty-five and thirty will live ...

O! My father is not servants and not friends
He sees in them, but gentlemen; ...

5) A fragment of the film. The Baron's Monologue (Scene 2)

Which main feature Baron's character subjugates all the others? Find keyword, key image.(Power)

Who does the Baron compare himself to?(With the king commanding his warriors)

Who was the Baron before?(A warrior, a knight of sword and loyalty, in his youth he did not think about chests with doubloons)

How did a knight conquer the world? (with the help of weapons and his prowess)

How does the miser win it? (using gold)

But there is another nuance - the baron himself feels something demonic, diabolical in himself ...

What is behind the gold that the baron pours into his chests (everything: love, creativity, art ... The baron can buy "Both virtue and sleepless work").

It is terrible not only that everything is bought for money, it is terrible that the soul of the one who buys and the one who is bought is mutilated.

- Is there something that this all-powerful master is afraid of? Over what does he not feel power? (he is afraid that his son will squander his wealth - “And by what right?” - read how the miser lists all the deprivations to which he subjected himself).What is he dreaming about? ("Oh, if only from the grave...")

The money that the baron pours into the chests contains human sweat, tears and blood. The lender himself is cruel, ruthless. He himself is aware of the vicious nature of his passion.

6) The son of the baron - Albert. The second brightest image is the son of the Baron Albert.

Was Albert the knight's son a knight? (the obvious answer is yes). Let us turn to the dialogue between Albert and the Jewish usurer:

What will I pledge to you? Pigskin?

When I could pawn something, long ago

I would have sold. Or a knightly word

Is it enough for you, dog?

Every word here is significant.How do you understand the expression "pigskin"? This is a parchment with a family tree, with a coat of arms or knightly rights. But these rights are worthless. There is a knightly word of honor - it is already an empty phrase.

What drives Albert when he surprises everyone with his courage at the tournament? What was the fault of heroism? Avarice.But was Albert mean?

(He gives the last bottle of wine to the sick blacksmith, he does not agree to poison his father, to go to crime for the sake of money, but both father and son perish morally, drawn into the maelstrom of the thirst for money).

- To what baseness does the baron come? (He slanders his own son for the sake of money, accuses him of plotting parricide and of an "even greater" crime - the desire to rob, which for the baron worse than death)

7) Scene analysis 3.

What does the Duke say about the baron? What was the name of the baron, what do we learn about him from his greeting to the Duke?(Philip is the name of kings and dukes. The baron lived at the court of the Duke, was the first among equals.)

Did the knight in the baron die?(No. The baron is offended by his son in the presence of the duke, and this increases his resentment. He challenges his son to a duel)

8) A fragment of the film. Mortal quarrel between father and son.

What is the Baron thinking about? last minutes own life? (“Where are the keys? Keys, my keys?...”).

How do you regard the challenge of the father to the son? (Money disfigures the relationship between loved ones, destroys the family). Why did the baron die? (There's nothing sacred left that money won't mutilate)

Read last words Duke.

He died God!
terrible age, terrible hearts!

What century is the Duke talking about?(O century of money, passion for hoarding replaces the desire for achievement, glory).

Remember, at first it seemed to us that Albert was not like his father. He does not agree to poison the Baron, to commit crime for money, butin the finale, the same Albert accepts his father's challenge, i.e. ready to kill him in a duel.

3. Conclusions. The final part of the lesson. (Teacher's word)

- So what is this piece about? What caused the tragedy?

(The theme of the tragedy is the destructive power of money. This is a work about the power of money that rules people, and not vice versa. Greed for acquiring money and accumulating it is a vice not only in the 15th century. And Pushkin could not help but worry about this problem. He understood well where it can lead mankind).

What is the relevance of the play? Can the Baron figure appear now? Student responses. Modern barons are smaller: they don’t think about honor, nobility at all.

A recording of A. Dolsky's song "Money, money, things, things ..."

The power of money brings to the world great suffering for the poor, crimes committed in the name of gold. Because of money, relatives, close people become enemies, ready to kill each other.

The theme of stinginess, the power of money, is one of eternal themes world art and literature. Writers from different countries dedicated their works to her:

Honore de Balzac "Gobsek"

Jean Baptiste Molière "The Miser"

N. Gogol "Portrait",

"Dead Souls"(Plushkin image)

4. Homework:

In notebooks, write a detailed answer to the question “How can you explain the name of the drama “The Miserly Knight”?

“What did Pushkin’s tragedy “The Miserly Knight” make me think about?

