Story Prisoner of the Caucasus. Life and traditions of the Aula

All-Russian Competition of student essays "Krugozor"

http://planeta. tspu. en/

“The image of a Caucasian prisoner in the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus”

Work completed:

student of 5 "B" class

MBOU lyceum №1

Vakhrusheva Sofia

Project Manager:

Komsomolsk-on-Amur

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1. History of the creation of the story …………………………………………. four

1.1 Features of human relations in the story……………….8

Chapter 2. Genre of the work - story……………………………………….10

2.1. Story - the definition of the term in literary criticism Composition - what is it? .............................................. .................................ten

Chapter 3. Comparative characteristics of Zhilin and Kostylin………..12

Chapter 4. Analysis of minor characters……………………………………. .13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………13

……………………………………...14

Introduction

In the history of Russian culture there are many names of outstanding figures, scientists, thinkers, artists, writers who make up the glory and pride of the nation. Among them, one of the most honorable places rightfully belongs to Leo Tolstoy, the great creator who created immortal images and characters that remain relevant today. This is also the image of the “Caucasian prisoner” – a man of high morality.

In the 19th century, the Caucasus was an emblematic space of freedom, an unrestricted spiritual movement as opposed to the conventional world of "civilization."

In the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" Tolstoy wants to tell the main thing - the truth about a person and about this person's place in society, and in a society that is alien to him, completely alien. This theme does not lose its relevance for several centuries now.

Objective consist in tracking and explaining the reasons for the formation and development of the characters of the heroes of the story, their morality.

We have the following tasks:

1. to analyze the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus";

2. highlight the distinctive features of each of the characters;

3. to determine what is the moral value of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

object research advocates the character of the hero as a carrier of morality, moral values.

Subject research becomes directly the artistic text itself - "Prisoner of the Caucasus".

Relevance my research is that the topic of the Caucasus has been and remains very relevant. And it depends on the attitude of us young people to this problem whether this problem will ever be solved, whether we will be able to answer in the affirmative the question posed in one of the works under study: “will beauty save the world”? And I decided to find out how the image of the Caucasian prisoner is interpreted in the work, the problems of relationships between people of different nationalities are solved.

Leo Tolstoy served in the Caucasus in almost the same places as. But they saw the warlike highlanders in different ways. Rather, they saw the same thing, but perceived it differently. It should be noted that in prose the Caucasus began to acquire the details of everyday life, the details of relationships, the little things of everyday life. But the invariable component of the Caucasian theme is the description of nature.

"The Prisoner of the Caucasus" is a true story, the material for which was the events from the life of the writer and the stories he heard in the service.

Zhilin is captured by the Gentiles on completely legal grounds. He is an adversary, a warrior, according to the customs of the highlanders, he can be captured and ransomed for him. The main character is Zhilin, his character corresponds to his surname. Therefore, we conclude: it is strong, resistant, sinewy. He has golden hands, in captivity he helped the highlanders, repaired something, they even came to him for treatment. The author does not indicate the name, only that he is called Ivan, but that was the name of all Russian captives.

An analysis of the critical literature on this work allows us to conclude that, by the time the work on the story began, he himself finally affirmed the need to learn from the people their morality, their views on the world, simplicity and wisdom, the ability to "take root" in any situation, survive in any situations, without grumbling and without shifting their troubles onto other people's shoulders.

Chapter 1. The history of the creation of the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"

"The Prisoner of the Caucasus" is the last work in the "Russian Book for Reading". In a letter to the writer, the writer called this story his best work, because, in his opinion, it was here that he managed to most naturally use the best artistic means of folk poetics.

Leo Tolstoy worked on it in 1872, stubbornly striving for simplicity, naturalness of the narration, the work was written during the writer's sharp thoughts about life, the search for its meaning. Here, as in his great epic, the separation and enmity of people, "war" is opposed to what binds them together - "peace". And here there is a “people's thought” - the assertion that ordinary people of different nationalities can find mutual understanding, because universal human moral values ​​are the same - love for work, respect for a person, friendship, honesty, mutual assistance. And vice versa, evil, hostility, selfishness, self-interest are inherently anti-people and anti-human. Tolstoy is convinced that “the most beautiful thing in a person is love for people, which makes it possible to live a full life. Love is hindered by all sorts of social foundations, ossified national barriers, protected by the state and giving rise to false values: the desire for rank, wealth, career - all that seems familiar and normal to people.

Therefore, Tolstoy addresses children who have not yet been "spoiled" by social and national abnormal relations. He wants to tell them the truth, to teach them to distinguish good from evil, to help them follow the good. He creates a work where the beautiful is clearly distinguished from the ugly, the work is extremely simple and clear, and at the same time deep and significant, like a parable. “Tolstoy is proud of this story. This is beautiful prose - calm, there are no decorations in it, and there is not even what is called psychological analysis. Human interests collide, and we sympathize with Zhilin - a good person, and what we know about him is enough for us, and he himself does not want to know much about himself.

The plot of the story is simple and clear. The Russian officer Zhilin, who served in the Caucasus, where the war was going on at that time, goes on vacation and on the way is captured by the Tatars. He escapes from captivity, but unsuccessfully. The secondary escape succeeds. Zhilin, pursued by the Tatars, escapes and returns to the military unit. The content of the story is the impressions and experiences of the hero. This makes the story emotional and exciting. The life of the Tatars, the nature of the Caucasus are revealed by the author realistically, through the perception of Zhilin. Tatars in the view of Zhilin are divided into kind, warm-hearted and those who are offended by the Russians and take revenge on them for the murder of relatives and the ruin of auls (old Tatar). Customs, way of life, mores are depicted as the hero perceives them.