Lesson in the 9th grade on the topic "Boldino Autumn 1830. The cycle "Little Tragedies" Analysis of the tragedies "The Miserly Knight", "Mozart and Salieri" (2 hours)

The lesson was designed to familiarize students with the Boldin period of A.S. Pushkin;

with the aim of analyzing tragedies and clarifying the themes and ideological sound, determining the artistic perfection of tragedies.

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Grade 9

Literature

Topic: Boldino autumn. 1830. Cycle "Little Tragedies"

Ideological sound, themes and artistic perfection of the tragedies "The Miserly Knight", "Mozart and Salieri". (2 hours)

Targets and goals:

1. Educational aspect:

a) familiarization of students with the Boldin period of A.S. Pushkin;

b) consolidation of knowledge about drama as a kind of literature;

recall the concept of the genre of tragedy;

to give the concept of realism as a literary movement.

c) analysis of the tragedies "The Miserly Knight" and "Mozart and Salieri" in order to clarify the themes and ideological sound; definition of the artistic perfection of tragedies.

2. Developmental aspect:

a) development of basic over-subject skills: analysis, generalization;

b) development of the ability to conduct a compositional and ideological analysis of works;

c) development of skills based on the text to prove their assumptions.

3.Educational aspect:

a) evoke in students an emotional response to the problems raised in the tragedies of A.S. Pushkin;

b) awaken interest in the work of A.S. Pushkin and to the analysis of a literary work.

Key words: genre composition, conflict; objective meaning world order, subjective meaning, self-consciousness, requiem.

Methodological techniques: student messages, teacher's word, conversation, commented reading, analysis of the episode.

Vocabulary work:

Requiem - a musical orchestral-choral work of a mourning nature.

Realism - the image of typical characters in typical circumstances.

Tragedy - one of the types of drama, which is based on a particularly tense, irreconcilable conflict, most often ending in the death of the hero.

Conflict - clash, struggle, on which the development of the plot in work of art. Special meaning conflict has in dramaturgy, where it is main force, spring, driving development dramatic action and the main means of revealing characters.

Drama - one of the main types of literature (along with the epic and lyrics). Figurative genre of literature. The specificity of drama as a kind of literature lies in the fact that, as a rule, it is intended to be staged.

Oxymoron - a stylistic device for comparing seemingly incomparable, mutually exclusive concepts in order to create a certain artistic effect, for example: "Living Corpse"

During the classes.

Today we are going to dive into interesting world heroes of "Little Tragedies" written by A.S. Pushkin in 1830 in Boldin.

Student Message"1830. Boldin Autumn "(individual task) - Lebedev's textbook, grade 10. p.152

Teacher's note:But it is not the number of works created in the Boldino autumn that is important, but their very nature: they deepen Pushkin's realism . Particularly indicative in this regard are the "Small tragedy "- the final chord of this autumn. ( vocabulary work)

Student Message: « a brief description of little tragedies. (individual task).

Teacher Assistant:And so, drawing other people's national characteristics and the life of past centuries, Pushkin, brilliantly capturing them characteristics, showed a remarkable ability to lay great content in a very condensed form. In its form, in the depth of the depiction of the spiritual life of the characters and in the mastery of the verse, "Little Tragedies" belong to the greatest works of world literature.

Artworks of the Boldinskaya autumn are created with a brush brilliant artist, but at the same time the pen of a merciless analyst. The desire to understand the meaning of life, to find and explain its patterns is so characteristic of all public life post-December era. And it is no coincidence that small tragedies, which seemed infinitely far from Russian reality by the very material on which they were based, were perceived by many sensitive readers as direct thoughts of the poet about modernity.

Didn't Alexander Sergeevich's personal, intimate experiences form the basis for creating tragedies?

Student Messageabout the most common point of view about the main motive for creating small tragedies (individual task).

Teacher: In Boldin, Pushkin wrote another cycle: Belkin's Tales.

Are there any connections between these cycles?

Student's answer (individual task)

Teacher: Once again, we list the tragedies included in the collection:

"Stingy Knight"

"Mozart and Salieri"

"Stone Guest"

“A feast during the plague” and turn to the epigraph:

The truth of passions, the plausibility of feelings in the supposed circumstances - this is what our mind requires from a dramatic writer. (A.S. Pushkin)

To which literary direction do these works belong?

(Discussing the epigraph, we determine that tragedies belong to realism (dictionary work)

What is the essence of small tragedies?

(Accurate, merciless analysis of the motives of the behavior of the characters, and primarily the behavior of the public (for for Pushkin, the “supposed circumstances” were dictated primarily by society and the time in which the hero lives) -that is the essence of his little tragedies.

What is the plan of small tragedies?

(The hero of each of them idealizes his world and himself, he is imbued with faith in his heroic destiny. And this faith enters with the real world with real relationships in it into a great conflict (dictionary work). It turns out to be that "tragic delusion" that leads the hero to inevitable death.)

What is the objective and subjective meaning of tragedies?

(The objective meaning of tragedies lies in the world order hostile to the hero, the subjective meaning lies in the character and self-consciousness of the hero.

THEN. in small tragedies, in fact, one great problem: in the end, we are talking about the ultimate possibilities of the individual, about the price of a person in human society.

What problems are posed in small tragedies?

(stinginess and chivalry, straightforwardness and deceit, immobility, "stoneness" and lightness, carelessness, feasting and death. Internal drama permeates the whole atmosphere of small tragedies: the father challenges his son and he accepts him, a friend kills a friend, a terrible internal struggle tears apart the souls of heroes ).

Tragedy analysis.

- In the lesson we will analyze two tragedies:The Miserly Knight and Mozart and Salieri.

So, "The Miserly Knight".

What is the meaning of the word "knight"?

(noble, honest, performing feats for the sake of ladies, respecting parents, loving fatherland)

Is the word "stingy" comparable to the word "knight"?

What language means of expression used by the author? (oxymoron)

We have already spoken about Pushkin's ability to put a lot of content into a very concise form.

How many verses does the tragedy "The Miserly Knight" contain? ( 380)

How many actors?(5: Albert, Ivan, Jew, baron, duke)

Only 5 heroes, but we are faced with an accurate and expressive picture of France during the late Middle Ages.

Confirm it artistic details from the text (swords, helmets, armor, the baron's castle with towers and gloomy dungeons, the duke's brilliant court with feasting ladies and gentlemen, a noisy tournament where heralds praise the masterful blows of the brave)

What helps to better imagine the scene? (author's remarks: "Tower", "Basement", "Palace" - these remarks provide rich food for the imagination)

Scene 1

- We are in the tower of a medieval castle. What's going on here? (a conversation between a knight and a squire. We are talking about a tournament, about a helmet and armor, about winning a fight and a lame horse.)

Albert's first words accurately, sparingly, and at the same time somehow swiftly introduce us into the situation of action. What is the name of this composition element?

(About a third of the first scene before the moneylender arrives - exposure, painting a picture of the humiliating poverty in which the young knight lives (not a word has yet been said about the rich father).

Albert won the jousting tournament. Is this tournament a test before a difficult campaign, revealing the strongest or entertainment, entertainment, albeit dangerous?

Let's listen to Albert's story about the tournament.(reading Albert's monologue)

How mercilessly does the romantic flair come off all knightly accessories in this story?

Why did Albert turn white?

Why is it impossible to wear a pierced helmet to a tournament?

Why did Albert not remove his helmet from the defeated enemy? (The helmet and armor cease to play the main protective role and become an ornament first of all. A pierced helmet cannot be put on, not because it will not protect in battle, but because it is a shame in front of other knights and ladies. And just as it is a shame to remove it from a defeated enemy a helmet, for this will be perceived not as a sign of victory, but as a robbery by the right of the strong.

We are talking about the capacity of Pushkin's little dramas. On the very first replicas, you can see how this capacity is achieved.

Is it only about the tournament? What other topic comes up?(money theme)

(The conversation is about a tournament - a holiday, but this is also a conversation about money - harsh prose, and in a conversation about money and the troubles associated with it, both the usurer and the countless father's treasures inevitably pop up. In remarks related to a specific occasion, all the time as if the entire space of the play opens up.Behind the petty, momentary concerns of Albert, the whole life of the young knight rises, and not just his current position.

What is Albert's reaction to Solomon's proposal to poison his father? (read text)

Why does he refuse to take the Jew's gold coins? (read text)

Why does he go to the duke to solve his problems?

(As Solomon suggested using poison, a knight wakes up in Albert, yes, he is waiting for his father’s death, but to poison him? No, for this he is a knight, he was shocked that they dared to offer dishonor to him, a knight, and who dared!

The decision to go to the Duke is deeply traditional. After all, the principle of personality was a privilege in the Middle Ages. On the protection of personal dignity in a knightly society was a knightly honor. However, this honor could gain real power by relying on material possession.

So, two themes determine the dramatic knot of the first scene of the tragedy - the theme of knightly honor and the theme of gold, pushing a person to the basest deeds, to crimes.

And at the intersection of these two themes, for the first time, the ominous figure of the Miserly Knight appears, who serves gold.

How does it serve?

What characterization does Albert give to his father? (read text)

In addition to this characteristic, do we know anything about the Baron: about the past, about the reasons that led to the dominance of gold over man?

Let's go down to the basement, where the baron says his monologue (read out)

What topic is starting to sound in full force?(the theme of gold).