What does this story teach?

First of all, let's compare the two heroes, let's think about their names: Zhilin - because he managed to survive, "take root", "get used" to someone else's and alien to him life; Kostylin - as if on crutches, props. But pay attention: in fact, Tolstoy has one prisoner, as the title speaks eloquently, although there are two heroes in the story. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, and Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, but in

captivity of his weakness, his selfishness. Let us remember how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin turns out to be, how he only hopes for a ransom that his mother will send. Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He is included in the life of the Tatars, the aul, he is constantly doing something, he knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea, first of all, that the author wants to convey to the readers. Kostylin - is in double captivity, as I mentioned above. The writer, drawing this image, says that without getting out of the internal captivity, it is impossible to get out of the external captivity. But - an artist and a man - he wanted Kostylin to evoke in us not anger and contempt, but pity and compassion. The author has similar feelings for him, who sees every person as a person, and the main way to change life is in self-improvement. So in this story, Tolstoy's favorite thoughts are affirmed, his knowledge of human psychology and the ability to depict the inner world, experience are manifested; the ability to clearly and simply draw a portrait of a hero, a landscape, an environment in which the heroes live.

But nevertheless, the hope was strengthened in my soul that the world would not collapse because of the war, but would be reborn thanks to beauty. And above all, thanks to the beauty of human souls, their morality, kindness, responsiveness, mercy, responsibility for their actions, because everything begins with a person, his thoughts and actions from the point of view of morality, which are brought up in people, especially literature, starting with childhood years.

The novelty of my research lies in the fact that I not only analyzed the content of the studied works, studied critical literature, but also tried to identify the author's position on the problems raised in the works.

The study allowed me to answer a number of questions, but in the course of my work, new questions arose concerning the structure of the world in general and school life in particular; can people live in peace and friendship, what separates them and what connects them, is it possible to overcome the age-old enmity of people with each other? Are there qualities in a person that make it possible for people to unite? Which people have these qualities, and which do not, and why? These questions will constantly arise before people sooner or later. They are also relevant for us, schoolchildren, because friendship and camaraderie are beginning to take an increasing place in our lives, a code of moral values ​​plays an increasingly important role, the most important of which are camaraderie, equality, honesty, courage, the desire to have true friends, what qualities one must possess to be a good companion.

1.1. Features of human relations in the story

It must be said that Tolstoy's detailed, "everyday" description of events does not obscure the ugliness of human relations. There is no romantic intensity in his narrative.

Tolstoy's "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is a true story. Zhilin is captured by the Gentiles on completely legal grounds. He is an adversary, a warrior, according to the customs of the highlanders, he can be captured and ransomed for him. The character of the protagonist corresponds to the surname, he is strong, persistent, sinewy. He has golden hands, in captivity he helped the highlanders, repaired something, they even came to him for treatment. The author does not indicate the name, only that he is called Ivan, but that was the name of all Russian captives. Kostylin - as if on crutches, props. But pay attention: in fact, Tolstoy has one prisoner, as the title speaks eloquently, although there are two heroes in the story. Zhilin managed to escape from captivity, and Kostylin remained not only and not so much in Tatar captivity, but in captivity of his weakness, his selfishness.

Let us remember how helpless, how physically weak Kostylin turns out to be, how he only hopes for a ransom that his mother will send.

Zhilin, on the contrary, does not count on his mother, does not want to shift his difficulties onto her shoulders. He is included in the life of the Tatars, the aul, he is constantly doing something, he knows how to win over even his enemies - he is strong in spirit. It is this idea that the author wants to convey to the readers first of all.

The main device of the story is opposition; the prisoners Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast. Even their appearance is depicted in contrast. Zhilin is outwardly energetic and mobile. “There was a master for every kind of needlework”, “Although he was small in stature, he was daring,” the author emphasizes. And in the guise of Kostylin, L. Tolstoy brings to the fore unpleasant features: “the man is heavy, plump, sweaty.” Not only Zhilin and Kostylin are shown in contrast, but also the life, customs, and people of the village. Residents are depicted as Zhilin sees them. In the guise of an old Tatar, cruelty, hatred, malice are emphasized: "the nose is hooked, like a hawk, and the eyes are gray, angry and there are no teeth - only two fangs."

Kostylin - is in double captivity, as we said above. The writer, drawing this image, says that without getting out of the internal captivity, it is impossible to get out of the external captivity.

But - an artist and a man - he wanted Kostylin to arouse in the reader not anger and contempt, but pity and compassion. The author has similar feelings for him, who sees every person as a person, and the main way to change life is in self-improvement, and not in revolutions. So in this story, favorite thoughts are affirmed, his knowledge of human psychology and the ability to depict the inner world, experience are manifested; the ability to clearly and simply draw a portrait of a hero, a landscape, an environment in which the heroes live.

The image of the Tatar girl Dina evokes the warmest sympathy. In Dean, traits of sincerity and spontaneity are noticed. She squatted down, began to turn the stone: “Yes, the little hands are thin, like twigs, there is nothing to be strong. She threw a stone and cried. This little girl, obviously deprived of affection, constantly left unattended, reached out to the kind, paternal attitude towards her Zhilin.

“The Prisoner of the Caucasus” is a realistic work in which the life of the highlanders is vividly and vividly described, the nature of the Caucasus is depicted. It is written in accessible language, close to fabulous. The story is told from the point of view of the narrator.

By the time the story was written, Tolstoy finally affirmed the need to learn from the people their morality, their views on the world, simplicity and wisdom, the ability to "take root" in any situation, survive in any situation, without grumbling and without shifting their troubles onto other people's shoulders.

Chapter 2. The genre of the work is a story.Composition - what is it?

A story is a definition of a term in literary criticism. We have heard the word “story” many times, but what is it? What is the definition of this term? I looked for answers to this question in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and here are the results:

1. Story - a small form of epic prose, a narrative work of a small size. (Dictionary)

2. The story is a small artistic narrative work in prose. (Dictionary)

3. Story - a small form of epic prose. It goes back to folklore genres (fairy tale, parable). How did the genre separate itself in written literature. (Encyclopedic Dictionary)

4. A fictional narrative work of small size, usually in prose. (Dictionary)

Composition is an important component concerning the organization of artistic, literary, pictorial, three-dimensional form. The composition gives the work integrity and unity, subordinates its elements to each other and correlates with the general intention of the artist or author.

Chapter 3

In the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" Leo Tolstoy introduces us to two Russian officers - Zhilin and Kostylin. The author builds his work on the opposition of these heroes. By showing us how they behave in the same situations, Tolstoy expresses his idea of ​​what a person should be like. At the beginning of the story, the writer brings these characters together. We learn that Zhilin decides on a dangerous act, because he is in a hurry to his mother, and Kostylin - only because "I want to eat, and it's hot." The author describes Zhilin as follows: "... although he is small in stature, he was daring." “And Kostylin is a heavy, fat man, all red, and the sweat is pouring from him.” Such a difference in the external description is further enhanced by the meaning of the names of the characters. After all, the surname Zhilin echoes the word "lived", and the hero can be called a wiry person, that is, strong, strong and hardy. And in the name Kostylin the word “crutch” sounds: indeed, he needs support and support, but he himself can’t do anything. The writer depicts Zhilin as a decisive, but at the same time very prudent person: “We must go to the mountain, have a look ...”. He knows how to assess the danger and calculate his strength. Unlike him, Kostylin is very frivolous: “What to watch? Let's go ahead." Frightened by the Tatars, he behaved like a coward. Even the horses are treated differently by the characters. Zhilin calls her "mother", and Kostylin mercilessly "fries" her with a whip. But most clearly, the difference in the characters of the heroes manifests itself when they both find themselves in Tatar captivity. Once captured, Zhilin immediately manifests himself as a courageous, strong man, refusing to pay "three thousand coins": "... with them what is shy is worse." Moreover, pitying his mother, he deliberately writes the address “wrongly” so that the letter does not reach. And Kostylin, on the contrary, writes home several times and asks to send money for ransom. Zhilin set himself a goal: "I will leave." He does not waste time in vain, he observes the life, way of life and habits of the Tatars. The hero learned to "understand in their language", began to needlework, make toys, and heal people. By this he managed to win them over and even won the love of the owner. It is especially touching to read about Zhilin's friendship with Dina, who saved him in the end. On the example of this friendship, Tolstoy shows us his rejection of self-interest and enmity between peoples. And Kostylin “sits in the barn for whole days and counts the days when the letter arrives, or sleeps.” Thanks to his intelligence and ingenuity, Zhilin was able to organize an escape and, as a friend, took Kostylin with him. We see that Zhilin courageously endures pain, and "Kostylin is still lagging behind and groaning." But Zhilin does not leave him, but carries him. Being captured for the second time, Zhilin still does not give up and runs. But Kostylin is passively waiting for money and is not at all looking for a way out. At the end of the story, both heroes escaped. But the actions of Kostylin, his cowardice, weakness, betrayal in relation to Zhilin are condemned. Only Zhilin deserves respect, because he got out of captivity thanks to his human qualities. Tolstoy has a special sympathy for him, admires his perseverance, fearlessness and sense of humor: “So I went home, got married!”

We can say that the writer dedicated his story to Zhilin, because he called him “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, and not “Prisoners of the Caucasus”.

Chapter 4

In the story "The Prisoner of the Caucasus", Dina appears before us as a faithful, devoted friend, always ready to help, to sacrifice herself. This is a person who will not leave a friend in trouble, she does not think about herself, but thinks more about others. She is brave, sensitive, decisive, prudent.
All these character traits of Dina are manifested where Tolstoy describes the story of friendship between the Tatar girl Dina and the Russian officer Zhilin. When a good man Zhilin is captured by the Tatars, he is in danger, Dina helps him escape from captivity. This brave girl saved Zhilin's life without thinking about herself, without fear of punishment.
Dina has a good heart. She felt sorry for the captive officer, secretly fed him from everyone.
Dina is lonely, because she is an orphan. She needs affection, care, understanding. This becomes clear from the episode where Dina shakes the doll in her arms.
The author describes Dina to us: “The eyes are shining”, “Like a goat jumps”.

I think that Dina is an example of loyalty and devotion. Dina and Zhilin are somewhat similar to each other. Zhilin is a disinterested, kind, sympathetic officer, and Dina is a small, shy, timid, modest, kind orphan. I wish there were more people like this on earth.