(Before us - a poet of gold, a poet of power, which gives a person wealth.

What does gold mean to a baron? (power, power, enjoyment of life)

Prove that gold governs the actions of people who bring debt to the baron.

And again in the scene of the "feast" we have before us a formidable feudal lord:

But the ecstasy of power ends with the horror of the future. (read text confirming this)

Baron

GOLD

Pawnbroker Widow with three children

Albert

thibault

Threads stretch from gold to all the characters in the play. It determines all their thoughts and actions.

Pushkin shows here not only the role and significance of gold, but also reveals with great power the influence of gold on spiritual world and the psyche of people.

Prove it with text.

(It makes the son want his father dead, it allows the pawnbroker to offer poison to Albert to poison the Baron. It causes the son to throw down the gauntlet to the father, who accepts the son's challenge. It kills the Baron.

Is Albert's behavior heroic in the scene of the challenge to a duel? (dreams of getting into the tournament, but ends up going to a duel with his old father)

Who opposed Albert? An all-powerful servant and lord of gold or a decrepit old man? (the author denies the Baron the right to be called a man) - Why?

Gold corroded the soul of the Miserly Knight. The shock he experienced was moral and only moral.

What is the last line of the Baron? (-Keys, my keys...)

Thus ends the tragedy of the omnipotence of Gold, which brought nothing to a person who imagined himself to be its owner.

Does the death of the Miserly Knight resolve the main conflict of the tragedy? (No. Behind the end of the Baron, one can easily guess the end of Albert, and the end of the Duke, powerless with his feudal power to change anything in the world of profit.

Terrible age, terrible hearts!

Pushkin sensitively grasped what moral content the transitional era of the Middle Ages brings to mankind: the change from the feudal formation to the bourgeois one. Terrible hearts are the product of a terrible age.

"Mozart and Salieri" -this is how Pushkin titled the second of the little tragedies.

Tell us about the history of the name (individual task).

What technique did Pushkin use in the title? (antithesis)

Teacher's word: The Duke's exclamation of a terrible age in which all established legal order is violated is immediately taken up by the opening phrase of the following little tragedy:

Everyone says: there is no truth on earth.

Reading a monologue by the teacher.

- Does Salieri remind you of anyone?

(Yes, he is the closest descendant of the Miserly Knight. The character of this hero, like the character of the Baron, is revealed primarily through a monologue. True, the Baron’s monologue is a lyrical outpouring without any external address. We, as it were, eavesdrop on his most secret thoughts and revelations .

And Salieri's thoughts are also secret. But he is a musician, a priest of art, that is, a man who cannot do without listeners. Salieri's monologues are thoughts addressed to himself, but addressed to the whole world!)

What feelings do Salieri have?

How did he get to fame? (from a monologue) (At first it seems that the path is truly heroic)

The first disharmonious note breaks into the monologue. Which? Say it. (“I killed the sounds, I disassembled the music like a corpse”)

What second note brings disharmony? (achieves power over harmony, which he continuously checks with algebra)

Has he gained power over music, like a miserly knight over gold? (No. Power is illusory, he, like the Miserly Knight, is not a ruler, but a servant of music, an obedient executor of someone else's will in art).

Prove it with text. (When the great Glitch...)

Yes, he turned out to be only the first student, an excellent student, and in this he found his happiness.

What is he comparing himself to now?

What is the reason for Salieri's torment?

(The inner strength of Salieri (like the Baron) is in a fanatical faith in the inviolability of the foundations of his world, his system. Art, according to its faithful priest, should be subject only to those who mastered it at the cost of self-denial, the price of deprivation, up to the abandonment of their “I.” Art did not glorify, but depersonalized Salieri, it turned him into a slave of the system.

And suddenly this system begins to collapse right before our eyes! The laws of harmony suddenly, inconsistently with anything, obey the "idle reveler."

Why is he jealous of Mozart?

What decision did Salieri make, why is it important for him to prove to himself: “I am chosen to stop him”?

What is the theme here? (the theme of superhumanity)

What drives Salieri? Usual low envy?

Follow his attitude to Mozart - words of amazement and delight ... and suddenly - a terrible denouement!

How is Mozart depicted in the tragedy? (wife, son, dinner, beauty, blind violinist)

Prove that he is "an idle reveler."

In this episode there is a collision, and the collision, despite the outward lightness, is very serious.

What is it about? (about the main thing in music - its ultimate purpose)

In what did Salieri see his happiness? (see the first monologue: “I found consonances with my creatures in the hearts of people”)

Why does he refuse to understand the joy of Mozart, who heard the consonance of his creations in the heart of a street musician?