Conclusion

So, reading the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" captivates the reader. Everyone sympathizes with Zhilin, despise Kostylin, admire Dina. Emotional perception, the ability to empathize, up to identifying yourself with your favorite characters, faith in the reality of what is happening in the story - these are the features of the perception of a literary work, but the reader must also develop, enrich perception, learn to penetrate the thoughts of the writer, experience aesthetic pleasure from reading. The moral issues of the story are noteworthy in order to realize Tolstoy's ideal of a beautiful person.

In the story “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”, L. Tolstoy solves the following problem: can people live in peace and friendship, what separates them and what connects them, is it possible to overcome the eternal enmity of people with each other? This leads to the second problem: are there qualities in a person that make it possible for people to unite? Which people have these qualities, and which do not, and why?

Both of these problems are not only quite accessible to readers, but are also deeply relevant, because relationships of friendship and comradeship occupy an ever greater place in life.

List of sources used

2. Diaries of Tolstoy.

3. http://resoch. en

4. http://books.

5.http://www. liter en

6.http://www. liters. en

7. https://ru. wikipedia. org

8. http://tolstoj. ru - letters, articles and diaries

(with comments by psychologist A. Shubnikov)

9.http://www. ollelukoe. en

10. http://www.4egena100.info

11. http://dic. academic. en

12. http://www. rvb. ru/tolstoy

13. http://lib. en/LITRA/LERMONTOW

14. http://az. lib. ru/p/pushkin_a_s

15. http://bigreferat. en

16. http://www. allsoch. en

17. http://www. liter en

18. http://renavigator. en

While in the middle of the 19th century in the Caucasus, Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy became participants in a dangerous event that inspired him to write The Prisoner of the Caucasus. While escorting the convoy to the Groznaya fortress, he and a friend fell into a trap for the Chechens. The life of the great writer was saved by the fact that the highlanders did not want to kill his companion, so they did not shoot. Tolstoy and his partner managed to ride to the fortress, where they were covered by the Cossacks.

The key idea of ​​the work is the opposition of an optimistic and strong-willed person to another - sluggish, lack of initiative, grouchy and compassionate. The first character retains courage, honor, courage and achieves release from captivity. The main message: in no case should you give up and give up, there are hopeless situations only for those who do not want to act.

Analysis of the work

Story line

The events of the story unfold in parallel with the Caucasian War and tell about the officer Zhilin, who at the beginning of the work, at the written request of his mother, leaves with a convoy to visit her. On the way, he meets another officer - Kostylin - and continues on his way with him. Having met the highlanders, Zhilin's fellow traveler runs away, and the main character is captured and sold to the rich Abdul-Marat from the mountain village. The escaped officer is caught later and the captives are kept together in a barn.

The highlanders seek to get a ransom for Russian officers and force them to write letters home, but Zhilin writes a false address so that his mother, who cannot collect so much money, does not find out about anything. During the day, prisoners are allowed to walk around the village in stocks and the main character makes dolls for local children, thanks to which he wins the favor of 13-year-old Dina, the daughter of Abdul-Marat. In parallel, he plans an escape and prepares a tunnel from the barn.

Upon learning that the villagers are worried about the death of one of the mountaineers in battle, the officers decide to flee. They exit through the tunnel and go towards the Russian positions, but the highlanders quickly discover and return the fugitives, throwing them into the pit. Now the captives are forced to sit in stocks around the clock, but from time to time Dina brings Zhilin mutton and cakes. Kostylin finally loses heart, begins to get sick.

One night, the main character, with the help of a long stick brought by Dina, gets out of the pit and, right in the stocks, runs away through the forest to the Russians. Kostylin remains in captivity until the end, until the highlanders receive a ransom for him.

main characters

Tolstoy portrayed the main character as an honest and authoritative person who treats his subordinates, relatives and even those who captured him with respect and responsibility. Despite obstinacy and initiative, he is cautious, prudent and cold-blooded, has an inquisitive mind (he navigates by the stars, learns the language of the highlanders). He has self-respect and demands from the "Tatars" respect for the captives. A jack-of-all-trades, he repairs guns, watches and even makes dolls.

Despite the meanness of Kostylin, because of which Ivan was captured, he does not hold a grudge and does not blame his prisoner neighbor, plans to run away together and does not leave him after the first almost successful attempt. Zhilin is a hero, noble in relation to enemies and allies, who retains a human face and honor even in the most difficult and insurmountable circumstances.

Kostylin is a wealthy, overweight and clumsy officer, portrayed by Tolstoy as weak both physically and mentally. Because of his cowardice and meanness, the heroes are captured and fail the first attempt to escape. He meekly and unquestioningly accepts the fate of a prisoner, agrees to any conditions of detention and does not even believe Zhilin's words that it is possible to escape. For days on end, he complains about his situation, sits idle, and becomes more and more "limp" from his own pity. As a result, Kostylin is overtaken by illness, and at the time of Zhilin's second attempt to escape, he refuses, saying that he does not even have the strength to turn around. Barely alive, he is brought from captivity a month after the ransom comes from his relatives.

Kostylin in the story of Leo Tolstoy is a reflection of cowardice, meanness and weakness of will. This is a person who is not able, under the yoke of circumstances, to show respect for himself and, moreover, for others. He is afraid only for himself, not thinking about risk and brave actions, because of which he becomes a burden for the active and energetic Zhilin, prolonging the joint imprisonment.