(The play of the street violinist is elevated by Salieri to a principle, to a shock to the foundations of art!)

What did Mozart's music awaken in a poor violinist? (good feelings) - remember Pushkin's "Monument"

Salieri (musician) drives away the blind man (musician) with a rude cry: “Go, old man!”

Yes, Mozart is interested in the blind violinist, whom he will pick up from the tavern (in the thick of life!), he himself can spend time in the tavern, but the main thing for the artist, for the creator is open to him - “and creative nights and inspiration” and come to his head not just sounds, but thoughts.

- What makes us understand this episode? Contrasting. And in what?

Between Salieri and Mozart the abyss opens! Salieri had enough of his judgment, enough analysis, he created for himself, for music, but what is music without listeners? Mozart brings what he created to people. It is so important for him to hear their opinion.

For Mozart, both the parody of the “despicable buffoon” and his brilliant “trifle” are equally interesting. Mozart plays Salieri a work composed at night.

Who does Salieri compare Mozart to after listening? (with God) - genius theme

- What does Mozart say about himself? (...but my god is hungry)

With what mood does he leave Salieri? (I am happy that I found understanding of my consonances)

And with what mood does Salieri remain?

What did Salieri's Mozart music give rise to? (thought of poison)

What evidence does Salieri base his decision on? (See 1st monologue, end, dialogue... It all comes down to one thing. - What? What is the theme here? (theme of choice

Teacher: Salieri claims to be chosen, but what a strange choice it is: a musician destroys a musician in the name of music!

In the first scene, he drove away the blind violinist, artlessly performing a Mozart melody, in the second scene, he destroys the creator of the melody.

Does his position remind you of anyone from the previous tragedy we examined?

(Albera from The Miserly Knight)

Yes, his position surprisingly merges with Albert's position in relation to the Miserly Knight.

Albert is humiliated by poverty and sees worst enemy in the father, the owner of untold wealth.

And Salieri? (He is humiliated by art, his enemy is the owner of innumerable spiritual wealth.

But is it possible to write about a poet, artist, composer, bypassing his works?

What have we missed when talking about Mozart and Salieri? (The only creation genius Mozart- "Requiem".

What image in Mozart's monologue is inseparable from the "Requiem"?

Mozart brilliantly anticipates his end, cannot, unable to understand where his blow is coming from.

Genius and villainy! Violation ethical standards, simple human morality, let it be in the name of a lofty idea, the greatest goal - is it justified or not?

And Mozart? (A lofty thought, said in passing, immediately reconciles him to the world. He drinks the "cup of friendship."

Sounds like Requiem

Why is Salieri crying? Does he repent? (No, he is shocked, first of all, by his suffering)

What words in Pushkin's tragedy become like an epigraph to it?

Why do these words "genius and villainy" sound twice: in the mouth of Mozart and in the final monologue of Salieri?

What will be the consequences of Salieri's terrible act: will he be freed from torment or will more terrible torment haunt him all his life?

Is Mozart right that "genius and villainy are two incompatible things"?

Teacher: To summarize, we conclude:

What unites the two analyzed tragedies?

The superhuman, and, consequently, deeply immoral began to break chivalry, cut family bonds. Now a creative union (the most sacred kind of friendship for Pushkin) cannot withstand his blows, and a genius is sacrificed to him. But Salieri, this new demon of the "terrible age", turned out to be smaller than the Miserly Knight.

The baron, in a moment of despair, grabbed the "honest damask steel", he is horrified that he has ceased to be a knight, and, consequently, a man. Salieri, as if following the advice of the “despicable usurer”, prudently put poison into action and was not horrified, but only thought: is he really not a genius?

Which artistic technique underlies the plot of the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"? (ANTITHESIS of two types of artists)

What is a driving spring tragic conflict? (envy)

Final word:In this tragedy, in an extremely generalized form, the characteristic features of Pushkin's personal fate and his relationship with society at the turn of the 1930s were reflected.

Both in The Miserly Knight and in Mozart and Salieri, the tragic finale does not remove the main tragic collision, plunging readers and viewers into thoughts about the meaning of life, about true and imaginary harmony, about meanness and nobility, about friendship, about envy, about creativity.

D/Z. Written assignment. Answer the following questions in detail (optional):

1. Who is the "central person" of the tragedy of A.S. Pushkin's "Mozart and Salieri"

2. Whose fate is more tragic: Mozart or Salieri?

3. Why is the requiem ordered by the composer not in demand?

Oral assignment.

Prepare a message - presentation " Last years life of A.S. Pushkin.

Poems "Message to the Censor", "Prophet", "Arion", "Poet", "I erected a monument to myself ..". Think about the theme that unites these poems.