General analysis

One of the most famous stories by Leo Tolstoy, “The Prisoner of the Caucasus,” is based on a comparison of two extremely opposite characters. The author makes them antagonists not only in character, but even in appearance:

1. Zhilin is not tall, but has great strength and dexterity, while Kostylin is fat, clumsy, overweight.
2. Kostylin is rich, and Zhilin, although he lives in abundance, cannot (and does not want to) pay ransoms to the highlanders.
3. Abdul-Marat himself speaks about the obstinacy of Zhilin and the meekness of his partner in a conversation with the main character. The first is an optimist, from the very beginning he expects to run, and the second says that it is reckless to run away, because they do not know the terrain.
4. Kostylin sleeps for days on end and waits for a response letter, while Zhilin does needlework and repairs.
5. Kostylin leaves Zhilin at their first meeting and runs away to the fortress, but during the first attempt to escape, he drags a comrade with wounded legs on himself.

Tolstoy acts in his story as a bearer of justice, telling a parable about how fate rewards an enterprising and brave person with salvation.

An important idea lies in the title of the work. Kostylin is a prisoner of the Caucasus in the truest sense of the word, even after the ransom, because he did nothing to deserve freedom. However, Tolstoy seems to be ironic about Zhilin - he showed his will and escaped from captivity, but does not leave the region, because he considers his service to be fate and duty. The Caucasus will captivate not only Russian officers who are forced to fight for their homeland, but also mountaineers, who also have no moral right to give up this land. In a certain sense, all the actors here remain Caucasian captives, even the generous Dina, who is destined to continue to live in her native society.

Questions:
1. What events prompted L.N. Tolstoy the idea of ​​creating the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"? Why is it called "Prisoner of the Caucasus" and not "Prisoners of the Caucasus"? What is the idea of ​​the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus"?
2. How did Zhilin and Kostylin end up on a dangerous road?
3. How did the Tatar village appear to the hero? What did Zhilin see in the house? What customs of the Tatars did he observe? Tell about it in detail, close to the text.
4. How did Zhilin and Kostylin meet? How did they behave in captivity? Why did Dina help Zhilin? What does the writer want to tell us by talking about this friendship? Why did the first run fail? How did the Tatars treat Zhilin? What is the meaning of the story?
Help me please! Beg! Urgent need!

who read the Caucasian prisoner help!!!

1. What did L.N. Tolstoy his main task in Yasnaya Polyana?
2. What events suggested to Leo Tolstoy the idea of ​​​​creating the story Prisoner of the Caucasus? Why is it called the Caucasian Prisoner and not the Caucasian Prisoners?
3. How did Zhilin and Kostylin end up on a dangerous road? Thanks in advance!

1. The action of the story takes place:

a) summer, b) spring, c) autumn.

2. Zhilin went home:

A) get married, b) get medical treatment, c) visit an old mother.

3. Zhilin went:

A) alone, b) with a convoy, c) together with Kostylin.

4. The officers were alone because:

A) they went together, b) they killed everyone else, c) the train was moving slowly, they did not want to wait.

5. At Zhilin:

A) there was a gun, b) there was no gun, c) he lost the gun.

7. Kostylin:

A) poor, b) rich, c) this is not mentioned in the story.

8. Kostylin was captured:

A) together with Zhilin, b) separately from him, c) he was not captured.

A) 10 years old b) 17 years old c) 13 years old

10. Prisoners were held:

A) in a barn, b) in a house, c) in a mosque.

11. Zhilin sculpted dolls:

A) from bread, b) from clay, c) from plasticine.

12. Zhilin cured the Tatar:

A) because I was a doctor, b) I remembered the method of treatment, oh .. I read c) it happened by chance.

13. Prisoners ordered to kill:

A) a red Tatar, b) an old man, c) a black Tatar.

14. The officers were in captivity:

A) a week, b) less than a month, c) more than a month.

15. Zhilin again decides to escape, because

A) Kostylin felt better b) the blocks were removed from him c) he found out that they wanted to kill him

16. Kostylin could not escape from captivity because:

A) was frightened, b) fell ill, c) hoped and waited that he would be redeemed.

17. Zhilin was helped to escape:

A) Dina, b) Red Tatar c) Kostylin.

18. Zhilin:

A) immediately ran away, b) ran twice, c) stayed with the Tatars until the ransom.

19. Zhilin returned to the fortress:

A) on a horse, b) in stocks on foot, c) the Tatars brought him.

20. Which proverb is applicable to the content of the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus":

A) Friendship is different friendship, but at least drop another.

B) Famously remembered, but the good will not be forgotten.

C) Two swords in one scabbard cannot get along.

how did the Russian officers react to the proposal to ransom Zhilin and Kostylin? how does this characterize them? how do Zhilin and Kostylin behave in captivity? which of them

The genre of the work is determined by the writer himself - a true story, it indicates the reality of the events described. Tie. Life goes to his mother. Highlights:

2. Unsuccessful escape.

The denouement is the happy release of Zhilin, he finds himself in a Cossack detachment. Barely alive, Kostylin, having paid off, ends up in his camp.

The story is based on a comparison of two characters. By the way, their names are significant. Zhilin - from the word "vein", the popular name for blood vessels and tendons. This is a strong, strong-willed, calm, courageous person, able to withstand a lot. Kostylin - from the word "crutch", a wooden tool that helps the lame move. This is a weak-willed person, easily succumbed to despondency, he needs to be supported, guided. From the very beginning, the characters behave differently. Both of them do not want to move with a barely crawling convoy. However, Zhilin thinks about whether it is worth risking his life by getting to dangerous places on his own. This hero always thinks first, makes a decision, and then acts. Kostylin's thoughts here (and below) are intentionally hidden from us by the author. He does not think about his actions in advance. He invites Zhilin to go together, without thinking about the consequences, and tacitly agrees with Zhilin's proposal not to leave in case of danger. When meeting with the Tatars, Kostylin instantly forgets his promise and, seeing that Zhilin is almost a prisoner, shamelessly flees.