To the question What is the main idea of ​​Pushkin's "The Miserly Knight"? And why was it called that? given by the author MK2 the best answer is The main theme of "The Miserly Knight" - psychological analysis human soul, human "Passion". (However, like all the books from the collection "Little Tragedies"). Avarice, a passion for collecting, accumulating money and a painful unwillingness to spend at least one penny of it - is shown by Pushkin both in its destructive effect on the psyche of a person, a miser, and in its influence on family relationships. Pushkin, unlike all his predecessors, made the bearer of this passion not a representative of the “third estate”, a merchant, a bourgeois, but a baron, a feudal lord belonging to the ruling class, a person for whom knightly “honor”, ​​self-respect and the demand for self-respect are worth pa first place. To emphasize this, as well as the fact that the baron's stinginess is precisely a passion, a painful affect, and not a dry calculation, Pushkin introduces into his play next to the baron another usurer - the Jew Solomon, for whom, on the contrary, the accumulation of money, shameless usury is simply a profession that enables him, a representative of the then oppressed nation, to live and act in a feudal society. Avarice, love of money, in the mind of a knight, a baron, is a low, shameful passion; usury, as a means of accumulating wealth, is a shameful occupation. That is why, alone with himself, the baron convinces himself that all his actions and all his feelings are based not on a passion for money, unworthy of a knight, not on stinginess, but on another passion, also destructive for others, also criminal, but not so vile. and shameful, but fanned by a certain halo of gloomy elevation - on exorbitant lust for power. He is convinced that he denies himself everything necessary, keeps his only son in poverty, burdens his conscience with crimes - all in order to realize his enormous power over the world. The power of a stingy knight, or rather, the power of money, which he collects and accumulates all his life, exists for him only in potential, in dreams. AT real life he does not carry it out. Actually, it's all the old baron's self-deception. Speaking already of the fact that love of power (like any passion) could never rest on the mere consciousness of its power, but would certainly strive for the realization of this power, the baron is not at all as omnipotent as he thinks ("... henceforth to rule with the world I can ... "," if I want, palaces will be erected ... "). He could do all this with his wealth, but he could never want to; he can open his chests only to pour the accumulated gold into them, but not to take it from there. He is not a king, not the master of his money, but their slave. His son Albert is right when they talk about his father's attitude to money. For the baron, his son and heir to the wealth he has accumulated is his first enemy, since he knows that Albert, after his death, will destroy the work of his whole life, squander, squander everything he has collected. He hates his son and wants him dead. Albert is depicted in the play as a brave, strong and good-natured young man. He can give the last bottle of Spanish wine given to him to the sick blacksmith. But the stinginess of the baron completely distorts his character. Albert hates his father, because he keeps him in poverty, does not give his son the opportunity to shine at tournaments and holidays, makes him humiliate himself in front of the usurer. He, without hiding, is waiting for the death of his father, and if Solomon's proposal to poison the baron causes such a violent reaction in him, it is precisely because Solomon expressed the thought that Albert drove away from himself and was afraid of. The deadly enmity between father and son is revealed when they meet at the duke, when Albert happily picks up the glove thrown to him by his father. “He dug his claws into her, the monster,” the duke says indignantly. Pushkin not without reason in the late 1920s. began to develop this topic. In this era, and in Russia, more and more bourgeois elements of everyday life invaded the system of the feudal system, new characters of the bourgeois type were developed, greed for the acquisition and accumulation of money was brought up.

"- Pushkin depicts stinginess, turned into an all-consuming passion, with all its repulsive ugliness. The baron is not only "lord" and master of his wealth, but also slave his. He himself says that he is "above desires", but in fact this is not true, because the passion for acquisition does not stop in its development.

The highest pleasure of a stingy knight, his "happy day", when he can pour a handful of gold "into the sixth chest, not yet full." It is clear that his desires are not satisfied with this, not satiated; while he is alive, he would like to accumulate gold more and more, to fill chests. There is something demonic in the gloomy figure of the baron; when he wants to open the chest in order to pour a handful of gold into it, he says terrible words:

My heart is throbbing
Some strange feeling...
Doctors assure us: there are people
Finding pleasure in killing.
When I put the key in the lock, the same
I feel like I should feel
They, plunging a knife into the victim: nice
And scary together...

Pushkin. Stingy knight. audiobook

As always, from one major vice, others are born. We see this clearly in the miserly knight. From stinginess, ruthlessness developed in him; suffice it to recall the unfortunate widow with three children, who brought her husband's debt and begged the baron to have pity on her. Looking at the handful of gold in his hand, he recalls:

There is an old doubloon here... here it is. Today
The widow gave it to me, but before
With three children half a day in front of the window
She was on her knees, howling.
It was raining, and stopped, and went again,
The pretender did not move; I could
Drive her away, but something whispered to me,
What a husband's debt she brought me
And he doesn't want to be in jail tomorrow...