Kostylin in captivity is just waiting for help from home, while Zhilin relies only on himself. He prepares an escape: he examines the area in order to know where to move when escaping, he feeds the owner's dog in order to tame it, he digs a hole from the barn. In an effort to escape from captivity, he does not forget Kostylin, takes him with him. Zhilin does not remember evil (after all, Kostylin once betrayed him). After an unsuccessful escape, Zhilin still does not give up, and Kostylin completely loses heart. Thanks to a happy coincidence (the help of Dina, the absence of the Tatars), his own perseverance, courage and ingenuity, Zhilin manages to get out of captivity.

Tolstoy, Analysis of the work Prisoner of the Caucasus, Plan

Analysis of the work

The genre of the work is a story. It is dedicated to military operations in the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century. At this time, there was a bloody war for the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia. The mountain peoples offered stubborn resistance, captured Russian soldiers. Russian convoys could move from one fortress to another only under heavy guard. L. N. Tolstoy himself was a participant in the hostilities and described the events, having an idea of ​​​​the real picture of events, so the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” can rightfully be called a reality.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother with a request to come home to visit her, asks for leave and leaves the fortress. This is the plot of the piece. There are several highlights here:

1) when Zhilin was first captured;

2) unsuccessful escape of Zhilin and Kostylin and their repeated captivity;

3) the happy rescue of Zhilin by the Cossacks.

Truthfully describing the details of the capture of Zhilin by the Tatars, Tolstoy shows that war is a terrible evil, condemns ethnic strife, and is horrified at what mutual hatred leads to. Suffice it to recall an old highlander who almost shot Zhilin because he came close to his sakla. This old man had seven sons killed in this war, and he shot the eighth himself when he went over to the Russians.<…>The old man was blinded by hatred and demanded immediate reprisals against Zhilin.

Ordinary highlanders treated Zhilin differently. They soon got used to him, began to appreciate him for his skillful hands, for his sharpness, for his sociable character. The girl Dina, who at first treated him like a beast, became attached to the prisoner, felt sorry for him, and then helped to escape from captivity and thereby saved his life.

The story is based on a comparison of the main characters. It starts with their last names. Zhilin - from the word "lived", that is, a strong, hardy person. A piece of wood called "crutch" always serves only as a support, and even a burden to his companion. So Kostylin interfered with Zhilin in everything. Through the fault of Kostylin, Zhilin was captured and their first escape failed.

Comparing the two heroes in everything - from appearance to actions and thoughts, we see that the sympathies of the writer, and, accordingly, of the readers are completely on the side of Zhilin - a simple, brave, honest Russian officer. You can't rely on Kostylin for anything.

Tolstoy skillfully depicts the life and customs of the Caucasians in the story. We get an idea of ​​how the dwelling of a local resident looked like, what they ate and drank, how they led their life and household.

The story delights with the image of the magnificent Caucasian nature. Descriptions of landscapes seem to take us to the place of unfolding events.

Tolstoy is a master of the portrait, and not only of the psychological one. A few words are enough for us to see Dina with her little hands, "thin as twigs", eyes shining like stars. The appearance of the two officers is also characteristic. Zhilin is a fit, slender, energetic person who clings to life. Kostylin is overweight, cowardly, clumsy, dishonorable.

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is written by such a master of words, with such perfection that, having read it once, we remember its heroes for life.

1. Zhilin receives a letter from his mother and straightens his vacation.

2. Zhilin and Kostylin decide to get ahead of the convoy and go ahead of it.

3. Zhilin is captured by the Tatars because of Kostylin's cowardice.

4. Zhilin is brought to the village and put in stocks in a barn.

5. The first close acquaintance with the kidnappers. Dina's girl brings him a drink.

6. The new "owners" demand that Zhilin write a letter home asking for his own ransom.

7. They bring Kostylin, from whom they also demand a ransom. Kostylin agrees.

8. Closer acquaintance of Zhilin with the inhabitants of the village. Friendship with a girl Dina.

Analysis of the story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" by Leo Tolstoy

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" Leo Nikolavevia Tolstoy wrote under the impressions of his life in the Caucasus during the war between the highlanders and Russian soldiers. We can see the first mention of this war in Tolstoy's diaries.

General analysis of the story

The short story was created in the 70s of the 19th century, and many critics were surprised by the simple and accessible language even for children, in which it was written. In addition to a realistic description of the life of the highlanders and the beautiful, wild nature of the Caucasus, Tolstoy pays attention to another theme of the story, more moral and psychological.

This topic is a confrontation, which is revealed on the example of two personalities, the two main characters of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - Zhilin and Kostylin. The plot of the story develops quickly, and the description of all events is colorful and memorable.

Comparative characteristics of the heroes: Kostylin and Zhilin

L.N. Tolstoy skillfully uses contrast to convey to readers the theme of his story. Under the external contrast of the energetic Zhilin and the heavy Kostylin, the contradictions of their inner worlds are hidden.

Zhilin gives the impression of a lively and joyful person, while Kostylin looks unkindly at the world around him, and is distinguished by cruelty and malice. Moreover, it cannot be said that the difference between these heroes is determined by the circumstances, both of them are Russian officers, both take part in the war of Russia against the Caucasus.