What ruthlessness, what heartlessness in this callous soul! From stinginess in the baron, both complete lack of principle and unscrupulousness in means developed; he doesn’t care how Thibault, the “sloth, rogue,” got the money that he owed him: “stole, of course,” or maybe robbed, killed someone

"There on the high road, at night, in the grove..."
…………………………
Yes [says the baron] if all the tears, blood and sweat,
Shed for all that is stored here,
From the bowels of the earth all suddenly came out,
That would be a flood again - I would choke
In my cellars of the faithful...

Greed is joined by passion lust for power , intoxication with one's strength: - "I reign!" exclaims the baron, admiring the glitter of gold in the open chest. But this passion for power is aimless, empty, not like Tsar Boris, who sought to use his power for the good of the people, for the good of home country. "The miserly knight" is intoxicated only consciousness strength and power, the consciousness that he "like a demon can rule the world", that he can enslave himself with his gold "and a free Genius" - "both virtue and sleepless work." -

I whistle, and to me obediently, timidly
Bloodied villainy will creep in,
And he will lick my hand, and into my eyes
Look, they are a sign of my reading will.
Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing ...

He enjoys the consciousness of this power, the consciousness of the availability of all the pleasures of the world to him, but because of his stinginess he will never spend a single handful of the accumulated treasures; on the contrary, he would like to hide his basement from the “eyes of the unworthy” until his death and even after death:

Oh, if only from the grave
I could come, guard shadow
Sit on the chest and away from the living
Keep my treasures as now!

The knight slanders his son, blackens him in the eyes of the duke only out of fear that he will spend the money saved up by his father.

At the same time, the baron alive soul, it still has human feelings; remorse has not yet died in him, he knows their torments:

Conscience,
Clawed beast, scraping the heart, conscience,
Uninvited guest, annoying interlocutor,
The creditor is rude; this witch,
From which the moon and the grave fade
They are embarrassed and the dead are sent away!

It is evident that the baron suffered a lot in the struggle with his conscience, trying to drown out her voice.

Stingy knight. Painting by K. Makovsky, 1890s

Next to the baron, in contrast to him, stands before us a much more attractive image of his son Albert. The ardent young man suffers from the miserable position in which his father keeps him, from "the shame of bitter poverty." But this poverty does not develop in him stinginess, which would be so easy to infect "under the same roof with his father"; Albert does not become a miser: he has no money, but we see that he sends the last bottle of wine presented to him through his servant to a sick blacksmith. He cannot love his father, but how indignant, how shocked he is when he understands the hint of a Jewish usurer who suggests that he poison his father! Driven to despair by this terrible, vile offer of a Jew, Albert decides to go to the duke, complain and "seek justice." The same ardent, stormy indignation seizes his honest, noble soul when he hears the disgusting slander of his father raised against him. Such injustice and lies bring him to the point that he shouts in the face of his father: "You are a liar!" - and accepts the challenge thrown to him by the baron.

With a few strokes, the figure of the Jew Solomon with his unprincipled mercenary little soul is depicted unusually brightly and realistically. This knows the value and power of money! The fear of the weak before the strong and at the same time the greed of his petty soul is felt in his cautious expressions, reservations: when it is unclear, in semi-hints, he talks about the “wonderful bargaining” of his friend, Tobias, Albert impatiently asks:

"Your old man sells poison?" "Yes -
And poison..."

Solomon answers. This " and The Jew is trying to soften his vile proposal to poison the baron.

In three short scenes of The Miserly Knight, Pushkin concisely, vividly and realistically depicts the characters of all the characters, the deep tragedy of a man who has hardened in his vices and dies from them.

In the "little tragedies" Pushkin confronts the mutually exclusive and at the same time inextricably linked points of view and the truth of his heroes in a kind of polyphonic counterpoint. This conjugation of opposite life principles is manifested not only in the figurative and semantic structure of tragedies, but also in their poetics. This is clearly manifested already in the title of the first tragedy - "The Miserly Knight".

The action takes place in France, in the late Middle Ages. In the face of Baron Philip, Pushkin captured a peculiar type of knight-usurer, generated by the era of transition from feudal relations to the bourgeois money. This is a special social “kind”, a kind of social centaur, whimsically combining the features of opposite eras and ways. In him, ideas about knightly honor, about his social privilege are still alive. At the same time, he is the bearer of other aspirations and ideals, generated by the growing power of money, on which, to a greater extent than on origin and titles, the position of a person in society depends. Money loosens, blurs the boundaries of class-caste groups, destroys the partitions between them. In this regard, the importance of the personal principle in a person, his freedom, but at the same time, responsibility - for himself and others - increases.