But between them there is an abyss; their inner principles, their views on the world, their life values ​​are completely opposite. Zhilin is a devoted and honest person who helps Kostylin even after he betrayed him through the fault of his cowardice and stupidity.

After all, Zhilin could not even think that it was possible to do otherwise, and when he rushes to a friend for a gun to protect himself from the highlanders, he is sure that he will help him. And even when they are captured, he still takes the cowardly soldier along with him during the escape.

His soul is wide and open, Zhilin looks at the world and other people with sincerity and inner honesty. He carries the soldier Kostylin when he gets tired of the long rescue from the captivity of the Tatars. And both heroes again fall into the place where they hardly got out, only now they are put into a huge hole.

Passive Hero and Active Hero

And here Tolstoy describes the climax of the story, the girl Dina, with whom the good soldier managed to make friends during captivity, with the help of a stick helps Zhilin escape. And the weak and weak-willed Kostylin is afraid to run away and thinks that it would be better if one of his relatives paid money for him.

Zhilin manages to escape on his own, he does not want to worry his mother with requests for money, and thinks about her health. Zhilin cannot be such a weak-willed coward as Kostylin, his nature is courage, courage and courage.

And from this it follows that the values ​​of life for him are completely different, they are spiritual and pure. Kostylin is the personification of passivity and inaction, the only thing that lives inside him is fear only for himself and anger towards other people.

He is lazy and weak-willed, he relies on others for everything, and Zhilin prefers to create his own destiny, and he succeeds, because his motives and intentions are pure and sincere.

Composition "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - Grade 5

The story tells the story of two colleagues who fall into captivity. They find themselves in the same conditions of coexistence, but behave quite differently, hence our attitude towards them is formed. Comparing the portraits of the two heroes, from the first moments we have a feeling of contempt for Kostylin, even from the description of his appearance. The author describes him as a heavy, fat man, from which he constantly sweats. This causes negative associations in us, because such a pathetic and insignificant character is not capable of good deeds. Zhilin is another matter. He is given such a definition as "remote", which speaks not only of his life position, but of his strength of mind and courage. Zhilin is full of compassion even for animals. He calls the horse "mother" and takes pity on her when he sees her suffering. Kostylin, on the other hand, is not capable of showing love, he does not understand anyone but himself and puts his life needs above anyone else. He has no internal torments and the author describes his behavior with a great deal of irony.

The actions of the characters also speak for themselves. Zhilin, feeling sorry for his old mother, does not want to disturb her, so he tries to find a way out of this situation on his own. Kostylin, on the contrary, is completely convinced that everyone should help him, including relatives. They are obliged to ransom him and stop all the torment associated with captivity. He passively submits to circumstances, goes with the flow.

Zhilin is a purposeful and fearless person. Having set himself the goal of escaping from captivity, he ponders ways to do it. First, he carefully studies the life of the village in which he is being held, makes a dig, waiting for a favorable moment for release. He is a fighter by nature and a very brave person. Not without reason, all the inhabitants of the village, the owner himself and even the Tatar girl Dina, are imbued with sympathy for him. She is so sincere, direct and a little deprived of the caress of her parents that she wants to admire and at the same time regret. Zhilin is paternally kind to her and she reciprocates his affection. Dina at first stealthily walks to the pit where he is sitting, then begins to bring him food, milk, and finally arranges his escape.

The genre of the work is a story. It is dedicated to military operations in the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century. At this time, there was a bloody war for the annexation of the Caucasus to Russia. The mountain peoples offered stubborn resistance, captured Russian soldiers. Russian convoys could move from one fortress to another only under heavy guard. L. N. Tolstoy himself was a participant in the hostilities and described the events, having an idea of ​​​​the real picture of events, so the story “Prisoner of the Caucasus” can rightfully be called a reality.

The main participants in the events in the story were two Russian officers - Zhilin and Kostylin.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother with a request to come home to visit her, asks for leave and leaves the fortress. This is the plot of the piece. There are several highlights here:

when Zhilin was first captured; unsuccessful escape of Zhilin and Kostylin and their repeated captivity; happy rescue of Zhilin by the Cossacks.

The denouement comes when Zhilin finds himself in a fortress among his own and remains to serve in the Caucasus, and Kostylin is brought barely alive a month later, ransomed for five thousand rubles.

Truthfully describing the details of the capture of Zhilin by the Tatars, Tolstoy shows that war is a terrible evil, condemns ethnic strife, and is horrified at what mutual hatred leads to. Suffice it to recall an old highlander who almost shot Zhilin because he came close to his sakla. This old man had seven sons killed in this war, and he shot the eighth himself when he went over to the Russians.<…>The old man was blinded by hatred and demanded immediate reprisals against Zhilin.

Ordinary highlanders treated Zhilin differently. They soon got used to him, began to appreciate him for his skillful hands, for his sharpness, for his sociable character. The girl Dina, who at first treated him like a beast, became attached to the prisoner, felt sorry for him, and then helped to escape from captivity and thereby saved his life.

The story is based on a comparison of the main characters. It starts with their last names. Zhilin - from the word "lived", that is, a strong, hardy person. A piece of wood called "crutch" always serves only as a support, and even a burden to his companion. So Kostylin interfered with Zhilin in everything. Through the fault of Kostylin, Zhilin was captured and their first escape failed.

Comparing the two heroes in everything - from appearance to actions and thoughts, we see that the sympathies of the writer, and, accordingly, of the readers are completely on the side of Zhilin - a simple, brave, honest Russian officer. You can't rely on Kostylin for anything.

Tolstoy skillfully depicts the life and customs of the Caucasians in the story. We get an idea of ​​how the dwelling of a local resident looked like, what they ate and drank, how they led their life and household.

The story delights with the image of the magnificent Caucasian nature. Descriptions of landscapes seem to take us to the place of unfolding events.

Tolstoy is a master of the portrait, and not only of the psychological one. A few words are enough for us to see Dina with her little hands, "thin as twigs", eyes shining like stars. The appearance of the two officers is also characteristic. Zhilin is a fit, slender, energetic person who clings to life. Kostylin is overweight, cowardly, clumsy, dishonorable.

The language of the "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is very similar to the language of fairy tales and epics. Sentences begin with a verb-predicate followed by a subject. “Zhilin hears ...”, “how Kostylin will scream ...”, etc.

The story "Prisoner of the Caucasus" is written by such a master of words, with such perfection that, having read it once, we remember its heroes for life.

Zhilin receives a letter from his mother and straightens his vacation. Zhilin and Kostylin decide to get ahead of the convoy and ride ahead of it. Zhilin is captured by the Tatars because of Kostylin's cowardice. Zhilin is brought to the village and put in stocks in a barn. The first close acquaintance with the kidnappers. Dina's girl brings him a drink. The new "owners" demand that Zhilin write a letter home asking for his own ransom. They bring Kostylin, from whom they also demand a ransom. Kostylin agrees. A closer acquaintance of Zhilin with the inhabitants of the village. Friendship with a girl Dina. Description of the funeral of a local resident. Zhilin decides to escape from captivity. Kostylin follows him. The escape fails because of Kostylin. The Russians are put in the pit again. Redemption deadlines are getting tighter. Dina secretly visits Zhilin and helps him escape. Happy rescue of Zhilin. Interchange.

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Included in his famous manual for children "ABC" (1872).

Even during the life of the writer, the work was widely popular. In a simple and accessible language for children, Tolstoy tells about a simple Russian officer who was captured by the Caucasian highlanders.

2. History of creation. The source for the story could be the memories of Lev Nikolayevich himself, who in the 1850s. served in the Caucasus. He cited a real case from life, when he himself was almost captured. At the same time, one of his comrades could not get away from the chase and was hacked to death by the highlanders.

Also, when creating the story, Tolstoy used "Memoirs of a Caucasian officer" by F.F. Tornau. In them, the author described his captivity and life in captivity, an unsuccessful first escape, friendship with a Caucasian young girl and her help, as well as getting rid of captivity.

3. The meaning of the name. "Prisoner of the Caucasus" - the main character of the work. The title also refers readers to the famous poem by A. S. Pushkin.

4. Genre. Story for children. Sometimes the work is called a story.

5. Theme. When writing the story, Tolstoy was guided by educational goals. He sought to acquaint children with the harsh realities of war in the Caucasus. At the same time, it was important for the writer to show human kindness and responsiveness. Therefore, the central themes of the work are the condemnation of war and humanity.

Tolstoy was deeply alien to ostentatious patriotism. There is no direct indication of right and wrong in the story. Even the irreconcilable position of the old Muslim man, who demands the death of the captives, is quite understandable: all his sons were killed by the Russians. The owner of Zhilin and Kostylin is generally quite friendly. He only demands a ransom for the captives.

After a kind of bargaining with Zhilin for the amount of the ransom, Abdul-Murat recognizes the steadfastness and courage of the Russian officer and agrees to 500 rubles. Human kindness and responsiveness is most clearly shown in the image of Dina. A Caucasian girl becomes attached to Zhilin. She does not understand the cruelty of her co-religionists. At great risk to her own life, Dinah eventually helps the prisoner escape.

6. Issues. The main problem of the story is the long-term enmity and hatred between the highlanders and the Russians. Tolstoy avoids describing mutual cruelty. It is enough for children to know about the grief of the old Muslim and the situation of the captives after an unsuccessful escape. The mutual hostility between the two peoples is reinforced by the huge difference between Muslim and Orthodox cultures. Even the good Zhilin treats the "stinky Tatars" and their funeral rites with some mockery.

Zhilin feels great love for his homeland. Throughout his captivity, he constantly thinks about escaping. Abdul-Murat's respect cannot replace his home and his old mother. Another important problem is the behavior of a person in captivity. Kostylin is a weak person. He immediately agreed to the conditions of the highlanders (5 thousand rubles) and began to meekly wait for the ransom.

Zhilin has a firm and decisive character. He always takes the initiative. Thanks to his skillful hands, Zhilin achieves the respect of the highlanders and, most importantly, "binds" Dina to himself. Zhilin drags Kostylin on him, literally and figuratively. It is not his fault that a comrade remains in captivity awaiting ransom.

7. Heroes. Zhilin, Kostylin, Dina, Abdul-Murat

8. Plot and Composition. Zhilin is captured by the highlanders. There he meets with his friend Kostylin. The mountaineers demand a ransom for the captives. Otherwise, death awaits them. Zhilin prepares an escape and meets the owner's daughter, Dina. The captives escape, but they are caught again and put in a pit.

Dina learns about the impending execution and helps Zhilin escape again. Kostylin remains, as he is completely exhausted in captivity. Zhilin miraculously escapes death and gets to the Russian soldiers. The plot of the story is extremely simple and clear. Unlike Pushkin's poem, it has a happy ending: no one will know about Dina's help, and Kostylin also gets freedom.