Baron Philip is a large, complex character, a man of great will. Its main goal is to accumulate gold as main value in the emerging new way of life. At first, this hoarding is not an end in itself for him, but only a means of gaining complete independence and freedom. And the Baron seems to achieve his goal, as evidenced by his monologue in the “cellars of the faithful”: “What is not subject to me? Like some kind of demon From here on out I can rule the world...” etc. (V, 342-343). However, this independence, power and strength are bought at too high a price - with tears, sweat and blood of the victims of baronial passion. But the matter is not limited to the transformation of other people into a means of realizing his goal. In the end, the baron turns himself into only a means of achieving this goal, for which he pays with the loss of his human feelings and qualities, even as natural as his father's, perceiving his own son as his mortal enemy. So money from a means of gaining independence and freedom imperceptibly for the hero turns into an end in itself, the appendage of which is the Baron. It is not for nothing that his son Albert speaks of money: “Oh, my father sees not servants and friends In them, but masters, and he himself serves them ... like an Algerian slave, - Like a chain dog” (V, 338). Pushkin, as it were, anew, but already realistically rethinks the problem posed in " Caucasian prisoner”: the inevitability of finding on the paths of individualistic flight from society instead of the desired freedom - slavery. Egoistic monopassion leads the Baron not only to his alienation, but also to self-alienation, that is, to alienation from his human essence, from humanity as its basis.

However, Baron Philip has his own truth, which explains and to some extent justifies his position in life. Thinking about his son - the heir to all his wealth, which he will get without any effort and worries, he sees this as a violation of justice, the destruction of the foundations of the world order he affirms, in which everything must be achieved and suffered by the person himself, and not be transferred as an undeserved gift of God (including the royal throne - here there is an interesting roll call with the problems of "Boris Godunov", but on a different vital basis). Enjoying the contemplation of his treasures, the Baron exclaims: “I reign!.. What a magical brilliance! Obedient to me, my power is strong; Happiness is in it, my honor and glory are in it! But after this, confusion and horror suddenly overwhelm him: “I reign ... but who, after me, Will take power over her? My heir! Fool, young squanderer. Debauched riotous interlocutor! The baron is horrified not by the inevitability of death, parting with life and treasures, but the violation of the highest justice, which gave his life meaning: “He will waste ... And by what right? Did I get all this for nothing... Who knows how many bitter abstinences, Bounded passions, heavy thoughts, Daily worries, sleepless nights All this cost me? that he acquired with blood” (V, 345-346).

It has its own logic, a harmonious philosophy of a strong and tragic personality, with its consistent truth, although it has not passed the test of humanity. Who is to blame for this? On the one hand, historical circumstances, the era of advancing commercialism, in which the unrestrained growth of material wealth leads to spiritual impoverishment and turns a person from an end in itself into just a means to achieve other ends. But Pushkin does not remove responsibility from the hero himself, who chose the path of achieving freedom and independence in individualistic separation from people.

With a choice problem life position the image of Albert is also connected. Simplified is his widespread interpretation as a crushed version of his father's personality, in which, over time, the traits of chivalry will be lost and the qualities of a usurer-accumulator will triumph. In principle, such a metamorphosis is possible. But it is not fatally inevitable, because it depends on Albert himself whether he retains his inherent openness to people, sociability, kindness, the ability to think not only about himself, but also about others (the episode with the sick blacksmith is indicative here), or lose these qualities, like his father. In this regard, the final remark of the Duke is significant: "A terrible age, terrible hearts." In it, guilt and responsibility are, as it were, evenly distributed - between the century and the “heart” of a person, his feeling, mind and will. At the time of the development of the action, Baron Philip and Albert, despite their blood relationship, act as bearers of two opposing, but in some ways mutually correcting truths. In both, there are elements of both absoluteness and relativity, tested and developed in each era by each person in his own way.

In The Miserly Knight, as in all other "little tragedies", Pushkin's realistic skill reaches its peak - in terms of depth of penetration into the socio-historical and moral-psychological essence of the characters depicted, in the ability to consider in the temporal and particular - the enduring and universal. In them reaches its full development and such a feature of poetics Pushkin's works, as their "dizzying brevity" (A. Akhmatova), containing the "abyss of space" (N. Gogol). From tragedy to tragedy, the scale and content capacity of the depicted images-characters increases, the depth, including moral and philosophical, of the displayed conflicts and problems of human existence - in its special national modifications and deep universal "invariants".